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Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a very long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has an irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or have only a slight FM, which is usually upward. Call A (Fig. 44 A–D and 42C). We examined 13 recordings, a total of 35 minutes, with 332 calls from 31 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.530 to 4.837 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. The limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear in calls with triangular envelope (Fig. 44A). There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (slightly decreasing towards end of the segment – Fig. 44C), but some calls have very inclined sustains, where the beginning of the segment has low amplitude and gradually increases towards its end (Fig. 44A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first tenth or at the very end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (Fig. 44C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 44A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 46 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals are absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 50 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 150 Hz. The first seven harmonics have very low energy or are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are ca. 12 adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are usually regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some calls have deterministic chaos regimes in several parts, mainly at their outset (Fig. 44B). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1570 to 1870 Hz (Fig. 44B). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 19 th, but it is usually between the ninth and 12 th (Fig. 42C). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 2150 Hz (12 harmonics). Calls have no general FM (Fig. 44D), or have only a slight general FM, usually upward (Fig. 44B), but sometimes downward. There is usually a short downward FM at the end of the call (Fig. 44B). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent, but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (Fig. 44B, D)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fourth of the call. Call A (Fig. 49 A–D and 42H). We examined one recording, a total of four minutes, with 44 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 2.360 to 4.118 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (Fig. 49C) and others are irregular (Fig. 49A), with short and shallow valleys. In some calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (Fig. 49A). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (Fig. 49C), to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 49A; rarely pointed right). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 410 to 2630 Hz (Fig. 49B). The dominant harmonic is the first, fifth, or sixth (Fig. 42H). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth (Fig. 42H, 49B). Most of the call energy is between 350 and 3500 Hz (eight to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 49B, D). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first fourth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 49B, D), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 49B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Cardozo, D. E. & Pereyra, M. O. (2018) A new species of Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4387 (3), 580 - 590. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.3.10"]}

Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso & Haddad, 1985 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling at the same night. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and pulses (i.e., pulse-PAM). Call B has two notes while Call A has only one. The first note of call B is similar to that of call A. The second note of call B is much longer than that of call A and has an envelope with a long and gradual rise. Call A (Fig. 18 A–D and 13E). We examined eight recordings, a total of 12 minutes, with ca. 650 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.177 to 0.197 s. The call rise is linear or logarithmic-shaped and longer than the fall, which is usually abrupt and logarithmic-shaped; the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (Fig. 18A). The envelope of the call is elliptic or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 18A, C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 41 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 A–D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 35 Hz, forming ca. six pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18C). The first one or two pulses have much lower amplitude than the others (Fig. 18A). Often, the second and the last pulses are the longest (Fig. 18A, B). Silence intervals are present between pulses, ca. fivefold longer than pulse duration. The first interval is usually much shorter than the others (Fig. 18 A–D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 780 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals (Fig. 18B, D). Some pulses can have not very clear harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 18B, D). There are jumps of the fundamental frequency between pulses in some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2840 to 3660 Hz (Fig. 18B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the 10 th, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 2600 and 3900 Hz (ca. three harmonics). Usually, there is no clear general FM throughout the call, however, in some calls the first two pulses have their energy concentrated in lower frequency bands, making the general FM of the call upward (Fig. 18B). Call B (Fig. 18 E–H and 16C). We examined three recordings, a total of six minutes, with 35 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.947 to 1.868 s and the call has two different notes. Duration of the second note is ca. 1.0 s. The amplitude, temporal and spectral traits of the first note resemble those of call A, although in call B the first note often has more abrupt rise and fall (Fig. 18E). Usually, there is a silence interval between the notes (Fig. 18E, F). However, in some calls, this interval is perceptible only as a decrease in amplitude. The rise of the second note is logarithmic-shaped and shorter than fall, which is gradual, almost linear; the amplitude peak of the note is at the end of the first tenth of the note duration (Fig. 18E). Due to the very short rise and the long and gradual fall, the envelope of the component B is triangular (pointed right; Fig. 18E). More than 50 % of the energy of the compound call is concentrated in ca. 34 % of the duration around the amplitude peak. Both notes have a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 E–H). The rate of the PAM is similar to that of the call A, ca. 30 Hz, yielding 28 pulses throughout the call. The rate of the PAM is less regular in the second note than in the first one. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18G). Some pulses can be twofold longer than the others. At the beginning of the second note the ratio between the silence interpulse-interval and pulse duration is similar to that in component A. The interval becomes longer (pulse duration remains the same) towards the end of the call (i.e., pulse-PAM rate decreases), mainly after the first fourth of the second-note duration (Fig. 18E, G). Spectral traits of the second note are similar to those of call A (Fig. 18F, H; see some quantitative differences in Table 2). There is no general FM in component B (Fig. 18F, H).

