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Brachycephalus bufonoides was described as a “variety” of B. ephippium based on two specimens which 90 years later was considered full species. Besides its brief original description, nothing else is known for this species. Herein we report the rediscovery of the pumpkin-toadlet Brachycephalus bufonoides from Nova Friburgo, State of Rio de Janeiro, the second most populous area within the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. A detailed osteological description of this species was also provided, including skull, hyolaryngeal skeleton and postcranium skeleton. The laryngeal skeleton of Brachycephalus genus was depicted for the first time. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Brachycephalus using DNA sequences comprising two fragments of mitochondrial gene (16S). Both analysis with Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony supported the recognition of B. bufonoides as an exclusive lineage, allocated within the B. ephippium species group in B. vertebralis lineage. We improved the diagnosis and variation of the species, including more collected specimens, coloration in vivo and advertisement call description. Compared with its congeners, B. bufonoides has skin on head and dorsum with dermal hyperossification; skull with hyperossification of postorbital crests; a pair of hyperossified bulges about equidistant between postorbital crests; fourth presacral vertebra with transverse process hyperossified, ornamented and sacral diapophyses hyperossified, which can be seen externally (lineage of B. vertebralis sensu Condez et al. 2020); presence of dermal ossification as separated bulges of each vertebrae; general background color orange with different intensities of dark orange blotches on dorsum, including bordering of sacral region; absence of osteoderms and presence of warts on the dorsolateral surface of body; medium body size (SVL of adults: 12.0–14.5 mm for males and 14.7–16.3 mm for females; Table 1); rough dorsum; advertisement calls with 13 to 17 pulses; presence of pulse period modulation; and advertisement calls with notes longer than 0.2 s (0.22 to 0.31 s). Herein an important contribution for the taxonomy and systematics of this genus is provided, including a large amount of novel information for B. bufonoides from different sources (i.e., molecular, morphological variation, bioacoustic), allowing it to be included in future studies of species delimitation and relationships within Brachycephalus. Also, the discovery of this species reiterates the importance of Nova Friburgo for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity.

Amorim, Dalton S., Santos, Charles Morphy D., Krell, Frank-Thorsten, Dubois, Alain, Nihei, Silvio S., Oliveira, Otto M. P., Pont, Adrian, Song, Hojun, Verdade, Vanessa K., Fachin, Diego A., Klassa, Bruna, Lamas, Carlos José E., Oliveira, Sarah S., De Carvalho, Claudio J. B., Mello-Patiu, Cátia A., Hajdu, Eduardo, Couri, Márcia S., Silva, Vera C., Capellari, Renato S., Falaschi, Rafaela L., Feitosa, Rodrigo M., Prendini, Lorenzo, Pombal Jr, José P., Fernández, Fernando, Rocha, Rosana M., Lattke, John E., Caramaschi, Ulisses, Duarte, Marcelo, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2016): Timeless standards for species delimitation. Zootaxa 4137 (1): 121-128, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4137.1.9

Scinax melanodactylus sp. nov. (Fig. 2–4) Scinax agilis— Faivovich, 2005. Herpetologica, 61: 77. Scinax agilis— Pimenta et al. 2007. Zootaxa, 1441: 49 (part.) Scinax agilis— Rocha et al. 2008. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 68: 104. Scinax agilis— Lourenço et al. 2009. Herpetologica, 65: 478 (part.) Scinax agilis— Pombal et al. 2010. Zoologia, 27: 802 (part.) Scinax agilis— Cruz et al. 2011. Zootaxa, 3096: 25 (part.) Scinax agilis— Lima et al. 2011. