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Ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) prepared from natural bioresources are promising candidates for constructing flexible electronics for both commercialization and environmental sustainability due to their intrinsic characteristics. However, simultaneous realization of high stiffness, toughness, conductivity, and multifunctionality while ensuring processing simplicity is extremely challenging. Here, a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)‐macromolecule functionalization strategy within a NaOH/urea system is proposed to construct high‐performance and versatile polysaccharide‐based ICHs (e.g., cellulosic ICHs). In this strategy, the elaborately designed "soft" (PIL chains) and "hard" (cellulose backbone) structures as well as the dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds of the cross‐linked networks endow the hydrogel with high mechanical strength (9.46 ± 0.23 MPa compressive modulus), exceptional stretchability (214.3%), and toughness (3.64 ± 0.12 MJ m−3). Ingeniously, due to the inherent conductivity, design flexibility, and functional compatibility of the PILs, the hydrogels exhibit high conductivity (6.54 ± 0.17 mS cm−1), self‐healing ability (94.5% ± 2.0% efficiency), antibacterial properties, freezing resistance, water retention, and recyclability. Interestingly, this strategy is extended to fabricate diverse hydrogels from various polysaccharides, including agar, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and guar gum. In addition, multimodal sensing (strain, temperature, and humidity) is realized based on the stimulus‐responsive characteristics of the hydrogels. This strategy opens new perspectives for the design of biomass‐based hydrogels and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesive conducting elastomers are rising materials towards cutting‐edge applications in wearable and implantable soft electronics. Yet, engineering the conductive adhesives with robust and tunable interfacial bonding strength is still in its infancy stage. We herein identify a structurally novel supramolecular polymer scaffold, characterized by synergistic coexistence of hydrogen‐bonding (H−bonding) interactions and electrostatic ionic junctions, endowing the robust and tunable elastic conducting adhesives with remarkable thermal/electro‐responsive performance. H−bonding association and electrostatic interaction play orthogonal yet synergistic roles in the strong supramolecular adhesive formation, serving as the leveraging forces for opposing both cohesion and adhesion energy. To do so, six‐arm star‐shaped random copolymers P1, and P2 are strategically designed, bearing H−bonding PDAP (poly(diaminopyridine acrylamide)) and PThy (poly(thymine)) segments, which can form hetero‐complementary DAP/Thy H−bonding association, along with ionic conductive poly(ionic liquid)s segment: PMBT, (poly(1‐[2‐methacryloylethyl]‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)‐sulfonamide)). DAP/Thy H−bonding association, along with electrostatic ionic interaction, can yield dual supramolecular forces crosslinked polymeric networks with robust cohesion energy. Moreover, coexistence of poly(ionic liquid)s can impact and interfere the configuration of H−bonding association, liberate more free DAP and Thy motifs to form H−bonds towards substrate, affording strong surface adhesion in a synergistic manner. This work demonstrates a significant forward step towards potential adhesives devoted to hybrid electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have attracted extensive attention for their promising applications as flexible sensors. Developing conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties still remains a significant challenge. Herein, double-network (DN) hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) are prepared through repetitive freezing/thawing process. The hydrogels are further treated with Fe3+ ions to enhance the mechanical properties due to the complexation between carboxyl groups and Fe3+ ions. The influence of the amount of PILs and concentration of Fe3+ on mechanical properties and conductivity is investigated. The optimal DN hydrogel P(VMCA-AA)1/PVA-Fe3+4 shows excellent mechanical properties, whose tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness are 2.2 MPa, 350%, and 3.5 MJ m−3, respectively. P(VMCA-AA)1/PVA-Fe3+4 also displays a good conductivity of 1.04 S m−1. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrates a high sensing sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 3.36, indicating its application potential as a flexible sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) prepared from natural bioresources are promising candidates for constructing flexible electronics for both commercialization and environmental sustainability due to their intrinsic characteristics. However, simultaneous realization of high stiffness, toughness, conductivity, and multifunctionality while ensuring processing simplicity is extremely challenging. Here, a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)‐macromolecule functionalization strategy within a NaOH/urea system is proposed to construct high‐performance and versatile polysaccharide‐based ICHs (e.g., cellulosic ICHs). In this strategy, the elaborately designed “soft” (PIL chains) and “hard” (cellulose backbone) structures as well as the dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds of the cross‐linked networks endow the hydrogel with high mechanical strength (9.46 ± 0.23 MPa compressive modulus), exceptional stretchability (214.3%), and toughness (3.64 ± 0.12 MJ m−3). Ingeniously, due to the inherent conductivity, design flexibility, and functional compatibility of the PILs, the hydrogels exhibit high conductivity (6.54 ± 0.17 mS cm−1), self‐healing ability (94.5% ± 2.0% efficiency), antibacterial properties, freezing resistance, water retention, and recyclability. Interestingly, this strategy is extended to fabricate diverse hydrogels from various polysaccharides, including agar, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and guar gum. In addition, multimodal sensing (strain, temperature, and humidity) is realized based on the stimulus‐responsive characteristics of the hydrogels. This strategy opens new perspectives for the design of biomass‐based hydrogels and beyond.