Physalaemus erythros Caramaschi, Feio & Guimarães, 2003 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. B calls were commonly observed after overlapping periods of calls A. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, presence of pulse-PAM and PFM. Additionally, the envelope of A calls is elliptic whereas that of the B calls is triangular or rectangular. Call A (Fig. 7 A–D and 4D). We examined 21 recordings, a total of 56 minutes, with ca. 4900 calls from 15 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.041 to 0.077 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration, rendering an elliptic call envelope; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise is steeper. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (Fig. 7A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 4D). The harmonics are very close to each other and hardly distinguished due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 250 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1020 to 1160 Hz (Fig. 7B, D). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the tenth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 300 and 2000 Hz (ca. seven harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call. Call B (Fig. 7 E–J and 6B). We examined eight recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with 93 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.200 to 0.875 s. The call rise is abrupt and a little shorter than the fall, which is also very short but gradual. The call has a long sustain. The amplitude is usually regular throughout the call (Fig. 7H). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the end of the call (Fig. 7E, G). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (Fig. 7E, G, H). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (Fig. 7H) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 7E, G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a weak to intermediate PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks; Fig. 7E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 27 Hz, forming ca. 13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The envelope of this PAM cycles is variable but the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 6B). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decrease in the wave periodicity makes the harmonics less clear with deterministic chaos regimes. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks in some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see Table 2), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is around 250 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 1780 Hz (Fig. 7F, I, J). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the third and fourth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (three to four harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 7F, I, J). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 7 E–J).

Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with high fundamental frequency (ca. 1000 Hz). It has a general downward FM throughout the call, with an up-downward FM segment in the its first third. Call A (Fig. 45 A–F and 42D). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 820 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.691 to 0.835 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 45A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Calls usually have a short segment with very low amplitude at the beginning of the call, separated from the rest of the call by an abrupt change in amplitude. The shape of the call rise and fall is usually exponential. The sustain is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 45D). The amplitude peak is often at around the middle or after one third of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 45A, D) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 45C). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 27 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 1020 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1030 Hz (Fig. 42D). The first harmonic is the dominant (Fig. 42D, 45B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy among bands. Although, usually, there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (Fig. 42D). Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1150 Hz (one harmonic). The call has a general downward FM (45B, E, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (45B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial updownward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope, 1861) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call. Call A (Fig. 46 A–F and 42E). We examined 29 recordings, a total of 65 minutes, with ca. 2140 calls from 105 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.546 to 0.640 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 46A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shapes, are highly variable. Most calls have rise and fall similar in duration, or the former longer than the fall. The shape of the envelopes varies from exponential or linear to logarithmic. The call rise can have two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 46A, C, D). In some calls, the call rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 46D). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first third or two thirds of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 46C) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 46D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 570 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 600 to 650 Hz (Fig. 46B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first (Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, ending at the third harmonic (sometimes skipping the fourth harmonic; Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 46B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, leading to a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 46B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call. Call A (Fig. 47 A–J and 42F). We examined 15 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 1100 calls from 44 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.614 to 0.938 s. The envelope of the call is highly variable (Fig. 47A, C–F). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between durations of call rise and fall, and their shapes, are highly variable. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 47A, C–F). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 47D). In other calls, the call fall has this same pattern, with an abruptly amplitude decrease after the sustain and thenceforth with low and constant amplitude until the end of the call (Fig. 47C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first third of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from rectangular (Fig. 47E, F) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 47D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is ca. 500 Hz (Fig. 47B). The first is dominant harmonic (Fig. 42F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; although there is no shift in dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 47 G–J). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 2100 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 47B, G–J). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 47B, G–J). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were recorded in agonistic contexts (M. Bilate, personal communication). Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B tends to be longer and with lower fundamental frequency than Call A. Calls B have strong FM segments and nonlinear regimes, such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics. Call A (Fig. 17 A–L and 13D). We examined 68 recordings, a total of 213 minutes, with ca. 5800 calls from 135 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.453 to 0.579 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar to each other in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall (Fig. 17A, C, D, F). Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain (Fig. 17A, C, D, E, F, G). Usually it has a convex shape it can be quite irregular with periods of concave (amplitude valley) and convex shapes (Fig. 17E, D, respectively). In some calls the rise and the sustain can be fused. The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (Fig. 17A, C, E, F). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic (Fig. 17D), rectangular (Fig. 17F, G), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17A, C, E) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17 C, E, G). The rate of the PAM is ca. 50 Hz, forming ca. 22 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 280 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics are present at the very end of some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 860 to 1550 Hz (Fig. 17B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1000 Hz (two harmonics). Usually, the call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17B, H, I, J, K, L). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 17L). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (Fig. 17C, E, G, H, J, L). Call B (Fig. 17 M–R and 16B). We examined two recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 64 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.883 to 1.355 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall. Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain, usually very irregular, with several amplitude peaks (Fig. 17M, O, P). The highest amplitude peak is at around the end of the first nine tenths of the call duration (see below; Fig. 17M, O, P). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic, rectangular, or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17M, O, P) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 40 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17M). Amplitude peaks are variable in intensity and some of them can show high amplitude. Usually, that is the case of the last peak, where the amplitude peak of the call is. The rate of the PAM is ca. 19 Hz even though highly variable, forming ca. 14 peaks throughout the call. The cycle ride and fall are usually similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some parts of the call can have poorly distinguished harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the high irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 17Q). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call; Fig. 17Q). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics, usually at their ends (Fig. 17N). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 950 Hz (Fig. 17N). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1200 Hz (two or three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17N, Q, R). Additionally, there is a remarkable PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM where the latter is present (Fig. 17 M–R)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus obtectus Bokermann, 1966 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, however deterministic-chaos regimes can be present at the beginning of the pulses where jumps of the fundamental frequency are common. Call A (Fig. 10 A–J and 4G). We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with ca. 280 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.415 to 0.553 s. Usually, call rise and fall durations are similar, both resembling logarithmic shape; the amplitude peak is at around (usually just before) the middle of the call duration (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). However, some calls have an exponential or linear rise, followed by a long sustain and an abrupt fall (Fig. 10C). In calls with rise and fall similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is symmetric (Fig. 10A, D, E, F), whereas in calls with sustain the envelope is rectangular or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 10C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has pulse-PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 10 A–J). The rate of the PAM is ca. 9 Hz, forming ca. four pulses throughout the call. The pulses of the first half of the call have rise similar to fall and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. On the other hand, the pulses of the second half have rises sharper and shorter than falls, which are more gradual, with amplitude peaks at the beginning of the pulses (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others (Fig. 10E). There is a long silence interval between the pulses, equivalent to ca. 1.5 times the pulse duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 4G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Most of the wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmoncis, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and end of the pulses (Fig. 10H, I). At the same parts of the pulse, the low fundamental frequency can lead to the wave peaks to be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1210 to 1230 Hz (Fig. 10B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the seventh, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (often, two or three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (Fig. 10B, G, I, J). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e., each pulse has an up-downward FM (Fig. 10A, B, D–F, H–J)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120."]}