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Objective : Dual sequential defibrillation (DSD) - successive defibrillations with two defibrillators - offers a novel approach to refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) and tachycardia (VF/VT). While associated with rescue shock success, the effect of DSD upon out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unknown. We evaluated the association of DSD with survival after refractory VF/VT OHCA. Methods : We used data from a large metropolitan fire-based EMS service. We included all adult OHCA during 2013-2016 with ≥3 standard defibrillations. Physicians authorized subsequent DSD use by two separate defibrillators (PhysioControl LIFEPAK® 12/15) with pads placed anterior-lateral and anterior-posterior. Evaluated outcomes included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, survival to 72 hours, and survival to hospital discharge. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated the association between defibrillation type and OHCA outcomes, adjusting for patient demographics and event characteristics. Results : We included 310 patients in the analysis, 71 patients receiving DSD and 239 receiving conventional defibrillation. Patient demographics and event characteristics were similar between both groups. ROSC was lower for DSD than standard defibrillation: 39.4% vs. 60.3%, adjusted OR 0.46 (95% CI: 0.25-0.87). There were no differences in survival to hospital admission (35.2% vs. 49.2%, adjusted OR 0.57 [95% CI: 0.30-1.08]), survival to 72 hours (21.4% vs. 32.3%, adjusted OR 0.52 [95% CI: 0.26-1.10]), or survival to hospital discharge (14.3% vs. 20.9%, adjusted OR 0.63 [95% CI: 0.27-1.45]). Conclusions : Compared with conventional defibrillation, DSD was associated with lower odds of prehospital ROSC. Defibrillation type was not associated with other OHCA endpoints. DSD may not be beneficial in refractory VF/VT OHCA.