Repairing damaged tissue caused by bacterial infection poses a significant challenge. Traditional antibacterial hydrogels typically incorporate various components such as metal antimicrobials, inorganic antimicrobials, organic antimicrobials, and more. However, drawbacks such as the emergence of multi-drug resistance to antibiotics, the low antibacterial efficacy of natural agents, and the potential cytotoxicity associated with metal antibacterial nanoparticles in hydrogels hindered their broader clinical application. In this study, we successfully developed imidazolium poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) polymer microspheres (APMs) through emulsion polymerization. These APMs exhibited notable antibacterial effectiveness and demonstrated minimal cell toxicity. Subsequently, we integrated the APMs into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)—polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. This composite hydrogel not only showcased strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties but also facilitated the migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere require the urgent development of technologies aimed at mitigating environmental impacts. Among these, aqueous amine solutions and polymeric membranes, such as cellulose acetate and polyimide are commercial technologies requiring improvement or substitution to enhance the economic and energetic efficiency of CO2 separation processes. Ionic liquids and poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) are candidates to replace conventional CO2 separation technologies. PILs are a class of materials capable of combining the favorable gas affinity exhibited by ionic liquids (ILs) with the processability inherent in polymeric materials. In this context, the synthesis of the IL GLYMIM[Cl] was performed, followed by ion exchange processes to achieve GLYMIM variants with diverse counter anions (NTf2−, PF6−, and BF4). Subsequently, PIL membranes were fabricated from these tailored ILs and subjected to characterization, employing techniques such as SEC, FTIR, DSC, TGA, DMA, FEG-SEM, and CO2 sorption analysis using the pressure decay method. Furthermore, permeability and ideal selectivity assessments of CO2/CH4 mixture were performed to derive the diffusion and solubility coefficients for both CO2 and CH4. PIL membranes exhibited adequate thermal and mechanical properties. The PIL-BF4 demonstrated CO2 sorption capacities of 33.5 mg CO2/g at 1 bar and 104.8 mg CO2/g at 10 bar. Furthermore, the PIL-BF4 membrane exhibited permeability and ideal (CO2/CH4) selectivity values of 41 barrer and 44, respectively, surpassing those of a commercial cellulose acetate membrane as reported in the existing literature. This study underscores the potential of PIL-based membranes as promising candidates for enhanced CO2 capture technologies.

In this study, zwitterionic poly(ionic liquid)-based polymer electrolytes with a network structure are prepared by ultraviolet-irradiation radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) and zwitterionic liquids, and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate is used as cross-linker. The cross-linked structure endows the electrolytes with high thermal stability and excellent dimensional stability. The abundant ether-oxygen group of PEGMEA provides sufficient sites for the transport of Li+ and a high ionic conductivity of 0.20 × 10−3 S cm−1. The electrolyte shows a high lithium-ion transference number of 0.78, owing to the excellent dissociation ability of zwitterionic liquids towards lithium salts. The lithium symmetric battery can maintain a voltage polarization of 150 mV at 0.1 mA cm−2 over 600 h. The Li/LiFePO4 battery shows a discharge capacity of 122 mAh g−1, a capacity retention of 90.0% after 100 cycles, and an average Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99% at 0.1 C, demonstrating strong application potential in lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repairing damaged tissue caused by bacterial infection poses a significant challenge. Traditional antibacterial hydrogels typically incorporate various components such as metal antimicrobials, inorganic antimicrobials, organic antimicrobials, and more. However, drawbacks such as the emergence of multi-drug resistance to antibiotics, the low antibacterial efficacy of natural agents, and the potential cytotoxicity associated with metal antibacterial nanoparticles in hydrogels hindered their broader clinical application. In this study, we successfully developed imidazolium poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) polymer microspheres (APMs) through emulsion polymerization. These APMs exhibited notable antibacterial effectiveness and demonstrated minimal cell toxicity. Subsequently, we integrated the APMs into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)—polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. This composite hydrogel not only showcased strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties but also facilitated the migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro.

