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Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) sordens (van der Wulp, 1875): Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022), Taurus Mountain Lakes (Taşdemir et al. 2011), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Büyük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Emere Lake (Afyonkarahisar), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya), Gerede Lake (Bolu), Işıklı Lake (Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Bozkurt, Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Kıbrısçık, Bolu), Keçi Lake (Bolu), Küçük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Mersinbeleni Lake (Aydın), Taşkısı Lake (Sakarya) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Polypedilum uncinatum (Goetghebuer, 1921): Karasu Creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) bicrenatum Kieffer, 1921: Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Yeşilırmak River (Gültutan & Kazancı 2008), Meriç River, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Elipek 2006), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b).

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) exsectum (Kieffer, 1916): Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Işıklı Lake (Denizli) (Akbaba & Boyacı 2015), Selçuk lakes (İzmir) (Balık et al. 2006a), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya) (Yıldız et al. 2005), Küçük Menderes Coastal Wetland (Yıldız et al. 2010), Meriç and Ergene Rivers, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Elipek 2006), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Kesikköprü Creek (Ankara) (Ahıska 2009), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Sazlıdere stream (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) scalaenum (Schrank, 1803): Yuvarlakçay Creek (Köyceğiz, Muğla) (Taşdemir et al. 2010a), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Aslantaş Dam Lake (Osmaniye) (Fındık & Göksu 2007), Edirne region (Özkan & Kırgız 1995), Meriç River (Özkan & Elipek 2006), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Tahtalı Reservoir (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2010b), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Dupnisa Cave Kırklareli (Özkan 2009), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Elazığ region (Şahin 1980), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Marmara Island (Özkan 2010b), Avşa (Türkeli) and Paşalimanı Islands (Özkan 2012a), Sazlıdere stream (Edirne) (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007). = Polypedilum breviantennatum Chernovsky, 1949.

Polypedilum tritum (Walker, 1856): Karasu Creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) albicorne (Meigen, 1838): Uzungöl Lake (Bafra, Samsun) (Taşdemir et al. 2009a), Karasu creek (Sinop) (Aydemir-Çil et al. 2021).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) pedestre (Meigen, 1830): Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Yeşilırmak River (Gültutan & Kazancı 2008), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan 2010a; Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Süleymanlı Lake, Buldan, Denizli (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Marmara Island (Özkan 2010b), Gerede Lake (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) intermedium Albu & Botnariuc, 1966: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), Birecik (Urfa), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) aegyptium Kieffer, 1925: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), Birecik (Urfa), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) convictum (Walker, 1856): Yuvarlakçay Creek (Köyceğiz, Muğla) (Taşdemir et al. 2010a), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Thrace region (Özkan 2006a), Bozcaada (Özkan 2006b), Gökçeada (Özkan 2006c), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Channel Isparta (Zeybek et al. 2013), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Gölbaşı (Hatay) (Arslan et al. 2013), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Meriç River (Özkan & Elipek 2006), Edirne region (Özkan & Kırgız 1995), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Hamam lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Thrace region (Özkan 2010a), Sazlıdere stream (Edirne) (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007), Ergene River (Özkan et al. 2010).

Polypedilum (Tripodura) pulchrum Albu, 1980: Sat Mountain (Hakkari), (Reiss 1985).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) laetum (Meigen, 1818): Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Gökpınar Creek (Denizli) (Duran et al. 2007), Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2009), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Eastern Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2010), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Elazığ province (Şahin 1980), Işıklı Lake, Denizli (Akbaba & Boyacı 2015).

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804): Aksaray, Mamasin Dam Lake (Ersan et al. 2009), Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2009), Meriç and Ergene rivers, Sazlıdere stream (Özkan 2006a; Özkan & Elipek 2006; Özkan 2010a), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Western Balck Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008), Kovada Channel Isparta (Zeybek et al. 2013), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), Eastern Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2010), Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Denizli (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2016), Kapıdağ Peninsula (Özkan 2012b), Menderes Creek, Çanakkale (Akbulut et al. 2009), Cip Dam Lake (Elazığ) (Akıl et al. 1996), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), TMI 12 Pond Elazığ (Arslan & Saler 2010), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Bursa Uluabat Lake (Arslan et al. 2010), Kızılırmak River (Fındık and Aras, 2016), Adıguzel Dam Lake (Denizli) (Özbek et al. 2016), Tahtalı Reservoir (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2010b), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya) (Yıldız et al. 2005), Büyük Akgöl Lake (Sakarya), Eğrigöl Lake (Antalya), Emre Lake (Afyonkarahisar), Gebekirse Lake (Selçuk, İzmir), Gerede Lake (Bolu), Karagöl Lake (Bozkurt, Denizli), Karagöl Lake (Yamanlar), Kocagöl Lake (Bolu), Mersinbeleni Lake (Aydın), Saklıgöl Lake (Denizli), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

A new species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912 is described from Baishanzu Nature Reserve, China, based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on standard barcode sequences confirmed a new clade of Polypedilum (Collartomyia) species. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: membrane of wing with a large spot occupying 70% of the proximal area; tergite without dark brown band pigmentation; tarsi I–V dark brown; superior volsella with three outer lateral setae and six long setae along inner base; inferior volsella with setose tubercules. An updated key to adult males of the subgenus Collartomyia is also provided.

Twentieth-century historic industrial activity in Cornwall, ON loaded high amounts of metals and metalloids to the St. Lawrence River. Despite industrial improvements and the eventual closure of point-source polluters, sedimentary contamination in the Cornwall waterfront remains above provincial guidelines, causing concern for ecosystem management. We analysed chironomid (Order: Diptera) subfossils from modern-day surface-sediment samples and a sediment core from the Cornwall waterfront in order to better understand historic pollution impacts and potential recovery. Modern-day chironomid assemblages were diverse (48 genera, >70 species) and overall assemblage structure was weakly related to sedimentary zinc concentrations, with Procladius, Paratanytarsus, and Ablabesmyia identified as zinc-tolerant and Rheotanytarsus, Polypedilum and Paratendipes identified as zinc-sensitive. The sediment core showed peak total mercury (THg) concentrations were an order of magnitude higher than in modern-day surface sediments. In sections of the core below 10 cm in depth, THg concentrations were high (~30–50 µg/g) and chironomids were nearly absent from the record. Above 10 cm (c. 1980) THg concentrations decreased and chironomid taxa returned in low abundances. Subsequent intervals displayed an increase in diversity, abundance, and the relative abundance of metal-sensitive taxa. This study provides evidence of ecological change which co-occurs with Cornwall’s historic industrial activity and indicates progress toward related ecological goals identified in the current management strategy.