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 529: 6 (part.) Scinax agilis— Passos et al. 2012. Check List. Journal of Species Lists and Distribution, 8: 792 (part.) Holotype. MNRJ 80145, an adult male collected in the road to Canavieiras (BA 001), district of Trancoso (16 ° 34 ' 5.80" S, 39 ° 11 ' 4.20" W; elevation 68 m), Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, Brazil, in May, 2012 by T.S. Soares and P.V. Scherrer. Paratypes. MNRJ 80141−80144, four adult males collected with the holotype; MNRJ 67838 an adult male collected on 6 to 15 June, 2010 by T.S. Soares and colleagues; CFBH 36877, an adult male collected on 17 April, 2014 by A.C.C. Lourenço, D. Baêta, A.F. Sabbag, and D. Morais; CFBH 36893, 36901−36903, four adult males, CFBH 36892, 36896−36899, five adult females, and CFBH 36894, 36895, 36900, three juveniles. All collected in Coroa Vermelha, Beira Mar Avenue (16 º 22 ' 37.33" S, 39 º 01' 12.24"W; elevation 5 m), Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, Brazil, on 18 April, 2014 by A.C.C. Lourenço, A.F. Sabbag, D. Baêta, and D. Morais. Referred specimens. All from Brazil. CFBH 1939 an adult male, CFBH 1940–1941 and 1943 three adult females collected at Municipality of Conceição da Barra, State of Espírito Santo; CFBH 7358–7361, four adult females collected at Municipality of Passo do Camaragibe, State of Alagoas; MZUSP 141339−141342, four adult males collected at Municipality of Passo do Camaragibe, State of Alagoas; MNRJ 46853 an adult female and MNRJ 46854 an adult male collected at Municipality of Belmonte, State of Bahia; MZUSP 88972−88974, three adult males collected at Municipality of Aracajú, State of Sergipe; UFBA 3739, an adult males collected at Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia; UFBA 3974, 4734−4736, 4931 − 4932, 4937, 4945, 4952, 6044−6045 adult males collected at Municipality of Mata de São João, State of Bahia; UFBA 3973, 3975−3981, 3983, 3985−3990, 3919, 3973, 4330−4333, 4394, 4934−4935, 4939, 4941−4942, 4944, 4948−4951, adult females collected at Municipality of Mata de São João, State of Bahia; UFBA 4396, adult male collected at Municipality of Camaçari, State of Bahia; UFBA 53130, adult male collected at Municipality of Santo Amaro das Brotas, State of Sergipe; MNRJ 75122−75126 and UFBA 10420, adult females collected at Municipality of Ilhéus, State of Bahia; UFBA 5915, 5947−5949, adult females collected at Municipality of Entre Rios, State of Bahia; UFBA 9605−9607, adult females collected at Municipality de Prado, State of Bahia. Diagnosis and comparison with other species. The new species is included in the S. catharinae Group for having all phenotypic synapomorphies pointed out by Faivovich (2002) for this group (posterior part of the cricoid ring extensively elongated and curved; partial mineralization of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges; laterodistal origin of the m. extensor brevis distalis digiti III). This new species is characterized by its small size (SVL males 12.0–16.0, n= 11; SVL females 13.2–17.3, n= 5); snout subovoid in dorsal view; canthus rostralis undifferentiated; loreal region concave and oblique; vocal slits present in males; males with vocal sac not expanded; males with hypertrophied forearms; absence of macroscopic glandular acini on the pectoral region; pectoral fold present; absence of macroscopic glandular acini on the medial region of the forearm; absence of macroscopic glandular acini on the dorsal region of the fingers II and III; dark colored and nonhypertrophied nuptial pad (Fig. 4); interocular region with a thick, black longitudinal line or without markings; dorsolateral white band, dorsally bordered by dark brown stripe; skin on dorsum smooth; belly and throat beige; absence of bright coloration on inguinal region and hidden portions of the thigh and shank; absence of externally differentiated glands on the inguinal region of male; the interdigital membrane reaches the base of the disc on the medial margin of the toe V. Scinax melanodactylus is distinguishable from all species of Scinax in possessing dark colored nuptial pads on digit II and it differs from all species of Scinax catharinae Group except S. agilis in possessing compound pectoral fold. Furthermore, Scinax melanodactylus presents a distinctive marking pattern and color on the body, which is characterized by the presence of a white dorsolateral band, dorsally bordered by dark brown strip, and by the presence of a black longitudinal line on the interocular region (variable in some specimens that do not have a line in this region). This feature helps differentiate the new species from all other of the S. catharinae Group except S. agilis. In addition, Scinax