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Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an important bulk chemical that can be used to produce plexiglasses, functional polymers, coatings, and so on. The C3/C4 method based on petrochemical and coal chemical feedstocks is considered a green process for the production of MMA, and the oxidation of methacrolein (MAL) to methacrylic acid (MAA) is a key step in this process, focusing on the summary and analysis of the catalysts used to catalyze this reaction. The catalysts based on phosphomolybdenum vanadate of Keggin structure currently used in industry are introduced, the active species, the role of different components, the loaded catalysts and the current problems were summarized and the corresponding solutions were proposed. The research progress of non-metallic carbon-based catalysts that can catalyze the reaction was introduced, and the current deficiencies and possible solutions were pointed out, and it is believed that the future research of non-metallic carbon catalysts should be carried out in the following aspects: 1)Designing and preparing carbon catalysts with high activity and stability; 2)Constructing the catalyst structural model by using characterization; 3)Investigating the mechanism of carbon catalysts through in situ experiments, isotope tracking experiments, computational simulations, and kinetic experiments to explore the carbon catalytic mechanism.

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Colorectal cancer is among the most common and deadliest types of cancers affecting humans and animals. Currently, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic measures are being practiced in treating it but they have devastating side effects including cardiopathologies and nephropathologies. Moreover, they are unreliable and can not provide complete treatment in advanced cases. These scenarios necessitate therapeutic substances for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Plant-based compounds, especially various types of phenolics are among the most considered substances as alternatives to prevent and treat colorectal cancer. Among all the phenolics, multiple compounds belonging to flavonoids, flavone, flavonol, and stilbenes have been found effective in treating and preventing colorectal cancer. Predisposing factors that lead to the development of colorectal cancer depend upon living type, feeding type, genotype, age, gender, and exposure to carcinogens. All the polyphenolics prevent colorectal cancer by detoxifying carcinogens, oxidative stress management, reduction in preneoplastic lesions. Specifically, quercetin can arrest S, G1/S, and other stages of cancerous cells, resveratrol controls cancerous cell proliferation and detoxifies the pathological effects of anticancer therapeutic agents by regulating several enzyme systems, and kaempferols control aging process, and uncontrolled metastasis by regulating relevant enzyme systems. All these polyphenolics arrest cancer metastasis by limiting abnormal cell division, preventing extracellular skeletal system damage, and several other pathways. Additionally, they have been found safe for all the systems of the body which is their advantage over current cancer therapies. All of these have passed in vitro trials and proven effective. Currently, xenograft rodent models are being used and these in vivo models also approve their therapeutic use of some polyphenolics i.e., resveratrol and kaempferol are being clinically used as synergists to chemotherapeutic substances. This review highlights the potential of selected polyphenolics as preventive and cancer-treating substances in the light of in vivo studies in rodent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of industrial hemp, which have long been considered as a waste product, have been proven to contain numerous compounds that possess potential biological activity. One of the most interesting groups of compounds present are polyphenolic compounds, which, due to their specific structure, have a pronounced antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential. This study aimed to detect biological activity, including antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential, of water and water–alcoholic extracts of five commercially available hemp teas, followed by phytochemical profiling. Hemp aqueous and ethanolic extracts demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. Ethanol extracts are better scavengers of DPPH• and OH•, while aqueous extracts neutralize NO• better. Both types of extracts exhibit antioxidant potential in the catalase test and moderate XOD inhibition. Furthermore, aqueous extracts are potent α-amylase inhibitors, while ethanolic extracts demonstrate stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity, suggesting therapeutic potential for chronic diseases like insulin resistance or diabetes. Further detailed chemical characterization and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change causes shifts in temperature patterns, and plants adapt their chemical content in order to survive. We compared the effect of low (LT) and high (HT) growing temperatures on the phytochemical content of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) microgreens and the bioactivity of their extracts. Using different spectrophotometric, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, and statistical methods, we found that LT increased the total phenolics and tannins in broccoli. The total glucosinolates were also increased by LT; however, they were decreased by HT. Soluble sugars, known osmoprotectants, were increased by both types of stress, considerably more by HT than LT, suggesting that HT causes a more intense osmotic imbalance. Both temperatures were detrimental for chlorophyll, with HT being more impactful than LT. HT increased hormone indole-3-acetic acid, implying an important role in broccoli's defense. Ferulic and sinapic acid showed a trade-off scheme: HT increased ferulic while LT increased sinapic acid. Both stresses decreased the potential of broccoli to act against H2O2 damage in mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEF), human keratinocytes, and liver cancer cells. Among the tested cell types treated by H2O2, the most significant reduction in ROS (36.61%) was recorded in MEF cells treated with RT extracts. The potential of broccoli extracts to inhibit α-amylase increased following both temperature stresses; however, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase was increased by LT only. From the perspective of nutritional value, and based on the obtained results, we conclude that LT conditions result in more nutritious broccoli microgreens than HT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenes have been identified as the most essential carotenoids in the human body, together with lycopene, lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin due to their beneficial antioxidant activities. Because of these properties, we have designed and conducted in 2018--2021 an experiment where various tomato accessions were metabolically profiled for their antioxidant content and other fruit parameters for further usage in crop improvement programs. Same genotypes were phenotyped and profiled with DNA markers to characterize their relative genetic distance. Aggregated data from metabolic and genetic profiling were complemented by the phenotypic data to select for the most promising cross (Pl. karotina x L1116) that was performed and developed into F1 and F2 generations. After phenotyping and genetic profiling of the 104 F2 individuals obtained from that cross, 24 individuals were selected for metabolic profiling for antioxidant contents. In relation to carotenoids accumulated in fully matured fruits the highest lycopene concentration detected in our study was 587.03 µg/g DW, while β-carotene reached 440.29 µg/g DW. Our results support the use of such integrative approach to accelerate tomato breeding when improved metabolic content of the fruits is aimed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida linifolia L. is a valuable plant of West Tropical Africa with several folklore claims and growing evidence of its bioactivity, including its pain-relieving potential; however, scientific validation of these claims is still limited. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and analgesic potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extract of S. linifolia leaves (SEAL). Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were used to determine the phytochemistry of SEAL. Formalin and acetic acid models were employed to determine the analgesic properties of SEAL. The result of GC-FID analysis revealed varying concentrations of lunamarine, naringenin, ephedrine, catechins, cardiac glycosides, flavanones, kaempferol, flavones, phytate, rutin, steroids, tannins, oxalate, flavan-3-ols, sapogenins, cyanogenic glycosides, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidins in SEAL. In addition, varying concentrations of polyphenolics, such as phenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, and naringenin were detected in SEAL via HPLC analysis. The LD50 study showed that SEAL was safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight per oral (p.o.) in Swiss mice. Pretreatment with oral doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of SEAL significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited all phases of formalin-induced hind paw licking and acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome in mice compared to positive control and was on par with aspirin (100 mg/kg bw p.o.). The observed bioactivity of SEAL could be anchored to its phytoconstituents. Therefore, the plant leaf fraction represents a good source of bioactive compounds with immense potential for exploration in therapeutic research.