Macroinvertebrates have been recognized as key ecological indicators of aquatic environment and are the most commonly used approaches for water quality assessment. However, species identification of macroinvertebrates (especially of aquatic insects) proves to be very difficult due to the lack of taxonomic expertise in some regions and can become time‐consuming. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of DNA barcoding for the classification of benthic macroinvertebrates and investigated the genetic differentiation in seven orders (Insecta: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata) from four large transboundary rivers of northwest China and further explored its potential application to biodiversity assessment. A total of 1,144 COI sequences, belonging to 176 species, 112 genera, and 53 families were obtained and analyzed. The barcoding gap analysis showed that COI gene fragment yielded significant intra‐ and interspecific divergences and obvious barcoding gaps. NJ phylogenetic trees showed that all species group into monophyletic species clusters whether from the same population or not, except two species (Polypedilum. laetum and Polypedilum. bullum). The distance‐based (ABGD) and tree‐based (PTP and MPTP) methods were utilized for grouping specimens into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and delimiting species. The ABGD, PTP, and MPTP analysis were divided into 177 (p = .0599), 197, and 195 OTUs, respectively. The BIN analysis generated 186 different BINs. Overall, our study showed that DNA barcoding offers an effective framework for macroinvertebrate species identification and sheds new light on the biodiversity assessment of local macroinvertebrates. Also, the construction of DNA barcode reference library of benthic macroinvertebrates in Eurasian transboundary rivers provides a solid backup for bioassessment studies of freshwater habitats using modern high‐throughput technologies in the near future., We evaluated the feasibility of DNA barcoding for the classification of benthic macroinvertebrates from four large transboundary rivers of northwest China. Our study shows that DNA barcoding can be used to clarify species boundaries and improve the reliability of environmental and biodiversity assessment in rivers.

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) huapingensis Liu & Lin, sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on an adult male from Huaping National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China. A DNA barcode analysis, including the known partial COI sequences of species in the Cerobregma subgenus, was conducted. An updated key to adult males of the subgenus Cerobregma is provided.

This study aims to determine the composition and structure of the macrozoobenthos community in Batang Air Dingin and water quality based on BMWP ASPT. This study used a survey method in determining the station by purposive sampling, based on typhical environmental condition along the river. Macrozoobenthos samples was collected by using surber net 30x30 cm2. The result showed the community in the form of Gastropods 6 genera, Insecta 26 genera, Oligochaeta 1 genus, and Hirudinea 1 genus. Total density of macrozoobenthos in the Batang Air Dingin river was 1182,22ind/m2 ranging from 180,00 ind/m2 to 402,22 ind/m2 with the highest density was found in the first station and the lowest at station four. The predominant type found at each station is different, station I is Elophyla, Neopherla, Hydropsyche; station II Eukifferiella, Polypedilum, Elophyla, Hydropsyche; station III Clithon, Eukifferiella, Polypedilum, Orthocladius; station IV Clithonand Thiara. The diversity of macrozoobenthos in Batang Air Dingin river range between 1,95-2,51 is classified as moderate with even distribution (E=0,84) range between 0,81-0,89. Batang Air Dingin water quality using BMWP ASPT from upstream to downstream range between 6,12 – 3,5. Classified unpolluted to heavily polluted.

This study was aimed to show whether subfossil Chironomidae (Diptera) may be useful tool for assessing toxicity of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. Investigations were carried out in subsidence ponds affected by the activity of metal mining: (1) the older ones formed before mining activity and (2) the younger one formed after the mine was closed. Waters of ponds were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters, whereas sediments were studied for metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn), pH, organic matter, nutrients (TOC, N-tot, and P-tot), and subfossil Chironomidae. High concentrations of Cd 6.7–612 μg g−1, Pb 0.1–10.2 mg g−1, and Zn 0.5–23.1 mg g−1 were found in the seven analyzed sediment cores. In total, 374 head capsules of Chironomidae larvae, belonging to four subfamilies Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, Tanypodinae, and Prodiamesinae, were determined. Both the diversity and density of Chironomidae change in particular sediment cores and layers. However, these changes were not related to metal concentrations, as shown in the statistical calculations (dendrogram of similarities, Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlations). The only exception was the negative correlations between Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations and the density of head capsules of Polypedilum sp. We found that organic matter and nutrient contents were important factors that control the spatial distribution of subfossil Chironomidae, mainly Orthocladiinae. Other factors which may influence subfossil Chironomidae distribution in sediment cores are discussed. To sum up, despite very high Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations, the Chironomidae community was not clearly altered, therefore subfossil Chironomidae taxa appeared to be not useful for reconstructing dozen-years scale changes in the toxicity of the aquatic environment.

