39 results on '"Polymerase Chain Reaction standards"'
Search Results
2. Quantification of HIV-1 using multiple quantitative polymerase chain reaction standards and bioluminometric detection
- Author
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Nygren, M., Ronaghi, M., Nyrén, Pål, Albert, J., Lundeberg, Joakim, Nygren, M., Ronaghi, M., Nyrén, Pål, Albert, J., and Lundeberg, Joakim
- Abstract
A non-gel-based quantification assay based on competitive PCR and bioluminometric detection has been developed. Samples containing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and three quantitative standards at discrete concentrations were coamplified by PCR with primers annealing in the polymerase gene region. The quantitative standards contained the same primer binding sequences and had the same amplicon length as the wild-type DNA, but differed in an internal homopolymeric stretch (A, C, or T) over three base pairs. The PCR products were captured onto a solid support and treated with NaOH to separate the strands. Discrimination between the wild-type DNA and the three quantitative standard amplicons was achieved on the solid support by four parallel extension reactions with 3'-end specific primers. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) released as a result of successful extension was converted to ATP by ATP sulfurylase and the level of ATP was sensed by firefly luciferase, generating a proportional amount of visible light which was detected by a luminometer. Here, we show that the obtained calibration curves, using the signal intensities of the three quantitative standards, enabled determination of the amount of target HIV-1 DNA., QC 20100525
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- 2001
- Full Text
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3. Quantification of HIV-1 using multiple quantitative polymerase chain reaction standards and bioluminometric detection
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Pål Nyrén, Malin Nygren, Joakim Lundeberg, Jan Albert, and Mostafa Ronaghi
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Base pair ,Biophysics ,Gene Dosage ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Binding, Competitive ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Primer dimer ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Polymerase Gene ,Polymerase chain reaction ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,Cell Biology ,Amplicon ,Reference Standards ,Molecular biology ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,chemistry ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Calibration ,Luminescent Measurements ,HIV-1 ,RNA, Viral ,Primer (molecular biology) ,DNA ,Plasmids - Abstract
A non-gel-based quantification assay based on competitive PCR and bioluminometric detection has been developed. Samples containing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and three quantitative standards at discrete concentrations were coamplified by PCR with primers annealing in the polymerase gene region. The quantitative standards contained the same primer binding sequences and had the same amplicon length as the wild-type DNA, but differed in an internal homopolymeric stretch (A, C, or T) over three base pairs. The PCR products were captured onto a solid support and treated with NaOH to separate the strands. Discrimination between the wild-type DNA and the three quantitative standard amplicons was achieved on the solid support by four parallel extension reactions with 3'-end specific primers. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) released as a result of successful extension was converted to ATP by ATP sulfurylase and the level of ATP was sensed by firefly luciferase, generating a proportional amount of visible light which was detected by a luminometer. Here, we show that the obtained calibration curves, using the signal intensities of the three quantitative standards, enabled determination of the amount of target HIV-1 DNA.
- Published
- 2001
4. An assessment of the Roche Amplicor Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiplex PCR assay in routine diagnostic use on a variety of specimen types
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Azzato, F, Ryan, N, Fyfe, J, and Leslie, DE
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- 2003
5. Interlaboratory evaluation of Mucorales PCR assays for testing serum specimens: A study by the fungal PCR Initiative and the Modimucor study group
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Rocchi, S, Scherer, E, Mengoli, C, Alanio, A, Botterel, F, Bougnoux, M, Bretagne, S, Cogliati, M, Cornu, M, Dalle, Frédéric, Damiani, Céline, Denis, J, Fuchs, S, Gits-Muselli, M, Hagen, F, Halliday, C, Hare, R, Iriart, Xavier, Klaassen, C, Lackner, M, Lengerova, M, Letscher-Bru, V, Morio, F, Nourrisson, C, Posch, W, Sendid, B, Springer, J, Willinger, B, White, P, Barnes, R, Cruciani, M, Donnelly, J, Loeffler, J, Millon, L, Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hôpitaux Universitaire Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Faculté de médecine (UPEC Médecine), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques (BPF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Vin Aliment Microbiologie et Stress (VAlMiS), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie médicales [CHU Amiens], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, UFR Médecine [Santé] - Université Paris Cité (UFR Médecine UPCité), Univ Utrecht, Westerdijk Fungal Biodivers Inst, Fungal Physiol, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands, Partenaires INRAE, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Innsbruck Medical University = Medizinische Universität Innsbruck (IMU), University Hospital Brno, CHU Strasbourg, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital Wuerzburg / Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Public Health Wales [Cardiff, Royaume uni], University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio [San Antonio, Tx, USA], This work was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health PHRC (Projet Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique) national-ModiMucor 2014-A00580-47., Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (CNRS-UMR2000), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité - UFR Médecine [Santé] (UPCité UFR Médecine), CHU Henri Mondor, Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes fongiques - RNA Biology of Fungal Pathogens, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Innsbruck, Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques - Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity (BPF), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Padova Medical School, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité - UFR Médecine Paris Centre [Santé] (UPC Médecine Paris Centre), Université Paris Cité (UPC), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), and Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI)
- Subjects
standardization ,MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques / instrumentation ,MESH: Humans ,MESH: Mucorales / genetics ,Mucorales PCR ,[SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology ,circulating DNA ,MESH: Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / standards ,MESH: Observer Variation ,MESH: Mucormycosis / blood ,MESH: Reproducibility of Results ,MESH: France ,interlaboratory assay ,MESH: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / standards ,MESH: Hospitals, University / statistics & numerical data ,MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques / standards ,MESH: DNA, Fungal / genetics ,MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques / methods ,MESH: Mucormycosis / diagnosis ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology - Abstract
International audience; Interlaboratory evaluations of Mucorales qPCR assays were developed to assess the reproducibility and performance of methods currently used. The participants comprised 12 laboratories from French university hospitals (nine of them participating in the Modimucor study) and 11 laboratories participating in the Fungal PCR Initiative. For panel 1, three sera were each spiked with DNA from three different species (Rhizomucor pusillus, Lichtheimia corymbifera, Rhizopus oryzae). For panel 2, six sera with three concentrations of R. pusillus and L. corymbifera (1, 10, and 100 genomes/ml) were prepared. Each panel included a blind negative-control serum. A form was distributed with each panel to collect results and required technical information, including DNA extraction method, sample volume used, DNA elution volume, qPCR method, qPCR template input volume, qPCR total reaction volume, qPCR platform, and qPCR reagents used. For panel 1, assessing 18 different protocols, qualitative results (positive or negative) were correct in 97% of cases (70/72). A very low interlaboratory variability in Cq values (SD = 1.89 cycles) were observed. For panel 2 assessing 26 different protocols, the detection rates were high (77-100%) for 5/6 of spiked serum. There was a significant association between the qPCR platform and performance. However, certain technical steps and optimal combinations of factors may also impact performance. The good reproducibility and performance demonstrated in this study support the use of Mucorales qPCR as part of the diagnostic strategy for mucormycosis.