melanodactylus differs from S. albicans (Bokermann, 1967), S. angrensis (Lutz, 1973), S. ariadne (Bokermann, 1967), S. aromothyella, S. berthae, S. brieni (De Witte, 1930), S. canastrensis (Cardoso & Haddad, 1982), S. carnevallii (Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1982), S. catharinae (Boulenger, 1888), S. flavoguttatus (Lutz & Lutz, 1939), S. hiemalis (Haddad & Pombal, 1987), S. humilis (Lutz, 1954), S. jureia (Pombal & Gordo, 1991), S. kautskyi (Carvalho-e-Silva & Peixoto, 1991), S. littoralis (Pombal & Gordo, 1991), S. longilineus (Lutz, 1968), S. luizotavioi (Caramaschi & Kisteumacher, 1989), S. muriciensis Cruz, Nunes & Lima, 2011, S. obtriangulatus (Lutz, 1973), S. pombali Lourenço, Carvalho, Baêta, Pezzuti & Leite, 2013, S. ranki (Andrade & Cardoso, 1987), S. rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964), S. skaios Pombal, Carvalho, Canelas & Bastos, 2010, S. strigilatus (Spix, 1824), S. trapicheiroi (Lutz, 1954), and S. tripui Lourenço, Nascimento & Pires, 2009 by its smaller size (SVL of males in S. melanodactylus 12.0–16.0; combined SVL of males in these species 16.7–42.8; SVL of female in S. melanodactylus 13.2–17.3; combined SVL of females in these species 19.5–47.0); from S. heyeri (Weygoldt, 1986) by the smaller size of males only (combined SVL of males in S. heyeri 21.1–24.4); from S. argyreornatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) and S. machadoi (Bokermann & Sazima, 1973) by the smaller size of females only (combined SVL of females in these species 18 –25.1). The new species is most similar to Scinax agilis but differs from it by the presence of dark colored nuptial pad in males. Also, it differs from S. rizibilis in having nonhypertrophied nuptial pad. Scinax melanodactylus differs from S. agilis, S. albicans, S. angrensis, S. argyreornatus, S. berthae, S. canastrensis, S. carnevallii, S. centralis (Pombal & Bastos, 1996), S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. hiemalis, S. humilis, S. kautskyi, S. littoralis, S. machadoi, S. muriciensis, S. pombali, S. ranki, S. skuki Lima, Cruz & Azevedo, 2011, S. strigilatus, S. trapicheiroi, and S. tripui in having hypertrophied forearms in males. The new species differ from the most species of the S. catharinae Group except S. canastrensis, S. centralis, S. longilineus, S. machadoi, S. pombali, S. rizibilis, and S. skaios by its subovoid snout in dorsal view (sub-elliptical in S. aromothyella and S. berthae; rounded in S. ariadne, S. catharinae, S. brieni, S. obtriangulatus, and S. ranki; rounded with a mucronate tip in S. albicans, S. angrensis, S. flavoguttatus, S. hiemalis, S. heyeri, S. humilis, S. littoralis, S. muriciensis, S. strigilatus, S. trapicheiroi, and S. tripui; mucronate in S. carnevallii and S. kautskyi; sub-elliptical with acute tip in S. jureia and S. luizotavioi; mucronate or sub-elliptical in S. argyreornatus and S. skuki). Scinax melanodactylus differs from S. angrensis, S. ariadne, S. brieni, S. canastrensis, S. carnevallii, S. catharinae, S. centralis, S. flavoguttatus, S. kautskyi, S. heyeri, S. hiemalis, S. humilis, S. jureia, S. littoralis, S. longilineus, S. luizotavioi, S. muriciensis, S. obtriangulatus, S. pombali, S. skaios, S. strigilatus, S. trapicheiroi, and S. tripui in having poorly marked canthus rostralis. The presence of vocal slits differentiates the new species from S. ariadne and S. skaios (vocal slits absent). The new species is distinguished from S. aromothyella, S. berthae, and S. rizibilis by its vocal sac in males not externally expanded (notably expanded in these species) The new species differs from S. canastrensis, S. carnevallii, S. flavoguttatus, S. kautskyi, S. longilineus, S. machadoi, S. muriciensis, S. skaios, S. strigilatus, and S. tripui by the absence of glandular acini on the medial region of forearm (glandular acini present). The lack of glandular acini on the dorsal region of the fingers II and III distinguish the new species from S. albicans, S. angrensis, S. brieni, S. canastrensis, S. catharinae, S. carnevallii, S. flavoguttatus, S. humilis, S. kautskyi, S. littoralis, S. longilineus, S. luizotavioi, S. machadoi, S. obtriangulatus, S. trapicheiroi, and S. tripui (glandular acini present). Scinax melanodactylus differs from almost all species of the