The Neotropical region has a wide aquatic biodiversity, which is affected by anthropogenic activities. Mining has caused a negative impact on these ecosystems, directly affecting benthic communities. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are effective bioindicators of water quality, especially Chironomidae larvae, since these show high species richness, abundance, and sensitivity to human activities. The genus Polypedilum is among the most representative of the family Chironomidae. Research on these species is focused on their abundance and dominance in water bodies. In addition, several studies have addressed alterations in the external morphology of some Chironomidae due to mining pollution (heavy metals). However, little is known about the effects of mining on the internal morphology of these species. This study provides the first histological description of different systems and organs of Polypedilum sp. larvae. Furthermore, we report histopathological alterations in larvae collected from two tributaries affected by mining, namely Toldafría and La Elvira streams located in the municipalities of Villamaría and Manizales (Caldas – Colombia). Our findings show target organs of mining pollution in a species of Polypedilum, which represent potential early-warning histopathological biomarkers with relevant implications for water quality monitoring.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) anningense sp. n. (Figure 1, GenBank accession Number MZ364752, BIN number AEE6529) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 237EF6BC-8AC6-4438-ACB8-2FA330ADD8BD Type material: Holotype: male (JNU170812017 = VT06), China, Yunnan Province, Anning city, Qinglongxia scenic area, 27.IV.2017, light trap, H. Tang. Paratypes: 2 males as the holotype. Etymology: Named after the type locality, Anning City. Diagnostic characters. Wing with one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, the above opposite partial sections of R veins pigmented. AR small (0.53–0.54), broad anal point without lateral projections, superior volsella pediform. Male imago (n =3) Total length 2.17–2.18, 2.18 mm. Wing length 1.43–1.56, 1.50 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.39–1.52, 1.46. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.35–2.49, 2.42. Coloration. Head brown with yellow palpomeres. Thorax (Figure 1A) dark brown except pale yellow scutellum. Abdominal segments yellow to yellowish brown. Fore leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Mid and hind leg (Figure 1B): femur brown except apical 1/2 yellow, remaining segments yellowish brown. Wing (Figure 1C) yellow with brown spots, one spot on cell r 4+5 distal to cross vein RM, one spot on cell m 1+2, one spot near to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1 crossing Cu 1, one spot on anal vein. Middle sections of R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5 brown. Head. AR 0.53–0.54, 0.54. Ultimate flagellomere 265–281, 273 µm long. Temporal setae 8–10, 9 including 3–3 inner verticals, 4–5, 4 outer verticals and 3–4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 13–16, 15 setae. Tentorium 76–95, 86 µm long; 10–15, 13 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 45–50, 48; 24–28, 26; 55–67, 61; 77–87, 82; 138–144, 141. Wing (Figure 1C). VR 1.04–1.27, 1.16. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 15–16, 15 setae; R 1 with 10–12, 11 setae; R 4+5 with 15–18, 16 setae. Squama with 5–6, 6 setae. Thorax (Figure 1A). Dorsocentrals 14–15, 15 including 1–2 humerals; acrostichals 11–12, 11; prealars 4–4, 4. Scutellum with 5–6, 5 setae. Legs (Figure 1B). Terminal scale (Figure 1D) of fore tibia 30–37, 34 µm long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of mid tibia 43–56, 48 um long including 16–23, 18 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 10–16, 14 µm long, spur of hind tibia 45–56, 50 µm long including 16–25, 21 µm long comb, un-spurred comb 13–18, 15 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 30–37, 34 µm, of mid tibia 30–40, 34 µm, of hind tibia 41–50, 45 µm. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs (Table 1). Hypopygium (Figur 1F). Posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular, with 7–9 median setae. Anal tergite bands developed and fused basal to median setae. Laterosternite IX with 2–3, 2 setae. Anal point broad, 17–31, 24 µm long, without lateral projections. Phallapodeme 34–49, 40 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 33–43, 35 µm long. Gonocoxite 79–99, 89 µm long. Superior volsella (Figure 1E) pediform, 35–45, 40 µm long, 13–20, 17 µm wide, with 3–5 strong setae, parallel-sided basal 1/2, slightly curved distal 1/2. Inferior volsella 60–103, 78 µm long, with 5–7, 6 oral setae and one apical seta. Gonostylus 107–127, 117 µm long, with 5–8 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.69–0.80, 0.75. HV 1.91–2.03, 197. Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality, Yunnan Province (Oriental China). Remarks: The new species belongs to the scalaenum or the unifascum group regarding the similar wing spots pattern, however, in the new species, anal point without obvious lateral projections and superior volsella pad-like, covered with microtrichiae and several strong setae. The new species is closely related to P. (T.) asoprimum Sasa & Suzuki from Japan but it is separated from the latter by following characters: superior volsella roughly quadrangular in asoprimum, slender and slightly curved in present new species; the spot on cell r 4+5 near to vein RM in asoprimum, distal to vein RM in present new species. The new species resembles P. (T.) japonicum (Tokunaga), the differences see the following key.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) biloborum sp. n. (Figure 2, GenBank accession Number MZ364753, BIN number AEK0846) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A2A05049-27DC-4798-BA0F-9D3B18DE59B7 Material examined: Holotype: Male (JNU0609���02), China, Hainan Province, Baisha County, Nankai Township, Nandu River, 28.V.2020, light trap, H. Tang. Paratypes: 2 males as the holotype. Etymology: From Latin, bi, two, and lobus, lobe, are referring to middle part of anal point with 2 pairs triangle transport lobes. Diagnostic characters: Basal part of anal point with developed and pointed shoulders, middle part with 2 furrows, and distal part with a round transport lobe, wing with many spots. Male imago (n =3) Total length 2.76���2.82, 2.78 mm. Wing length 1.41���1.56, 1.51 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.77���1.96, 1.85. Wing length /length of profemur 1.87���2.12, 2.01. Coloration. Head brown with yellow palpomeres. Thorax (Figure 2A) dark brown except yellow scutellum. Abdominal segments brown. Fore leg (Figure 2B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, tibia, 1 st and 2 nd tarsi yellow, remaining segments brown. Middle and hind legs (Figure 2B): femur brown except apical 1/3 yellow, tibia yellow, 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd tarsi brown except apical 1/6 yellow, remaining segments brown. Wing (Figure 2C) stramineous with brown spots, one spot on basal cell r 4+5 and one spot on distal cell r 4+5, one spot on basal cell m 1+2 and stretching to apical margin, one spot on basal cell m 3+4 and one on apical cell m 3+4, one spot on middle cell an and stretching to apical cell an, one spot on cell cu. Head. Antenna missing. Temporal setae 8���9, 9 including four inner verticals, 3���4, 4 outer verticals and 1���3, 2 postorbital. Clypeus with 13���15, 14 setae. Tentorium 125���126, 126 ��m long, 14���15, 15 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 28���40, 35; 25���45, 35; 61���98, 80; 96���109, 101; 173���195, 181. Wing (Figure 2C). VR 1.06���1.23, 1.16. R with 11���16, 14 setae, R 1 with 10���17, 14 setae, R 4+5 with 12���16, 14 setae. Squama with 6���8, 7 setae. Thorax (Figure 2A). Dorsocentrals 9���12, 10; acrostichals 10���16, 12; prealars 4���5, 5. Scutellum with 11���12, 12 setae. Legs (Figure 2B). Terminal scale (Figure 2D) of fore tibia 33���42, 38 ��m long, triangular and apically pointed. Spur of mid tibia 43���52, 47 um long including 19���22, 20 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 15���19, 17 ��m long; spur of hind tibia 45���48, 46 ��m long including 18���26, 22 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 15���21, 17 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 34���43, 40 ��m, of mid tibia 30���50, 42 ��m, of hind tibia 33���52, 44 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs (Table 2). Hypopygium (Figure 2F). Anal tergite bands weak. Anal tergite with 7���7, 7 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2���3, 3 setae. Posterior margin of tergite IX with developed lateral projections. Anal point 61���92, 78 ��m long, basal with developed and pointed shoulders, middle part with 2 triangle lobes, and distal part with a round transport lobe. Phallapodeme 65���92, 83 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 25���34, 30 ��m long. Gonocoxite 118���141, 127 ��m long. Superior volsella (Figure 2E) slender and apically bended inwards, 60���89, 75 ��m long, 11���17, 14 ��m wide, with 3 strong inner setae on inner posterior margin directed inwards and one outer lateral seta. Inferior volsella almost parallel-sided, 94���95, 95 ��m long with 8 oral setae and 1 apical seta. Gonostylus 158���171, 166 ��m long, with 5���6, 6 long setae along inner margin. HR 0.72���0.82, 0.76, HV 1.62���1.75, 1.67. Distribution: The species is only known from the type locality, Yunnan Province (Oriental China). Remarks: The new species probably belongs to the griseoguttatum group, but without centre patch in cell bm area. In Asia, it resembles Japanese species P. (T.) sagittiferum in wing markings pattern and sculptural pattern of anal point (Tokunaga, 1938). The new species distinguishes the latter by superior volsella and inferior volsella with fewer setae, strongly developed lateral projections to each side of the anal point. Also the new species is very close to P. (T.) jianfengense Song & Wang from China but easily differs from it by having more spots in wing., Published as part of Chen, Jinxian & Zhang, Ruilei, 2021, Two new species of subgenus Tripodura Towns (Diptera, Chironomidae, Polypedilum) from Oriental China, pp. 191-199 in Zootaxa 5072 (2) on pages 194-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5733786, {"references":["Tokunaga, M. (1938) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera). X. New or little-known midges, with descriptions of the metamorphoses of several species. The Philippine Journal of Science, 65, 313 - 383."]}