An efficient CO 2 adsorbent (γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr) was constructed by means of graft copolymerization with mesoporous γ-Al 2 O 3 nanosheets served as the host material and amino-functionalized imidazolium based poly(ionic liquids) (PAVIMBr) as the guest material. Thereinto, mesoporous γ-Al 2 O 3 could provided abundant hydroxyl groups for loading PAVIMBr uniformly via chemical bonding interaction, while PAVIMBr was able to tailor suitable pore size and expose amino-groups adsorption active sites that was contributed to chemisorb with CO 2. It was observed that the general topography of γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr composite was almost unchanged after PAVIMBr loaded, and its mesoporous structure and crystalline form was still maintained. Moreover, the content of PAVIMBr in our composite could be calculated from the TGA results before and after its grafting. The obtained γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr presented a good CO 2 adsorption performance, its CO 2 adsorption capacity increased obviously. Meanwhile, the CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr was 15.3 times higher than that of γ-Al 2 O 3 at room temperature and the pressure of 100 kPa, while the CO 2 uptake of γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr was almost 13 and 3 times higher than that of PAVIMBr and γ-Al 2 O 3 at 10 kPa and 25 °C, respectively. It was mainly attributed to that the maintaining mesoporous channels in γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr could accelerate the CO 2 diffusion, while chemisorption of those exposed adsorption active sites from loaded PAVIMBr could improve the adsorption performance at lower CO 2 partial pressure and CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of our composite. Furthermore, the excellent CO 2 /N 2 selectivity, renewability and physicochemical stability of γ-Al 2 O 3 @PAVIMBr might employ it as one of the potential CO 2 adsorbents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) are used in many electrochemical energy storage/conversion devices owing to their favorable physical properties. Therefore, PIL binders have been examined as polymeric binders for electrodes in energy storage systems (ESSs) and have shown superior performance. Several innovative technologies have been developed to improve the properties of polymers, with cross-linking being the most effective and easy strategy to achieve this. In this study, we designed a breakthrough complex cross-linking and composite technique that could successfully develop the physical properties of a polymer in a simple one-step process. Additionally, the technique could improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the polymer. The proposed polymeric binder showed better adhesion, higher capacitance, and good energy density with improved cyclic stability compared to that shown by conventional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). This study revealed that cross-linked networks in polymeric binders are long-cycle-life features for electrochemical redox capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current wound dressings are insufficient in simultaneously addressing bacterial infections and oxidative stress, which severely affects wound healing outcomes. To solve this problem, we introduced poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) with strong antibacterial properties and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) with excellent antioxidant capabilities into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes to prepare a novel composite dressing. The PIL-CeO 2 NPs-PAN nanofiber membrane provides sustained antibacterial activity through stably embedded PIL, while the uniformly distributed CeO 2 NPs achieve controlled release, avoiding safety issues caused by the rapid release of active substances. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the membrane exhibits outstanding biocompatibility, significant antibacterial effects (inhibition rates of 88.3% against Escherichia coli and 93.2% against Staphylococcus aureus ), and excellent antioxidant performance (64.7% reactive oxygen species scavenging rate). More importantly, PIL-CeO 2 NPs-PAN achieved a 94.1% wound healing rate within 14 days, significantly superior to traditional treatment methods. The results indicate that this composite membrane significantly improves wound healing by simultaneously resisting infection and oxidative stress, providing a safe and effective new option for clinical applications. Our work offers an innovative design strategy that combines antibacterial and antioxidant mechanisms for wound care.