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- 2021
6. Managing cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: an ESMO multidisciplinary expert consensus
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Curigliano, G., Banerjee, S., Cervantes, A., Garassino, M.C., Garrido, P., Girard, N., Haanen, J., Jordan, K., Lordick, F., Machiels, J.P., Michielin, O., Peters, S., Tabernero, J., Douillard, J.Y., Pentheroudakis, G., Panel members, Addeo, A., Albiges, L., Ascierto, P.A., Banerjee, S., Barlesi, F., Caldas, C., Cardoso, F., Cervantes, A., Chaberny, I.F., Cherny, N.I., Choueiri, T.K., Chua, MLK, Criscitiello, C., Curigliano, G., de Azambuja, E., De Ruysscher, D., de Vries, E., Dent, R., Douillard, J.Y., D'Ugo, D., Dziadziuszko, R., Faivre-Finn, C., Felip, E., Garassino, M., Garrido, P., Girard, N., Glynne-Jones, R., Golfinopoulos, V., Haanen, J., Hamilton, E., Jänne, P.A., Jordan, K., Kanesvaran, R., Kim, S.B., Liebert, U.G., Lordick, F., Machiels, J.P., Michielin, O., Mok, TSK, Morgan, G., Obermannova, R., Park, K., Passaro, A., Pentheroudakis, G., Peters, S., Reck, M., Salazar Soler, R., Scotté, F., Senan, S., Sessa, C., Smyth, E., Soo, R., Soria, J.C., Spicer, J., Strasser, F., Tabernero, J., Tan, DSW, Trapani, D., Van Cutsem, E., van Halteren, H., van Schil, P.E., Veronesi, G., and Yang, J.
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Betacoronavirus ,Consensus ,Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ,Coronavirus Infections/immunology ,Coronavirus Infections/therapy ,Disease Management ,Europe/epidemiology ,Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology ,Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use ,Humans ,Medical Oncology/methods ,Medical Oncology/standards ,Neoplasms/epidemiology ,Neoplasms/immunology ,Neoplasms/therapy ,Pandemics/prevention & control ,Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ,Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ,Pneumonia, Viral/therapy ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Societies, Medical/standards ,T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects ,T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ,Telemedicine/methods ,Telemedicine/standards ,education - Abstract
We established an international consortium to review and discuss relevant clinical evidence in order to develop expert consensus statements related to cancer management during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The steering committee prepared 10 working packages addressing significant clinical questions from diagnosis to surgery. During a virtual consensus meeting of 62 global experts and one patient advocate, led by the European Society for Medical Oncology, statements were discussed, amended and voted upon. When consensus could not be reached, the panel revised statements until a consensus was reached. Overall, the expert panel agreed on 28 consensus statements that can be used to overcome many of the clinical and technical areas of uncertainty ranging from diagnosis to therapeutic planning and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2020
7. Performance du frottis nasopharyngé-PCR pour le diagnostic du Covid-19 - Recommandations pratiques sur la base des premières données scientifiques [Covid-19 diagnosis : clinical recommendations and performance of nasopharyngeal swab-PCR]
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Kokkinakis, I., Selby, K., Favrat, B., Genton, B., and Cornuz, J.
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Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ,Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ,Humans ,Pandemics ,Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ,Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ,Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Sensitivity and Specificity - Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic imposes new diagnostic strategies in order to optimize the medical care of our patients. The current biblio-graphy, although of low quality, shows a sensitivity of 56 to 83 % for the Covid-19 PCR. Even though one negative test can exclude a Covid-19 in the majority of cases, the NPV (Negative Predictive Value) decreases with increasing prevalence (pre-test probability). This finding suggests the need for strict auto-isolation of patients until the resolution of their symptoms. For patients that present with typical symptoms, who have a presumed Covid-19 prevalence of -40-50 %, a negative test should be interpreted with caution and a repeat test may be needed.
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- 2020
8. Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID-19
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Junfeng Wang, Mariska M.G. Leeflang, Gea A Holtman, Eleanor A Ochodo, Sabine Dittrich, Ann Van den Bruel, René Spijker, Clare Davenport, Jonathan J Deeks, Bada Yang, Miranda W. Langendam, Lotty Hooft, Jacqueline Dinnes, Yemisi Takwoingi, Jan Y Verbakel, Fatuma Guleid, Devy Emperador, and Inge Stegeman
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Procalcitonin ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Leukocyte Count ,0302 clinical medicine ,COVID-19 Testing ,Liver Function Tests ,Interquartile range ,Reference Values ,COVID-19 Testing/methods ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood ,Creatine Kinase ,Child health ,Infectious disease ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,C-Reactive Protein ,Meta-analysis ,Creatinine ,Absolute neutrophil count ,Creatine Kinase/blood ,medicine.medical_specialty ,COVID-19/blood ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,03 medical and health sciences ,C-Reactive Protein/analysis ,Diagnostic Tests ,Bias ,Internal medicine ,White blood cell ,Humans ,Lymphocyte Count ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Pandemics ,Receiver operating characteristic ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ,business.industry ,Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,Interleukin-6 ,Platelet Count ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Creatinine/blood ,chemistry ,ROC Curve ,Routine/methods ,Interleukin-6/blood ,Triage ,business ,Liver function tests ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Biomarkers/blood ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Background Specific diagnostic tests to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and resulting COVID‐19 disease are not always available and take time to obtain results. Routine laboratory markers such as white blood cell count, measures of anticoagulation, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin, are used to assess the clinical status of a patient. These laboratory tests may be useful for the triage of people with potential COVID‐19 to prioritize them for different levels of treatment, especially in situations where time and resources are limited. Objectives To assess the diagnostic accuracy of routine laboratory testing as a triage test to determine if a person has COVID‐19. Search methods On 4 May 2020 we undertook electronic searches in the Cochrane COVID‐19 Study Register and the COVID‐19 Living Evidence Database from the University of Bern, which is updated daily with published articles from PubMed and Embase and with preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv. In addition, we checked repositories of COVID‐19 publications. We did not apply any language restrictions. Selection criteria We included both case‐control designs and consecutive series of patients that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of routine laboratory testing as a triage test to determine if a person has COVID‐19. The reference standard could be reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) alone; RT‐PCR plus clinical expertise or and imaging; repeated RT‐PCR several days apart or from different samples; WHO and other case definitions; and any other reference standard used by the study authors. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data from each included study. They also assessed the methodological quality of the studies, using QUADAS‐2. We used the 'NLMIXED' procedure in SAS 9.4 for the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) meta‐analyses of tests for which we included four or more studies. To facilitate interpretation of results, for each meta‐analysis we estimated summary sensitivity at the points on the SROC curve that corresponded to the median and interquartile range boundaries of specificities in the included studies. Main results We included 21 studies in this review, including 14,126 COVID‐19 patients and 56,585 non‐COVID‐19 patients in total. Studies evaluated a total of 67 different laboratory tests. Although we were interested in the diagnotic accuracy of routine tests for COVID‐19, the included studies used detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection through RT‐PCR as reference standard. There was considerable heterogeneity between tests, threshold values and the settings in which they were applied. For some tests a positive result was defined as a decrease compared to normal vaues, for other tests a positive result was defined as an increase, and for some tests both increase and decrease may have indicated test positivity. None of the studies had either low risk of bias on all domains or low concerns for applicability for all domains. Only three of the tests evaluated had a summary sensitivity and specificity over 50%. These were: increase in interleukin‐6, increase in C‐reactive protein and lymphocyte count decrease. Blood count Eleven studies evaluated a decrease in white blood cell count, with a median specificity of 93% and a summary sensitivity of 25% (95% CI 8.0% to 27%; very low‐certainty evidence). The 15 studies that evaluated an increase in white blood cell count had a lower median specificity and a lower corresponding sensitivity. Four studies evaluated a decrease in neutrophil count. Their median specificity was 93%, corresponding to a summary sensitivity of 10% (95% CI 1.0% to 56%; low‐certainty evidence). The 11 studies that evaluated an increase in neutrophil count had a lower median specificity and a lower corresponding sensitivity. The summary sensitivity of an increase in neutrophil percentage (4 studies) was 59% (95% CI 1.0% to 100%) at median specificity (38%; very low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in monocyte count (4 studies) was 13% (95% CI 6.0% to 26%) at median specificity (73%; very low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of a decrease in lymphocyte count (13 studies) was 64% (95% CI 28% to 89%) at median specificity (53%; low‐certainty evidence). Four studies that evaluated a decrease in lymphocyte percentage showed a lower median specificity and lower corresponding sensitivity. The summary sensitivity of a decrease in platelets (4 studies) was 19% (95% CI 10% to 32%) at median specificity (88%; low‐certainty evidence). Liver function tests The summary sensitivity of an increase in alanine aminotransferase (9 studies) was 12% (95% CI 3% to 34%) at median specificity (92%; low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (7 studies) was 29% (95% CI 17% to 45%) at median specificity (81%) (low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of a decrease in albumin (4 studies) was 21% (95% CI 3% to 67%) at median specificity (66%; low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in total bilirubin (4 studies) was 12% (95% CI 3.0% to 34%) at median specificity (92%; very low‐certainty evidence). Markers of inflammation The summary sensitivity of an increase in CRP (14 studies) was 66% (95% CI 55% to 75%) at median specificity (44%; very low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in procalcitonin (6 studies) was 3% (95% CI 1% to 19%) at median specificity (86%; very low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in IL‐6 (four studies) was 73% (95% CI 36% to 93%) at median specificity (58%) (very low‐certainty evidence). Other biomarkers The summary sensitivity of an increase in creatine kinase (5 studies) was 11% (95% CI 6% to 19%) at median specificity (94%) (low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in serum creatinine (four studies) was 7% (95% CI 1% to 37%) at median specificity (91%; low‐certainty evidence). The summary sensitivity of an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (4 studies) was 25% (95% CI 15% to 38%) at median specificity (72%; very low‐certainty evidence). Authors' conclusions Although these tests give an indication about the general health status of patients and some tests may be specific indicators for inflammatory processes, none of the tests we investigated are useful for accurately ruling in or ruling out COVID‐19 on their own. Studies were done in specific hospitalized populations, and future studies should consider non‐hospital settings to evaluate how these tests would perform in people with milder symptoms., Plain language summary How accurate are routine laboratory tests for diagnosis of COVID‐19? What are routine laboratory tests? Routine laboratory tests are blood tests that assess the health status of a patient. Tests include counts of different types of white blood cells (these help the body fight infection), and detection of markers (proteins) that indicate organ damage, and general inflammation. These tests are widely available and in some places they may be the only tests available for diagnosis of COVID‐19. What did we want to find out? People with suspected COVID‐19 need to know quickly whether they are infected so that they can self‐isolate, receive treatment, and inform close contacts. Currently, the standard test for COVID‐19 is usually the RT‐PCR test. In the RT‐PCR, samples from the nose and throat are sent away for testing, usually to a large, central laboratory with specialist equipment. Other tests include imaging tests, like X‐rays, which also require specialist equipment. We wanted to know whether routine laboratory tests were sufficiently accurate to diagnose COVID‐19 in people with suspected COVID‐19. We also wanted to know whether they were accurate enough to prioritize patients for different levels of treatment. What did we do? We searched for studies that assessed the accuracy of routine laboratory tests to diagnose COVID‐19 compared with RT‐PCR or other tests. Studies could be of any design and be set anywhere in the world. Studies could include participants of any age or sex, with suspected COVID‐19, or use samples from people known to have – or not to have ‐ COVID‐19. What we found We found 21 studies that looked at 67 different routine laboratory tests for COVID‐19. Most of the studies looked at how accurately these tests diagnosed infection with the virus causing COVID‐19. Four studies included both children and adults, 16 included only adults and one study only children. Seventeen studies were done in China, and one each in Iran, Italy, Taiwan and the USA. All studies took place in hospitals, except one that used samples from a database. Most studies used RT‐PCR to confirm COVID‐19 diagnosis. Accuracy of tests is most often reported using ‘sensitivity’ and ‘specificity’. Sensitivity is the proportion of people with COVID‐19 correctly detected by the test; specificity is the proportion of people without COVID‐19 who are correctly identified by the test. The nearer sensitivity and specificity are to 100%, the better the test. A test to prioritize people for treatment would require a high sensitivity of more than 80%. Where four or more studies evaluated a particular test, we pooled their results and analyzed them together. Our analyses showed that only three of the tests had both sensitivity and specificity over 50%. Two of these were markers for general inflammation (increases in interleukin‐6 and C‐reactive protein). The third was for lymphocyte count decrease. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell where a low count might indicate infection. How reliable are the results? Our confidence in the evidence from this review is low because the studies were different from each other, which made them difficult to compare. For example, some included very sick people, while some included people with hardly any COVID‐19 symptoms. Also, the diagnosis of COVID‐19 was confirmed in different ways: RT‐PCR was sometimes used in combination with other tests. Who do the results of this review apply to? Routine laboratory tests can be issued by most healthcare facilities. However, our results are probably not representative of most clinical situations in which these tests are being used. Most studies included very sick people with high rates of COVID‐19 virus infection of between 27% and 76%. In most primary healthcare facilities, this percentage will be lower. What does this mean? Routine laboratory tests cannot distinguish between COVID‐19 and other diseases as the cause of infection, inflammation or tissue damage. None of the tests performed well enough to be a standalone diagnostic test for COVID‐19 nor to prioritize patients for treatment. They will mainly be used to provide an overall picture about the health status of the patient. The final COVID‐19 diagnosis has to be made based on other tests. How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched all COVID‐19 studies up to 4 May 2020.
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- 2020
9. Multicenter validation of the analytical accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards an international standard
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Malorny, Burkhard, Hoorfar, Jeffrey, Bunge, Cornelia, and Helmuth, Reiner
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Food poisoning -- Research ,Bacteria, Pathogenic -- Testing ,Salmonella -- Testing ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Biological sciences - Abstract
The European multicenter collaborative research on the validation and standardization of polymerase chain reaction for detection of food-borne pathogens, exemplified by Salmonella species, shows that the primer 139-141 targets the invA gene of Salmonella. Data reveal a 99.6% inclusivity and 100% exclusivity.