Key to known male imagines of the subgenus Tripodura from China 1. Superior volsella normal Polypedilum type, slender and with an apical projection.................................. 2 - Superior volsella broad, pad-like and without apical projection; or elongate and calvate............................. 3 2. Superior volsella slender and S-shaped................................................... procerum Zhang et al. - Superior volsella sickle-shaped.......................................................... falcatum Zhang et al. 3. Superior volsella elongate and calvate.................................................................... 4 - Superior volsella broad, pad-like and without apical projection................................................. 7 4. Superior volsella straight and finger-like, with 2 strong transverse setae and a group of slender setae on inner margin, with 1 long outer apical setae................................................................................. 5 - Superior volsella not as above........................................................................... 6 5. Lateral projection of anal point very long, strongly sclerotized and without macrotrichia; cell r 4+5 with 1 spot.................................................................................. nudiprostatum Zhang, Wang & Saether - Lateral projection of anal point very short and covered with macrotrichia; cell r 4+5 with two spots...................................................................................................... bispinum Zhang & Wang 6. Superior volsella turned inwards apically with 2 long sub-apical setae and 1 apical seta directed medially; anal point with 2 smaller lobe on the side......................................................... mengmanense Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella toe-like, with 3 apical setae; anal point lanceolate.......................... pollicium Zhang & Wang 7. Tergite IX without lateral projections or shoulders........................................................... 8 - Tergite IX with lateral projections or conspicuous shoulders.................................................. 16 8. Anal point elongation extremely reduced............................................ conghuaense Zhang & Wang - Anal point elongation normal............................................................................ 9 9. Anal point slender and nearly parallel-sided............................................................... 10 - Anal point broad or apically expanded.................................................................... 11 10. AR 0.80, terminal scale of front tibia oval and apically rounded, superior volsella with 3���5 long apical setae................................................................................................. masudai (Tokunaga) - AR 1.32���1.66, terminal scale of front tibia triangular and apically pointed, superior volsella with 2 long apical setae......................................................................................... udominutum Niitsuma 11. Wing without markings, anal lobe reduced.......................................... absensilobum Zhang & Wang - Wing with markings, anal lobe normal................................................................... 12 12. Superior volsella spatulated and inferior volsella with less than 5 setae....................... spathum Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella pad-like and inferior volsella with more than 5 setae.......................................... 13 13. Terminal scale of fore tibia pointed, distal margin of superior volsella with less than 5 setae, anal point broad, distal part of r4+5 clear.............................................................................................. 14 - Terminal scale of fore tibia rounded, distal margin of superior volsella with more than 19 setae, anal point spatula-shaped apically, distal part of r4+5 cloudy........................................................................ 15 14. Cell m 1+2 with 2 distinct markings, superior volsella sub-quadrate with a beak-like inner process, inferior volsella with 9���12 oral setae, AR 1.18���1.38................................................................. japonicum (Tokunaga) - Cell m1+2 with 1 marking, superior volsella sausage-shaped without inner process, inferior volsella with 5���7 oral setae, AR 0.53���0.54............................................................................. anningense sp. n. 15. Anal point with 6 setae at base, superior volsella goblet-shaped; gonostylus slender and apex narrowed... cypellum Qi et al. - Anal point with 2 rows of short setae on dorsal lamella, each row with 8���10 setae; superior volsella pediform; gonostylus moderately broad, apex not narrowed............................................... harteni Andersen & Mendes 16. Anal point slender and almost parallel-sided................................................ unifascia (Tokunaga) - Anal point broad or apically expanded.................................................................... 17 17. Lateral of anal point very long, superior volsella rectangular................................ enshiense Song & Wang - Lateral of anal point short, superior volsella not rectangular.................................................. 18 18. Superior volsella trapezium-shaped.................................................. trapezium Zhang & Wang - Superior volsella not trapezium-shaped.................................................................. 19 19. Anal point with a pair of small lobes to each side........................................................... 20 - Anal point without a pair of small lobes to each side........................................................ 23 20. Superior volsella broad, inferior volsella with more than 10 oral setae.......................................... 21 - Superior volsella much slender, inferior volsella with less than 10 oral setae..................................... 22 21. AR 1.80���1.95, superior volsella with 1 long outer apical seta........................... decematoguttatum (Tokunaga) - AR 0.61, superior volsella with 2 long outer apical setae................................ napahaiense Zhang & Wang 22. Cell r 4+5 with 1 spot, Cell m 1+2 with one spot confined to middle part, superior volsella not apically bended inwards...................................................................................... jianfengense Song & Wang - Cell r 4+5 with 2 spots, Cell m 1+2 with one spot stretching from middle part to apical margin, superior volsella apically bended inwards............................................................................... biloborum sp. n. 23. Wing with 1 spot in cell r4+5............................................................................ 24 - Wing with 2 spots in cell r 4+5........................................................................... 26 24. Fore tibial scale rounded apically........................................................ scalaenum (Schrank) - Fore tibial scale pointed apically........................................................................ 25 25. Gonostylus slender and parallel-sided basal 1/4, lateral projection of anal point slender, marking in cell m 1+2 long and opposite to marking in cell r 4+5............................................................. parallelum Zhang & Wang - Gonostylus not as above, lateral projection of anal point broad, marking in cell m1+2 long and distal to marking in cell r4+5.................................................................................... quadriguttatum Kieffer 26. Setae on vein R 4+5 less than 7 and situated distal 1/3 to apex........................... apiculusetosum Zhang & Wang - Setae on vein R4+5 more than 15 and situated from basal 1/4 to apex............................................ 27 27. AR more than 1.10, the superior volsella with 6���7 apical setae............................ cochlearum Zhang & Wang - AR less than 0.80, the superior volsella with 1���3 apical setae.................................................. 28 28. The gonostylus expanded in the middle and bent like a bow............................... arcuatum Zhang & Wang - The gonostylus not expanded in the middle............................................................... 29 29. The spots in cell m1+2 dark and cloudy on wing distal margin............................... bilamella Zhang & Wang - The spots in cell m 1+2 faint and clear on wing distal margin.................................. dengae Zhang & Wang, Published as part of Chen, Jinxian & Zhang, Ruilei, 2021, Two new species of subgenus Tripodura Towns (Diptera, Chironomidae, Polypedilum) from Oriental China, pp. 191-199 in Zootaxa 5072 (2) on pages 196-197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5733786

P. (T.) anningense sp. n. and P. (T.) biloborum sp. n. are described and illustrated as male imagines from Oriental China. DNA barcodes of two new species are also presented. A key to known male imagines of the subgenus Tripodura from China is given.

The Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) supported collecting in Australia in the 1980s and 90s, with concurrent support for survey of Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, by the Office of Supervising Scientist (via Chris Humphrey). These sources provided a systematic foundation for aquatic entomological studies in remote Australia. In Singapore, collections were made under auspices of PUB-NUS project ‘Chironomid Mass Emergences in Singapore: Monitoring Protocols and Identification of Triggers’ (grant number R-154-000-526-490), and we thank Yuchen Ang (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore) who kindly provided several images. In China, collections were partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41672346 and 31100389).

Chironomid larvae assemblages and their seasonal variations were analyzed in several substrate types from Lake Moreno Oeste (Northern Patagonia) in order to understand the spatiotemporal patterns controlling its community. Information on the factors structuring chironomid communities is important to understand their ecological aspects and to improve the interpretation of paleolimnological records based on the analyses of subfossil assemblages. The chironomid community of Lake Moreno Oeste exhibited spatial heterogeneity, with four distinctive groups of taxa associated with different substrate types: (1) macrophyte Myriophyllum sp. (mainly represented by Parapsectrocladius escondido, Parachironomus sp. and Apedilum griseistriatum); (2) submerged riparian leaves (Ablabesmyia sp.); (3) deep sediment (Cryptochironomus sp. and Polypedilum sp.2.); and (4) littoral and sublittoral sediment (Riethia truncatocaudata and Djalmabatista). Along the sampling period, significant seasonal changes in chironomid composition were observed in substrates from sublittoral and littoral zones; however, a relatively stable community was recorded in the deeper zone. In Lake Moreno Oeste, the spatiotemporal structure of chironomid larvae assemblages is mainly driven by the substrate type and environmental factors associated with depth, such as organic matter content, sediment granulometric composition, and dissolved oxygen. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of chironomid ecology in North Patagonia and constitute an essential step forward to improve biomonitoring and paleolimnological studies in lacustrine environments in the region. Fil: Williams Velázquez, Natalia Noemi. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Añón Suárez, Diego Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Fotobiología; Argentina Fil: Juncos, Romina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina Fil: Donato, Mariano Humberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Guevara, Sergio Ribeiro. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Rizzo, Andrea Paula. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina

Functional trait-based measures can reflect local environmental conditions and are claimed as promising approaches for environmental monitoring and assessment programs. The chironomid larvae are a diverse and ecologically important group of benthic macroinvertebrates and have a set of functional traits that can be used to assess environmental quality of freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known regarding the relationships between chironomid functional structure and human disturbances, especially at a fine taxonomic resolution. Here, we compared the responses of functional traits and traditional taxonomic measures of chironomid assemblages to eutrophication in the Yangtze floodplain lakes. We found that functional composition showed higher sensitivity and robustness in discriminating the extents of eutrophication than taxonomic composition. Specifically, about half of functional categories examined significantly differed among the lake groups, while only two taxonomical measures (the abundance of Tanytarsini and Polypedilum) are suitable for assessing environmental quality of floodplain lakes. The macrophytic lakes showed higher abundance of scrapers, the small body size and oligotrphic individuals. Whereas the algal lakes were associated with high abundance of eutrophic/hypertrophic chironomids and those with haemoglobin. Chironomid assemblages showed significant differences among four lake groups for both trait-based and taxonomy-based variations, but with larger differences for trait-based groups. The distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) indicated that taxonomic and functional assemblage structures were explained primarily by similar water quality variables (chlorophyll a, transparency and TN), but more functional variation (24.6%) was explained by environmental factors than taxonomic variation (10.9%) in chironomid assemblages. Our results indicated that chironomid trait-based approaches were more sensitive and robust to water quality gradients than taxonomy-based approaches. Therefore, we argued that the chironomid functional traits deserve considerations for biomonitoring programs in the lakes we studied and other freshwater lakes and aquatic ecosystems.

POLYPEDILUM (COLLARTOMYIA) LONGILIGULATUM (YAMAMOTO ET AL.) COMB. NOV. Yaethauma longiligulatum Yamamoto et al., 2018: 45. Material examined: (CHINA, all collected by H.Q. Tang unless otherwise stated). Paratype ♂, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, stream across unnamed cement road to field station of Nancha River, 19��07���N 109��12���E, 650 m a.s.l., 17.iv.2016, light trap; as previous except hand-net interception; 7 Pe, Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, 18��04���N, 108��53���E, 632 m a.s.l., 29���30.iv.2012; Pe, Lingshui County, Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, 18��47���N 109��55���E, 250 m a.s.l., 30���31.viii.2013; Pe, Guangdong Province, Yingde City, Xiucai Mt., xi.2018, C.B. Duan, ♂ Zhejiang Province, Xianju County, Danshui Country, Shimengyang village, Yong���an stream, 28��40���N 120��35���E, 145 m a.s.l., 10.xi.2019, light trap; Pe, as previous except hand-net. Male (N = 2) (Fig. 3A���C). Colour: Generally dark brown. Gonocoxite and apicolateral bulb-like extension brown or dark brown (Fig. 3B). Gonostylus pale yellow. Wing with brown cross-vei, legs banded as Fig. 3A, C. Wing length 1.8���2.2 mm: AR 0.61���0.71, last segment 400���460 ��m. 1.39���1.47. Gonocoxite with welldeveloped apicolateral bulb. Gonostylus slender, with stout apex. Inner margin of gonostylus and apex of inferior volsella with split setae. True median volsella absent. Other details, and female, see Yamamoto et al. (2018). Pupa (N = 10). Abdomen length 3.0���3.9, 3.5 mm, total length 4.3���5.4, 4.9 mm. Exuviae dark brown with distinct brown apophyses. Cephalothorax (Figs 3D���F, 4A). Cephalic tubercle and frontal seta (Fig. 4A) absent. Thorax smooth along the suture, with distinct anterior-directed tapering projection (Figs 3D, E, 4B), 85���140 ��m high, 80���120 ��m wide at base. Antepronotals present, two precorneals 50���70 ��m and 25���30 ��m long. Lengths of dorsocentrals 1���4 (��m, N = 1): 25, 20, 40, 20. Gap between Dc2 and Dc3 210���275 ��m. Tracheal bundle simple, slender; basal ring elliptical, with five to seven branches (Figs 3F, 4C). Prealar tubercle absent, wing sheath (Fig. 4B) without nose or pearl rows. Abdomen (Figs 3D, 4D). Tergal spinules uniform-sized, without distinct transverse bands, with more extensive and even tergal spinulation, almost covering complete TII��� VII, TVIII with two small median patches; conjunctives bare in all segments. Sternites with dense honeycomb reticulations in most segments except SI, cells of reticulation with small spinules; paired tubercles on posterior of segment VIII only in female. TII with a row of c.150���200 caudal hooklets, less-sclerotized, tightly packed, extending 45���57% of segment width. Pedes spur A (vortex) and B absent. Lateral setae on segment I���VIII 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, taeniate only on VIII (Fig. 4D). Comb VIII 150���210 ��m high and 70���90 ��m wide, with dominant larger inner tooth and 8���12 small teeth laterad (Fig. 4E). Anal lobe 500���550 ��m wide and 330��� 420 ��m high, with c.168���250 multiserial taeniae. Male genital sac overreaches lobe margin by 70���80 ��m. Distribution: China (Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang), Japan (Iriomote Is.) and Thailand (Chiang Mai). Remarks: Additional records extend the previous distribution of this species (under ��� Yaethauma ���) from the subtropics southwards to the true tropics, implying a wide geographic range. The newly described pupa here can be regarded as an atypical form in an expanded subgenus Collartomyia, since the characteristic cone-like cephalic tubercle and frontal seta are completely reduced and the lateral taeniate setae are restricted only to segment VIII. However, those features exist also in P. (Coll.) hirsutum (Amakye & Saether, 1992) comb. nov. (see below)., Published as part of Cheng, Hongqu Tang Qingqing, Han, Wu & Cranston, Peter S., 2022, Integrative taxonomy: molecular phylogenetics of Polypedilum (Cerobregma) and revisited morphology of Yaethauma and Collartomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals synonymy and supports new classification, pp. 102-119 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on page 111, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa187, http://zenodo.org/record/5798665, {"references":["Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N, Tang HQ. 2018. Two new chironomids bearing peculiar morphological features from Japan and China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Limnology 77: 40 - 49.","Amakye JS, Saether OA. 1992. The immatures and imagines of Afrotropical species Microtendipes lentiginosus Freeman and Collartomyia hirsuta Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 23: 429 - 442."]}