The leaves of Psidium guajava L. are an agro-industrial by-product with an outstanding content of polyphenolic compounds; however, there are many factors which can affect the phytochemical profile when valuing this type of plant material, such as temperatures and extraction times involving in the extraction methods applied. In this context, this study analyzed the impact of different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction) on the phytochemical profile (FTIR and UPLC-MS) and the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and Folin–Ciocalteu) of guava leaf extracts. A yield of phenolic compounds per gram of guava leaf was obtained within the range of 16 to 45 mg/g; on the other hand, the I C 50 values determined with the ABTS assay ranged between 78 ± 4 to 152 ± 12 µg/mL. The methanolic extract obtained by Soxhlet was the one with the best reducing power, both in the FRAP assay and in the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Finally, bioactive compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol and avicularin were identified in the guava leaf extract. It was concluded that the purification of polyphenolics compounds improves the antioxidant capacity, and that the extraction method greatly influences the phytochemical profile and activity of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of industrial hemp, which have long been considered as a waste product, have been proven to contain numerous compounds that possess potential biological activity. One of the most interesting groups of compounds present are polyphenolic compounds, which, due to their specific structure, have a pronounced antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential. This study aimed to detect biological activity, including antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential, of water and water–alcoholic extracts of five commercially available hemp teas, followed by phytochemical profiling. Hemp aqueous and ethanolic extracts demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. Ethanol extracts are better scavengers of DPPH• and OH•, while aqueous extracts neutralize NO• better. Both types of extracts exhibit antioxidant potential in the catalase test and moderate XOD inhibition. Furthermore, aqueous extracts are potent α-amylase inhibitors, while ethanolic extracts demonstrate stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity, suggesting therapeutic potential for chronic diseases like insulin resistance or diabetes. Further detailed chemical characterization and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

• Indigofera heterantha is an important medicinal shrub. • Melatonin is an important growth promoter that elicite production of secondary metabolites. • Adventitious roots conserve the plants by producing pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. • Melatonin enhances the effectiveness of AgNPs synthesis in in-vitro culture. Indigofera heterantha is a medicinal shrub of the family Fabaceae that naturally produces pharmaceutically important polyphenolics and at the verge of extinction due to ruthless exploitation. The adventitious roots provide bases for the conservation of endangered plants by decreasing pressure on their wild populations and help in the large-scale production of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. The main objective of the current study was to establish a feasible protocol for adventitious roots and to investigate the effect of melatonin on the biosynthesis of biomass, secondary cell products, and greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for various biological activities. Melatonin is an important growth promoter and plays a key role in plant defense that can be used as elicitors for large-scale production of secondary metabolites. Different concentrations of melatonin revealed that 1.5 mg l−1 melatonin was effective for the biosynthesis of maximum biomass during log phases of growth kinetics. The same melatonin concentration enhanced total phenolics content (TPC; 68.28 mg/g-DW), total flavonoids content (TFC; 24.34 mg/g-DW), total phenolics production (TPP; 153.63 g l−1), total flavonoids production (TFP; 54.80 g l−1), antioxidant activity and total secondary metabolites in adventitious roots. The melatonin-treated roots (300 mM) were able to produce maximum biogenic AgNPs, characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy (UV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and were used for various biological activities. These NPs displayed maximum antimicrobial activities and further revealed that AgNPs and aqueous root extract displayed higher cytotoxic activities. The protocol developed here provides an alternative strategy for germplasm conservation and melatonin proved to be one of the best elicitors for different activities and has the potential of scaling up by various pharmaceutical industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cadmium induced expression of DREB/CBF genes and Mo application amplified their expression. • Strong positive correlation was observed between DREB genes and Cd phytoextraction. • Polyphenolic compounds and Free proline were strongly correlated with the expression of DREB genes. Plants respond to heavy metals stress by the activation of stress responsive genes to establish biochemical defense mechanisms against the stress. We have investigated the molecular and biochemical response of Cannabis sativa to cadmium (Cd) stress in the presence of molybdenum (Mo) foliar treatments. For this purpose, C. sativa plants were allowed to grow in pots containing Cd polluted soil, for two month duration. Aqueous solutions of ammonium molybdate pentahydrate (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ppm) were foliarly sprayed on the plants, at two weeks intervals. Various parameters were inter-correlated i.e., Plant biomass, Cd phyto-accumulation, transcript level/expression of CBF/DREB genes, concentrations of free proline, polyphenolics, and chlorophyll contents. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Cd contents were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biomass and chlorophyll contents decreased while the concentrations of free proline and polyphenolics increased under Cd stress. Dry biomass of the all the plant parts (roots (1.87 ± 0.22 g), stem (3.28 ± 0.39 g) and leaves (3.54 ± 0.87 g) and free proline in roots (69.00 ± 8.28 µg/g) and leaves (40.56 ± 4.87 µg/g) were most significantly increased with foliar spray of 2.00 ppm Mo. Nineteen (19) different polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified in leaves and most of them were highly increased in concentration under Cd stress. The highest concentration was noted in Caffeoyl tyramine (1111 µg/g) in plants treated with 2.00 ppm Mo. Transcript level of CBF/DREB genes in control plants were less as compared to Mo treated plants, where a high increase in transcript level of these genes were found. Expression of CBF /DREB genes showed significant positive correlations with Cd accumulation (R2= 0.751) and concentrations of free proline (R2 = 0.62) and polyphenolics (R2 = 0.65) in leaves. The results suggested that Mo increased the expression of CBF/DREB genes and subsequently the concentration of phenolic compounds and free proline to combat plant against the toxicity of high concentration of Cd on plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monofloral honey is obtained from the nectar of single-source plants and has a higher market value due to its polyphenol content associated with its biological properties, especially its antioxidant capacity. In this work, advanced extraction techniques using microwave- (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction of phenolic compounds in monofloral honey were optimized and compared. Optimal parameters for MAE were an irradiation time of 15 min, a temperature of 60 °C, and a microwave power of 300 W, and for UAE, a sonication time of 10 min, a temperature of 35 °C, and an ultrasound amplitude of 60%. The extraction solvent used was 70% ethanol. In the extracts of different monofloral honey samples (mint, fennel, raspberry, lavender, sage, buckwheat, maroon, heaven) obtained at optimal MAE and UAE conditions, polyphenolic compounds were determined using UPLC-ESI/MS2 analysis and antioxidant capacity using ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays. The results showed that UAE was the more efficient technique for the extraction of total flavanones, flavones, hydroxycinnamic acids, and total phenols, and MAE for total flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acids. The antioxidant ORAC and DPPH capacity was higher for the extracts obtained with MAE, while the ABTS capacity was higher for those obtained with UAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to establish the polyphenolic profile and to appraise the cytotoxic activity first by in vitro analyses, followed by a confirmatory in silico study to establish a stronger biochemical rationale for the activity of the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the bark of Tetraclinis articulata. Total phenolics and flavonoids of the ethyl acetate extract were quantified (phenolics, 65.