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- 2003
10. qPCR faces growing pains head-on
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Liszewski, Kathy
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Polymerase chain reaction -- Methods ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Biotechnology industry -- Standards ,Biotechnology industry -- Methods ,Biotechnology industry -- Product information ,Molecular biology -- Equipment and supplies ,Biotechnology industry ,Business - Abstract
The rapid growth of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in areas such as biomarker discovery and treatment monitoring has come with some problems. A new movement promotes qPCR guidelines called MIQE for more consistent terminology and more reliable practice. Insights on instruments that provide MIQE solutions are also given.
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- 2009
11. International external quality assurance of JAK2 V617F quantification
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Julia Asp, Marta Vorland, Anni Aggerholm, Lasse Kjær, Karl Haslam, Elisabeth Oppliger Leibundgut, Rajko Kusec, Karolina Matiakowska, Robert Kralovics, Frank Dicker, Alessandro Pancrazzi, Morten Andersen, Lars Palmqvist, Sylvie Hermouet, Margarida Coucelo, Bruno Cassinat, Filippo Navaglia, Andrey Sudarikov, Aleksandar Eftimov, Vibe Skov, Thomas Kielsgaard Kristensen, François Girodon, Laurence Lodé, Niels Pallisgaard, Eric Lippert, Jiri Schwarz, Marzena Wojtaszewska, Hajnalka Andrikovics, Guy Wayne Novotny, Dorota Link-Lenczowska, Susanna Akiki, Melanie J. Percy, Dina Naguib, Beatriz Bellosillo, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine [Gothenburg, Sweden] (Institute of Biomedicine), University of Gothenburg (GU)-Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg [Göteborg], Department of Hematology [Roskilde, Denmark], Zealand University Hospital [Roskilde, Denmark], Department of Pathology [Barcelona, Spain], Hospital del Mar [Barcelona, Spain], Department of Pathology [Odense, Denmark], Odense University Hospital [Odense, Denmark], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Munich Leukemia Laboratory [Munich, Germany], Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion [Prague, Czech Republic], Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation [Poznan, Poland], Poznan University of Medical Sciences [Poznan, Poland], Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology [Doha, Qatar], Qatar Rehabilitation Institute (QRI)-Hamad Bin Khalifa Medical City (HBKM), Aarhus University Hospital, Rigshospitalet [Copenhagen], Copenhagen University Hospital, Lipides - Nutrition - Cancer [Dijon - U1231] (LNC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), University of Bern [Bern, Switzerland] (University Hospital Bern ), Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione per le Malattie Mieloproliferative - CRIMM [ Florence, Italy], Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen (UiB), Central Hospital of Southern Pest [Budapest, Hungary], CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine [Vienna, Austria], Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Internal Medicine I [Vienna, Austria], Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Service de Biologie Cellulaire [AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis], Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Clinical Hematology Unit, Hospital Pediátrico [Coimbra, Portugal], Centro Hospitalar e Universitário [Coimbra], Center for Biomolecular Pharmaceutical Analyses [Skopje, Republic of Macedonia] (Faculty of Pharmacy), University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Macedonia (UKIM), St James’s Hospital [Dublin, Ireland], Zagreb School of Medicine [Zagreb, Croatia] (Dubrava University Hospital), University of Zagreb, Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory [Krakow, Poland] (Hematology Diagnostics Department), Jagiellonian University Hospital [Krakow, Poland], Hématologie Biologique [CHU de Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Faculty of Medicine [Bydgoszcz, Poland], Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Department of Laboratory Medicine [Padova, Italy], University - Hospital of Padova [Italy], Department of Hematology & Department of Pathology [Herlev, Denmark] (Molecular Unit), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Belfast City Hospital [Belfast, UK], National Research Center for Hematology [Moscow, Russia], Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Inflammation in Hematological Diseases (CRCINA-ÉQUIPE 16), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire d'Hematologie [CHU Nantes], Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), RK acknowledges the support received by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): F4702-B20 and P29018-B30., Bernardo, Elizabeth, Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Service de Biologie Cellulaire [Saint-Louis], Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM), Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova = Hospital-University of Padua (AOUP), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Standardization ,Quality Assurance, Health Care ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Mutation, Missense ,[SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer ,610 Medicine & health ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Myeloproliferative neoplasms ,03 medical and health sciences ,External quality assurance ,JAK2 V617F ,Quantitative PCR ,0302 clinical medicine ,[SDV.CAN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Medical physics ,Quality (business) ,Instrumentation (computer programming) ,Pathology, Molecular ,media_common ,Janus Kinase 2/genetics ,business.industry ,Amino acid substitution ,Hematology ,General Medicine ,Janus Kinase 2 ,Amino Acid Substitution ,Pathology, Molecular/standards ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,business ,Quality assurance ,030215 immunology - Abstract
IF 2.845; International audience; External quality assurance (EQA) programs are vital to ensure high quality and standardized results in molecular diagnostics. It is important that EQA for quantitative analysis takes into account the variation in methodology. Results cannot be expected to be more accurate than limits of the technology used, and it is essential to recognize factors causing substantial outlier results. The present study aimed to identify parameters of specific importance for JAK2 V617F quantification by quantitative PCR, using different starting materials, assays, and technical platforms. Sixteen samples were issued to participating laboratories in two EQA rounds. In the first round, 19 laboratories from 11 European countries analyzing JAK2 V617F as part of their routine diagnostics returned results from in-house assays. In the second round, 25 laboratories from 17 countries participated. Despite variations in starting material, assay setup and instrumentation the laboratories were generally well aligned in the EQA program. However, EQA based on a single technology appears to be a valuable tool to achieve standardization of the quantification of JAK2 V617F allelic burden.
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- 2019
12. Comparison of analytical performances of the Roche Cobas 6800 CT/NG assay with the Abbott m2000 Real Time CT/NG assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Nicolas Vuilleumier, Michèle Mombelli, Jacques Schrenzel, Katia Jaton, Abdessalam Cherkaoui, Sabine Yerly, and Gesuele Renzi
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Rectum/microbiology ,Urine/microbiology ,Adolescent ,Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics/isolation & purification ,Oropharynx/microbiology ,030106 microbiology ,Anal Canal ,Oropharynx ,Chlamydia trachomatis ,Urine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Microbiology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Predictive Value of Tests ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,80 and over ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Vagina/microbiology ,Gynecology ,Aged, 80 and over ,ddc:616 ,Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genetics/isolation & purification ,business.industry ,Anal Canal/microbiology ,Rectum ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,University hospital ,Neisseria gonorrhoeae ,030104 developmental biology ,Vagina ,Female ,business - Abstract
The Roche Cobas 6800 CT/NG assay was compared to the Abbott m2000 Real Time CT/NG assay for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 714 specimens referred to the bacteriology laboratory at Geneva University Hospitals, between November 2017 and March 2018, and in nine external quality controls for molecular diagnostics (seven from QCMD Glasgow and two from UK NEQAS). For C. trachomatis, the sensitivity of C6800 compared to m2000 was 100 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 97.5 to 100 %), the specificity was 99.1 % (95 % CI, 98.0 to 99.7 %). For N. gonorrhoeae, the sensitivity of the C6800 compared to m2000 was 100 % (95 % CI, 90.5 to 100 %), whereas the specificity was 99.7 % (95 % CI, 98.9 to 99.9 %). The C6800 CT/NG assay appears to perform with great accuracy the detection of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae.