S. catharinae Group except S. aromothyella and S. berthae in having smooth skin on dorsum (rough in S. ariadne, S. canastrensis, S. longilineus, S. pombali and S. skaios; covered by scattered tubercles in the remaining species). The lack of an externally differentiated inguinal gland distinguishes S. melanodactylus from S. ariadne, S. brieni, S. canastrensis, S. catharinae, S. centralis, S. flavoguttatus, S. jureia, S. hiemalis, S. longilineus, S. luizotavioi, S. obtriangulatus, S. ranki, S. rizibilis, S. skaios, and S. tripui (particularly hypertrophied in S. centralis and externally well differentiated in the other species, often enclosed by a fold). Scinax melanodactylus presents a white dorsolateral band, dorsally bordered by dark brown stripe, and a black longitudinal line on the interocular region (or without markings in this region). This pattern is unique to this species and S. agilis among all species of the S. catharinae Group. The pale belly and throat differentiate the new species from S. ariadne, S. brieni, S. catharinae, S. flavoguttatus, S. jureia, and S. tripui (S. ariadne, S. flavoguttatus, and S. tripui have irregular beige spots on brown background in this region; S. brieni, S. catharinae, and S. jureia have irregular lines and dots equally distributed on beige background in this region). The new species has no flash color on the inguinal region and hidden areas of the thigh and shank, unlike S. ariadne (light brown irregular blotches on violet or pink background; personal observation), S. aromothyella (dark yellow; Faivovich 2005), S. berthae (“irregular yellow-orange spots”; Barrio 1962), S. brieni (“pale bluish color on the concealed areas”; B. Lutz 1973), S. canastrensis (“yellow”; Cardoso & Haddad 1982), S. catharinae, S. humilis, and S. trapicheiroi (dark brown blotches on light blue or white background; personal observation), S. centralis (“yellow on dark brown background”; Pombal & Bastos 1996), S. flavoguttatus and S. heyeri (brown blotches on orange backgroud; personal observation), S. hiemalis (“black blotches on green background”; Haddad & Pombal 1987), S. longilineus and S. machadoi (vermiculate spots on yellow or pale background; personal observation) S. obtriangulatus (“dull grayish violet”; B. Lutz 1973), S. pombali (irregular brown blotches on yellow background; personal observation) S. ranki (dark brown blotches on greenish background; personal observation), S. skaios (vermicularis dark brown spots on light green background; personal observation), S. strigilatus (“concealed surfaces of flanks and thighs greenish”; Pimenta et al. 2007), and S. tripui (irregular brown blotches on light green background; personal observation). Description of the holotype. Small sized (SVL 13.1). The snout is subovoid in dorsal view and protruding in profile. Nostril elliptical, located laterally, immediately before the tip of snout, opening directed dorso–laterally. Canthus rostralis undifferentiated. Loreal region oblique and concave. Eye large, diameter 50 % of head width. Interorbital and internostril distance 41.3% and 28.3% of head width respectively. Tympanum rounded, annulus tympanicus well defined, its diameter 39 % of eye diameter. Supratympanic fold present, well evident, extending from posterior corner of eye to just anterior to shoulder. Tongue unattached on the posterior and laterally borders. Vocal slits present, originating on the side of the tongue and running to the posterolateral corner of the mouth. Choanae elliptical. Vomerine teeth in two contiguous convex series of three teeth each, positioned between choanae. Vocal sac not expanded externally. Forearms longer than arms, hypertrophied in males. Pectoral area and medial region of the forearm without macroscopic glandular acini. Outer margin of forearm and tarsus smooth. Outer metacarpal tubercle bifid. Inner metacarpal tubercle single and elliptical. Subarticular tubercles single and rounded. Supernumerary tubercles small and rounded. Dorsal region of the fingers II and III without macroscopic glandular acini. Webbing absent between fingers II and III and basal between other fingers. Discs on fingers elliptical, wider than long. Relative finger length II Foot 40 % of snout vent length. Inner metatarsal tubercle single and elliptical, larger than outer, which