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Objectives: We investigated the potential of serum proteins for distinguishing clinical and molecular subtypes in patients with GCA., Methods: Proximity extension assays were used to analyse 1463 proteins in serum samples from patients with new-onset GCA (n = 16) and patients who have achieved remission (n = 13). Unsupervised and supervised cluster analyses were performed., Results: Unsupervised cluster analysis identified three distinct clusters based on the protein signature. Compared with cluster 2, patients of cluster 1 had fewer PMR symptoms, increased levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and pronounced NF-κB, STAT5 and IL-1 signalling. The changes in serum proteins upon remission differed between cluster 1 and 2.Patients with cranial GCA were characterized by altered endothelial and Th17 signalling, whereas patients not responding to treatment within the GUSTO-trial showed increased Th1 and diminished B cell signalling. Patients with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy displayed higher levels of CHI3L1 (YKL40) and MMP12, and reduced levels of TIMP3., Conclusion: Protein profiling identified patient clusters in GCA with distinct proteomic features and therefore likely different pathophysiology. These unique proteomic footprints might lead to more targeted treatments in future., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that have been implicated in a plethora of neuronal processes. Nevertheless, their role in regulating brain activity in the context of sleep has so far received little attention. To test their involvement, we deleted mature miRNAs in post-mitotic neurons at two developmental ages, i.e., in early adulthood using conditional Dicer knockout (cKO) mice and in adult mice using an inducible conditional Dicer cKO (icKO) line. In both models, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was affected and the response to sleep deprivation (SD) altered; while the rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) rebound was compromised in both, the increase in EEG delta (1 to 4 Hz) power during non-REMS (NREMS) was smaller in cKO mice and larger in icKO mice compared to controls. We subsequently investigated the effects of SD on the forebrain miRNA transcriptome and found that the expression of 48 miRNAs was affected, and in particular that of the activity-dependent miR-709 . In vivo inhibition of miR-709 in the brain increased EEG power during NREMS in the slow-delta (0.75 to 1.75 Hz) range, particularly after periods of prolonged wakefulness. Transcriptome analysis of primary cortical neurons in vitro revealed that miR-709 regulates genes involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. A subset of these genes was also affected in the cortices of sleep-deprived, miR-709 -inhibited mice. Our data implicate miRNAs in the regulation of EEG activity and indicate that miR-709 links neuronal activity during wakefulness to brain synchrony during sleep through the regulation of glutamatergic signaling., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) are at increased risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes. Identifying whether mRNA vaccines differ in immunogenicity and examining the effects of immunomodulatory treatments may support COVID-19 vaccination strategies. We aimed to conduct a long-term, model-based comparison of the humoral immunogenicity following BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination in a cohort of IRD patients. Patients from the Swiss IRD cohort (SCQM), who assented to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination were recruited between 3/2021-9/2021. Blood samples at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post second vaccine dose were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG (anti-S1). We examined differences in antibody levels depending on the vaccine and treatment at baseline while adjusting for age, disease, and past SARS-CoV-2 infection. 565 IRD patients provided eligible samples. Among monotherapies, rituximab, abatacept, JAKi, and TNFi had the highest odds of reduced anti-S1 responses compared to no medication. Patients on specific combination therapies showed significantly lower antibody responses than those on monotherapy. Irrespective of the disease, treatment, and past SARS-CoV-2 infection, the odds of higher antibody levels at 4, 12, and 24 weeks post second vaccine dose were, respectively, 3.4, 3.8, and 3.8 times higher with mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 (p < 0.0001). With every year of age, the odds ratio of higher peak humoral immunogenicity following mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 increased by 5% (p < 0.001), indicating a particular benefit for elderly patients. Our results suggest that in IRD patients, two-dose vaccination with mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 results in higher anti-S1 levels, even more so in elderly patients., Competing Interests: KL reports personal fees from Gilead-Galapagos, Pfizer, Viatris, Celltrion, outside of the submitted work. AF has received research support from Abbvie, Eli-Lilly, Galapagos, and Pfizer outside of the submitted work, and consultancies or speaker honoraria for Abbvie, BMS, Eli-Lilly, Gilead, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB outside of the submitted work. AR-R reports honoraria for consultation and lectures from Abbvie, Amgen, Pfizer, Gilead, Novartis, Janssen, Eli-Lilly, Sanofi, Roche, UCB, BMS outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Raptis, Berger, Ciurea, Andrey, Polysopoulos, Lescuyer, Maletic, Riek, Scherer, von Loga, Safford, Lauper, Möller, Vuilleumier, Finckh and Rubbert-Roth.)

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical condition in industrialized countries. However, diagnosis in borderline cases is often cumbersome and requires follow-up examinations, and/or a Computed Tomography examination. Therefore, our aim was to develop a combined clinical and sonographic score to enhance prediction of acute appendicitis., Patients and Methods: The modified Alvarado score and various established sonographic criteria were investigated in 132 patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Two models were computed accounting for missing values. After analysis of sensitivity and specificity for the modified Alvarado score, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significantly contributing sonographic features., Results: The threshold of the logistic regression analysis of the two models resulted in the formula: modified Alvarado score+axial Appendix diameter [mm]. When the Appendix diameter is>8mm, 1 point/mm is added, while for a diameter<8mm, 1 point/mm is subtracted. The cut-off value is≥13 for acute appendicitis with a sensitivity 91.4% and a specificity of 100%, compared to a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 84.4% for the modified Alvarado score in our cohort., Conclusion: The established modified Alvarado score for diagnosis of acute Appendicitis can be improved by adding the axial diameter of the Appendix in a sonographic examination., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)