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- 2019
13. A simplified and standardized polymerase chain reaction format for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis
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Deborggraeve, Stijn, Laurent, Thierry, Espinosa, Diego, Van der Auwera, Gert, Mbuchi, Margaret, Wasunna, Monique, El-Safi, Sayda, Almustafa Al-Basheer, Ahmed, Arevalo, Jorge, Miranda-Verastegui, Cesar, Leclipteux, Thierry, Mertens, Pascal, Dujardin, Jean-Claude, Herdewijn, Piet, and Buscher, Philippe
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Leishmaniasis -- Diagnosis ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Methods ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Research ,Health - Published
- 2008
14. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR: design, calculations, and statistics
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Rieu, Ivo and Powers, Stephen J.
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Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Measurement ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Models ,Gene expression -- Models ,Biological sciences ,Science and technology - Published
- 2009
15. Quality control of PCR primers used in multiplex STR amplification reactions.
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Butler, John M., Devaney, Joseph M., Marino, Michael A., and Vallone, Peter M.
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Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Forensic genetics -- Methods ,Mass spectrometry -- Forensic applications - Published
- 2001
16. Controls to validate plasma samples for cell free DNA quantification
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Niels Pallisgaard, Rikke Fredslund Andersen, Ivan Brandslund, Karen-Lise Garm Spindler, and Anders Jakobsen
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DNA/blood ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain ,B-Lymphocytes/cytology ,Gene Expression ,Biology ,Bioinformatics ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Humans ,Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Alleles ,B-Lymphocytes ,Plasma samples ,Biochemistry (medical) ,DNA ,General Medicine ,Reference Standards ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Cell-free fetal DNA ,chemistry ,Current technology ,DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics - Abstract
Recent research has focused on the utility of cell free DNA (cfDNA) in serum and plasma for clinical application, especially in oncology. The literature holds promise of cfDNA as a valuable tumour marker to be used for treatment selection, monitoring and follow-up. The results, however, are diverging due to methodological differences with lack of standardisation and definition of sensitivity. The new biological information has not yet come into routine use. The present study presents external standardisation by spiking with non-human DNA fragments to control for loss of DNA during sample preparation and measurement. It also suggests a method to control for admixture of DNA from normal lymphocytes by utilizing the unique immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in the B-cells. The results show that this approach improves the quality of the analysis and lowers the risk of falsely increased values. In conclusion we suggest a new method to improve the accuracy of cfDNA measurements easily incorporated in the current technology.
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- 2015
17. A tissue-based approach to selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in a sheep osteoporosis model
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Schulze, Felix, Malhan, Deeksha, El Khassawna, Thaqif, Heiss, Christian, Seckinger, Anja, Hose, Dirk, Rösen-Wolff, Angela, Hematology, and Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences
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BestKeeper ,lcsh:QH426-470 ,Transcription, Genetic ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,Osteoporosis/genetics ,Bone and Bones/metabolism ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Delta Ct method ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,geNorm ,Bone and Bones ,BestKeeper, Delta Ct method, MSC, NormFinder, Reference gene, Sheepm, geNorm, TU Dresden Publishing Fund ,surgery ,MSC ,610 Medical sciences Medicine ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,Animals ,ddc:610 ,Cells, Cultured ,Sheep ,hematology ,Methodology Article ,Reference gene ,NormFinder ,Reference Standards ,lcsh:Genetics ,Disease Models, Animal ,Gene Ontology ,Genes ,BestKeeper, Delta Ct-Methode, MSC, NormFinder, Referenzgen, Sheepm, geNorm, TU Dresden, Publikationsfond ,Osteoporosis ,Female ,Algorithms - Abstract
Background In order to better understand the multifactorial nature of osteoporosis, animal models are utilized and compared to healthy controls. Female sheep are well established as a model for osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy, calcium and vitamin D low diet, application of steroids, or a combination of these treatments. Transcriptional studies can be performed by applying quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR estimates mRNA-levels of target genes in relation to reference genes. A chosen set of reference genes should not show variation under experimental conditions. Currently, no standard reference genes are accepted for all tissue types and experimental conditions. Studies examining reference genes for sheep are rare and only one study described stable reference in mandibular bone. However, this type of bone differs from trabecular bone where most osteoporotic fractures occur. The present study aimed at identifying a set of reference genes for relative quantification of transcriptional activity of ovine spine bone and ovine in vitro differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) for reliable comparability. Methods Twelve candidate reference genes belonging to different functional classes were selected and their expression was measured from cultured ovMSCs (n = 18) and ovine bone samples (n = 16), respectively. RefFinder was used to rank the candidate genes. Results We identified B2M, GAPDH, RPL19 and YWHAZ as the best combination of reference genes for normalization of RT-qPCR results for transcriptional analyses of these ovine samples. Conclusion This study demonstrates the importance of applying a set of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in sheep. Based on our data we recommend using four identified reference genes for relative quantification of gene expression studies in ovine bone or for in vitro experiments with osteogenically differentiated ovine MSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4356-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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- 2017
18. Modern Applications of DNA Amplification Techniques : Problems and New Tools
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Dirk Lassner, Barbara Pustowoit, Arndt Rolfs, Dirk Lassner, Barbara Pustowoit, and Arndt Rolfs
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- Polymerase chain reaction--Congresses, DNA--Synthesis--Congresses, DNA--analysis--congresses, Polymerase Chain Reaction--methods--congresses, Polymerase Chain Reaction--standards--congress, Virus Diseases--diagnosis--congresses
- Abstract
In the ten years since the first publication on PCR (Saiki et al., 1985), this in vitro method of nucleic acid replication and modification has grown to rival in popularity traditional microbiological, genetical und technical procedures for cloning, sequencing, gene detecting and related procedures. To date the PCR literature has emphasized six main areas of application: genetic mapping, detection of mutations, genetic polymorphism, transcriptional splicing and regulation, molecular virology and quantitative procedures. The overwhelming focus of quantification of DNA or RNA by PCR has been on human microbiology and oncological problems. The exquisite sensitivity of PCR gives this method the ability to detect extremely rare DNAs, mRNAs, mRNAs in small numbers of cells or in small amounts of tissue, and mRNAs expressed in mixed-cell populations. However, the exact and accurate quantification of specific nucleic acids in biological samples is in spite of numerous publications in that field still a general problem: during the peR process, an unknown initial number of target sequences are used as a template from which a large quantity of specific product can be obtained. Although the amount of product formed is easy to determine, it is difficult to deduce the initial copy number of the target molecule because the efficiency of the peR is largely unknown.
