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Fabrication of a novel nanocomposite named calcium ferrite/polyaniline (CaFe2O4-PANI) was reported and its potential for adsorption of toxic cationic dye named Victoria blue (VB) was studied in this work. The CaFe2O4-PANI has showcased improved adsorptive potential for VB dye with approximately 95.35 (±1.48)% of removal efficiency at solution pH 8.0, CaFe2O4-PANI dose of 0.5 g/L, contact time of 20 min and initial VB dye concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model with a maximum uptake capacity of 266.67 mg/g. The adsorbent was also tested against surface and ground water sample loaded with VB dye and in presence of several ions. It was found that surface water has caused less interference (∼2 (±0.85)% reduction in VB dye removal efficiency) followed by ground water (∼4 (±0.91)% reduction) and wastewater (∼8 (±1.24)% reduction) and also the removal efficiencies are affected the most by bicarbonate ions (∼12 (±1.39)%–14 (±1.62)% reduction in VB dye removal efficiency). The experimental process was optimized utilizing a five level, three factor based response surface methodology (RSM) approach and the experimental parameters were optimized to CaFe2O4-PANI dosage = 0.5 g/L, contact time = 65 min and initial VB dye conc. = 60 mg/L, using the developed quadratic model to achieve a maximum VB removal efficiency of 98.63 (±2.13)%. Regeneration study suggests that the fabricated adsorbent can be reused up to five cycles with ∼10 (±1.13)% decrease in the VB dye removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redox activities of polyaniline (PANI) are hindered by the instability of pernigraniline salt (PS) state which degrades into oligo‐aniline. In this work, the use of protic additives is examined to mitigate capacity fading and increase utilization of PANI in nonaqueous electrolytes. The protic additive propylene glycol, with its hydrogen‐bonding capabilities, stabilizes the PS PANI and promotes reversible redox reactions, facilitating high capacity and an extended cycle lifetime for applications in metal ion supercapacitors. The use of this protic nonaqueous electrolyte in a PANI–zinc device results in an energy density of 255 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1.8 kW kg−1 and a robust cycle lifetime of 3,850 charge/discharge cycles. The PANI at a high current density of 6.5 mA cm−2 reaches a capacity of 257 mAh g−1, equivalent to 87% of the its theoretical capacity, showcasing the effectiveness of the protic additive in improving both capacity and cycle life in electrochemical supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the electrochemical fabrication of thin films comprising polyaniline nanofibers (PANI) in conjunction with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on ITO substrate, along with examining the electrochemical properties, with a focus on the influence of the substrate and electrolyte in the electrodeposition methods. The study explores the electrochemical characteristics of these thin films and establishes a flexible framework for their application in diverse sectors such as sensors, supercapacitors, and electronic devices. It analyzes the impact of the substrate and electrolyte in electrodeposition techniques. The effects were studied using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The fabrication process of PANI/GO and PANI/rGO thin films involved the integration of rGO within PANI via electropolymerization, conducted under sulfuric acid. GO was synthesized by modifying the well-known Hummers' method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM showed the diameters of the formed PANI were between 40 and 150 nm, which helped to intertwine the rGO nanosheets with PANI nanofibers to form thin films. The electrochemical behavior of the PANI/rGO thin films was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry in different electrolytes, including sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and potassium nitrate (KNO₃). The CV profiles exhibited distinct oxidation and reduction peaks, with variations in the voltammogram morphology attributed to the nature of the electrolyte and the substrate employed during the electrodeposition process. These results highlight the critical role of both the substrate and electrolyte in governing the electrochemical performance of PANI/rGO thin films. The findings from this study demonstrate a versatile approach for the fabrication of PANI/graphene-based thin films with tunable electrochemical properties, and such a strategy has great application to fabricating other thin film composites for supercapacitors or other control source frameworks requiring enhanced charge storage and electrochemical responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cutting-edge catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of water splitting. Spinel-type materials have gained recognition for their exceptional catalytic performance in OER activity. The excessive OER overpotential is the significant obstacle that hinders the use of spinel-type materials. In this work, polyaniline (PANI) was incorporated to significantly enhance the performance of spinel SnFe2O4 material by straightforward hydrothermal method. SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst demonstrated an impressive overpotential of 198 mV at 10 mA cm–2 and a 33 mV dec–1 Tafel slope with higher OER activity. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst was determined to be 2348.53 cm2, with higher cyclic stability of 25 h after 5000th cycles with minimal impedance characteristics (Rct = 0.18 Ω). In addition, the findings showed that the inclusion of PANI led to expansion of the surface area to improve the conductivity, resulting in notable enhancement of the catalysts' OER activity. This modification has resulted in an improved OER catalyst, making it highly sought after for various applications in the water-splitting field. Highlights: SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst was synthesized through hydrothermal route for improved OER activity. The SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst displays a reduced overpotential of 198 mV and Tafel slope of 33 mVdec−1. SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst demonstrates remarkable cycling stability of 25 h. SnFe2O4@PANI catalyst exhibits significantly lower impedance of Rct = 0.18 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon (Ac) prepared from Thapsia transtagana was combined with a different ratio of aniline to synthesize Ac/PAni composites. Various characterization techniques, such as XRD, FESEM-EDX, TEM, and ATR-FTIR, were conducted to confirm the structure, surface morphology, and chemical characteristics of the composites. The materials were tested for eriochrome black T (EBT) adsorption. Batch results exposed that the Ac/PAni6 with the highest ratio of aniline displays the highest EBT removal efficiency. The kinetics of EBT adsorption over the Ac/PAni6 composite followed the Elovich model, and the equilibrium data suited the Redlich–Peterson and Toth isotherm models. The adsorption was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic. The statistical physics equations have also been investigated. Four models have been proposed as one layer and two layers with one and two energies. The adsorption of EBT on the Ac/PAni6 composite correlated to the one layer two energies model. The statistical physical parameters, including the number of adsorbed molecules per site ( n 1 , n 2 ), the receptor sites density ( N 1 M , N 2 M ), the adsorption capacity at saturation ( Q 1 , Q 2 ), and the energy of adsorption ( E 1 , E 2 ) have all been considered. The total capacity at saturation is enhanced with temperature, which approves the endothermic nature of the process. The interpretation of the calculated energies E 1 and E 2 (< 40 kJ/mol) suggested that the EBT interaction with the Ac/PAni6 surface was mainly a physisorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and water are essential resources currently facing high demand due to the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing water pollution. Conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI) have gained attention for addressing these challenges. In this study, polyaniline/pullulan composites (PANI/Pul Cps) are synthesized via oxidative polymerization. The influence of the aniline‐to‐pullulan mass ratio on the composite properties is evaluated using various techniques. XRD analysis showed enhanced crystallinity with the addition of pullulan, while TEM results revealed that the composites exhibited a rod‐like shape, with dimensions of 51–55 nm in width and 131–152 nm in length. The photocatalytic potential of the composites is assessed by testing their ability to degrade Crystal Violet dye, with the highest degradation rate observed at 0.0086 min⁻¹. The electrochemical performance of the PANI/Pul Cps is also evaluated, with specific capacitance values ranging from 92 to 123 F/g. These results suggest that PANI/Pul Cps have potential for both wastewater treatment and energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-composite materials of reducing graphene oxide (RGO), polyaniline (Pani), and Prussian blue (PB) were prepared. RGO was prepared by the hammer oxidation method followed by reduction with olive leaf extract (OLE). Pani was prepared by chemical oxidation with ammonium persulfate (APS). PB was prepared by mixing two equal volumes of the same concentration of Fe(NO3)3 and K4Fe(CN)6. These three materials were ground with black activated carbon as filler and wetted with a binder to produce a slurry. A surgical blade was used to coat the GC substrate with the slurry and allowed to stand for two days. A comparative study of single, binary, and ternary components was performed. Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the ternary composite and the SEM pattern was used to study the morphology of the nanomaterials. The electrochemical tests were performed using cyclic voltammetry and demonstrated high specific capacitance, high reversibility, and excellent stability, up to 98.2% of the initial value after 1000 cycles. Charge/discharge time which also demonstrates high-rate capability and high specific capacity, up to 850 F/g at 0.1 A/g was investigated. Finally, the resistance of the electrode/electrolyte interface based on the measurements obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was considered. Achieved Made a prototype of a supercapacitor with a hybrid solid-state gel electrolyte using a Cu–Al foil folding current collector, which was tested using a rotating little fan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Manganese oxides have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Despite extensive efforts to improve their conductivity and structural stability through various manganese oxide/conductor nanocomposites, achieving efficient and reliable energy storage electrode materials has remained challenging. In this study, we propose a meticulous “dual enhancement” strategy, where three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructured polyaniline/manganese oxide composites (PM) are synthesized via an in situ method and further integrated with graphene wrapping to form polyaniline/manganese oxide/graphene nanocomposites (PMG). Electrochemical characterization reveals that PMG exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of up to 403 F g−1 (at 1 A g−1), with a favorable capacitance retention of 80.2% after 5000 cycles, along with a wide potential window. This enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of polyaniline, which provides a supportive framework and electron transport pathways, and graphene, which offers external protection and enhances conductivity pathways. Assembled symmetrical supercapacitors demonstrate outstanding energy density (32.7–23.3 Wh kg−1) and power density (720–4500 W kg−1) at a high operating voltage of 1.8 V, surpassing the performance of many reported high‐performance supercapacitors. This study provides valuable insights for advancing manganese oxide electrode materials and is expected to catalyze their widespread adoption in energy storage applications. “Dual enhancement” is implemented by PANI supporting and rGO wrapping. The conductivity and structural stability of composite electrode is greatly enhanced. Improved capacitance (403 F g−1, 1 A g−1) and cycling stability (80.2%) is achieved. The symmetrical supercapacitor has high voltage and energy density (32.7 Wh kg−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents, for the first time, a new method for the synthesis of polymers containing different ratios of oxidized quinoid and reduced benzenoid units in polyaniline (PANi)‐like structure. Copolymers were synthesized by an oxidative copolymerization method of p‐phenylene diamine (p‐PDA) and o‐anisidine (o‐An) in an organic medium using different initial compositions of monomers. The compositions of the copolymer were determined based on 1H NMR spectral data. The thermal stability, electrical conductivity, morphology, and solubility were studied and a comparative analysis with polyaniline and corresponding homopolymers was been carried out. The thermal behavior of copolymers was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that during heating one endothermic process of water evaporation and two exothermic processes occur, which depend on copolymer composition, and only 30% weight loss occurs up to 600 °C. It is shown that room‐temperature conductivity of copolymers doped with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids ranges from 10−5 to 10−3 S cm−1 and increases with increasing concentration of o‐anisidine structural units. The conductivity of iodine‐doped copolymers is of the same order as the conductivity of iodine‐doped PANi in emeraldine and leucoemeraldine forms. The morphology of doped copolymers depends on the co‐monomer ratio and the type of dopants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article focuses on the potential of cobalt oxide composites with conducting polymers, particularly polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors, batteries, and supercapatteries. Cobalt oxide, known for its high theoretical capacitance, is limited by poor conductivity and structural degradation during cycling. However, the integration of PPy and PANI has been proven to enhance the electrochemical performance through improved conductivity, increased pseudocapacitive effects, and enhanced structural integrity. This synergistic combination facilitates efficient charge transport and ion diffusion, resulting in improved cycling stability and energy storage capacity. Despite significant progress in synthesis techniques and composite design, challenges such as maintaining structural stability during prolonged cycling and scalability for mass production remain. This review highlights the synthesis methods, latest advancements, and electrochemical performance in cobalt oxide/PPy and cobalt oxide/PANI composites, emphasizing their potential to contribute to the development of next-generation energy storage devices. Further exploration into their application, especially in battery systems, is necessary to fully harness their capabilities and meet the increasing demands of energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the non‐covalent interactions between corner‐functionalized derivatives of borophene and polyaniline. The study investigates B36, its derivatives having functional groups at all the six corners of outermost rim boron atoms i. e., B36‐H, B36‐OH, B36‐COOH, B36‐NH2 as well as five singly doped composites with polyaniline coded as, B36‐Pol, B36‐H‐Pol, B36‐OH‐Pol, B36‐COOH‐Pol and B36‐NH2‐Pol. The study discovers the features of these molecules by applying different quantum methods, i. e., frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), IR, Raman, UV, linear polarizability (α0), 1st order polarizability (β0), non‐covalent interactions (NCI) density of states (DOS), Iso‐surface analysis, dipole moment (μ), vertical ionization energy (EVI), Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis, electron density distribution map (EDDM) analysis and quantum reactivity parameters using DFT directing towards the efficient Non‐Linear Optical (NLO) study. Compared to pristine B36, the efficiency of electron transfer in the doped complexes was considerably enhanced by minimizing the bandgap (Eg) from 4.66 to 1.27 eV and elevation of absorption (λmax) from 589.80 to 1500.23 nm. The complex B36‐OH‐Pol illustrates a significant rise in 1st order polarizability (βo=61371.91 au) due to lower excitation energies as compared to pristine B36 surface (βo=1016.38 au). DFT methods computed that all the structures demonstrated better charge transport properties after doping with polyaniline. Therefore, they can be promising candidates for future NLO applications, particularly B36‐OH‐Pol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, BaFe12O19/Ni0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4@PANI core‐shell nanocomposites were synthesized with different ferrite/PANI ratios. The Ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by the auto‐combustion sol–gel method. Chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in acidic solution along with adding ferrite nanoparticles to the composition was used for the synthesis of nanocomposites. The product then was studied by X‐ray diffractometer)XRD(, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Also, nanocomposite samples were examined in terms of the ability to absorb microwaves. Using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). the reflection loss (RL) of nanocomposites was measured at frequencies between 2 and 18 GHz. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) was obtained at −36.98 dB at the frequency of 13.8 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.87 GHz for the sample with the equal ratio of ferrite/PANI. Synthesized nanocomposite as an effective compound has very high reflection loss in a wide frequency range. Highlights: Thermal stability is improved by adding ferrite nanoparticles to polyaniline.The polymer shell reduces the magnetic properties of ferrite nanoparticles.There is a strong exchange coupling between hard and soft ferrite.Ferrite/polymer ratio of 1:1 has the lowest amount of reflection loss.In the X and Ku band, magnetic loss is mainly caused by eddy currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need for sustainable energy storage solutions has spurred research on high‐performance and cost‐effective energy storage technologies. Supercapacitors (SCs) show great potential due to their capacity to provide significant capacitance, energy and power density. This study focused on the enhancement of electrically conductive reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) reinforced with polyaniline (PANI) composites to fabricate the supercapacitors. Various characterization techniques, including SEM, EDAX, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, PXRD, TGA, BET, and CV were employed for the examination of the materials. The findings demonstrate that the rGO/PANI composite displayed nanostructured layers characterized by flaky leaf‐like structures, a trigonal crystal system, and a notable specific capacitance of 410 Fg−1, along with capacitance retention rate of 85 after completion of 1000 cycles. This composite showcases outstanding electrochemical performance leads to the promising material to use in SCs manufacturing. Highlights: Electrode showed pseudocapacitive behavior, capacitance of 392 F/g.PXRD pattern confirmed presence of benzenoid and quinonoid groups.BET analysis showed surface area of 16.850 m2/g, porous nature indicated.Electrode displayed good reversibility, with a‐b value of 0.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered vanadium‐based oxides have emerged as highly promising candidates for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their open‐framework layer structure and high theoretical capacity among the diverse cathode materials investigated. However, the susceptibility to structural collapse during charge‐discharge cycling severely hampers their advancement. Herein, we propose an effective strategy to enhance the cycling stability of vanadium oxides. Initially, the structural integrity of the host material is significantly reinforced by incorporating bi‐cations Na+ and NH4+ as "pillars" between the V2O5 layers (NaNVO). Subsequently, surface coating with polyaniline (PA) is employed to further improve the conductivity of the active material. As anticipated, the assembled Zn//NaNVO@PA cell exhibits a remarkable discharge capacity of 492 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and exceptional capacity retention up to 89.2 % after 1000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. Moreover, a series of in‐situ and ex‐situ characterization techniques were utilized to investigate both Zn ions insertion/extraction storage mechanism and the contribution of polyaniline protonation process towards enhancing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI) provides an attractive organic platform for CO2 electrochemical reduction due to the ability to adsorb CO2 molecules and in providing means to interact with metal nanostructures. In this work, a novel PANI supported copper catalyst has been developed by coupling the interfacial polymerization of PANI and Cu. The hybrid catalyst demonstrates excellent activity towards production of hydrocarbon products including CH4 and C2H4, compared with the use of bare Cu. A Faradaic efficiency of 71.8 % and a current density of 16.9 mA/cm2 were achieved at −0.86 V vs. RHE, in contrast to only 22.2 % and 1.0 mA/cm2 from the counterpart Cu catalysts. The remarkably enhanced catalytic performance of the hybrid PANI/Cu catalyst can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between the PANI underlayer and copper. The PANI favours the adsorption and binding of CO2 molecules via its nitrogen sites to form *CO intermediates, while the Cu/PANI interfaces confine the diffusion or desorption of the *CO intermediates favouring their further hydrogenation or carbon‐carbon coupling to form hydrocarbon products. This work provides insights into the formation of hydrocarbon products on PANI‐modified Cu catalysts, which may guide the development of conducting polymer‐metal catalysts for CO2 electroreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, PANI/CNTs composite materials were prepared by emulsion polymerization with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Tween-80 (Tween-80) as soft templates, ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mixed with appropriate amount. The composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results show that PANI/CNTs composites present core-shell structure with fiber shape, and PANI materials cover the surface of CNTs uniformly. The electrochemical test results show that the specific capacitance of PANI/CNTs electrode is 478.48 F/g at the current density of 1.0 A/g. After 1 000 cycles, the specific capacitance retention rate of PANI/CNTs is 70.01%, while that of PANI prepared by traditional method is only 49.10%. The specific capacitance of PANI/CNTs composites obtained by emulsion polymerization is higher than that of PANI single material obtained by traditional method, and the cycle life is significantly improved. This method provides an important strategy for the preparation of electrode materials of high-performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although polyaniline has a high electroactivity in environments below pH 5, it loses its electroactivity in neutral and basic environments. In addition, polyaniline film does not give physically stable film when it becomes thick. For these reasons, polyaniline has been synthesized in the presence of other monomers or inorganic/organic species, leading to the obtaining of composite polymers with some new electrochemical and physical properties. In this study, novel composite polymer films of polyaniline were synthesized electrochemically in the presence of different concentrations of Na2MoO4.2H2O and Na2WO4.2H2O, and these composite polymer films were examined in monomer-free solutions for electrochemical investigation. As a result, the cathodic charge of polyaniline increased from 0.25 mC to 1.50 mC in the presence of 0.05 M Na2MoO4.2H2O. Also, the polyaniline/WO3 composite achieved a charge transfer of 0.42 mC in the presence of 0.25 M NiSO4.2H2O, 0.05 M NiCl2.6H2O, Na2WO4, Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.4 M Na3C6H5O7.2H2O and 0.05 Na2WO4.2H2O as a metal source. These prove the better charge transfer during the redox reaction of the polyaniline composite film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the use of novel Ganga-sand-encapsulated polyaniline granules for effective remediation of textile and pharmaceutical wastewater. The prepared Ganga-sand-encapsulated polyaniline granules were characterised using scanning electron microscope (morphology) and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, pH and concentration influence on the adsorption performance of Ganga-sand-encapsulated polyaniline granules for the removal of methylene blue dye (textile waste) and doxycycline antibiotic (pharmaceutical waste) was studied. Kinetic and isotherm studies were also carried out to investigate the adsorption process further. The maximum adsorptive removal efficacy of methylene blue and doxycycline was found as 98.2% and 85.1%, respectively, at the optimised condition of adsorbent dose: 8 g/L, time: 120 min, pH: 12 and concentration: 50 ppm. From adsorption kinetics, it was established that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order (PSO) rather than pseudo-first-order (PFO). The correlation coefficient values for PFO and PSO models were 0.9012 and 0.9992, respectively, for methylene blue dye adsorption on Ganga-sand-encapsulated polyaniline granules. The adsorption isotherm study established that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir model rather than the Freundlich model. This