Complex coacervates are usually formed through electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, with a few exceptions such as coacervates of like‐charge proteins and polyelectrolytes, both in vivo and in vitro. Understanding of the preparation and mechanisms of these coacervates is limited. Here, a positively charged poly(ionic liquid), poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐benzylimidazolium chloride) (PILben), is designed that bears benzene rings in repeating units. Fluidic coacervates are prepared by mixing the PILben aqueous solution with a like‐charge poly(ionic liquid) named poly(dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA). The effects of polymer concentration, temperature, and ionic strength in the PILben‐PDDA coacervate are studied. Raman spectroscopy and 2D 1H‐13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (1H‐13C HSQC) characterizations verify that the coacervate formation benefits from the cation‐π interaction between PILben and PDDA. This work provides principles and understandings of designing coacervates derived from like‐charge poly(ionic liquids) with high charge density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two novel amino-functionalized PILs were designed by incorporating the amino groups into PILs. • The copolymerized PILs were prepared as composite membranes to explore the effect of different chemical structures on their separation performance. • Highly CO 2 -selective membranes with a superior CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 173.5 were obtained. • Membranes with both fixed-site and mobile carriers provide the synergistic effect for CO 2 -facilitated transport. Design and synthesis of novel poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) containing amino groups hold great promise in CO 2 separation fields owing to the tunability of the cation and anion, as well as the high CO 2 affinity of the amino groups. Herein, two novel amino-functionalized PILs were designed for the preparation of composite membranes by casting the synthesized PIL-based solutions on the top of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes to explore the effect of different chemical structures on the separation performances of the NH 2 -carrier-based membranes. Highly CO 2 -selective membranes with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 173.5 were obtained by introducing the mobile carrier of 2-(1-piperazinyl) ethylamine sarcosine (PZEA-Sar) into the amino-functionalized PIL-based membranes, which provides the synergistic effect from both fixed-site and mobile carriers for promoting CO 2 -facilitated transport. Thus, the developed membranes may offer a high energy-efficiency process for industrial CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the synthesis route and evaluation of two poly(ionic liquids) (PolyILs) derived from alkylimidazolium imidazolate to be used as corrosion inhibitors (CIs) of API 5L X52 steel exposed to oil reservoir production water (PW) are discussed. The corrosion inhibition performance of the PolyILs was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). According to the PDP analysis, it was concluded that the PolyILs could be classified as mixed-type CIs with anodic tendency, featuring maximal inhibition efficiency (η) of 80%. The adsorption mechanism occurred through the blocking of active sites by means of electrostatic attraction forces and formation of chemical bonds. The SEM and AFM surface analyses evidenced that the metal surface in the presence of the PolyILs was less damaged by steel corrosion. Finally, the XPS studies confirmed that the CI interaction with the steel surface reduced the amount of produced corrosion products such as FeOOH and/or FeCO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are regarded as a promising alternative to conventional electrolytes, combining the advantages of solid and liquid electrolytes. Leveraging the abundance and eco-friendliness of cellulose-based materials, GPEs were produced using methyl cellulose and incorporating various doping agents, either an ionic liquid (1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Pyr14][TFSI]), its polymeric ionic liquid analogue (Poly(diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) [PDADMA][TFSI]), or an anionically charged backbone polymeric ionic liquid (lithium poly[(4-styrenesulfonyl)(trifluoromethyl(S-trifluoromethylsulfonylimino) sulfonyl) imide] LiP[STFSI]). The ion dynamics and molecular interactions within the GPEs were thoroughly analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Heteronuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (HOESY), and Pulsed-Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diffusion (PFG-NMR). Li + transference numbers (t Li +) were successfully calculated. Our study found that by combining slow-diffusing polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with fast-diffusing lithium salt, we were able to achieve transference numbers comparable to those of liquid electrolytes, especially with the anionic PIL, LiP[STFSI]. This research highlights the influence of the polymer's nature on lithium-ion transport within GPEs. Additionally, micro supercapacitor (MSC) devices assembled with these GPEs exhibited capacitive behavior. These findings suggest that further optimization of GPE composition could significantly improve their performance, thereby positioning them for application in sustainable and efficient energy storage systems., (© 2024 The Author(s). ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this study, the copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) bimetallic electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction(CO 2 RR) are fabricated by taking the finely designed poly(ionic liquids) (PIL) containing abundant Salen and imidazolium chelating sites as the surficial layer, wherein Cu-Ni, PIL-Cu and PIL-Ni interaction can be readily regulated by different synthetic scheme. As a proof of concept, Cu@Salen-PIL@Ni(NO 3 ) 2 and Cu@Salen-PIL(Ni) hybrids differ significantly in the types and distribution of Ni species and Cu species at the surface, thereby delivering distinct Cu-Ni cooperation fashion for the CO 2 RR. Remarkably, Cu@Salen-PIL@Ni(NO 3 ) 2 provides a C2+ faradaic efficiency (FE C2+ ) of 80.9% with partial current density (j C 2+ ) of 262.9 mA cm -2 at -0.80 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) in 1 m KOH in a flow cell, while Cu@Salen-PIL(Ni) delivers the optimal FE C2+ of 63.8% at j C2+ of 146.7 mA cm -2 at -0.78 V. Mechanistic studies indicates that the presence of Cu-Ni interfaces in Cu@Salen-PIL@Ni(NO 3 ) 2 accounts for the preserve of high-valence Cu(I) species under CO 2 RR conditions. It results in a high activity of both CO 2 -to-CO conversion and C-C coupling while inhibition of the competitive HER., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Designing effective antifog coatings poses challenges in resisting physical and chemical damage, with persistent susceptibility to decomposition in aggressive environments. As their robustness is dictated by physicochemical structural features, precise control through unique fabrication strategies is crucial. To address this challenge, a novel method for crafting nanoscale antifog films with simultaneous directional growth and cross-linking is presented, utilizing solid-state continuous assembly of polymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ssCAP ROMP ). A new amphiphilic copolymer (specified as macrocross-linker) is designed by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane, poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC), and polymerizable norbornene (NB) pendant groups, allowing ssCAP ROMP to produce antifog films under ambient conditions. This novel approach results in distinctive surface and molecular characteristics. Adjusting water-absorption and nanoscale assembly parameters produced ultra-thin (≤100 nm) antifog films with enhanced durability, particularly against strong acidic and alkaline environments, surpassing commercial antifog glasses. Thickness loss analysis against external disturbances further validated the stable surface-tethered chemistries introduced through ssCAP ROMP , even with the incorporation of minimal content of cross-linkable NB moieties (5 mol%). Additionally, a potential zwitter-wettability mechanism elucidates antifog observations. This work establishes a unique avenue for exploring nanoengineered antifog coatings through facile and robust surface chemistries., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

In this study, a kind of imidazole type poly(ionic liquid) ([PEP‐MIM]Cl) is synthesized, which can disperse carbon effectively. [PEP‐MIM]Cl is used as an intermediate to coat carbon on the poly(acrylic acid)(PAA‐co‐MBA) via ion exchange to obtain conductive polymer composite (CPC). A series of characterizations are performed. Experiments show that carbon can be coated on the PAA‐co‐MBA uniformly, and compared with using carbon as filler, this method requires less carbon to achieve good conductive performance. The carbon layer on the polymer's surface is enriched via the swelling‐shrinking properties of PAA‐co‐MBA according to the SEM images. Furthermore, in combination with 3D printing technology, PAA‐co‐MBA can be designed into different shapes to achieve various functions such as pressure‐sensing element. Finally, a new type of CPC named carbon clad polymeric laminate (CCPL) is prepared by using the carbon coating method and 3D printing technology. It has the potential to replace copper clad laminate (CCL) and printed circuit board (PCB), to a certain extent. This technology expands the preparation method and application of the CPC such as flexible and wearable conductive fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this mini review, we highlight some key work from the last 2 years where ionic polymers have been used as a catalyst to convert CO2 into cyclic carbonates. Emerging ionic polymers reported for this catalytic application include materials such as poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) or ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) among