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- 2013
19. Analysis of qPCR reference gene stability determination methods and a practical approach for efficiency calculation on a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) gonad dataset
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Rosa Cal, Laura Sánchez, Belén G. Pardo, Ana Viñas, Jorge Hernández-Urcera, Diego Robledo, Paulino Martínez, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (España), and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física
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Male ,Normalization (statistics) ,Gonad ,Microarray ,Scophthalmus maximus ,Flatfishes/genetics ,Reference genes ,Testis ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,14. Life underwater ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,Gene ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Ovary/metabolism ,Ovary ,Temperature ,Reference Standards ,Turbot ,biology.organism_classification ,Scophthalmus ,qPCR ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Amplification efficiency ,Testis/metabolism ,Flatfishes ,Female ,DNA microarray ,Research Article ,Biotechnology - Abstract
[Background] Gene expression analysis by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the most widely used method for analyzing the expression of a moderate number of genes and also for the validation of microarray results. Several issues are crucial for a successful qPCR study, particularly the selection of internal reference genes for normalization and efficiency determination. There is no agreement on which method is the best to detect the most stable genes neither on how to perform efficiency determination. In this study we offer a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of reference gene selection methods and how to decide which one is more reliable when they show discordant outcomes. Also, we analyze the current efficiency calculation controversy. Our dataset is composed by gonad samples of turbot at different development times reared at different temperatures. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a relevant marine aquaculture European species with increasing production in the incoming years. Since females largely outgrow males, identification of genes related to sex determination, gonad development and reproductive behavior, and analysis of their expression profiles are of primary importance for turbot industry., [Results] We analyzed gene stability of six reference genes: RPS4, RPL17, GAPDH, ACTB, UBQ and B2M using the comparative delta-CT method, Bestkeeper, NormFinder and GeNorm approaches in gonad samples of turbot. Supported by descriptive statistics, we found NormFinder to be the best method, while on the other side, GeNorm results proved to be unreliable. According to our analysis, UBQ and RPS4 were the most stable genes, while B2M was the least stable gene. We also analyzed the efficiency calculation softwares LinRegPCR, LREanalyzer, DART and PCR-Miner and we recommend LinRegPCR for research purposes since it does not systematically overestimate efficiency., [Conclusion] Our results indicate that NormFinder and LinRegPCR are the best approaches for reference gene selection and efficiency determination, respectively. We also recommend the use of UBQ and RPS4 for normalization of gonad development samples in turbot., This study was supported by a project from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL2010-22326-C02-01). Diego Robledo was supported by a FPU fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte of Spanish Governement.
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- 2014
20. Second worldwide proficiency study on variable number of tandem repeats typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
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de Beer, J.L., Ködmön, C., van Ingen, J., Supply, P., van Soolingen, D., Global Network for the Molecular Surveillance of Tuberculosis 2010, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), The project is coordinated by the ECDC and the implementation outsourced to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment under service contract ECDC/08/019 (February 2009-February 2012)., European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille (CIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) - Institut Pasteur de Lille - Université de Lille, Droit et Santé - Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies - IFR142
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Quality Control ,Infecções Respiratórias ,DNA, Bacterial ,Laboratory Proficiency Testing ,MESH: Quality Indicators, Health Care/standards ,VNTR ,MESH: Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification ,Minisatellite Repeats ,MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards ,MESH: Observer Variation ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,MESH: Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/standards ,MESH: Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Tuberculosis ,Humans ,Quality Indicators, Health Care ,Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ,Observer Variation ,MESH: Humans ,MLVA ,Reproducibility of Results ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,MESH: Bacterial Typing Techniques/standards ,[SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology ,Reproducibility ,MESH: Predictive Value of Tests ,MESH: DNA, Bacterial/genetics ,Bacterial Typing Techniques ,MESH: Reproducibility of Results ,Tandem Repeats ,lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4] ,MESH: Minisatellite Repeats ,Proficiency ,MESH: Laboratory Proficiency Testing/standards ,[SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology - Abstract
Global Network for the Molecular Surveillance of Tuberculosis 2010: A. Miranda (Tuberculosis Laboratory of the National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal) BACKGROUND: The quality of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first investigated in 2009 in 37 laboratories worldwide. The results revealed an inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibility of respectively 60% and 72%. These data spurred an improvement in laboratory-specific assays and global standardisation of VNTR typing. OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of the technical improvements and increased standardisation, a test panel consisting of 30 M. tuberculosis complex DNA samples was distributed for VNTR typing in 41 participating laboratories from 36 countries. RESULTS: The inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibil- ity increased overall to respectively 78% and 88%. The 33 laboratories that participated in both the first and second proficiency studies improved their inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibility from 62% and 72% to respectively 79% and 88%. The largest improvement in reproducibility was detected in 10 laboratories that use an in-house polymerase chain reaction technique and perform amplicon sizing using gel electrophoresis. Detailed error analysis revealed a reduction in the number of systematic errors, sample exchange events and non-amplifiable loci. CONCLUSION: This second worldwide proficiency study indicates a substantial increase in the reproduc- ibility of VNTR typing of M. tuberculosis. This will contribute to a more meaningful interpretation of molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic studies on the M. tuberculosis complex.
- Published
- 2014
21. Guidelines for quantitative RT-PCR
- Author
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Martin, Cathie
- Subjects
Polymerase chain reaction -- Measurement ,Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,Biological sciences ,Science and technology - Published
- 2009
22. Proposed validation of a quantitative quality assured PCR method
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Dorner, F., Eibl, J., and Zerlauth, G.
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Polymerase chain reaction -- Standards ,HIV infection -- Diagnosis - Published
- 1996
23. Feedback to: Comment on: Rabies‐infected dogs at slaughterhouses: A potential risk of rabies transmission via dog trading and butchering activities in Vietnam.
- Subjects
RABIES ,SLAUGHTERING ,DOGS ,WHOLE genome sequencing ,RABIES virus ,VETERINARY medicine ,PSYCHOLOGICAL feedback - Abstract
Some technical issues related to Cong et al.'s comments that need to be considered are as follows: Firstly, Cong et al suggested that the construction of the phylogenetic tree should be based on the full sequence of the N I gene i of rabies virus strains. Our group will soon establish a full genome sequence of N and G I genes i of rabies viruses isolated in Vietnam under another manuscript on 'molecular of rabies virus circulated in Vietnam from 2010 to 2020'. Therefore, analysis of rabies virus clades in Vu et al'. s research which was based on nucleotides sequences from nucleotides 55 to 660 of N I gene i is completely reliable. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Analysis of Treponema pallidum Strains From China Using Improved Methods for Whole-Genome Sequencing From Primary Syphilis Chancres.
- Author
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Chen, Wentao, Šmajs, David, Hu, Yongfei, Ke, Wujian, Pospíšilová, Petra, Hawley, Kelly L, Caimano, Melissa J, Radolf, Justin D, Sena, Arlene, Tucker, Joseph D, Yang, Bin, Juliano, Jonathan J, Zheng, Heping, and Parr, Jonathan B
- Subjects
TREPONEMA pallidum ,SYPHILIS ,SPIROCHETES ,SUBSPECIES ,DIAGNOSIS of syphilis ,BACTERIA classification ,RESEARCH ,ANIMAL experimentation ,RABBITS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH funding ,BACTERIA - Abstract
Background: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (TPA) has been constrained by the lack of in vitro cultivation methods for isolating spirochetes from patient samples.Methods: We built upon recently developed enrichment methods to sequence TPA directly from primary syphilis chancre swabs collected in Guangzhou, China.Results: By combining parallel, pooled whole-genome amplification with hybrid selection, we generated high-quality genomes from 4 of 8 chancre-swab samples and 2 of 2 rabbit-passaged isolates, all subjected to challenging storage conditions.Conclusions: This approach enabled the first WGS of Chinese samples without rabbit passage and provided insights into TPA genetic diversity in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Methane‐Oxidizing Bacteria Communities Shift to Attenuate a Controlled Vadose Zone Methane Release.