study found that Ganga-sand-encapsulated polyaniline granules can be a promising adsorbent for textile and pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing interest in dental practice in intranasal anesthesia using tetracaine and oxymetazoline dictates the need for their simultaneous determination in combination drugs and human saliva. Potentiometric multisensory systems based on perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, including polyaniline‐modified ones, were developed for these purposes. A change in the distribution of the sensor sensitivity to the related analytes was achieved by variation of the conditions for concentration polarization at the membrane interface with a studied solution due to a change in the intrapore volume, nature, and availability of the sorption centers, as well as the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface that were specified by the conditions for their synthesis and subsequent hydrothermal treatment. Reversibility of the analyte sorption using the chosen conditions for regeneration provided long‐term stable work of both the sensors and the calibration equations established by multivariate linear regression. The membrane modification promoted their resistance to fouling. The relative errors of the simultaneous tetracaine and oxymetazoline determination in the combination drug solutions were no greater than 7% and 11%, while in the artificial saliva solutions, they were 15% and 17%, respectively, when an array of the cross‐sensitive sensors based on the composite membranes prepared by different methods was used. The analysis errors were reduced to 3%–6% when analyzing the drug and to 0.2%–6% when analyzing the artificial saliva if an array was organized with the sensors based on the membrane with the dopant and the membrane without it, due to the decreasing correlation between their responses. Potentiometric multisensory systems based on perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, including polyaniline‐modified ones, were developed for the simultaneous determination of tetracaine and oxymetazoline in combination drugs and human saliva. Reversibility of the analyte sorption during regeneration provided long‐term stable work of the sensors and calibration equations established by multivariate linear regression. The analysis errors were 0.2%–6% for the sensor array based on the membrane with polyaniline and the one without it, due to the low correlation between the responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is currently a critical global issue. Various research groups have developed active adsorbent materials. This study aims to enhance the adsorption of water pollutants, particularly fluoride, by modifying the electronic structure of red soil through in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization techniques. The synthesized materials were characterized using techniques including powder XRD, FT-IR, UV spectroscopy, and Conductometer, followed by testing their adsorption performance. The XRD analysis revealed that while the crystal structures of embedded red soil remained amorphous, polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/red soil (RS) nanoparticles became polycrystalline. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of fluoride ions by PANI/RS was determined to be 9.35 mg/g. Optimization experiments showed that PANI/RS exhibited maximum adsorption performance for fluoride ions under specific conditions: pH 4.0, a contact time of 50 min, temperature of 35 °C, and an initial concentration of 15 mg/L with 2 mg of adsorbent, achieving a removal efficiency of 99.9%. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data, with R² values of 0.94 and 0.95, respectively. This suggests that PANI/RS is an effective adsorbent material for removing fluoride ions from wastewater. Overall, PANI/RS outperformed red soil alone, demonstrating potential for practical application in water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of SnCl2 dopant concentration on the properties of Sn-doped polyaniline (PANI) as a hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite solar cells (PSC) was investigated. PANI films were synthesized by potentiostatic electropolymerization at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl in sulfuric acid containing 0.1 M of aniline. The study analyzed various processes, including anodic charge transfer, diffusion, crosslinking, and coordination of SnCl2. Results showed that SnCl2 doping decreased the branching of PANI chains and enhanced the thermal properties of PANI. The Raman spectrum confirmed crosslinking behavior due to the incorporation of Sn. Thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry supported SnCl2 coordination to the PANI backbone. Optical measurements revealed a decrease in transmittance and reflectance and a substantial decrease in the band gap as the concentration of SnCl2 increased. Mechanism of PANI growth and different early stage reactions are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) with metal‐free cathodes are considered environmentally friendly and cost‐effective. However, more active and durable catalysts are required for this purpose. Herein, polyaniline (PANI)‐derived carbon materials were obtained to boost the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, consequently, the performance of a primary ZAB. The developed porous N‐doped carbon (NDC) materials were engineered by varying the polymerization time and calcination temperature (500–900 °C). SEM micrographs and BET surface areas showed that the polymerization of aniline under cold conditions (5 °C) at 6, 8, or 24 h did not have a significant effect on the morphology or surface area. The fibrous structure of PANI was engineered by temperature, resulting in a progressive increase in the surface area until a three‐dimensional porous structure was achieved at 900 °C with the highest area of 601.9 m2 g−1. The surface doping of nitrogen species shifted from PANI‐rich N species to enriched graphitic N from 12.69 % (500 °C) to 24.26 % at 900 °C. The NDC 900 °C presented a voltage of 1.4 V and power density of 56 mW cm−2 (only 7 mW cm−2 lower than that of Pt/C). The results demonstrate that this material is an excellent candidate for high‐performance primary ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PANI), Tungsten oxide (WO3), and PANI:WO3 nanocomposites are prepared by a simple chemical synthesis method and samples are characterized by various characterization. techniques. SEM analysis showed that the WO3 nanoparticles have a strong effect on the morphology of the nanocomposites. The PANI composite exhibited distinctive spherical, granular, and organism-like structures, indicating successful synergistic interactions between PANI and WO3. Elemental analysis confirmed the formation of pure WO3 nanoparticles. The XRD pattern exhibits distinct peaks at 27.6° and 32.5°, which correspond to the (2 0 1) and (0 2 2) planes of WO3, respectively. These peaks indicate an anorthic crystal structure. The observed peak positions are in good agreement with the standard values provided in JCPDS Card nos. 83–0947 and 72–0677, confirming the accurate determination of the crystal structures. Optical emission and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed changes in electronic transitions and band structures, indicating semiconducting behavior of the PANI nanocomposites. Notably, the direct band gap energy of the PANI composite was found to be 3.84 eV, compared to the band gap energies of pure PANI and WO3 at 4.26 eV. This observed decrease in band gap energy further suggests enhanced semiconducting properties of the composite. FT-IR spectroscopy highlighted common bonding characteristics, affirming the effective integration of PANI and WO3. Electrical studies unveiled enhanced charge carrier mobility, promising advanced electronic applications. The synthesized samples are evaluated for their antibacterial properties against Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive bacterium. The results demonstrate significant bactericidal activity, as evidenced by the clear zones of inhibition measuring approximately 11–13 mm in diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports very low concentration ammonia detection at room temperature. The sensing material is a composite of polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO). The composite material is prepared by ex situ chemical synthesis technique by coating PANI on GO sheets. Prior to the sensing study, the composite material is characterized by XRD, FESEM, Raman, FTIR and TGA. The results of XRD, FESEM, Raman and FTIR suggest the formation of the composite and some interaction between PANI