others. All these organic materials share in common the ionic moiety cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, viologen, ammonium, phosphonium, and guanidinium, and anions such as halides, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [Tf2N]-. The mechanistic aspects and efficiency of the CO2 conversion reaction and the polymer design including functional groups and porosity are discussed in detail. This review should provide valuable information for researchers to design new polymers for important catalysis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and large‐scale non‐chemical preparation of uniform poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) microbeads via a cooling‐assisted phase separation (CAPS) method is reported. For this method, PIL bulk is dissolved to form a saturated solution in a mixed solvent composed of good solvent and non‐solvent at a relatively high temperature. Then, the uniform PIL microbeads are prepared by cooling the solution to room temperature or a lower temperature in the absence of stabilizer. The size of microbeads can be controlled by adjusting the preparation parameters, including PIL concentration, cooling rate, and agitation state. The scale of preparation can be up to 10 g, and the yield of PIL microbeads is more than 70% or 88% when the solution is cooled to room temperature or 0 °C, respectively. The formation mechanism of PIL microbeads is discussed by tracing the nucleation and growth process by the transmittance of light of the solution during cooling. The application of this CAPS method to other polymer microbeads preparation is finally discussed by choosing different good solvent and non‐solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A poly(ionic liquids) ionoadhesive (PIA) with high mechanical strength and excellent ionic conductivity was fabricated. • The PIAs exhibit outstanding environmental reliability. • The PIAs demonstrate a significant mechano-reinforced property during the repeated mechanical training. • The PIAs demonstrate extraordinary electrically detaching behavior and the detaching efficiency can reach over 90 %. Ionoadhesives hold great potentials for detachment and replacement of bonding components by virtue of the interfacial electrochemistry reactions of ion carriers, but previous ionoadhesives suffer from liquid leakage and conflict between mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. Here, a liquid-free and nanophase separated poly(ionic liquids) ionoadhesive (PIA) is designed through establishing multiple non-covalent interactions (NCIs) including weak ion–dipole interactions, moderate lithium bonds and strong electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical crosslinked networks in PIAs are effectively strengthened that ensures the mechanical performances under static state; the breaking-reforming events of the multiple NCIs are beneficial for dissipating energy to resist external deformations that endows the PIAs with outstanding dynamic stability; the multiple NCIs also induce the orientation of nanophases that enables the PIAs to be reinforced via cyclic mechanical training. Benefiting from the high ionic conductivity, the PIAs exhibit extraordinary electrically detaching behavior under DC voltages since the occurrence of rapid interfacial electrochemistry reactions that facilitates the formation of gases and nanoparticles at the bonding interfaces. This work proposes a new rational design of electrically detachable ionoadhesives with excellent comprehensive performances that demonstrate great potentials in recycle and reuse of the bonding components and reduce the waste of industrial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant tasks for proteomic research and industrial applications, is the preparation of recyclable enzyme reactor. Herein, a novel recyclable enzyme reactor has been developed based on monodispersed spherical poly(quaternary ammonium ionic liquid)s particles immobilized trypsin. A new quaternary ammonium ionic liquids functional monomer was first synthesized. The ionic liquids functional monomer was then copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate by precipitation polymerization. The resultant monodispersed spherical particle showed a large surface area (231 m2/g) and high binding capacity for trypsin (200 mg/g) due to the large surface area and strong interaction. The polymer microsphere loaded trypsin was used as an enzyme reactor for the digestion of standard protein, semi-complex samples and skim milk, respectively. The results indicated that the enzyme reactor exhibited highly efficient protein digestion and excellent stability. The digestion time of the present ionic liquids enzyme reactor for the digestion of protein, the solution could be reduced to even 5 min. The ionic liquids enzyme reactor showed excellent reusability and could be reused for more than four times. When it was kept at 4 °C for 12 d, and used for skim milk digestion, the obtained MALDI-TOF score could also reach 88 with 29 matched peptides.