The complete mitochondrial genome of Polypedilum unifascium (Diptera: Chironomidae) was determined by Illumina sequencing technology. The whole mitogenome is 16,452 bp in length with an A + T bias of 79.3%, and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). All PCGs start with ATN codon and use TAA as the stop codon. Gene arrangement of the 13 PCGs is identical to that of other known Chironomidae mitochondrial genomes. The resultant Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood trees based on the sequence data of 13 PCGs support its close relationship with P. vanderplanki.

The larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang associated with morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes are described and illustrated for the first time. The female is characteristic with developed dorsomesal lobe and ventrolateral lobe both densely covered with apical setae, ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. The larva is distinguished by the shape of mentum, pecten epipharyngis, labral SI and labral SII.

Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004 Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) bullum Zhang & Wang, 2004:7; Saether & Oyewo, 2008:3 Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang, Saether et al., 2010:15 Material examined: Specimens used to extract genomic DNA, 1 larva, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Damshung County, Yangbajin Town, 4396m, 30.14709��, 90.54750��, 23.VII.2014, R. Zhang, hand net. 2 larvae and 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, the Second Bridge, 2967m, 29.62573��, 94.37047��, 8.VII.2014, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Bomi County, 2800m, 29.85555��, 95.77555��, 10.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. 1 male, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa City, Chushur, County, Chabala Village, 3603m, 29.38313��, 90.83390��. 1 female, China, Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi City, Nyingchi Town, Nyang Qu, 2967m, 29.60527��, 94.40643��, 8.VII.2014, light trap, R. Zhang. Additional Material examined: P. (Pro.) bullum Holotype: male (BDN. 13415) China, Sichuan Province, Xiangchen County, Shuoqu River, 2700m, 12.VI.1996; light trap, X. Wang. 10 males as holotype. 2 males, China, Sichuan Province, Yajiang County, Sandaoqiao, 2460m, 9. VI. 1996, light trap, X. Wang. 1 male: China, Sichuan Province, Batang County, Zhubalong Township, 2500m, light trap, R. Zhang. Diagnostic characters. The wing marking pattern and shape of superior volsella will separate the male imago from other P. (Probolum) species. Ventrolateral lobe strongly developed, densely setose with apical setae and partially covered by dorsomesal lobe and wing marking pattern can differ the female imago from other P. (Probolum) species. The larva is distinguished within Probolum by the combination of following characters: mentum with 16 teeth, teeth even in height and color, mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets and each part with 3 blunt teeth, labral SI broadly lanceolate with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2, labral SII palmate, with filamentous branches on apical margin. Male imago (n =10). Total length 3.15���4.05, 3.62 mm. Wing length 2.35���2.75, 2.59 mm. Total length/wing length1.28���1.63, 1.40. Wing length/length of profemur 2.51���2.72, 2.62. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs uniformly brown. Wing light brown with dark spots, one spot just distal of r-m cross vein, one spot on the middle of cell r 4+5, one stripe spot on anal vein, one weak cloudy spot distal to fork of M 3+4 and Cu 1, weak cloudy spot at distal apex of wing. Head. AR 1.12���1.25, 1.19. Temporal setae 12���16, 14; including 3���4, 3 inner verticals; 4���6, 5 outer verticals and 4���8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14���27, 17 setae. Tentorium 143���170, 156 ��m long, 35���50, 43 ��m wide. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 33���55, 43; 33���53, 46; 145���177, 158, 123���172, 150; 200���294, 261. Wing (Fig. 1A). VR 1.08���1.18, 1.13. R with 21���27, 24 setae; R 1 with 14���23, 18; R 4+5 with 27���48, 37 setae. Squama with 14���21, 17 setae. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 13���27, 20; acrostichals 15���18, 16; prealars 4���8, 5. Scutellum with 17���29, 23 setae. Legs. Terminal scale (Fig. 1B) of front tibia pointed, 52���65, 57 ��m long. Spur on median tibia 42���50, 46 um long including 23���33, 28 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 20���28, 24 ��m long. Spur on posterior tibia 47���58, 52 ��m long including 25���33, 29 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23���33, 27 ��m long. Width at apex of front tibia 53���63, 58 ��m, of middle tibia 58���65, 62 ��m, of hind tibia 55���78, 68 ��m. Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of legs of male imago as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Figs. 1 C���H). Anal tergite bands fused basal to median anal tergite setae (Fig. 1C). Anal tergite with 6���10, 8 median setae, laterosternite with 3���6, 5 setae. Anal point 80���98, 91 ��m long, slender and parallel-sided for entire length Phallapodeme 90���130, 120 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 50���83, 64 ��m long. Gonocoxite 175���205, 193 ��m long. Base of superior volsella with a prominent process bearing 1���3 inner setae in the inner margin, distal extension variably curved with 1���3 lateral setae (Figs. 1 D���H). Inferior volsella 90���130, 110 ��m long tapered apically, with 11���15 oral setae and an apical seta. Gonostylus 120���150, 134 ��m long, outer margin convex, widest in the middle. HR 1.33���1.60, 1.44. HV 2.32���2.93, 2.69. Female (n = 1). Total length 3.0 mm. Wing length 2.48 mm. Total length/wing length 1.21. Wing length/length of profemur 2.88. Colouration. Head brown. Thorax brown with darker vittae and postnotum. Abdominal segments and legs brown. Wing light brown with weak marking as male (Fig. 2A). Head. AR 0.42. Temporal setae 13, including 4 inner verticals; 4 outer verticals and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 18 setae. Tentorium 130 ��m long, 24 ��m wide. Stipes 160 ��m long. Palpomere lengths (in ��m): 40, 68, 130, 150, 260. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata in small pit, longest 15 ��m long. Thorax. Acrostichals 12, dorsocentrals 18, prealars 5. Suctellars 23, biserial. Wing. VR 1.17. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 22, R 1 with 19, R 4+5 with 46 setae. Squama with 14 setae. Legs. Terminal scale on fore tibia 53 ��m long. Spur of mid tibia 40 ��m long including 13 ��m long comb, unspurred comb 18 ��m long. Spur on hind tibia 45 ��m long including 15 ��m long comb, un-spurred comb 23 ��m long. Width at apex of fore tibia 53 ��m, of mid tibia 58 ��m, of hind tibia 65 ��m. Length and proportions of leg segments as in Table 3. Genitalia (Figs. 2 B���C). Gonocoxapodeme curved, 145 ��m long. Gonocoxite IX with 5 setae. Tergite IX with 37 setae. Cercus 113 ��m long, 85 ��m wide. Seminal capsule ovoid and pellucid, 85 ��m long. Notum 168 ��m long. Dorsomesal lobe 83 ��m long from base of vagina to apex, 73 ��m wide near apex. Dorsomesal lobe strongly devel-oped, densely setose with apical setae curved mesad. Ventrolateral lobe 35 ��m long, 75 ��m wide, densely setose with apical setae directed more oralad than mesad. Ventrolateral lobe partially covered by dorsomesal lobe. Larva (n=3). Total length not measurable. Head capsule (Fig. 3A) 0.38���0.40 mm long, 0.35���0.36 mm wide. Postmentum 147���165 ��m long. Colouration. Head capsule brown with dark brown mental teeth and mandible teeth. Postoccipital margin black. Head. AR 1.05���1.12. Antenna as in figure 3B. Antennal segment lengths (in ��m): 50���55, 18���20, 10���12, 12���13, 5���5. Basal antennal segment 20���23 ��m wide, ring organ about 15���23 ��m from base, blade 33���35 ��m long, blade extending beyond base of fourth segment. Labral SI (Fig. 3C) broadly lanceolate, with fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2. Labral SII palmate (Fig. 3D) with filamentous branches on apical margin. Pecten epipharyngis as in figure 3E, consisting of 3 platelets, each with 3 blunt teeth. Premandible (Fig. 3E) 65���73 ��m long, with 2 apical teeth and 1 inner tooth and brush present. Mandible (Fig. 3F) 115���125 ��m long, with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth; molar area yellow brown; medial margin with 2 sharply pointed serrations; seta subdentalis 23���27 ��m long, beyond second inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 3G) 105���115 ��m wide, with 16 blunt teeth, last lateral tooth very small; medial 6 teeth larger than remaining teeth, fifth lateral tooth lower than neighboring teeth. Ventromental plate 130���133 ��m wide, 53���58 ��m high, with about 35���40 striae, distance between ventromental plates 43���48 ��m, ven-tromentum wider than mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Distance between setae submenti 98���105 ��m. Abdomen. Posterior parapods (Fig. 3H) 230���250 ��m long, 110���120 ��m wide, with 14���16 yellow apical claws. Procercus (Fig. 3I) weak and slender, with about 7���10 anal setae up to 430���460 ��m long. Supraanal setae 300���325 ��m long. Ratio of supra anal setae/anal setae 0.70���0.71. Anal tubules 120���130 ��m wide. Larval habitat and distribution: Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is found in Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, China. So far, this species has been recorded above an elevation of 2,460 m. The larva lives in fast flowing, wide, shallow rivers with sand or mud in the bottom. Remarks: P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is clearly distinguished from P. (Pro.) marcondesi Pinho & Mendes, 2010 in morphological characteristics of the male, female and larva. Male imago of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang morphologically resembles P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen), Polypedilum (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz in having dark color body, weak or distinct wing marking, base of superior volsella with inner lobe/tubercle, slender anal point, short and strong gonostylus. The significant characters to differ them are the shape of inner lobe/tubercle of superior volsella and wing markings as listed in Table 4. Larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang is very close to P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen). They share the following characters: mentum with 16 teeth; teeth even in height and color; mandible with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner tooth; pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 platelets, mid part with 3 teeth. Labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/2 and labral SII is palmate in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang; correspondingly, labral SI has fine filaments on each side of apical 1/3 and labral SII is more slender in P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. There is no other significant feature to distinguish the larva of P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang with P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz. The larval differences between P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) laetum (Meigen) refer to Maschwitz & Cook (2000). In diagnosing Probolum, Andersen and Saether (2010) described the character of superior volsella with an inner lobe at base carrying 1���6 (10?) setae and a typical Uresipedilum -like apicomedian projection directed inwards. Polypedilum (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang had been firstly assigned in the subgenus Uresipedilum by having the superior volsella with an apicomedian projection in holotype. However, based on some new additional specimens, we found that the projection of superior volsella bends variably (Figs. 1 D���H) in P. (Pro.) bullum. Andersen & Saether (2010) regarded ���mentum with median teeth only slightly higher than first lateral pair��� as a significant diagnostic character in the subgenus Probolum. But mental teeth are in even height in P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang. The diagnosis of Probolum giving by Andersen & Saether (2010) should be expanded. Andersen & Saether (2010) stated that the pupae of Probolum were not separable from those of Polypedilum s. str., Pentapedilum and Uresipedilum. As stated above, distinct diagnostic characters for all stages in the subgenus Probolum are unavailable at present. We concur with Yamamoto & Yamamoto (2015) that the subgenus Probolum should be restricted to the species with an inner lobe in the superior volsella until adequate pupal and larval information are available, then P. (s. str.) laetum Meigen, P. (s. str.) castornama Maschwitz and P. (s. str.) tuberculum Maschwitz should be included in subgenus Probolum, but the type material need to be checked in the future. FIGSURES 3A���G. P. (Pro.) bullum Zhang & Wang, larva. A, head capsule. B, antenna and mandible. C, SI seta. D, SII seta. E, premandible. F, mandible. G, mentum and ventromental plates. H, anal segments. I, procercus., Published as part of Lei, Qi, Chen, Jinxian, Song, Chao, Qi, Xin & Zhang, Ruilei, 2020, Description of larva and female of Polypedilum (Probolum) bullum Zhang & Wang with DNA barcodes, pp. 257-265 in Zootaxa 4890 (2) on pages 258-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4890.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4301883, {"references":["Zhang, R. - L. & Wang, X. - H. (2004) Polypedilum (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 565 (1), 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 565.1.1","Saether, O. A., Andersen, T., Pinho, L. C. & Mendes, H. F. (2010) The problems with Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of Probolum subgen. n. Zootaxa, 2497 (1), 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2497.1.1","Maschwitz, D. E. & Cook, E. F. (2000) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the subgenera P. (Polypedilum) and P. (Uresipedilum) Oyewo and Saether. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, 12, 1 - 135.","Yamamoto, N. & Yamamoto, M. (2015) A revised subgeneric position for Polypedilum (Probolum) simantokeleum, with description of a new Uresipedilum species in Japan (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3999 (3), 439 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3999.3.9"]}

