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Pomatostegus Schmarda, 1861 is a serpulid genus with three recognized species, mostly from tropical waters. Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789), was described from the Caribbean Sea, and has been widely recorded in the Pacific and Indian oceans; P. kroyeri Mörch, 1863 was described from Puntarenas, Costa Rica; however, most records from the Tropical Eastern Pacific were referred to P. stellatus. In this work, the two species are redescribed using morphological characters. The main differences are in the shape of the Spirobranchus-type collar chaetae, opercular plate shape and the number of “free” circlets of spines without accompanying of opercular plates. Comments about characters of P. actinoceras Mörch, 1863, described from Philippines, and an identification key for the three species, are included.

Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) (Figures 1A–D, 2A–F, 5A–B, 6A–C, 8A, 9) Terebella stellata Abildgaard, 1789: 142–144, pl. A, figs. 5A–B (type locality: West Indies, Caribbean Sea). Pomatostegus macrosoma.— Schmarda, 1861: 31–32, pl. 21, fig. 182 (type locality: South of Jamaica; in corals “madreporen”); Mörch, 1863: 398–399 (comparison with P. stellatus); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus brachysoma.— Schmarda, 1861: 32, pl. 21, fig. 183 (type locality: Jamaica; in coral reef); Mörch 1863: 400 (comparison with P. stellatus); Bush 1910: 498–500 (Dominica Island, Lesser Antilles); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus tetrapoma.— Mörch, 1863: 397 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus fruticosa.— Mörch, 1863: 397–398 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles); Rullier 1974: 72, fig. 9A–I (Batabanó Bay, Cuba; 2 m; in sponge); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus quadruplicatus.— Krøyer in Mörch, 1863: 398, pl. 11, fig. 13 (type locality: Saint Croix, Lesser Antilles; referred as P. stellatus pentapoma); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus.— Mörch 1863: 396–397, pl. 11, fig. 14 (Saint Croix and Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands); Benedict 1887: 551, pl. 22, figs 32–35, pl. 23, figs 36–37 (Jamaica and Curaҫao, Caribbean Sea; shallow water); Ehlers 1887: 296–300 (East Key, Florida; 24 m); Treadwell 1902: 210 (Caballo Blanco Reef, Guanica Bay and Ensenada Honda, Puerto Rico); Augener 1927: 79, text fig. 7 (Spaanse Water and Caracas Bay, Curaҫao; on coral and mangrove roots); Treadwell 1928: 483 (near to Saba Island, Antilles; 130 m); Augener 1934: 118 (Los Testigos Archipelago, Venezuela, and Tagduga (now Taganga), Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean; intertidal to 11 m); Rioja 1958: 293–296, figs 92–100 (Chankanaab Lagoon, Cozumel, Mexican Caribbean; on coral); Zibrowius 1970: 13–14, pl. 3, fig. 16–20 (Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil; 16–48 m; sand and coral debris); Zibrowius 1973: 61–62 (Setté Cama, Gabonese Republic); ten Hove & San Martín 1995: 17 (De la Juventud Island, Cuba; 1–6 m, on mollusk shells, mangrove roots, rocks, corals and wood debris); Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida); Dueñas 1999: 14 (Santa Marta, Tayrona National Park, Providencia Island, Cartagena Bay and Cispatá Bay, Colombia); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 815–817, figs 3b, 5g –q, 6a–d (San Juan, Puerto Rico; De la Juventud Island, Cuba; eastern Mexico: Alacranes Reefs, Ría Lagartos and San Felipe, Yucatán; Contoy Island, Nizuc Point, Nichupté Lagoon, Xcacel, Xcayal, Cozumel Island, Xahuayxol and Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo; intertidal to 43 m; under rocks with algae, seagrass and sponges, corals and on cement pier covered by Millepora spp.); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 531 (identification key for Tropical American coasts); Amaral et al. 2013: 111 (Polychaete catalogue from Brazil); Humann et al. 2013: 83 (Florida, Bahamas and Caribbean Sea; in vivo color photograph); Hepburn et al. 2015: 192, Table 2 (Puerto Morelos reef, calcareous encrusters on artificial substrates); Schrieken & Van Leeuwen 2016: 43 (field guide to the marine fauna of St. Eustatius, in vivo color photograph); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017: 40–42, Table 1 (fouling plate in Biscayne Bay, Florida); Leon et al. 2019: Table 1S, supplementary information in Excel file (checklist from the Caribbean coast of Colombia); Bastida-Zavala & Sánchez-Ovando 2021: 26 (identification key for Tropical American coasts). Material examined: 39 specimens. Veracruz: (Total: 3 spec.), UANL 5672 and 5673, 2 spec. (Pájaros Reef, intertidal zone, on coral, February 24, 2002, coll. V. Díaz-Castañeda); UANL 5832, 1 spec. (Blanca Reef, intertidal zone, on coral, July 21, 