and GO. TGA reveals better thermal stability of the composite over the bare materials. The sensing of the material towards ammonia ( NH 3 ) is observed to be excellent at concentration level as low as 5 ppm. The response and recovery times are 21 s and 37 s, respectively. Also, the sensor shows long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, a polyaniline-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based gas sensor is fabricated and tested for CO2 gas at room temperature. Polyaniline-MWCNT (PCT) composites were synthesized through a chemical oxidation process using FeCl3 as an oxidant. The polymerization process was conducted at room temperature. The PCT composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and impedance spectroscopy. The PCT 15% shows highest sensitivity at room temperature. XRD and FTIR spectroscopy confirm the formation of a PCT composite. SEM image confirmed the change in morphological structure for PCT 15% composite than pure polyaniline. Through impedance spectroscopy, it was found that all the composites show conductive properties as their phase angle is less than 90°. The response and recovery time of PCT (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) was found to be (148 s, 121 s), (125 s, 141 s), (110 s, 261 s), and (121 s, 63 s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The intensive investigation of supercapacitors and other advanced energy storage technologies has been driven by the growing demand for portable electronic devices, electrical equipment, and hybrid electric vehicles in the transportation sector. To develop these systems, it is crucial to have electrodes capable of high energy storage, along with suitable electrolytes to facilitate ion transport or conduction. These energy storage devices, which incorporate nanostructured and compact electrodes, exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. The hybrid nanostructured composites made of carbon allotropes and conducting polymers have received much attention recently due to their possible use in supercapacitors. They are perfect candidates for energy storage applications because of their high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and stability. We synthesized reduced graphene oxide by a modified Hummer's method and composited it with aniline monomers by in situ chemical polymerization to fabricate nanostructured composites of polyaniline and graphene. The different samples were synthesized by varying their mass ratios followed by their characterization by different characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM, and cyclic voltammetry, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for high-performance materials has led to the development of natural fiber composites as an alternative to synthetic fiber composites. However, the low thermal conductivity of natural fibers limits their use in advanced applications. In this study, we have developed polyaniline-coated natural fiber composites to enhance their thermal properties. The methodology of this study involves the preparation of natural fiber composites using polyaniline-coated natural fibers as a reinforcement and a bio-based resin as a matrix. The composites were then coated with polyaniline, which was synthesized through chemical oxidation of aniline monomer. The coated composites were characterized using various analytical techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. The materials used in this study were natural fibers, bio-based resin, aniline monomer, ammonium persulfate, and hydrochloric acid. The gap identification of this study is the low thermal conductivity of natural fiber composites, which limits their application in advanced fields such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics. The problem identification is the lack of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to enhance the thermal properties of natural fiber composites. The results of this study showed that the polyaniline-coated natural fiber composites exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity compared to the uncoated composites. The improvement in the properties of the composites was attributed to the high conductivity of polyaniline and its ability to form a continuous conductive network throughout the composite matrix. The development of polyaniline-coated natural fiber composites provides a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach to enhance the thermal properties of natural fiber composites. This approach has the potential to expand the use of natural fiber composites in advanced applications, leading to a sustainable and greener future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review delves into various Conducting Polymer (CP)-based supercapacitors, including polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyindole, polythiophene, and their derivatives. It covers fabrication methods, design concepts, and the types of electrolytes used along with their recent advancements and ongoing challenges. It explores the future direction of flexible supercapacitor materials and their potential impact on flexible electronic applications. The review focuses on the relationship between conductivity, polymer structure, and electrochemical performance, fabrication strategies, including advanced deposition techniques and solution-based methods. Initiatives to enhance electrochemical performance, such as integrating nanostructured materials, selecting electrolytes, and engineering interfaces have also been discussed. Mechanical challenges under bending and stretching conditions are also addressed. It offers a vital analysis of materials, fabrication methods, and performance enhancement in conducting polymer-based flexible supercapacitors, serving as a valuable resource for those involved in flexible energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The synthesis of four distinct protein‐based metal nanocomposites has been fabricated by employing egg albumin and zinc metal through a simple, straightforward two‐step method. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of zinc nanoparticles into the protein matrix and revealed an irregular microporous structure with average crystallite sizes of less than 100 nm. Thermal stability was assessed via thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermal gravimetry (DTG) analysis, revealing a notable increase in thermal stability in a high‐temperature range (300°C°C–700°C), suggesting remarkable stability at elevated temperatures. Antimicrobial efficacy against both gram‐positive (B. cereus and Lactobacillus spp.) and gram‐negative bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) was evaluated using paper disk diffusion, pour plate, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. All samples exhibited antibacterial efficacy, with zone of inhibition (ZOI) diameters ranging from 12 to 35 mm, and demonstrated a bactericidal effect by eliminating 93 to 98% of bacteria within 8 to 20 h at their MICs. Notably, protein–ZnO–PANI exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all four bacterial strains and among all the samples, demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity than the unpolymerized nanocomposites. The disk diffusion study confirmed that a concentration of 25 μg/mL of protein–ZnO–PANI resulted in ZOI measurements of 25 mm and 35 mm, whereas MIC values of 300 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL were observed against Bacillus cereus and E. coli, respectively, and killed 95% of B. cereus and 98% of E. coli within 24 h. Based on the obtained results, a plausible mechanism was also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Corrosion of steel is one of the challenging issues that researchers has focused on it. Among corrosion control methods, organic coatings with suitable lifetime and efficiency are a great of interest. In the present research, polyaniline‐ copper‐based metal organic framework (PANI‐Cu‐MOF) is synthesized using in‐situ oxidation polymerization method and successfully characterized with different techniques. Then, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt. % of PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite are added to vinyl ester (VE) resin based on bisphenol A and coated on ST37 steel. The performance of the as‐prepared coatings on ST37 is evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for 360 h. The EIS results showed that loading of PANI‐Cu‐MOF (0.5 wt. %) in VE led to the highest protective properties against aggressive species with |Z|0.01 Hz = 6.76 × 107 Ωcm2 after 360 h. The uniform distribution of PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite in VE and its hydrophobic property causes a delay in the penetration of the corrosive species into the coating, thus increasing the corrosion resistance. PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite is embedded to VE resin as novel anti‐corrosive pigment. The highest Rcoat are achieved for VE‐PANI‐Cu‐MOF 0.5 wt. %. In the presence of PANI‐Cu‐MOF, the corrosive species penetrations decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing volumes of textile waste and heavy metal pollution of water are emerging environmental challenges. In an attempt to tackle these issues, a non-woven sorbent based on jute fibers was fabricated by recycling the textile waste from the carpet industry. The influence of contact time, concentration, pH and temperature on the sorption of lead and copper ions from aqueous solutions was studied. In order to enhance the sorption capacity of the non-woven material, in situ synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of TiO2 nanostructures was performed. The contribution of TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 nanotubes to the uniformity of PANI coating and overall sorption behavior was compared. Electrokinetic measurements indicated increased swelling of modified fibers. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation of the emeraldine base form of PANI. FESEM confirmed the creation of the uniform nanocomposite coating over jute fibers. The modification with PANI/TiO2 nanocomposite resulted in a more than 3-fold greater sorption capacity of the material for lead ions, and a 2-fold greater absorption capacity for copper ions independently of applied TiO2 nanostructure. The participation of both TiO2 nanostructures in PANI synthesis resulted in excellent cover of jute fibers, but the form of TiO2 had a negligible effect on metal ion uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the preparation of novel ternary functional adsorbents based on polyaniline, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and moringa oleifera gum to produce zinc oxide/Moringa oleifera gum-grafted L-methionine-functionalized polyaniline bionanocomposites (ZM-g-Pani) and employed to sequestrate divalent metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+) from wastewater samples. The morphological and structural properties of ZM-g-Pani were exploited using FT-IR, FE-SEM/EDS, TEM, and XRD. FT-IR and FE-SEM studies show that the as prepared nanocomposite has an abundant number of reactive groups and a porous structure, thus demonstrating outstanding divalent metal cation removal. FT-IR study confirms that the attachment of L-methionine to polyaniline is facilitated by the C-S linkage. Both TEM and FE-SEM techniques confirmed the clustered granules of ZnO over the surface of polyaniline, which ultimately provided more surface area to adsorb metal ions. The study demonstrated that Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions could undergo physical sorption and chemisorption simultaneously during the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was 840.33, 497.51, and 497.51 mg/g for Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, respectively. The impact of co-existing ions, including NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, Cl−, Na+, Cu2+, and Al3+, showed that there were no notable alterations in the adsorption of the selected metal ions with ZM-g-Pani. ZM-g-Pani showed eight successive regeneration cycles for Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ with more than 85% removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, wearable smart textiles with multifunctional properties have attracted great interest for use with a wide range of applications, including personal protection, sport, healthcare etc. In the present study, all-in-one multifunctional conductive hydrophobic coated cotton fabric with electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, joule heating, and antibacterial properties was prepared via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization. A graphene oxide (GO)–polyaniline (PANI)–silver (Ag) composite was coated onto the cotton fabric, exhibiting a low electrical resistance of 24.3 Ω sq−1 and strong hydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of ~ 139°. The high electrical conductivity of the composite coating resulted in excellent EMI shielding of ~ 52 dB in the X-band frequency region. Notably, the EMI shielding performance was tunable by simply changing the pH due to the acid- and alkali-sensitive nature of PANI. Furthermore, the fabricated conductive cotton fabric demonstrated excellent joule heating, achieving a temperature of 105.7 °C within 30 s at a voltage of 3.5 V. Additionally, in the presence of Ag, the cotton fabric exhibited excellent anti-bacterial properties against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel wearable flexible gas sensor designed specifically for the detection of d‐limonene. The sensor utilizes materials recognized for their high efficiency‐to‐cost ratio, notably polyaniline (PANI) combined with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) as sensing layers. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the nanocomposite layers, examining their functional groups, morphology, topography, thickness, crystallinity, thermal behavior, surface area, as well as the size and volume of their pores. This examination showed distinctions among the nanocomposite layers. PANI/GO exhibited larger pore size and thickness, while PANI/MWCNT_COOH demonstrated a higher surface area. The analysis of thermal stability demonstrated that the film employing the DBSA dopant exhibited the lowest stability. Morphological characterizations showed a globular structure for PANI, tubular characteristics for PANI/MWCNT_COOH, and a flat nature for PANI/GO. When detecting d‐limonene, nanocomposite films doped with HCl demonstrated notably superior response levels. The gas sensors exhibited high sensitivity (>2.24 mV/ppm), a narrow range for the limit of detection (0.12–0.52 ppm), and excellent reversibility, stability, and selectivity. These findings suggest the possibility of broadening the application of gas sensors to monitor additional volatile compounds, with a particular emphasis on the online monitoring of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three types of synthetic coal-derived adsorbents were characterized as potential enhanced structurers during the removal of chlorpyrifos pesticide. The raw coal (CA) was activated into porous graphitic carbon (AC), and both CA and AC were blended with polyaniline polymers (PANI/CA and PANI/AC) forming two advanced composites. The adsorption performances of the modified structures in comparison with CA were evaluated based on both the steric and energetic parameters of the applied advanced isotherm model (the monolayer model of one energy). The uptake performances reflected higher capacities for the PANI hybridized form (235.8 mg/g (PANI/CA) and 309.75 mg/g (PANI/AC) as compared to AC (156.9 mg/g) and raw coal (135.8 mg/g). This signifies the impact of activation step and PANI blending on the surface and textural properties of coal. The steric investigation determined the saturation of the coal surface with extra active sites after the activation step (Nm(AC) = 62.05 mg/g) and the PANI integration (Nm(PANI/CA) = 113.5 mg/g and Nm(PANI/AC) = 169.7 mg/g) as compared to raw coal (Nm(CA) = 39.6 mg/g). This illustrated the reported uptake efficiencies of the modified samples, which can be attributed to the enhancement in the surface area and the incorporation of additional chemical groups. The results also reflect that each site can be loaded with 3–4 molecules of chlorpyrifos, which are arranged vertically and adsorbed by multi-molecular mechanisms. The energetic studies (< 40 kJ/mol) suggested the physical uptake of pesticide molecules by dipole bonding and hydrogen bonding processes. The thermodynamic functions donate the exothermic properties of 47reactions that occur spontaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface covalent modification of black phosphorus (BP) with organic polymers represents a promising strategy to enhance its stability and tailor its electronic properties. Despite this potential, developing memristive materials through suitable polymer structures, grafting pathways, and polymerization techniques remains challenging. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)‐covalently grafted black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) are successfully prepared with redox functionalities via the in situ polymerization of aniline on the surface of 4‐aminobenzene‐modified BPNS. The PANI coating protects the BP from direct exposure to oxygen and water, and it endows the material with analog memristive properties, characterized by a continuously adjustable resistance within a limited voltage scan range. When subjected to a broader voltage scan, the Al/PANI‐g‐BPNS/ITO device demonstrates a typical bistable digital memristive behavior. The integration of both digital and analog memristive functionalities in a single device paves the way for the development of high‐density, multifunctional electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most promising approaches to addressing the current global energy and environmental crisis is the development and utilization of hydrogen energy. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a clean and sustainable method for converting solar energy into hydrogen. In this article, we employed a hydrothermal-photodeposition method to fabricate Au@Pt decorated polyaniline (PANI)/TiO 2 (TNAP), which realized the synergy of p-n heterojunction and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Experimental results revealed that p-n heterojunction can be formed between PANI and TiO 2 , whereas PANI can utilize visible light and the strong interaction between Au and PANI can realize the rapid transfer of hot electrons. Meanwhile, the outer layer Pt nanoparticles can accelerate water oxidation reaction kinetics. Therefore, the as-prepared TNAP exhibited the synergy promotion of p-n heterojunction and SPR effect, which is benefit for promoted light utilization and efficient charge transfer and separation. The optimized TNAP structure achieved hydrogen evolution rate of 19.26 μmol/cm2·h and photocurrent density of 1.20 mA/cm2 at a bias of 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is significantly higher than that of single semiconductor. This article suggests that the synergy promotion of SPR effect and p-n heterojunction is an efficient strategy to promote the efficiency of PEC water splitting. [Display omitted] • PANI/TiO 2 p-n heterojunction realizes the spatial separation of charge carriers. • Au NPs induced strong SPR effect and improve light utilization efficiency. • Strong interaction between PANI and Au promotes the transfer of hot electrons. • Surface Pt act as active sites and accelerate water oxidation reaction. • TNAP exhibited the synergy promotion of p-n heterojunction and SPR effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high‐performance planar micro‐batteries featuring safer, cost‐effective systems is crucial for powering smart devices such as medical implants, micro‐robots, micro‐sensors, and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, current on‐chip micro‐batteries suffer from limited energy density within constrained device footprints due to challenges in effectively loading high‐capacity active materials onto micro‐electrodes. Innovative designs for advanced micro‐electrodes are needed for on‐chip micro‐batteries. This work introduces advanced, highly porous 3D gold (Au) scaffold‐based interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) as current collectors, which enable effective loading of active materials (Zn and polyaniline) without compromising overall conductivity and significantly increase active mass loading. These 3D Au scaffold‐based micro‐batteries (3D P‐ZIMB) offer substantially higher energy storage performance (≈135% enhancement) compared to conventional micro‐batteries (C‐ZIMB) when materials loaded onto flat Au IDEs. Furthermore, the 3D P‐ZIMB demonstrates higher areal capacities (≈35 µAh cm−2) and areal energy (≈31.05 µWh cm−2) than most high‐performance on‐chip micro‐batteries, and it delivers a much higher areal power (≈3584.35 µW cm−2) than high‐performance on‐chip micro‐supercapacitors. In‐depth postmortem investigations reveal that the 3D P‐ZIMB avoids issues like material peeling, sluggish electrolyte ion diffusion, and dendrite formation on the anode, while maintaining identical material morphologies and structural characteristics. Therefore, this study presents a smart strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of planar micro‐batteries and advance the field of on‐chip micro‐battery research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work reports solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 spinel ferrite, its chemical modification with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), synthesis of polyaniline (PANI), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of their composites. Both as-prepared and PMMA-modified Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 adopt cubic spinel structure as shown by X-ray diffraction studies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images show the agglomerated and microporous nature of the ferrites. High resolution transmission electron microscopy image of as-prepared Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 shows lattice fringes related to (311) plane of the spinel structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal the presence of Co2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ in tetrahedral and octahedral coordinations in the ferrite. EMI shielding properties are evaluated for PMMA-modified Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and PANI composites in different weight ratios. Composites containing PMMA-modified ferrite and PANI with 50:50 and 10:90 weight ratios show the best performance among all the composites in 2−20 GHz frequency range. Optimized PMMA-modified Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and PANI composite with the ratio of 10:90 shows shielding effectiveness (SE) values of −16.6 to −24.2 dB in 2−20 GHz frequency region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a facile synthesis procedure was developed to deposit Pt−Pd dendrites using the chronopotentiometry (CP) method on polyaniline/carbon nanotube composites. The morphology of the bimetallic Pt−Pd dendrites exhibited a petal‐like shape. The results indicated that multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with larger diameters (approximately 60 nm) demonstrated enhanced support capabilities for achieving uniform dispersion of Pt−Pd dendrites. The electrochemical mass activity for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) of Pt72Pd28/PANI/CNTs composites reached 670 mA mg−1Pt+Pd, representing a 1.2‐fold increase compared to that of Pt/C. Moreover, the If/Ib value of Pt72Pd28/PANI/CNTs catalyst was 1.9 times higher than that of Pt/C catalyst. Notably, the Pt72Pd28 dendrites displayed superior catalytic performance and COad tolerance in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalysts, as evidenced by their high mass activity and If/Ib value. These research findings present a novel approach for preparing highly active Pt−Pd binary catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient supercapacitors hinges on the innovation of superior electrodes, which are pivotal in augmenting their energy storage capabilities. Supercapacitors, recognized for their high‐power density and extended cycle life, play a crucial role as sustainable solutions in addressing energy storage challenges. A fundamental aspect of supercapacitor functionality involves the electrode material, which works in concert with other key components such as the current collector, separator, and electrolyte. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of the current collector material on the performance of symmetric supercapacitors. We investigated the electropolymerization of polyaniline on woven steel mesh current collectors of varying mesh sizes, ranging from 20 to 200 mesh per inch, using assorted deposition conditions. The electrochemically modified woven steel meshes were utilized to construct symmetric supercapacitors. The electrochemical performance of the assembled supercapacitors, configured in a two‐electrode system, was investigated using a variety of electrochemical techniques to better understand the kinetics of electrolyte ion migration. Notably, the 20‐mesh size, characterized by the fewest pores per inch, demonstrated superior performance with an optimum capacitance of 4730 mF/cm2, an energy density of 317.8 μWh/cm2, and a power density of 400 μW/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor based on an electroactive nanocomposite was designed for the first time consisting of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(alizarin red S) (PARS) for ciprofloxacin (CIPF) detection. The ERGO/PANI/PARS-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was constructed through a three-step electrochemical protocol and characterized using FTIR, UV–visible spectroscopy, FESEM, CV, LSV, and EIS. The new electrochemical CIPF sensor demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.0021 μM, a broad linear range of 0.01 to 69.8 μM, a high sensitivity of 5.09 μA/μM/cm2, and reasonable selectivity and reproducibility. Moreover, the ERGO/PANI/PARS/SPCE was successfully utilized to determine CIPF in milk with good recoveries and relative standard deviation (< 5%), which were close to those with HPLC analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS/PANI, a novel hybrid bio-composite scaffold with potential application in dental tissue engineering, was prepared by freeze drying technique. The scaffold was characterized using FT-IR and SEM methods. The effects of PANI on the physicochemical properties of the Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS scaffold were investigated, including changes in swelling ratio, mechanical behavior, density, porosity, biodegradation, and biomineralization. Compared to the Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS scaffold, adding PANI decreased the pore size, porosity, swelling ratio, and biodegradation, while increasing the mechanical strength and biomineralization. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and adhesion of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) on the scaffolds were investigated by MTT assay and SEM. The Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS/PANI scaffold promoted hDPSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared to the Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS scaffold. Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and qRT-PCR results revealed that Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS/PANI triggered osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation in hDPSCs through the up-regulation of osteogenic marker genes BGLAP, RUNX2, and SPARC. The significance of this study lies in developing a novel scaffold that synergistically combines the beneficial properties of Fe-Ca-SAPO-34, chitosan, and PANI to create an optimized microenvironment for dental tissue regeneration. These findings highlight the potential of the Fe-Ca-SAPO-34/CS/PANI scaffold as a promising biomaterial for dental tissue engineering applications, paving the way for future research and clinical translation in regenerative dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report a novel synthesis technique for polysaccharides and conducting polymer composites. A series of polysaccharide/polyaniline composites were prepared via double-step polymerization by a sol–gel method developed herein. The chemical structure and the electronic properties of the composites were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and electron spin resonance spectroscopies. Composites with long effective conjugation lengths were obtained because the gelatinized polysaccharide acted as a template and host for the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline/hydrothermally treated graphite disk (PANI/HT-G disk) with 3D microporous structure and large surface area is suggested as an effective and inexpensive electrode in the supercapacitor application. The PANI/HT-G disk was easily obtained from uniform mixing of commercial and low-cost azodicarboxamide (ADCA-C2H4O2N4) and graphite powders, pressing beneath optimum pressure pursued by treatment at 250 °C to release various gases (NH3, N2, CO) originated from ADCA decomposition (creating porous structure with large surface area) and finally electrodeposition of polyaniline onto the previously HT-G disk. The PANI/HT-G disk demonstrated weak ohmic drop and favorite areal capacitance of 1490 mF cm−2 at 2/0 mA cm−2 in aqueous 1.0 M sulfuric acid electrolyte under the three-electrode system. When PANI/HT-G disk was assembled as symmetric supercapacitor disk device with a PVA/H2SO4 gel, the areal capacitance was 232 mF cm−2 at 2/0 mA cm−2 with high operation voltage. The supercapacitor device had an energy density of 93.17, 83.32, 86, 63.96, 60.2, 48.37, and 44.8 mWh cm−2 in the power density of 2.58, 3.22, 3.87, 4.51, 5.16, 5.8, and 6.45 mW cm−2. It is expected that the strategy introduced in this work could guide designers for scalable fabrication of low-cost supercapacitor disks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel binder-free electrochemical synthesis of a porous ternary composite comprising polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag@PANI/MWCNTs), which serves dual functions as a photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation and as an electrode for high-performance supercapacitors application. Various characterization techniques confirm that the synthesized Ag@PANI/MWCNTs composite exhibits excellent optical, chemical, electrical, structural, morphological, electrochemical and photocatalytic characteristics. The composite exhibits excellent electrochemical and photocatalytic efficacy attributed to its porosity, higher surface area, conductivity and rapid redox properties. Electrochemical tests reveal specific capacitance of 862 F/g, energy density of 65.78 Whkg−1, power density of 444.44 Wkg−1 and cycling stability with 79% capacitance retention even after 10,000 cycles. As a photocatalyst, the composite achieves approximately 95% degradation in 25 min with reusability up to five cycles. It also exhibits high transient photocurrent responses (0.36 mA/cm2) and a high-rate constant (0.13 min−1), confirming excellent photocatalytic activity. The synergistic effect of PANI/MWCNTs and the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles contribute to the outstanding performance of the synthesized nanocomposite. Thus, it is expected that the synthesized Ag@PANI/MWCNT is a promising ternary composite which may prove to be a noble material for photocatalytic and energy storage-related devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humidity sensors have gained tremendous attention due to their practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry, food processing, biomedical applications, microelectronics, and meteorology. Herein, a polymer-based multifunctional humidity sensor (PANI-Bi-ZnO) has been fabricated. This study describes a polymer-based capacitive-type humidity sensor that has excellent repeatability, negligible hysteresis (0.5% RH at 60% RH), quick response (8 s) and relaxation times (20 s), high stability (30 days), high sensitivity, and good linearity in a wide humidity detection range of 10–90% RH and has become increasingly significant for applications involving industrial control and environmental monitoring. Moreover, the fabricated sensor possesses a highly reliable/stable output performance that remains constant after multiple test cycles. The current work also provides a cost-effective method to fabricate high-performance humidity sensors. The designed humidity sensor would be an excellent choice for measuring a variety of applications in the field of humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction and assessment of an effective, cost-efficient anode catalyst for methanol oxidation reactions (MOR) are crucial in direct methanol fuel cells (DFMC) applications. This work unveils a quick, simple, yet effective method for synthesizing poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) using the "chemical oxidative polymerization" technique and creates an affordable and stable anode catalyst for DMFC applications. The chemical oxidative polymerization approach was employed to copolymerize aniline and pyrrole with incorporation of nickel, and the electrocatalyst showcased remarkable activity towards methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Physiochemical characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy, FT-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to validate the incorporation of transition metal nickel into the copolymerized conducting polymers (aniline-co-pyrrole), abbreviated as PANiPPy. Electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the capability of the electrocatalysts to oxidize methanol in alkaline conditions. The electrode material NiPANiPPy displayed a higher oxidation current density 280.60 mA/cm2 from the cyclic voltammogram of the electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH + 1 M methanol compared to the other synthesised electrocatalysts since nickel provides a low onset potential while the copolymers PANiPPy provide good conductivity and mechanical stability. Moreover, NiPANiPPy exhibits the lowest current rate loss and a substantially higher current density among them after 3600 s with the highest current density of 100 mAcm−2. NiPANiPPy was also observed to have the lowest solution resistance with 0.8 Ω compared to other electrocatalysts in EIS spectra. Thus, the synthesized electrocatalysts has potential applications as an enhanced anode electrode for DMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]