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus Qi & Song sp. n. (Figures 2���4; BDN & BOLD: song177; GenBank accession: MG950003) Type material. Holotype: male (Sample & BOLD ID: song177), China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi City, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Jiutun village, 25.141��N, 108.057��E, 277 m a.s.l., 16.IV.2015, light trap, C. Song. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for holotype. Etymology. From the Latin, ��� para��� means similarity, referring to its resemblance to P. (C.) cyclus Zhang & Wang 2005. Diagnosis. The male adult can be separated from other related members of the subgenus by the following combination of morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown except for the yellow knees; segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered at base; tergite IX sub-trapezoidal; anal tergite bands ending postero-medially into a sub-oval setose area; anal point parallel-sided, with pointed apex; postero-lateral bulb-like of gonocoxite welldeveloped; superior volsella C-like to sickle-like shaped, apex pointed; inferior volsella not divided apically, dorsal setae orally directed; gonostylus swollen medially, shortly branched setae on distal inner margin absent., Published as part of Qi, Xin, Song, Chao, Ge, Kaixuan & Wang, Xinhua, 2020, Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus sp. n., a new species from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 189-195 in Zootaxa 4881 (1) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4881.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/4425673, {"references":["Zhang, R. L. & Wang, X. H. (2005) Polypedilum (Cerobregma) Saether & Sundal from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27 (1), 47 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420400019262"]}

Polypedilum (Cerobregma) paracyclus sp. n. Qi & Song is described based on male imagines collected by light trap in Oriental China. The description is supported by both morphological and DNA barcode evidences. The new species is distinguished from its related congeners in having some atypical morphological characters: tibia and femur dark brown, knees yellow; abdominal segment VII distinctly triangular and tapered towards base; tergite IX broadly sub-trapezoidal, tapering posteriorly, anal tergite bands ending with a characteristic sub-oval area; superior volsella sickle-like shaped with pointed apex; inferior volsella with orally directed dorsal setae; distal inner margin of gonostylus without shortly branched setae.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016 Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016: 13. Materials examined: Holotype male labelled ��� ZRL01096 CHINA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Cong-hua District, River Liuxi, 26.x.2014, light trap, Chao Song���; 1 male with pupal exuvia [reared], labelled ���India, West Bengal, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), 28.iv.2018, Coll. D. Mondal���; 5 males labelled ��� India, Jharkhand, Dumka, Massanjore, (24.10, 87.29), 12.vii.2003, Coll. S. Nath���. Pupa (n=1) Total length of pupal exuviae 2.00. Antennal sheath 2.50 long. Wing sheath 5.00 long. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown. Cephalothorax (Figure 6B). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 0.08 long, 0.06 broad at base, frontal setae absent. Basal ring (Figure 6C) elliptical, 39 long and 21���24, 22 wide. Abdomen (Figure 6D). T I bare. T II with uniform shagreen distribution and posterolateral, pedes spurii B. T III moderately dense spinules anteriorly and dense row of spinules posteriorly. T IV���V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow with ca. 47 hooklets arranged in a single row covering nearly 85.7% of segment width. T VI with 3 bands of anterior, middle and posterior spinules; T VIII bare; T V���VI with 3 L-setae; T VII���VIII with 4 LS setae; LS setae on T V���VI arranged in a similar pattern: 2 anterior LS in a group and 1 posterolateral LS seta; 3 LS setae at 160, 580 and 833 of T V; 3 at 250, 430 and 630 of T VI; 4 at 130, 330, 600 and 730 of T VII; 4 at 80, 540, 750, and 940 of T VIII. Sternite IV with posterolateral pedes spurii A. Anal lobe (Figure 6E). 150 long, 100 wide with 31 taeniae on each side. Caudolateral spur (Figure 6F) with 3 smaller teeth of 11, 6, and 6 in length on T VIII with a strong spine of 46 long and 13.6 wide. Remarks. The lengths of antenna, wing (0.6), gonocoxite (37) and gonostylus of the Indian specimens of the species are shorter compared to the described Chinese counterparts. The number of squamal setae is greater in the Indian specimens (7���9). The anal point illustration of the species by Zhang et al. (2016) is much longer than those in the holotype specimens. Upon examining the slides we found that the anal point is shorter and more blunt (Figure 6A). Ecology. The species herein is recorded in the Oriental China and eastern India. The pupa was collected from a spring in the Susunia Hills studded with vegetation of broad and deciduous leaves (Reddy et al. 2015) and the soft water having a pH around 7.8 in Chhotanagpur Plateau region of West Bengal, India. The vegetation is broad-leaved and deciduous (Reddy et al. 2015). The species has been found across the eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The pupa was also isolated from the rheobiontic zone of a fast flowing spring with decaying leaf of Shorea robusta Gaertn submerged in water., Published as part of Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, pp. 31-69 in Zootaxa 4820 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4397253, {"references":["Zhang, R. L., Song, C., Qi, X. & Wang, X. (2016) Taxonomic review on the subgenus Tripodura Townes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Polypedilum) from China with eleven new species and a supplementary world checklist. Zootaxa, 4136 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4136.1.1","Reddy, C. S., Jha, C. S., Diwakar, P. G. & Dadhwal, V. K. (2015) Nationwide classification of forest types of India using remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 187, 777. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 015 - 4990 - 8"]}