2002, coll. V. Díaz-Castañeda). Quintana Roo: (Total: 27 spec.), ECOSUR, 6 spec. (Playa Azul, Cozumel, intertidal zone, on rock, March 25, 2001, coll. HA. ten Hove); ECOSUR, 3 spec. (off SEDENA, Cozumel, 2 m, on Millepora sp., March 24, 2001, coll. HA. ten Hove); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on rock, March 2, 2001, coll. P. Salazar-Silva); ECOSUR, 2 spec. (Cozumel, on coral, June 5, 1996, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo); ECOSUR-P0355, 1 spec. (Mahahual, on coral, March 22, 2000, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo); ECOSUR-P0356, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, June 1, 2000, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra); ECOSUR-P0357, 8 spec., (Contoy Island, on coral, February 18, 2001, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo et al.); ECOSUR-P0358, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, March 18, 2001, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo et al.); ECOSUR-P1236, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, February 22, 1999, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, Ixlache Reef, on coral, 2 m, February 25, 2008, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra, fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on rock, 3 m, February 26, 2008, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra, fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%); UMML, 1 spec. (north of Arrowsmith Bank, 21°15’N, 86°21’W, R / V ‘Gerda’, cruise 6717, sta. 883, 37 m, September 9, 1967, specimen dried). Jamaica: (Total: 2 spec. + 1 without radiolar crown), UMML, 2 spec. (south of the island, 17°42.9’N, 76°35.3’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7006, sta. 1206, Isaacs-Kidd mid-water trawl, ~ 50–80 m, July 5, 1970); UMML, 1 spec. (south of Old Harbour Bay, 17°36’N 77°03’W, R / V ‘Pillsbury ‘, cruise 7006, sta. 1215, otter trawl, 24 m, on coral, July 5, 1970). Honduras: (Total: 1 spec.), UMML, 1 spec. (west of Trujillo Bay, 15°58’N, 86°09’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6802, sta. 629, otter trawl, 40 m, March 21, 1968). Nicaragua: (Total: 1 spec.), UMML, 1 spec. (east of Miskitos Keys, 15°15’N, 81°51’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7101, sta. 1358, otter trawl, 18 m, February 1, 1971). Lesser Antilles: (Total: 4 spec.), UMML, 2 spec. (east of Caicos Islands, Turks and Caicos, 21°41’N, 71°23’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7106, sta. 1423, 18 m, July 19, 1971); UMML, 1 spec. (north of Antigua Island, Antigua and Barbuda, 17°18’N, 61°52’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6907, sta. 968, otter trawl, 18 m, July 20, 1969); UMML, 1 spec. (east of Saint Vincent Island, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 13°11’N, 61°06’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6907, sta. 878, Blake trawl, 39 m, July 6, 1969. Redescription. Tube white, with five longitudinal ridges, the middle largest, forming an elevated crest that ends in a horizontal spine protruding from tube aperture, semi-circular in cross-section; some tubes with shallow transverse ridges (Fig. 8A). Body yellowish, 35 mm long. Thorax 5 mm long and 4 mm wide, with seven chaetigers. Abdomen with 95 chaetigers. Radioles with 1–3 bands of brown iridescent pigment (Fig. 1D). Opercular peduncle maculated with brown pigment, 10 mm long including the opercular plates, and 2.8 mm wide in the basal plate, with wide wings with the wavy edge; inserted in right lobe (Fig. 1B–C). Operculum chitinous, 4 mm long with four concentric festooned shallow dish-shaped plates, successive plates widely separated between each one (Fig. 1A). Plates joined by a central hollow column; column tip with one circlet of spines; circlets of spines present at the basis of each plate (immediately below each plate; Fig. 1A). Thoracic membrane short, extending to segment 3. Collar with two kinds of chaetae, Spirobranchus - type serrated in subapical section and with a wide proximal boss (twice wider than distal blade) and capillaries chaetae (Fig. 2A). Thoracic chaetigers with two kinds of chaetae, Apomatus - type (Fig. 2C) and limbate (Fig. 2B). Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate, with long blade (Fig. 2D). Thoracic uncini of segment 5 saw-shaped, with 11–12 teeth (Fig. 2E). Abdominal uncini similar to thoracic uncini but smaller, with 7–8 teeth (Fig. 2F). Variability. The tube color varies from white to pale-yellowish, some tubes with shallow transverse ridges, semi-circular to circular in cross-section. Body length variable (n=18, r: 3–49, µ=27.6 ±13.8). Thorax of variable length (n=18, r: 0.6–7, µ=4.4 ±1.6) and width (n=18, r: 0.2–4, µ=2.5 ±1.4), with seven chaetigers (only one specimen with six chaetigers). Abdomen with a variable number of chaetigers (n=13, r: 38–110, µ=79.3 ±25.6). Radioles with or without bands of color. Some specimens with uniformly colored (not maculated) opercular peduncle of variable length, including the opercular plates (n=18, r: 1–18, µ=8.4 ±4.1) and width of basal plate (n=16, r: 1.2–4, µ=2.4 ±0.8). Wings of opercular peduncle with smooth or wavy edge (Fig. 5B). Peduncle inserted into right (n=10) or left lobe (n=4). Operculum variable in length (n=18, r: 0.3–6, µ=2.9 ±1.5) and number of plates (n=18, r: 2–6, µ=4 ±1). Operculum with shallow dish-shaped plates (Figs 1A, 5A–B). Spirobranchus - type chaetae with wide proximal boss (twice wider than distal blade; Fig. 6A–C), except in one specimen where the proximal boss is as wide as the distal blade (Fig. 6C). Habitat. Littoral to sublittoral (80 m). On mangrove roots, mollusk shells, corals, sponges, under rocks, wood debris and on a pier covered by Millepora spp. (ten Hove & San Martín 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000). Only one record as fouling fauna in Florida (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). Distribution. Wider Caribbean, from Florida to southern Brazil (Fig. 9); in the Gulf of Mexico P. stellatus is only recorded from Alacranes Reefs (Ehlers 1887; Zibrowius 1970; ten Hove & San Martín 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000) and in two reefs from Veracruz (this study). Remarks. Pomatostegus stellatus was described by Abildgaard (1789); however, type specimens were not established (nor found in the collections of the Zoological Museum Copenhagen by Mary Petersen in 2000). Many authors supposed P. stellatus to have a wide, even circumtropical distribution (Zibrowius 1970, 1973; Imajima 1977, 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986; Nishi 1995; Bastida-Zavala 2008); however, Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo (2000) suggested that the geographical distribution of P. stellatus was limited to the Tropical Western Atlantic only. Ten Hove & Kupriyanova (2009) suggested that the genus Pomatostegus contained three species with limited distributions: Pomatostegus kroyeri Mörch, 1863, from the Tropical Eastern Pacific region; P. stellatus from the Tropical Western Atlantic and P. actinoceras Mörch, 1863, with a distribution in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Kupriyanova et al. 2015). The fact that the genus only extremely rarely has been recorded as part of the fouling fauna (e.g., Cai et al. 2004; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017) might illustrate their limited distributional powers. Only one specimen of P. stellatus has been recorded as part of the fouling fauna from Biscayne Bay, Florida, after the revision of hundreds fouling plates deployed in marinas with salinities averaging 20‰, by 14 consecutive years (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017: 5–6, 41). Therefore, it probably would be impossible for the Caribbean species to cross the Panamá Canal (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016)., Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on pages 497-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 164 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85313","Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. 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O. & Gomes, D. F. (2013) Catalogo das especies de Annelida Polychaeta do Brasil. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, 183 pp. Available from: https: // www. ib. unicamp. br / museu _ zoologia / sites / www. ib. unicamp. br. museu _ zoologia / files / Cat % C 3 % A 1 logo _ Polychaeta _ Brasil _ Amaral _ et _ al _ 2013 _ 1 a. pdf (accessed 4 May 2021)","Humann, P., DeLoach, N. & Wilk, L. (2013) Reef creature identification. Florida Caribbean Bahamas. New World Publications, Jacksonville, Florida, 295 pp.","Hepburn, L. J., Blanchon, P., Murphy, G., Cousins, L. & Perry, C. T. (2015) Community structure and palaeocological implications of calcareous encrusters on artificial substrates across a Mexican Caribbean reef. Coral Reefs, 34, 189 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 014 - 1227 - 1","Schrieken, N. & Van Leeuwen, S. J. (2016) Field guide to the marine life of St. Eustatius. ANEMOON Fundation, Lisse. 