is single, rounded and very little. The subarticular tubercles are single and rounded. Inner metatarsal tubercle single and rounded, larger than the outer that is rounded and very small. Supernumerary tubercles rounded and distributed across the plantar surface. Relative toe length: I Externally differentiated inguinal gland absent. The pectoral region has compound folds, that is, when folds has both pre-axillary and post-axillary elements (see character 3, state 0 in Faivovich, 2002). Cloacal opening at upper level of thighs. Skin on dorsum smooth; granular on throat, belly, and undersurfaces of thigh. Measurements of the holotype. SVL 13.1; HW 4.42; HL 5.1; END 1.26; IND 1.34; ED 2.32; IOD 1.88; TD 0.8; TL 6.64; THL 6.76; FL 5.12. Color of holotype in preservative. Overall dorsal coloration brown. The upper lip is white with brown dots. The interocular region has a black longitudinal line. The lateral region has a white stripe dorsally bordered by a brown line, originates on the posterior region of eye and reaches the inguinal region. The dorsum presents two longitudinal brown lines that reach the inguinal region, and three other lines that are clearer and disrupted in some points, interspersing the first two. The dorsal region of hindlimbs is pale and has brown dots. Canthus rostralis with a black line. Iris gray. The inguinal region is fully pale. The belly and throat are pale. Color in life (based on type series). The same as in preservative, except by the brighter and sharper intensity of color and by the brown colored iris. The inguinal region shows no vivid color. Variation among paratypes and referred specimens. Some measurements are shown on Table 1. Males are more robust and smaller than females. The forearms of females are not hypertrophied as in males. Males and females have variable toe webbing formula: I — II 1 1 / 2 — 3 (3 +) III 1 1 / 2 — 3 -(3) IV 2 1 / 2 (3) — 1 1 / 2 V in males and I — II 1 1 / 2 — 3 (3 +) III 11 / 2 (1 +) — 3 +(3 1 / 2) IV 3 (2 1 / 2) — 1 1 / 2 (1)V in females (rudimentary between fingers I and II). Some specimens may have four vomerine teeth (n= 4), in some others the vomerine teeth seemed damaged (n= 6), so they were not counted. Some specimens have no interocular line (n= 6). The longitudinal lines on dorsum are absent in some specimens (n= 4); others specimens have only the two darker lines (n= 3) or have three to five longitudinal lines, disrupted (n= 4) or complete (n= 3). Structure of the nuptial pad (CFBH 36902). The surface of the nuptial pad is easily distinguishable from the rest of the skin by the presence of numerous dark colored epidermal projections (EPs). The space between EPs is not colored. The nuptial pad covers dorsally the base of the first digit reaching the proximal margin of the basal phalanx and, ventrally, nearly half of the inner metacarpal tubercle (Fig. 5 A–B). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show epidermal surface specializations on the pad area (Fig. 5 C). The EPs are irregular in size, and show ornamentations covering the surface of each EP. These ornamentations are made by multiple projections, which are radially distributed over the EPs and have a sharpened distal end (Fig. 5 D–E). Comparison between nuptial pad structures. Nuptial pads of all other species of the S. catharine Group are whitish when

Anfíbios anuros são predados por todos os grupos de vertebrados e muitos invertebrados. Todavia os estudos sobre predação em anfíbios anuros ainda são esparsos e anedóticos. Neste estudo são fornecidas informações sobre predação de anuros de uma assembléia no sudeste do Brasil. Invertebrados (aranhas e barata d’agua), a rã Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus e cinco espécies serpentes (quatro Colubridae e um Viperidae) predaram espécies ou indivíduos de pequeno porte. Anuran amphibians are preyer by all vertebrate groups and several invertebrates. However, predation studies on amphibians are still occasional and anecdotic. Herein, informations on predation of an anuran assemblage of southeastern Brazil are provided. Invertebrates (spiders and water bugs), the frog Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus, and five snake species (four Colubridae and one Viperidae) preyer on small individuals or small anuran species.