- Author
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Felice, Mark L., Schmidt, Radomir, Peng, Juan, de Sieyes, Nicholas R., Scow, Kate M., and Mackay, Douglas M.
- Abstract
Core Ideas: The ecological niche of soil methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) affects CH4 efflux.Results support application of the CSR model to MOB proposed by other researchers.The presence of MOB does not ensure complete CH4 oxidation.MOB require specific physical conditions to respond to CH4 inputs. Methane generated from small‐rate releases of ethanol‐blended fuels into the vadose zone potentially poses health and safety risks. Ubiquitous methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in soils can convert CH4 into CO2, potentially alleviating these risks. Understanding MOB ecology can help to better predict where subsurface CH4 production may pose health and safety risks and inform site management by identifying environmental conditions not conducive to CH4 mitigation. We established a densely monitored field site previously unexposed to high CH4 concentrations to allow the controlled release of CH4 into the vadose zone and monitoring of subsurface gas migration, surface efflux, and changes to MOB communities by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. During the initial stages of CH4 injection, soil conditions were very dry, and a large portion of the injected CH4 reached the ground surface as efflux. During this time, the composition of MOB remained similar to pre‐experimental conditions, with the Methylosinus group dominating. Following a period of rainfall and increased soil moisture conditions, efflux dropped, and only approximately 1% of injected CH4 was detected as efflux. The composition of the MOB community measured immediately following the drop in efflux had shifted so that near the injection point, the Methylobacter group of MOB was now dominant. This behavior followed the predictions of the competitor‐stress‐tolerator‐ruderal (CSR) ecological framework, which suggests that Methylosinus is a stress‐tolerating group while Methylobacter is a competitor group capable of degrading large amounts of CH4 but poorly suited for surviving stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
26. Comparison of throat swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens for rapid detection of adenovirus.
- Author
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Hara, Michimaru, Takao, Shinichi, and Shimazu, Yukie
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- *
BIOLOGICAL specimens , *ASPIRATORS , *ADENOVIRUS diseases , *VIRUS diseases , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *DIAGNOSIS , *PATIENTS - Abstract
Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and throat swab (TS) specimens from individual patients were compared with regard to usefulness for adenovirus detection. In 153 adenovirus-infected patients, rapid test sensitivities with NPAs (90.8%) were nearly equivalent to those with TSs (91.5%) based on real-time polymerase chain reaction standards, indicating that NPAs are equally useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Temporal Arteries Biopsy Positive and Negative for Giant Cell Arteritis.
- Author
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Nagel, Maria A., White, Teresa, Khmeleva, Nelly, Rempel, April, Boyer, Philip J., Bennett, Jeffrey L., Haller, Andrea, Lear-Kaul, Kelly, Kandasmy, Balasurbramaniyam, Amato, Malena, Wood, Edward, Durairaj, Vikram, Fogt, Franz, Tamhankar, Madhura A., Grossniklaus, Hans E., Poppiti, Robert J., Bockelman, Brian, Keyvani, Kathy, Pollak, Lea, and Mendlovic, Sonia
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Detection of small RNA molecules by a combination of branched rolling circle amplification and bioluminescent pyrophosphate assay.
- Author
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Mashimo, Yasumasa, Mie, Masayasu, Suzuki, Shigeya, and Kobatake, Eiry
- Subjects
BIOMARKERS ,BIOLUMINESCENCE assay ,MOLECULES ,PYROPHOSPHATES ,RNA - Abstract
errant expression of miRNAs often correlates with various human diseases. Therefore, miRNAs have been focused as disease biomarkers. Here, a novel application of a bioluminescence (BL) assay for small RNA quantification is described. The assay is based on detecting pyrophosphate (PPi) molecules released during branched rolling circle amplification (BRCA) with a second primer in the presence of target RNA molecules. The number of released PPi molecules is correlated with the target RNA copy number. This assay was capable of detecting at least 20 amol of target RNA molecules, and the dynamic range extended over at least three orders of magnitude. Appropriate use of a second primer allowed for sensitive detection of RNA molecules with a high S/N ratio in less time. Moreover, the assay could specifically detect as low as 0.1 fmol of a target small RNA within a total RNA extract with high reproducibility. These data suggest that our assay has the potential to become a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive method to detect miRNA. Furthermore, this method combined with a BL assay, which utilizes a widely used inexpensive luminometer, could be used for a wider, versatile range of applications. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Influenza genome analysis using pyrosequencing method: current applications for a moving target.
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- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Phase 2 trial of leuprorelin in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.
- Author
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Banno, Haruhiko, Katsuno, Masahisa, Suzuki, Keisuke, Takeuchi, Yu, Kawashima, Motoshi, Suga, Noriaki, Takamori, Motoko, Ito, Mizuki, Nakamura, Tomohiko, Matsuo, Koji, Yamada, Shinichi, Oki, Yumiko, Adachi, Hiroaki, Minamiyama, Makoto, Waza, Masahiro, Atsuta, Naoki, Watanabe, Hirohisa, Fujimoto, Yasushi, Nakashima, Tsutomu, and Tanaka, Fumiaki
- Abstract
Objective Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR). Animal studies have shown that the pathogenesis of SBMA is dependent on serum testosterone level. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of androgen deprivation by leuprorelin acetate in patients with SBMA. Methods Fifty SBMA patients underwent subcutaneous injections of leuprorelin acetate or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial for 48 weeks, followed by an open-label trial for an additional 96 weeks, in which 19 patients of the leuprorelin group and 15 of the placebo group received leuprorelin acetate. The patients who did not participate in the open-label trial were also followed up for the 96-week period (UMIN000000474). Results Leuprorelin acetate significantly extended the duration of cricopharyngeal opening in videofluorography and decreased mutant AR accumulation in scrotal skin biopsy. The patients treated with leuprorelin acetate for 144 weeks exhibited significantly greater functional scores and better swallowing parameters than those who received placebo. Autopsy of one patient who received leuprorelin acetate for 118 weeks suggested that androgen deprivation inhibits the nuclear accumulation or stabilization, or both, of mutant AR in the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. Interpretation These observations suggest that administration of leuprorelin acetate suppresses the deterioration of neuromuscular impairment in SBMA by inhibiting the toxic accumulation of mutant AR. The results of this phase 2 trial support the start of large-scale clinical trials of androgen deprivation for SBMA. Ann Neurol 2009;65:140-150 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Molecular Diagnostics of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.
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Scott, John D. and Gretch, David R.
- Subjects
HEPATITIS C virus ,CHRONIC active hepatitis ,FLAVIVIRUSES ,HEPATITIS viruses ,MEDICAL research - Abstract
The article presents research into molecular diagnostic tests for hepatitis C virus (HCV). The study relied on a search of MEDLINE, article lists, and national meeting abstracts. The recommendation is that a sensitive nucleic acid test be used to confirm all cases of acute or chronic HCV. To assess the probability of therapeutic success and aid in selection of therapies, a genotype test and HCV RNA test should be performed on all patients prior to therapy. The same type of HCV RNA test should be used throughout the therapy regimen as a guide to the likelihood of sustained virological response.