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Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) Figs 7A, 8 Terebella stellata Abildgaard, 1789: 142���144, pl. A, fig. 5A���B (type locality: West Indies, Caribbean Sea). Pomatostegus macrosoma Schmarda, 1861: 31���32, pl. 21, fig. 182 (type locality: South of Jamaica). ��� M��rch 1863: 398���399 (comparison with P. stellatus). Pomatostegus brachysoma Schmarda, 1861: 32, pl. 21, fig. 183 (type locality: Jamaica, on coral reef). Pomatostegus stellatus tetrapoma M��rch, 1863: 397 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Pomatostegus stellatus fruticosa M��rch, 1863: 397���398 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Cymospira quadruplicata Kr��yer in M��rch, 1863: 398, pl. 11, fig. 13 (type locality: Saint Croix, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea, probably the first use of the name; according to M��rch 1863: 398 is P. stellatus pentapoma). Pomatostegus stellatus ��� M��rch 1863: 396���397, pl. 11, fig. 14 (Saint Croix and Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). ��� Benedict 1887: 551, pl. 22, figs 32���35, pl. 23, figs 36���37 (Jamaica and Cura��ao, Caribbean Sea; shallow water). ��� Ehlers 1887: 296���300 (East Key, Florida; 24 m). ��� Treadwell 1902: 210 (Caballo Blanco Reef, Guanica Bay and Ensenada Honda, Puerto Rico). ��� Augener 1927: 79, textfig. 7 (Spaanse Water and Caracas Bay, Cura��ao; on coral and mangrove roots). ��� Treadwell 1928: 483 (near Saba Island, Antilles). ��� Augener 1934: 118 (Los Testigos Archipelago, Venezuela, and Tagduga, now Taganga, Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean; intertidal to 11 m). ��� Rioja 1958: 293���296, figs 92���100 (Mexican Caribbean: Chancanab Lagoon, Cozumel). ��� Zibrowius 1970: 13���14, pl. 3, figs 16���20 (Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil; 16���48 m; sand and coral debris). ��� ten Hove & San Mart��n 1995: 17 (de la Juventud Island, Cuba; 1���6 m; on mollusk shells, mangrove roots, rocks, corals and wood debris). ��� Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida). ��� Due��as 1999: 14 (Santa Marta, Tayrona National Park, Providencia Island, Cartagena Bay and Cispat�� Bay, Colombia). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 815��� 817,figs 3b, 5g���q, 6a���d(San Juan, Puerto Rico; de la Juventud Island, Cuba; eastern Mexico:Alacranes Key, R��a Lagartos and San Felipe, Yucat��n; Contoy Island, Nizuc Point, Nichupt�� Lagoon, Xcacel, Xcayal, Cozumel Island, Xahuayxol and Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo; intertidal to 43 m; under rocks with algae, seagrass and sponges, corals and on cement pier covered by Millepora spp.). Pomatostegus macrosoma ��� M��rch 1863: 398���399 (comparison with P. stellatus). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 816 (synonymy). Pomatostegus brachysoma ��� M��rch 1863: 400 (comparison with P. stellatus). ��� Bush 1910: 498���500 (Dominica Island, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 816 (synonymy). Pomatostegus stellatus tetrapoma ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 816 (synonymy). Pomatostegus stellatus fruticosa ��� Rullier 1974: 72, fig. 9A���I (Bataban�� Bay, Cuba; 2 m; in sponge). ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 816 (synonymy). Pomatostegus quadruplicatus ��� Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a: 816 (synonymy). Material examined One specimen: BB (1) Aug. 2004. Diagnosis Tube missing. Opercular peduncle spotted, with wide wings (Fig. 7A). Operculum chitinous, forming three concentric plates, joined by central hollow column (Fig. 7A); margin of plates with sharp spines. Collar with ��� Spirobranchus ��� chaetae, coarsely serrated on subapical section. Taxonomic remarks Several publications indicate that Pomatostegus stellatus is widely distributed (Zibrowius 1970; Imajima 1977, 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986; Nishi 1995b; Bastida-Zavala 2008); however, some authors (Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a; ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009) suggest that its distribution could be more limited, as the larvae are short lived and there is very little evidence of large scale dispersal through fouling (Kupriyanova et al. 2001). Therefore, until further analysis, it is better to distinguish three species geographically: P. stellatus is limited to the tropical western Atlantic, while P. kroyeri M��rch, 1863 is limited to the tropical eastern Pacific region and P. actinoceras M��rch, 1863 is limited to the Indo-West Pacific (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009). Ecology Intertidal to 48 m. On mangrove roots, mollusk shells, corals, sponges, under rocks, wood debris and on a cement pier covered by the coral Millepora spp. (ten Hove & San Mart��n 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a). Distribution Caribbean Sea, from Florida to southern Brazil; in the Gulf of Mexico, it is only recorded from Alacranes Key (Ehlers 1887; Zibrowius 1970; ten Hove & San Mart��n 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000a). In this study, only one specimen of Pomatostegus stellatus was found on a fouling plate from Biscayne Bay, Florida (Fig. 8)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Abildgaard P. C. 1789. Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde 9: 133 - 146.","Schmarda L. K. 1861. Neue wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Erster Band (zweite Halfte) Turbellarian, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.","Morch O. A. L. 1863. Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til rorormenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 3, 1: 347 - 470.","Benedict J. E. 1887. Descriptions of ten species and one new genus of the annelids from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 9: 547 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 594.547","Ehlers E. 1887. Reports on the results of dredging, under the direction of L. F. Pourtales, during the years 1868 - 1870, and of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877 - 78), and in the Caribbean Sea (1878 - 79), in the U. S. Coast Survey steamer \" Blake \", Lieut-Com. C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N. and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. XXXI. Report on the annelids. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 15: 1 - 355.","Treadwell A. L. 1902. The polychaetous annelids of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 2: 181 - 210.","Augener H. 1927. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van Curacao. Resultaten eener Reis van Dr. C. J. van der Horst in 1920. Polychaeten von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 25: 39 - 82.","Treadwell A. L. 1928. Polychaetous annelids from the Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition. Zoologica 8 (8): 449 - 485.","Augener H. 1934. Polychaeten aus den Zoologischen Museen von Leiden und Amsterdam. IV Schluss. Zoologische Mededeelingen 17: 67 - 160. http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 149757","Rioja E. 1958. Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 29: 219 - 301.","Zibrowius H. 1970. Contribution a l'etude des Serpulidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) du Bresil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico do Sao Paulo 19: 1 - 32.","Hove H. A. ten & San Martin G. 1995. Serpulidae (Polychaeta) procedentes de la I Expedicion Cubano- Espanola a la Isla de la Juventud y Archipielago de los Canarreos (Cuba). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region 72: 13 - 24.","Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. & Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3.","Duenas P. D. 1999. Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio 1 (2): 9 - 18.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. 2000 a. Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental con claves para la region del Gran Caribe: Salmacina, Ficopomatus, Pomatoceros, Pomatostegus, Protula, Pseudovermilia, Spirobranchus y Vermiliopsis. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48: 807 - 840.","Bush K. J. 1910. Description of new serpulids from Bermuda with notes on known forms from adjacent regions. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 62: 490 - 501. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5526383 page / 528 / mode / 1 up","Rullier F. 1974. Quelques annelides polychetes de Cuba recueillies dans des eponges. Travaux du Museum d'Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa 14: 9 - 77.","Imajima M. 1977. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum 10: 89 - 111.","Imajima M. 1982. Serpulinae (polychaetous annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 23: 37 - 55.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1984. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 35 - 66.","Imajima M. & ten Hove H. A. 1986. Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Nauru, the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 32: 1 - 16.","Nishi E. 1995 b. Occurrence of Vermiliopsis infundibulum and Pomatostegus stellatus (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) on the living coral at Okinawa, Southwest Japan. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 54: 28 - 32.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61.","Hove H. A. ten & Kupriyanova E. K. 2009. Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa 2036: 1 - 126. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2009 / f / zt 02036 p 126. pdf","Kupriyanova E. K., Nishi E., ten Hove H. A. & Rzhavsky A. V. 2001. Life-history patterns in serpulimorph polychaetes: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Gibson R. N., Barnes M. & Atkinson R. J. A. (eds) Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 39: 1 - 101. Taylor and Francis, London, 39."]}

The sepulids Crucígera websteri, Hydroides alataíateraíis, Hydroídes crucígera, Hydroides ochotereana and Pomatostegus stellatus, collected in shallow habitats at Bahia Malaga are studied. Comments and ¡lustrations of characters used for taxonomical purposes and remarks about the distribution of these species are included.

Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) Remarks. A strictly Caribbean species (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 78) reported to be present in Hong Kong (Mak 1982). See Pomatostegus actinoceras for more discussion., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Ten, Harry A. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2012, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3424 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213363, {"references":["Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria priapus Linn.), zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.), einer grossen Sandroehre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaftnaturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Ten Hove, H. A. & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126."]}

Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) (Figure 7S) Terebella stellata Abildgaard, 1789: 142–144, pl. A, figs. 5A–B. Type locality: West Indies, Western Atlantic. Pomatostegus stellatus.— Bastida-Zavala, 1993: 25, Cabo Pulmo Reef (Baja California Sur, Mexico). Pomatostegus stellatus.— Bastida-Zavala and Salazar-Vallejo, 2001a: 815–817, figs. 3b, 5g –q, 6a–d, Mexican Caribbean, Cayo Alacranes, Ria Lagartos and Cuba. Material examined. Five specimens: Baja California Sur (Mexico), UMAR-Poly 82, 2 spec. (23º24–25'N, 109º25'W, Cabo Pulmo Reef, second and third bars, on dead coral Pocillopora, 7–12 m, May 7–8, 1989, coll. PH, JK & JRBZ); ECOSUR s.n., UMAR-Poly 83, 3 spec. (approx. 26º00'51"N, 111º20'21"W, Loreto pier, in pier pilots, oysters, March 3, 2004, coll. MATH & PSS). Diagnosis. Tube white, sometimes covered by algae of brownish colour, inner tube surface of bluish or violet colour, outer surface with five longitudinal ridges, the middle largest, forming an elevated crest as strong spine in anteriormost tube section; tube lacks peristomes or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smudged, with wide wings. Operculum chitinous, forming several (3–6) concentric festooned plates, jointed by central hollow column (Fig. 7S); distal tip of column with lateral spines, forming a star (similar stars present below each plate, although obscured by close packing of consecutive plates). Thoracic membrane extends to last thoracic chaetiger. Collar with " Spirobranchus " chaetae, coarsely serrated in subapical section. Habitat. Depth: intertidal to 17 m. On dead coral Pocillopora verrucosa, on rocks and oysters. Distribution. Circumtropical. Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea to Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Micronesia, Japan; Gulf of California (Pillai 1960; Imajima 1977; Imajima & ten Hove 1984; Bastida-Zavala 1993; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2001a). Taxonomic remarks. Although the species was described from the Caribbean, the specimens from the Eastern Pacific revised here agree with the description of material from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean (Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2001)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2008, Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 1722 on page 34, {"references":["Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft der naturforschende Freunde zur Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1993) Taxonomia y composicion biogeografica de los poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la bahia de La Paz, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Investigacion Cientifica, 4, 11 - 39.","Pillai, T. G. (1960) Some marine and brackish-water serpulid polychaeta from Celyon, including new genera and species. The Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences, 3, 1 - 40.","Imajima, M. (1977) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 10, 89 - 111.","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1984) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society Systematic Zoology, 27, 35 - 66.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (2001) Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental con claves para la region del Gran Caribe: Salmacina, Ficopomatus, Pomatoceros, Pomatostegus, Protula, Pseudovermilia, Spirobranchus y Vermiliopsis. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 48, 807 - 840."]}