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract; flavonoids, 28.90 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract). A total of 22 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the ethyl acetate extract by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS analysis. Tetraclinis articulata extract exerted a significant cytotoxic effect against a HeLa cell line (IC50 = 07.02 ± 1.15 μg/mL). The in silico analysis was in agreement with the in vitro study in which major constituents of ethyl acetate extract showed low binding energy and a correct mode of interaction in the active pocket of the enzyme (PDB: 4I5I). These results might be due to the synergistic action of constituents present in ethyl acetate extract or acting separately. This is the first report on the polyphenolic composition and cytotoxic activity of the extract from the bark of T. articulata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in a pot experiment to examine the bioefficacy of three biocontrol agents, viz., Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, either alone or in consortium, on plant growth promotion and activation of defense responses in potato against the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani. The results demonstrate significant enhancement in growth parameters in plants bioprimed with the triple-microbe consortium compared to other treatments. In potato, the disease incidence percentage was significantly reduced in plants treated with the triple-microbe consortium compared to untreated control plants challenged with A. solani. Potato tubers treated with the consortium and challenged with pathogen showed significant activation of defense-related enzymes such as peroxidase (PO) at 96 h after pathogen inoculation (hapi) while, both polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) at 72 hapi, compared to the individual and dual microbial consortia-treated plants. The expression of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were observed to be highest at 72 hapi in the triple microbe consortium as compared to other treatments. HPLC analysis revealed significant induction in polyphenolic compounds in triple-consortium bioprimed plants compared to the control at 72 hapi. Histochemical analysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) clearly showed maximum accumulation of H2O2 in pathogen-inoculated control plants, while the lowest was observed in triple-microbe consortium at 72 hapi. The findings of this study suggest that biopriming with a microbial consortium improved plant growth and triggered defense responses against A. solani through the induction of systemic resistance via modulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and antioxidative network.

The current study aims to quantify HPLC-DAD polyphenolics in the crude extracts of Desmodium elegans, evaluating its cholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant, molecular docking and protective effects against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. A total of 16 compounds were identified which include gallic acid (239 mg g-1), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (11.2 mg g-1), coumaric acid (10.0 mg g-1), chlorogenic acid (10.88 mg g-1), caffeic acid (13.9 mg g-1), p-coumaroylhexose (41.2 mg g-1), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (22.4 mg g-1), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (6.16 mg g-1), (+)-catechin (71.34 mg g-1), (-)-catechin (211.79 mg g-1), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (17.9 mg g-1), kaempferol-7-O-glucuronide (13.2 mg g-1), kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside (53.67 mg g-1), quercetin-3-rutinoside (12.4 mg g-1), isorhamnetin-7-O-glucuronide (17.6 mg g-1) and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (15.0 mg g-1). In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the chloroform fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 31.43 µg mL-1. In an AChE inhibitory assay, the methanolic and chloroform fractions showed high inhibitory activities causing 89% and 86.5% inhibitions with IC50 values of 62.34 and 47.32 µg mL-1 respectively. In a BChE inhibition assay, the chloroform fraction exhibited 84.36% inhibition with IC50 values of 45.98 µg mL-1. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that quercetin-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide fit perfectly in the active sites of AChE and BChE respectively. Overall, the polyphenols identified exhibited good efficacy, which is likely as a result of the compounds' electron-donating hydroxyl groups (-OH) and electron cloud density. The administration of methanolic extract improved cognitive performance and demonstrated anxiolytic behavior among tested animals.

The process of ripening involves physiological and biochemical events that become a concern during postharvest storage. We have documented different approaches for the preservation and maintenance of fruit quality during the postharvest period that are biocompatible and fully safe for consumption. Chemical residues that sustain sensory characteristics, such as color, flavor, aroma, and texture, are considered. In fruit ripening, both physical and chemical elicitors are described that regulate ethylene biosynthesis or its signaling for gene expression. The key regulatory enzymes, such as ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, for ethylene biosynthesis, are important for both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Anti-oxidizing genes that retain sensory characteristics are concerns in this respect. Chemical elicitors, including chitosan, polyamine, phenolics, lipopolysaccharide, silver derivatives, and nanocomposites, are described. Gas pressure, light wavelengths, relative humidity, cooling, and other environmental factors are important for improved postharvest storage. These elicitors maintain redox status by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or their lysis. Growth regulators, including abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, are important for the regulation of ripening. Mechanical injuries, ionic imbalances, temperature variations, and tissue dehydration can occur irrespective of ripening categories. The use of synthetic physiochemically active compounds is discussed in terms of physiological, metabolic, cellular, and molecular functions. Ethylene-induced autocatalytic processes, antioxidant cascades, epigenetic regulation, and homeodomain gene expression are discussed. Sugar–acid metabolism, dissolution of the cell wall, and direct or indirect production of secondary metabolites related to postharvest storage are mentioned regarding chilling storage. Elicitors and agrochemicals that trigger plant defense to increase secondary metabolite production are discussed for reducing fruit senescence during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida linifolia L. is a valuable plant of West Tropical Africa with several folklore claims and growing evidence of its bioactivity, including its pain-relieving potential; however, scientific validation of these claims is still limited. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and analgesic potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extract of S. linifolia leaves (SEAL). Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were used to determine the phytochemistry of SEAL. Formalin and acetic acid models were employed to determine the analgesic properties of SEAL. The result of GC-FID analysis revealed varying concentrations of lunamarine, naringenin, ephedrine, catechins, cardiac glycosides, flavanones, kaempferol, flavones, phytate, rutin, steroids, tannins, oxalate, flavan-3-ols, sapogenins, cyanogenic glycosides, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidins in SEAL. In addition, varying concentrations of polyphenolics, such as phenylacetic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, and naringenin were detected in SEAL via HPLC analysis. The LD50 study showed that SEAL was safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight per oral (p.o.) in Swiss mice. Pretreatment with oral doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of SEAL significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited all phases of formalin-induced hind paw licking and acetic acidinduced writhing syndrome in mice compared to positive control and was on par with aspirin (100 mg/kg bw p.o.). The observed bioactivity of SEAL could be anchored to its phytoconstituents. Therefore, the plant leaf fraction represents a good source of bioactive compounds with immense potential for exploration in therapeutic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit development involves exocarp color evolution. However, signals that control this process are still elusive. Differences between dark-red and bicolored sweet cherry cultivars rely on MYB factor gene mutations. Color evolution in bicolored fruits only occurs on the face receiving sunlight, suggesting the perception or response to color-inducing signals is affected. These color differences may be related to synthesis, perception or response to abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone responsible for non-climacteric fruit coloring. This work aimed to determine the involvement of ABA in the coloring process of color-contrasting varieties. Several phenolic accumulation patterns differed between bicolored 'Royal Rainier' and dark-red 'Lapins'. Transcript abundance of ABA biosynthetic genes (PavPSY, PavZEP and PavNCED1) decreased dramatically from the Pink to Red stage in 'Royal Rainier' but increased in 'Lapins', which correlated with a higher ABA content in this dark-red cultivar. Transcripts coding for ABA signaling (PavPP2Cs, PavSnRKs and PavMYB44.1) were almost undetectable at the Red stage in 'Royal Rainier'. Field trials revealed that 'Royal Rainier' color development was insensitive to exogenous ABA, whereas it increased in 'Lapins'. Furthermore, ABA treatment only increased transcript levels of signaling genes in 'Lapins'. Further studies may address if the ABA pathway is attenuated in bicolor cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leaves, flowers and young shoots of yellow Camellia species are often used as a substitute for green tea in Vietnam. Yellow Camellia species contain high levels of polyphenol compounds, and have shown activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic. Objectives: We qualitatively screened phytochemicals, quantified total polyphenols of 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts of leaves, young shoots, and flowers of Camellia vuquangensis and Camellia hatinhensis in Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam. Furthermore, these extracts have been evaluated for lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities at the in vivo level in the BALB/c mouse model, and in vitro cytotoxic activities. Materials and Methods: Chemical methods and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis were used for the qualitative screening of phytochemicals. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine total polyphenols. Cell survival was determined through optical density (OD) measured when the protein composition of the cells was stained with sulforhodamine B (SRB). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determining the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a product of membrane lipid peroxidation. Results: The total polyphenol contents of all parts of the two species were comparable to that of green tea with values between 319.3 and 342.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/g) dry weight. Extracts of leaves, flowers of C. vuquangensis and C. hatinhensis showed strong lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities (IC50: 7.92–17.45 µg/mL) and moderate cytotoxic activities against cell lines HepG2, A549, MCF7, SK-Mel-2, HT-29, and AGS (IC50: 34.73–80.58 µg/mL). Conclusion: These two tea species may be considered as herbal teas with various health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangifera indica L. is an important tropical fruit having a high nutrient composition of dietary fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted ultrasound extraction (EAUE) were used to optimize bioactive molecule extraction from the agro-industrial waste of mango peels. Both extraction strategies were adopted to deal with the extraction yield and environmental compatibility aspects. The mango peel extracts were pretreated using a combination of enzymes and ultrasound irradiation and used to extract bioactive phytochemicals. Results revealed that the highest total phenolic contents (33.56 ± 1.04 mg GAE/g fresh weight) were detected in mango peel extracts pretreated with 3.3% alcalase enzyme, pH 5.5 at 63 °C for 110 min and 90 Watt (UP) in EAUE, while the same set of optimized extraction conditions for UAE yielded the highest polyphenolics (25.64 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g). Mango peel extract pretreated under predefined optimized conditions (EAUE-1 coded extract) showed the highest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value (215.42 ± 1.21 mM TE/g). Likewise, the DPPH-scavenging capacity (1C50: 11.38 μg/mL) was also higher than the control. Characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography corroborated the abundant presence of vanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acids (phenolic acids) in mango peel extract. In conclusion, EAUE appears as an efficient technique with broad-spectrum applications in extracting and recovering bioactive compounds from natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenolic profile of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the trunk bark of Pinus pinea growing in Tunisia was determined using Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method and their anti-α-amylase potential and the mode of inhibition were determined in a kinetic study. Methanol extract was found to be richer in phenolics. Eighteen constituents were identified in ethyl acetate extract with trans-taxifolin (7.57 g/kg), as the main compound. Eighteen compounds were detected in methanol extract with ellagic acid (88.06 g/kg), as the major constituent. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited α-amylase with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 9.16 and 8.33 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exerted a non-competitive and a competitive inhibition on α-amylase enzyme, respectively. This activity was supported by molecular docking analysis of some major compounds of both extracts. All these compounds showed a low binding energy and they could bind with the key residues including ASP-206 and GLU-230 of the α-amylase enzyme and these ligands were also surrounded by other active site residues. These findings suggest that P. pinea extracts could serve as safe and efficient α-amylase inhibitors to treat postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally processed peanuts are ideal plant models for studying the relationship between allergenicity and antioxidant capacity of protein-rich foods, besides lipids, carbohydrates and phytochemicals. Peanut is highly praised in the human diet; however, it is rich in allergens (>75% of total proteins). One-third of peanut allergens belong to the products of genes responsible for the defence of plants against stress conditions. The proximate composition of major peanut macromolecules and polyphenols is reviewed, focusing on the identity and relative abundance of all peanut proteins derived from recent proteomic studies. The importance of thermal processing, gastrointestinal digestion (performed by INFOGEST protocol) and their influence on allergenicity and antioxidant properties of protein-rich plant food matrices is elaborated. Antioxidant properties of bioactive peptides from nuts were also considered. Moreover, there are no studies dealing simultaneously with the antioxidant and allergenic properties of protein- and polyphenol-rich foods, considering all the