Wogel, Henrique, Abrunhosa, Patrícia A., Pombal Jr, José P. (2005): Breeding behaviour and mating success of Phyllomedusa rohdei (Anura, Hylidae) in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Natural History 39 (22): 2035-2045, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500044581, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500044581

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0031-10492005001500001.pdf: 328398 bytes, checksum: 97e48ea6707b2634857dc0f4cbf4d7da (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0031-10492005001500001.pdf: 328398 bytes, checksum: 97e48ea6707b2634857dc0f4cbf4d7da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:47:46Z (GMT). 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No. of bitstreams: 2 S0031-10492005001500001.pdf: 328398 bytes, checksum: 97e48ea6707b2634857dc0f4cbf4d7da (MD5) S0031-10492005001500001.pdf.txt: 61741 bytes, checksum: 45279b22ca90c429c0d7fb90d48b2634 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume. Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. on three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. on the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Museu Nacional Departamento de Vertebrados Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia

Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. On three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. On the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio. Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. Em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume.

Alípio de Miranda Ribeiro was one of the foremost Brazilian naturalists of his era and published extensively on all vertebrate groups. His son, Paulo de Miranda Ribeiro (1901-1965), was an ichthyologist, and, as his father, worked at the Museu Nacional, in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. Although the papers of Alípio and Paulo de Miranda Ribeiro are commonly cited, two distinct forms are found: Ribeiro and Miranda-Ribeiro. The use a hyphen between Miranda and Ribeiro (spo-radically), and verified names of ancestor and descendants suggest that the better form for citation is Miranda-Ribeiro. A short biographical note on Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro is provided.

The breeding activity of Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) was monitored from July 1999 to July 2000 in a temporary pond in Palmital, Municipality of Saquarema, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. Males were sexually actives only in four nights, arriving at the pond on the early rainy season. Males in amplexus were larger and spent more nights in the reproductive aggregation than solitary ones. The number of nights was correlated with the mass of the males. Males adopted satellite behavior as alternative tactic for mate acquisition. Changes between calling and satellite tactics were observed in different nights. Calling males were not larger and heavier than satellite ones. Satellite behavior seemed to be related with the order of arrival on the pond. Size and mass of males did not influence the results of fights. Resident males won the majority of agonistics combats. Three types of vocalizations are described: advertisement, territorial, and encounter calls.

The Pumpkin toadlet, Brachycephalus ephippium (Spix, 1824), is an orangish daily anuran, which inhabits the litter of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastem Brazil. During a survey of this species' natural history in the vicinities of Campinas (22º52'S, 46º49'W), São Paulo State, field observations were made on the oviposition behavior, in which after the male left the oviposition site, the female covered the surface of ali eggs with soil particles. She pressed and rolled each egg against the ground using her hindfeet, until the eggs were indistinguishable from the litter background. A clutch was obtained in laboratory and two others were found in the field. After 25 days of development the embryo possess a big yolk sac, differentiated mouth and a small tail with caudal membranes poorly developed. After 41 days, fingers and toes are fully formed, the tail is relatively smaller than the previous state, the abdômen is large due to the yolk within, and the mouth possess two egg tooth. After 54 days, the tail remains as a small appendix, there is only one egg teeth, and body is densely pigmented. The hatehling oceurred after 64 days of development, the young possess reddish brown coloration, vestigial tail, and no egg teeth.