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- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Gene expression analysis of myeloid and lymphoid lineage markers during mouse haematopoiesis.
- Author
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Sakhinia, E., Byers, R., Bashein, A., Hoyland, J., Buckle, A.-M., and Brady, G.
- Subjects
GENE expression ,LYSOZYMES ,BONE marrow ,GENES ,CELL lines ,GRANULOCYTES - Abstract
Expression profiling of haematopoietic cells is hampered by the heterogeneous nature of haematopoietic tissues and the absolute rarity of early unrestricted progenitors. To overcome this, the expression profile of lymphoid and myeloid-associated genes ( LEF1, EBF, CD19, Sox-4, B29, CD45, C-fms, lysozyme, PU.1 and CD5) were investigated in 40 mouse myeloid haematopoietic precursors covering the entire haematopoietic hierarchy from multipotential to committed single lineages. The lineage-specific expression seen in single-cell studies was confirmed by examining fractionated bone marrow, whole tissues and differentiation of the multipotent cell line FDCP (Factor Dependent Cell Paterson) mix. Analysis of the 40 single myeloid precursors failed to detect expression of lymphoid-associated genes, LEF1, EBF, CD19 and CD5, despite detection in lymphoid cell controls. Surprisingly, the lymphoid-associated genes, Sox-4 and B29 were detected in the single myeloid precursors, which was confirmed in bone marrow and a multipotential myeloid cell line. The pattern of Sox-4 and B29, is consistent with a potential role in the commitment of bipotential granulocytic/macrophage precursors towards the granulocyte or macrophage lineage. In addition to providing baseline values for myeloid and lymphoid lineage markers during mouse haematopoiesis, these results highlight the importance of single-cell analysis in the study of complex tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Pyrosequencing technology and the need for versatile solutions in molecular clinical research.
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- 2002
34. Instant evaluation of the absolute initial number of cDNA copies from a single real-time PCR curve.
- Author
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Swillens, Stéphane, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Marechal, Yoann, de Kerchove d'Exaerde, Alban, El Housni, Hakim, Swillens, Stéphane, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Marechal, Yoann, de Kerchove d'Exaerde, Alban, and El Housni, Hakim
- Abstract
Amplification of a cDNA product by quantitative PCR (qPCR) is monitored by a fluorescent signal proportional to the amount of produced amplicon. The qPCR amplification curve usually displays an exponential phase followed by a non-exponential phase, ending with a plateau. Contrary to prevalent interpretation, we demonstrate that under standard qPCR conditions, the plateau can be explained by depletion of the probe through Taq polymerase- catalysed hydrolysis. Knowing the probe concentration and the fluorescence measured at the plateau, a specific fluorescence can thus be calculated. As far as probe hydrolysis quantitatively reflects amplicon synthesis, this, in turn, makes it possible to convert measured fluorescence levels in the exponential phase into concentrations of produced amplicon. It follows that the absolute target cDNA concentration initially engaged in the qPCR can be directly estimated from the fluorescence data, with no need to refer to any calibration with known concentrations of target DNA., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2004
35. Laser-assisted microdissection applied to frozen surgical pathologic specimens - methodological aspects on RT-PCR.
- Author
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Saal, Isabelle, Gustin, Anne, Rombaut, Katja, Pelaez, Pilar, Rorive, Sandrine, Remmelink, Myriam, Salmon, Isabelle, Saal, Isabelle, Gustin, Anne, Rombaut, Katja, Pelaez, Pilar, Rorive, Sandrine, Remmelink, Myriam, and Salmon, Isabelle
- Abstract
Laser-assisted microdissection has become a unique technique for an accurate gene-expression profiling analysis in human tissues. The introduction of this approach requires the development of a reliable, efficient, and reproducible procedure for tissue processing. We report a systematic evaluation of the different relevant steps required to obtain sufficient quantity and good quality RNA for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction when using frozen surgical pathologic tissues as starting material. We propose an optimized and very efficient method with respect to time and effort that can easily be put into practice in research laboratory as well as in any pathology laboratory., Evaluation Studies, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2003
36. The quantification of gene expression in an animal model of brain ischaemia using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR.
- Author
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Bond, Brian C, Virley, David J, Cairns, Nigel J, Hunter, A Jackie, Moore, Gary B T, Moss, Stephen J, Mudge, Anne W, Walsh, Frank S, Jazin, Elena, Preece, Paul, Bond, Brian C, Virley, David J, Cairns, Nigel J, Hunter, A Jackie, Moore, Gary B T, Moss, Stephen J, Mudge, Anne W, Walsh, Frank S, Jazin, Elena, and Preece, Paul
- Published
- 2002
37. Comparison of throat swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens for rapid detection of adenovirus
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Michimaru Hara, Yukie Shimazu, and Shinichi Takao
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Adenoviridae Infections ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Rapid detection ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,law.invention ,Adenoviridae ,Specimen Handling ,stomatognathic system ,law ,Nasopharyngeal aspirate ,Nasopharynx ,Medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Polymerase chain reaction ,business.industry ,Viral culture ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Throat swab ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Child, Preschool ,Pharynx ,Female ,business - Abstract
Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and throat swab (TS) specimens from individual patients were compared with regard to usefulness for adenovirus detection. In 153 adenovirus-infected patients, rapid test sensitivities with NPAs (90.8%) were nearly equivalent to those with TSs (91.5%) based on real-time polymerase chain reaction standards, indicating that NPAs are equally useful.
- Published
- 2014
38. Developing Norms for the Provision of Biological Laboratories in Low-Resource Contexts : Proceedings of a Workshop
- Author
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Policy and Global Affairs, Micah D. Lowenthal, Frances E. Sharples, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Policy and Global Affairs, Micah D. Lowenthal, and Frances E. Sharples
- Subjects
- Biological laboratories--Congresses
- Abstract
On June 27-28, 2018, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies) convened an international workshop in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on developing norms for the provision of laboratories in low-resource contexts. The U.S. Department of State's Biosecurity Engagement Program requested that the National Academies organize this workshop to engage an international group of organizations that provide funding for construction, upgrades, and maintenance of biological laboratories in countries without the means to build such labs themselves. Twenty-one people from 19 organizations participated. The intent was to advance the conversation about the identification and application of guiding principles and common norms for use by these organizations in their grants, partnerships, and aid. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
- Published
- 2019
39. PCR Technology : Current Innovations, Third Edition
- Author
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Tania Nolan, Stephen A. Bustin, Tania Nolan, and Stephen A. Bustin
- Subjects
- Polymerase chain reaction--Methodology
- Abstract
PCR's simplicity as a molecular technique is, in some ways, responsible for the huge amount of innovation that surrounds it, as researchers continually think of new ways to tweak, adapt, and re-formulate concepts and applications. PCR Technology: Current Innovations, Third Edition is a collection of novel methods, insights, and points of view that
- Published
- 2013
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