molecules that can significantly contribute to the antioxidant capacity during and after gastrointestinal digestion. In summary, proteins and carbohydrates are underappreciated sources of antioxidant power released during the gastrointestinal digestion of protein-rich plant foods, and it is crucial to decipher their antioxidant contribution in addition to polyphenols and vitamins before and after gastrointestinal digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is an aromatic herb widely used in the food industry, with several commercial cultivars available with different qualitative characteristics. Commercial cultivars are usually preferred over landraces due to their higher yield and also the lack of improved landraces than can be commercialized. In Greece, however, traditional dill landraces are cultivated by local communities. Many are conserved in the Greek Gene Bank and the aim here was to investigate and compare the morphological, genetic, and chemical biodiversity of twenty-two Greek landraces and nine modern/commercial cultivars. Multivariate analysis of the morphological descriptors, molecular markers, and essential oil and polyphenol composition revealed that the Greek landraces were clearly distinguished compared with modern cultivars at the level of phenological, molecular and chemical traits. Landraces were typically taller, with larger umbels, denser foliage, and larger leaves. Plant height, density of foliage, density of feathering as well as aroma characteristics were desirable traits observed for some landraces, such as T538/06 and GRC-1348/04, which were similar or superior to those of some commercial cultivars. Polymorphic loci for inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers were 76.47% and 72.41% for landraces, and 68.24% and 43.10% for the modern cultivars, respectively. Genetic divergence was shown, but not complete isolation, indicating that some gene flow may have occurred between landraces and cultivars. The major constituent in all dill leaf essential oils was a-phellandrene (54.42–70.25%). Landraces had a higher a-phellandrene and dill ether content than cultivars. Two dill landraces were rich in chlorogenic acid, the main polyphenolic compound determined. The study highlighted for the first-time Greek landraces with desirable characteristics regarding quality, yield, and harvest time suitable for breeding programs to develop new dill cultivars with superior features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed fermentation using saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-saccharomyces cerevisiae has become one of the main research strategies to improve wine aroma. Hence, this study applied the mixed fermentation technique using Pichia kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to brew Cabernet Sauvignon wine and to investigate the effects of inoculation timing and inoculation ratio on the polyphenolics, antioxidant activity and aroma of the resulting wine. The results showed that mixed fermentation significantly improved the amounts of flavan-3-ols. In particular, S1:5 had the highest amounts of (-)-catechin and procyanidin B1 (73.23 mg/L and 46.59 mg/L), while S1:10 had the highest (-)-epicatechin content (57.95 mg/L). Meanwhile, S1:10 showed the strongest FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS + activities (31.46 %, 25.38 % and 13.87 % higher than that of CK, respectively). In addition, mixed fermentation also increased the amounts of phenylethanol, isoamyl alcohol and ethyl esters, which enhanced the rose-like and fruity flavor of wine. This work used a friendly non-saccharomyces cerevisiae alongside appropriate inoculation strategies to provide an alternative approach for improved wine aroma and phenolic profile.

The leaves of Psidium guajava L. are an agro-industrial by-product with an outstanding content of polyphenolic compounds; however, there are many factors which can affect the phytochemical profile when valuing this type of plant material, such as temperatures and extraction times involving in the extraction methods applied. In this context, this study analyzed the impact of different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction) on the phytochemical profile (FTIR and UPLC-MS) and the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and Folin–Ciocalteu) of guava leaf extracts. A yield of phenolic compounds per gram of guava leaf was obtained within the range of 16 to 45 mg/g; on the other hand, the IC50 values determined with the ABTS assay ranged between 78 ± 4 to 152 ± 12 µg/mL. The methanolic extract obtained by Soxhlet was the one with the best reducing power, both in the FRAP assay and in the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Finally, bioactive compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol and avicularin were identified in the guava leaf extract. It was concluded that the purification of polyphenolics compounds improves the antioxidant capacity, and that the extraction method greatly influences the phytochemical profile and activity of the extracts.

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is an aromatic herb widely used in the food industry, with several commercial cultivars available with different qualitative characteristics. Commercial cultivars are usually preferred over landraces due to their higher yield and also the lack of improved landraces than can be commercialized. In Greece, however, traditional dill landraces are cultivated by local communities. Many are conserved in the Greek Gene Bank and the aim here was to investigate and compare the morphological, genetic, and chemical biodiversity of twenty-two Greek landraces and nine modern/commercial cultivars. Multivariate analysis of the morphological descriptors, molecular markers, and essential oil and polyphenol composition revealed that the Greek landraces were clearly distinguished compared with modern cultivars at the level of phenological, molecular and chemical traits. Landraces were typically taller, with larger umbels, denser foliage, and larger leaves. Plant height, density of foliage, density of feathering as well as aroma characteristics were desirable traits observed for some landraces, such as T538/06 and GRC-1348/04, which were similar or superior to those of some commercial cultivars. Polymorphic loci for inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers were 76.47% and 72.41% for landraces, and 68.24% and 43.10% for the modern cultivars, respectively. Genetic divergence was shown, but not complete isolation, indicating that some gene flow may have occurred between landraces and cultivars. The major constituent in all dill leaf essential oils was α-phellandrene (54.42–70.25%). Landraces had a higher α-phellandrene and dill ether content than cultivars. Two dill landraces were rich in chlorogenic acid, the main polyphenolic compound determined. The study highlighted for the first-time Greek landraces with desirable characteristics regarding quality, yield, and harvest time suitable for breeding programs to develop new dill cultivars with superior features.

Abstract Jaboticaba peels are an important source of health-benefit and antimicrobial compounds. The present work aims to evaluate concentration of polyphenolics and the mode of action of aqueous extract from jaboticaba peels against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Jaboticaba peel extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against S. aureus of 5.1 g L-1 and 10.1 g L-1, respectively; meanwhile, against E. coli the parameters were 2.0 g L-1 and 3.4 g L-1. Kinetics of viable cell counts indicated a bacteriolytic action against both bacteria and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that jaboticaba peel extract causes subtle morphological changes in bacterial cells. Concentration of total polyphenols in the extract was 1535.04±36.05 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) mL-1, monomeric anthocyanins was 14.52 ± 0.98 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside mL-1, condensed tannins was 0.49 ± 0.05 mg of epicatechin equivalent mL-1 and phenolic acids was 80.04 ± 4.11 mg of caffeic acid equivalent (CAE) mL-1, which have demonstrated well-documented antibacterial activity. In conclusion, jaboticaba peel aqueous extract may be an interesting natural preservative to control Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth when interacting with the bacteria cell wall.

The Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae family) is a popular edible fruit consumed all over the world. The profiling of the polyphenolic compounds of optimized unripe Ajwa date pulp (URADP) extracts is scarce. The aim of this study was to extract polyphenols from URADP as effectively as possible by using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions with respect to ethanol concentration, extraction time, and temperature and to achieve the maximum amount of polyphenolic compounds. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify the URADP's polyphenolic compounds. The DPPH-, ABTS-radical scavenging, α-glucosidase, elastase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition of optimized extracts of URADP was also evaluated. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC (24.25 ± 1.02 mgGAE/g) and TFC (23.98 ± 0.65 mgCAE/g) were obtained at 52% ethanol, 81 min time, and 63 °C. Seventy (70) secondary metabolites, including phenolic, flavonoids, fatty acids, and sugar, were discovered using high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, twelve (12) new phytoconstituents were identified for the first time in this plant. Optimized URADP extract showed inhibition of DPPH-radical (IC50 = 87.56 mg/mL), ABTS-radical (IC50 = 172.36 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 221.59 mg/mL), elastase (IC50 = 372.25 mg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 59.53 mg/mL) enzymes. The results revealed a significant amount of phytoconstituents, making it an excellent contender for the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a popular edible fruit consumed all over the world and thought to cure several chronic diseases and afflictions. The profiling of the secondary metabolites of optimized ripe Ajwa date pulp (RADP) extracts is scarce. The aim of this study was to optimize the heat extraction (HE) of ripe Ajwa date pulp using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling to increase its polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. A central composite design was used to optimize HE to achieve the maximum polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of target responses as a function of ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. From RSM estimates, 75.00% ethanol and 3.7 h (extraction time), and 67 °C (extraction temperature) were the optimum conditions for generating total phenolic content (4.49 ± 1.02 mgGAE/g), total flavonoid content (3.31 ± 0.65 mgCAE/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (11.10 ± 0.78 % of inhibition), and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (1.43 µM ascorbic acid equivalent). The good performance of the ANN was validated using statistical metrics. Seventy-one secondary metabolites, including thirteen new bioactive chemicals (hebitol II, 1,2-di-(syringoyl)-hexoside, naringin dihydrochalcone, erythron-guaiacylglycerol-β-syringaresinol ether hexoside, erythron-1-(4′-O-hexoside-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-syrngaresinoxyl-propane-1,3-diol, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, linustatin and 1-deoxynojirimycin galactoside), were detected using high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The results revealed a significant concentration of phytoconstituents, making it an excellent contender for the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia are key regulators of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in the CNS. Microglia activation can lead to chronic inflammation, OS, and neurodegeneration. Blueberries (BB) reduce inflammation and OS when administered to microglia before stressors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the therapeutic value of BBs administered after activation by stressors has not been examined. Therefore, this study investigated the differential effects of pre-, post-, and pre-/post-BB on inflammation and OS in LPS-activated microglia. Rat microglia were pretreated with BB (0.5 mg/mL) or control media (C) for 24 hours, incubated overnight with LPS (0 or 200 ng/mL), and post-treated with BB or C for 24 hours. Biomarkers of inflammation (e.g. nitrite [NO2−], tumor necrosis factor-ɑ [TNFɑ], inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], phosphorylated IκB-α [pIκB-ɑ]) and OS (e.g. NADPH oxidase [NOX2]) were assessed. LPS increased NO2−, TNFɑ, COX-2, iNOS, pIκB-ɑ, and NOX2 compared to non-stressed conditions (P < 0.05), however BB before and/or after LPS significantly reduced these markers compared to no BB (P < 0.05). Pre-BB was more effective than post-BB at reducing LPS-induced NO2−, TNFɑ, and COX-2 (P < 0.05). Pre-BB was also more effective than pre-/post-BB at attenuating LPS-induced NO2− and TNFɑ (P < 0.05). All BB treatments were equally effective in reducing LPS-induced iNOS, pIκB-ɑ, and NOX2. Results suggest that BBs can target the downstream events of LPS-induced microglial activation and prevent stressor-induced neuroinflammation and OS. Furthermore, BBs may not need to be present prior to microglial activation for beneficial effects, suggesting that dietary interventions may be effective even after initiation of disease processes. Graphical Abstract. Cascade of inflammatory and OS-inducing events associated with self-propelling microglial activation by LPS and the effects of blueberry (0.5 mg/mL) administered before and/or after LPS on these processes (blue arrows). BB, blueberry; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; IκB-ɑ, inhibitor kappa-B-ɑ; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; NO, nitric oxide; NOX2, NADPH oxidase; OS, oxidative stress; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNFɑ, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and selected enzyme activities in the anthocyanin pathway were analyzed in NIGRA (Sambucus nigra var. nigra—black fruits) and VIRIDIS (S. nigra var. viridis—green fruits) fruits over four stages of ripening. The share of glucose and fructose in green fruits was higher than in colored fruits, and the sugar content increased significantly until the third developmental stage. Ripe NIGRA berries had 47% flavonol glycosides, 34% anthocyanins, 3% hydroxycinnamic acids and 14% flavanols, whereas the major phenolic group in the VIRIDIS fruits, making up 88% of the total analyzed polyphenols, was flavonols. NIGRA fruits were rich in anthocyanins (6020 µg g−1 FW), showing strong activation of the late anthocyanin pathway (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase). In both color types, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase activities were highest in the first stage and decreased during ripening. In VIRIDIS fruit, no anthocyanins and only one flavanol (procyanidin dimer) were found. This was most likely caused by a lack of induction of the late anthocyanin pathway in the last period of fruit ripening. The VIRIDIS genotype may be useful in studying the regulatory structures of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the contribution of distinct flavonoid classes to the health benefits of elderberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases occur due to progressive and sometimes irreversible loss of function and death of nerve cells. A great deal of effort is being made to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quite high, and only symptomatic therapy is available due to the absence of radical treatment. The aim of this review is to try to elucidate the general pathogenesis of AD, to provide information about the limit points of symptomatic treatment approaches, and to emphasize the potential neurologic effects of phytocompounds as new tools as therapeutic agents for disease prevention, retardation, and therapy. This survey also covers the notable properties of herbal compounds such as their effects on the inhibition of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which has significant value in the treatment of AD. It has been proven that phytopharmaceuticals have long-term effects that could protect nervous system health, eliminate inflammatory responses, improve cognitive damage, provide anti-aging effects in the natural aging process, and alleviate dementia sequelae. Herbal-based therapeutic agents can afford many advantages and can be used as potentially as new-generation therapeutics or complementary agents with high compliance, fewer adverse effects, and lower cost in comparison to the traditional pharmaceutical agents in the fight against AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein hydrolysate biostimulants are environmentally friendly options for the reduction of nitrogen input, but their plant growth-promoting mechanisms are still not completely unveiled. Here, to put the "signaling peptide theory" to the test, a greenhouse experiment was undertaken using low (1 mM) and optimal (8 mM) NO3-treated butterhead lettuce and three molecular fractions (PH1 (>10 kDa), PH2 (1–10 kDa) and PH3 (<10 kDa) fractions), in addition to the whole product Vegamin®: PH, in a randomized block design. PH1 and PH3 significantly increased fresh yield (+8%) under optimal (lighter leaves), but not under low (darker leaves) NO3 conditions. Total ascorbic acid, lutein and β-carotene increased with PH3, and disinapoylgentobiose and kaempferol-3-hydroxyferuloyl-sophorosie-7-glucoside content increased with PH (whole/fractions) treatments, particularly under low NO3 conditions. The complete hydrolysate and analyzed peptide fractions have differential biostimulatory effects, enhancing the growth and nutritional quality of lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High altitude environment throws unparalleled survival challenges to human sojourners, and unique phyto-compounds from functional foods are known to aid faster acclimatization to high altitude. Thus, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the comparative phyto-chemical composition and anti-oxidant benefits of high altitude (3,524 m, Leh-Ladakh) vs. low altitude (321 m, Chandigarh) grown Eruca sativa (Arugula) plants. To further substantiate its functional food benefits, in-silico molecular docking of selected phyto-compounds of E. sativa was done, which indicated that compounds derived from E. sativa may effectively possess anti-inflammatory benefits; among quercetin showed the best glide score for PDE4b (−9.6 kcal/mol) and COX-2 (−8.6 kcal/mol). Further, ADME characterization revealed that phyto-compounds of E. sativa have favourable physicochemical characteristics for oral bioavailability. The aqueous extract of Leh grown plants showed higher values of TPC (31.90 ± 1.09 μg GAE/mg), FRAP (216.46 ± 3.53 µM TE/mg), TFC (33.54 ± 0.92 µM RE/mg), IC50 of DPPH (3.60 ± 0.22 mg/mL) and ABTS (0.11 ± 0.00 mg/mL), while 70% methanol extract showed higher value of TAC (120.21 ± 2.83 μg AAE/mg) than extracts of Chandigarh grown plants. Also, polyphenols and flavonoids correlated well with anti-oxidant activities. RP-HPLC–DAD with MS-analysis revealed that kaempferol and quercetin were significantly higher in Leh samples (7.01 ± 0.11 and 0.33 ± 0.00 µg/mg) than in Chandigarh samples. GC–MS study of hexane and chloroform extracts from Leh and Chandigarh samples revealed 7, 33, and 7, 47 compounds, respectively. Overall, this study concludes that E. sativa grown at high altitudes gets enriched with health-promoting bioactive phyto-compounds in comparison with plants grown at lower altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gastrointestinal digestion transforms yerba mate < rosemary < green tea polyphenolics. • Human, pig and rat colonic microbiotas produce further reductions and modifications. • The rosemary polyphenolics are particularly reduced by all colonic microbiota. • The human microbiota increases stimulators of the gut-liver axis. • The increased stimulators were chlorogenic acid (mate) and + catechin (green tea) Polyphenolic compounds are common constituents of human and animal diets and undergo extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota before entering circulation. In order to compare the transformations of polyphenols from yerba mate, rosemary, and green tea extracts in the gastrointestinal tract, simulated gastrointestinal digestion coupled with colonic fermentation were used. For enhancing the comparative character of the investigation, colonic fermentation was performed with human, pig and rat intestinal microbiota. Chemical analysis was performed using a HPLC system coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometer. Gastrointestinal digestion diminished the total amount of phenolics in the rosemary and green tea extracts by 27.5 and 59.2 %, respectively. These reductions occurred mainly at the expense of the major constituents of these extracts, namely rosmarinic acid (−45.7 %) and epigalocatechin gallate (−60.6 %). The yerba mate extract was practically not affected in terms of total phenolics, but several conversions and isomerizations occurred (e.g., 30 % of trans -3- O -caffeoylquinic acid was converted into the cis form). The polyphenolics of the yerba mate extract were also the least decomposed by the microbiota of all three species, especially in the case of the human one (−10.8 %). In contrast, the human microbiota transformed the polyphenolics of the rosemary and green extracts by 95.9 and 88.2 %, respectively. The yerba mate-extract had its contents in cis 3- O -caffeoylquinic acid diminished by 78 % by the human microbiota relative to the gastrointestinal digestion, but the content of 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid (also a chlorogenic acid), was increased by 22.2 %. The latter phenomenon did not occur with the rat and pig microbiota. The pronounced interspecies differences indicate the need for considerable caution when translating the results of experiments on the effects of polyphenolics performed in rats, or even pigs, to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, changes in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) of polyphenolics from pulp and peel of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated during in vitro digestion. Firstly, ultrasound bath-assisted extraction (UBAE) and ultrasound probe-assisted extraction (UPAE) were applied with different ultrasonication time (20, 60, 180, 540 seconds) to determine the extraction method providing the highest TPC and AOA. The TPC and AOA (two methods) were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and CUPRAC methods, respectively. According to the results, the highest TPC and AOACUPRAC were 41.17±0.70 mg GAE/g dry weight (DW) and 12.67±0.00 mg TE/g DW for pulp and 243.26±5.44 mg GAE/g DW and 89.65±0.48 mg TE/g DW for peel extracts in UBAE, respectively. The bioaccessibilities (%) of extracts from pulp and peel after in vitro digestion process were %54.21±1.94 and %32.20±2.61 for TPC, %66.46±0.40 and %27.89±0.99 for AOACUPRAC and %302.03±28.52 and %80.43±1.03 for AOADPPH, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The barks of plant stems are sources of bioactive compounds used in the treatment of diseases. Among these compounds, tannins offer different therapeutic applications. In this context, this research aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis on the state of the art of all studies published in the literature that relate the use of tannin-rich extracts and antimicrobial activity to identify challenges and support future research and its applicability in different industry segments. Scopus was the database used to extract registration and specific information about articles on this topic. 354 documents published since 1963 were counted, and the country of origin of most of the articles was Nigeria. The most studied family and species were Fabaceae and Terminalia arjuna , respectively. As for the pathogenic microorganisms, the bacteria Escherichia coli , the fungus Candida albicans and the HIV virus stood out. Tannin-rich bark extracts showed antimicrobial potential, a characteristic that may guide future research with the aim of developing new medicines derived from natural products. In parallel, the results of this research can contribute to the development of products used in the food and cosmetic industries, aiming to reduce the consumption of unnatural products. [Display omitted] • Bibliometric analysis indicates state of the art of tannin-rich extracts as antimicrobials. • Underdeveloped countries are major researchers of antimicrobial tannins. • Studies with tannin-rich bark extracts concentrate on few species. • Standardization of solvents to obtain tannin-rich extracts is a scientific gap. • Tannin-rich bark extracts are a source of raw material for several industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the mineral, phytochemical constituents and nutritive worth of (leaf Ephedra)which grows in AL - Salman desert, south of Iraq. The nutritional properties and elemental values of this (medicinal plant) were evaluated by leaves aqueous extract that showed high amounts of proteins 12% and carbohydrates 41%, with low amounts of fats. The Results of the phyto-composition in mg/100 g ((DW)) revealed variable contents of TPC, TFC and (TAC)in Ephedra extract leaves obtaining a yield of (48.15±0.6,33.3±0.1,8.8±0.5) respectively. The mineral investigation indicated that this plant leaf has relatively high mineral content like (Cu, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn,) and Mg. Therefore, the present results of phytochemistry, minerals and nutritional content in this promising herb plant promote the leaf's use as nutrition materials or as pharmaceutical supplements and for clinical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating habits are changing over time and new innovative nutrient-rich foods will play a great role in the future. Awareness of the importance of a healthy diet is growing, so consumers are looking for new creative food products rich in phytochemicals, i.e., specialized metabolites (SM). The consumption of fruits, vegetables and aromatic species occupies an important place in the daily diet, but different edible flower species are still neglected and unexplored. Flowers are rich in SM, have strong antioxidant capacities and also possess significant functional and biological values with favorable impacts on human health. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the content of SM and the antioxidant capacities of the edible flower species: Calendula officinalis L. (common marigold), Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold), Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium), Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontiina (zucchini) and Centaurea cyanus L. (cornflower). The obtained results showed the highest content of ascorbic acid (129.70 mg/100 g fw) and anthocyanins (1012.09 mg/kg) recorded for cornflower, phenolic compounds (898.19 mg GAE/100 g fw) and carotenoids (0.58 mg/g) for African marigold and total chlorophylls (0.75 mg/g) for common marigold. In addition to the esthetic impression of the food, they represent an important source of SM and thus can have a significant impact if incorporated in the daily diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of processing method on in vitro bioaccessibility of carbohydrates and polyphenolics is investigated using three Indian potato varieties. Results show that boiling and microwaving breakdown the starch to maximum extent (up to 98%). Bioaccessibility of reducing sugars was 10‐times and 13‐times high, and sucrose was 2‐times and 4‐times higher with boiled and microwaved potatoes, respectively compared to undigested forms. Boiling and microwaving significantly decreases the polyphenolics by 26% and 10%, respectively. Though boiling significantly decreased the concentration of chlorogenic acid (29%), caffeic acid (20%) andrutin (6%), microwaving significantly increased chlorogenic acid (3‐fold), caffeic acid (3.4‐fold) and rutin (1.7‐fold). Polyphenolics (41 mg/100 g FW), chlorogenic acid (251 µg/g FW), caffeic acid (58 µg/g FW) and sugars are most bioaccessible from microwaved potatoes; and rutin (20 µg/g FW) from boiled potatoes. Principal component analysis indicates that microwaving releases more polyphenolics. Hence microwaving can be recommended as the best cooking method, though high sugar bioaccessibility also needs to be kept in mind. The study indicates that during bioaccessibility studies of phytonutrients in starchy foods, carbohydrate bioaccessibility should not be ignored. The finding of this study needs to be confirmed through cell uptake model and through in vivo studies to further conclude the present results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutical applications of ornamental plants have been categorized to be of a great effectiveness in multiple industries from ancient times until present days. Pluchea dioscoridis is widely known Egyptian wooden plant that has been extensively applied for different medicinal purposes. In this study, LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the potent antimicrobial ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of P. dioscoridis leaves led to identification of 28 and 21 compounds, respectively. The identified compounds were categorized as phenolic acids, phenolic acids derivatives, organic acids, flavonoids (aglycones and glycosides), secoiridoids, coumarin derivatives, and gallotannins derivatives. Among them, caffeic acid 3-sulfate was the most predominate in the investigated extracts followed by ferulic acid and dicaffeoyl-quinic acid. Also, the antimicrobial potentiality of different extracts was evaluated against different pathogenic microbes including Enterobacter cloacae, Micrococcus leutus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus lichneformis and Clostridium species. Furthermore, different concentrations of the most potent extract were assayed for antibacterial efficacy on growth curve kinetics against the susceptible bacteria along 4days incubation period. Our gathered data confirmed that, the antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria was different according to the solvent used in the extraction process. Mostly, all the extracts showed a wide spectrum antibacterial activity except the plant water extract which shows a mild activity against Clostridium sp. only. Based on the highest inhibition zone diameter, the ethyl acetate extract followed by butanol extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone with Micrococcus luteus and B. subtilis (20.0 and 18.5 mm) respectively. Determining the effect of ethyl acetate extract at different concentration (0, 0.66, 1.66, 3.33, 6.67, 13.34 and 20.01 mg mL−1) on M. luteus growth kinetics, the data assured that the antibacterial activity shows concentration dependent manner with the highest antibacterial activity at 20.01 mg mL−1 culture. The data also confirmed that, none of the selected concentration showed bactericidal activity in the prepared cultures, and with the prolonged incubation period the bacteria acquire resistance against the extract beginning from second or third day of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elimination of brownish pigments from plant protein extracts has been a challenge in plant biochemistry studies. Although numerous approaches have been developed to reduce pigments for enzyme assays, none has been able to completely remove pigments from plant protein extracts for biochemical studies. A simple and effective protocol was developed to completely remove pigments from plant protein extracts. Proteins were extracted from red anthocyanin-rich transgenic and greenish wild-type tobacco cells cultured on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium. Protein extracts from these cells were brownish or dark due to the pigments. Four approaches were comparatively tested to show that the diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephadex anion exchange gel column was effective in completely removing pigments to obtain transparent pigment-free protein extracts. A Millipore Amicon ® Ultra 10K cut-off filter unit was used to effectively desalt proteins. Moreover, the removal of pigments significantly improved the measurement accuracy of total soluble proteins. Furthermore, enzymatic assays using catechol as a substrate coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that the pigment-free proteins not only showed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity but also enhanced the catalytic activity of PPO. Taken together, this protocol is effective for extracting pigment-free plant proteins for plant biochemistry studies. A simple and effective protocol was successfully developed to not only completely and effectively remove anthocyanin and polyphenolics-derived quinone pigments from plant protein extracts but also to decrease the effects of pigments on the measurement accuracy of total soluble proteins. This robust protocol will enhance plant biochemical studies using pigment-free native proteins, which in turn increase their reliability and sensitivity., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Genus Castanopsis are native to tropical and subtropical Asia, comprising about 120 species. Some species from Castanopsis have been used as folk medicines in Asia. Phytochemistry investigations of the different plant parts of Genus Castanopsis have disclosed the presences of natural products including phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and essential oils. Phenolics exist in Castanopsis species widely, particularly, triterpene ellagitannins were found to be potential chemotaxonomic marks of this geuns. The crude extracts and chemical constituents from Castanopsis have extensive biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, etc. In conclusion, the phytochemistry and biological activities of genus Castanopsis make it a promising source of natural products for drug discovery and development. This review collected the literatures published prior to 2023 on the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and bioactivties of the genus Castanopsis by searching from several scientific databases, such as Elsevier, Sci-finder, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Baidu Scholar. The main purpose of this systematic review is to provide the available information for relevant scholars to understand the progress in phytochemistry and biological activies of the genus Castanopsis and help the further development of this genus., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organization that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)