• PAAILMs were developed for the separation of amino acids mixture. • The amino acids mixture was successfully separated through the Donnan effect. • These PAAILMs had high water flux and low operating pressure. • These PAAILMs had good antibacterial property, antifouling property, and reusability. • The maximum selectivity of 65% was obtained by one-step separation. Poly(ionic liquid) membranes (PILMs) can be potentially applied as polyelectrolyte materials in the separation of ampholytes such as amino acids. Therefore, poly(amino acid ionic liquid) membranes (PAAILMs) were prepared by blending poly(amino acid ionic liquids) (PAAILs) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in this study. These PAAILMs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, their mechanical properties, antibacterial and antifouling properties were evaluated. The zeta potential, pore size distribution, porosity, and specific surface area of these membranes were also measured. The membranes were used to separate the amino acid mixture of l -phenylalanine and l -aspartic acid, which are essential for the synthesis of aspartame. The PAAILMs can be used for the selective separation of l -phenylalanine and l -aspartic acid through the Donnan effect. A maximum selectivity of 65% was obtained for the mixed amino acids via one-step separation. These PAAILMs have the advantages of low operating pressure, high water flux, good antibacterial and antifouling properties, and excellent reusability, thereby indicating their potential for industrial application in the separation of l -phenylalanine and l -aspartic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can have multiple interactions with solutes. However, in most stationary phases, separation selectivity is adjusted by changing the poly(ionic liquid) anions. In this work, two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified silica stationary phases were prepared by introducing the cyano or tetrazolyl group on the pendant imidazolium cation on the polymer chains. Various analytes were selected to investigate their mechanism of retention in the stationary phases using different mobile phases. Two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can provide various interactions toward solutes. Compared to the cyano‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase, the tetrazolyl‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase provides additional cation‐exchange and π‐π interactions, resulting in different separation selectivity toward analytes. Finally, applicability of the developed stationary phases was demonstrated by the efficient separation of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Various methods to synthesis poly(ionic liquids) membrane were briefly described and their advantages were compared. • The multitude of properties of poly(ionic liquids) membrane were summarizedand and key affecting factors were presented. • The application of poly(ionic liquids) membrane were discussed. • Future research perspectives of poly(ionic liquids) membrane are proposed. Poly(ionic liquids)(PILs) not only possess unique properties such as the flexibility of ionic liquids (ILs) but also feature the macromolecular structure of polymers, which makes them a series of functional polymers with special properties and new applications. Poly(ionic liquids) membranes(PILMs) have come into the limelight because of their powerful mechanical property, excellent stability, high water flux and good selectivity. This paper mainly reviews the preparation methods of PILMs and presents the advantages, discusses the properties of PILMs and summarises the affecting factors, and finally introduces applications of PILMs. In addition, the coming research direction of PILMs is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) functionalized with [MEDTA]2- were synthesized for NH 3 uptake. • The NH 3 capacity of PVIm-R8-MEDTA (M = Co, Cu, Ni, Mg, Zn) increased by 33–88 % compared with the conventional PILs. • The NH 3 was inserted into the coordinative bonds between carboxylate and metal ion and fixed by the hydrogen bonding with imidazolium cation. • The self-repairing [MEDTA]2- gives benift to the recovery of PVIm-R8-MEDTA under moisture and NH 3 atmosphere. MOFs have high adsorption performance of ammonia (NH 3) because of its porosity and abundant coordination sites, especially MOFs containing carboxylic acid ligands have emerged as effect NH 3 adsorbents. But, it's troublous for reversible ammonia adsorption for the strong metal-NH 3 coordination or the collapse of adsorbents. [MEDTA]2- is a very stable and classic carboxylic acid-containing complex, but there was no relevant report. Therefore, this work carried out the design and synthesis of PVIm-R8-MEDTA based on the use of the coordination structure of [MEDTA]2- and the stability of PILs' skeleton. The characterization indicated the [MEDTA]2- could be introduced into PILs successfully for the hydrogen bonding interactions with the imidazolium cation, and the obtained PVIm-R8-MEDTA presented enhanced NH 3 capacity (10.4–14.7 mmol/g) than their precursor PVIm-R8-Br (7.8 mmol/g). The mechanism of NH 3 adsorption was proposed by DFT calculation, spectroscopic method, and the calorimetric test, it indicated the NH 3 was fixed by imdazolium cation through hydrogen bonding and inserted into two of the carboxylate and metal bonds of [MEDTA]2-. Because of the multi-meshing coordination of [EDTA]4- and metal ions, the disconnected carboxylate ions could easily coordinate with metal ions again and repair the chelating structure of [MEDTA]2-, which caused the ammonia easily be desorbed. In the process of gas adsorption, there was no bonding breakage of the skeleton of PILs, which helped the PVIm-R8-MEDTA be recovered under moisture and NH 3 atmosphere. Thanks for the designability of PILs, such as the cationic structure, structure and size of cross-linking agent, the choice of complex anion and so on, it provides a new design idea and theoretical basis for efficient and reversible ammonia adsorption materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, ultrafine PdCo nano-alloys confined in crosslinked and carboxyl-functionalized mesoporous poly(ionic liquids) catalysts (PdCo@PVCD) were synthesized for selective oxidation of glycerol into glyceric acid. The structure and physiochemical properties of the catalysts were confirmed by FT-IR, TG, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM-EDS and XPS. The results indicated that the resulting PdCo@PVCD catalyst not only exhibited superior catalytic activity for glycerol oxidation but also higher selectivity to glyceric acid than that of the monometallic Pd@PVCD catalyst, specifically glycerol conversion of 92.8% and glyceric acid selectivity of 63.5% at the optimized reaction conditions. It was confirmed that the excellent performance was attributed to the geometric effect of ultrafine and homogeneous PdCo nano-alloys and also electronic modification of Pd by Co. Moreover, the PdCo@PVCD catalyst had outstanding stability with no activity loss after five reusing times, which was benefited from the strong metal-support interaction and spatial confinement. [Display omitted] • Ultrafine PdCo alloys in functionalized mesoporous poly(ionic liquids) for glycerol oxidation. • Nano-alloys and electronic modification by Co boosted intrinsic catalytic activity. • Strong metal-support interaction and confinement gave the good catalytic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(norbornene)s and poly(ionic liquid)s are two different classes of attractive materials, which are known for their structural tunability and thermal stabilities, and have been extensively studied as gas separation membranes. The incorporation of ionic liquids (ILs) into the poly(norbornene) through post-polymerization has resulted in unique materials with synergistic properties. However, direct polymerization of norbornene-containing IL monomers as gas separation membranes are limited. To this end, a series of norbornene-containing imidazolium-based mono- and di-cationic ILs (NBM-mIm and NBM-DILs) with different connectivity and spacer lengths were synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. Subsequently, the poly(NBM-mIm) with bistriflimide [Tf2N−] and poly([NBM-DILs][Tf2N]2) comprising homo-, random-, and block- (co)polymers were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization using the air-stable Grubbs second-generation catalyst. Block copolymers (BCPs), specifically, [NBM-mIM][Tf2N] and [NBM-ImCnmIm] [Tf2N]2 (n = 4 and 6) were synthesized at two different compositions, which generated high molecular weight polymers with decent solubility relative to homo- and random (co)polymers of [NBM-DILs] [Tf2N]2. The prepared BCPs were efficiently analyzed by a host of analytical tools, including 1H-NMR, GPC, and WAXD. The successfully BCPs were cast into thin membranes ranging from 47 to 125 μm and their gas (CO2, N2, CH4, and H2) permeations were measured at 20 °C using a time-lag apparatus. These membranes displayed modest CO2 permeability in a non-linear fashion with respect to composition and a reverse trend in CO2/N2 permselectivity was observed, as a usual trade-off behavior between permeability and permselectivity.

Future optimized lithium‐sulfur batteries may promise higher energy densities than the current standard. However, there are many barriers which hinder their commercialization. In this review we describe how ionic liquids (ILs) and their polymers are utilized in different components of the battery to address some of these issues. For example, IL‐based electrolytes have the potential to reduce the solubility of polysulfides compared to conventional organic electrolytes. Polymerizing ILs directly on the surface of the Li‐metal anode is suggested as an approach to protect the surface of this electrode. Finally, using poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) as binders for the cathode active material may increase the performance of the cathode as compared to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) and could inhibit swelling‐induced degradation. These results demonstrate the advantages of ILs and their polymers for improving the performance of Li−S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Free-standing poly(ionic liquid)-based mixed matrix membranes were successfully prepared. • All the prepared membranes were thermally stable within the temperature range of the CO 2 /H 2 gas stream. • MMMs showed higher separation performances at higher MOF loadings. • All the permeation results surpass the upper bound limit of the CO 2 /H 2 separation. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PIL) have emerged as a class of versatile polyelectrolites, that can be used to prepare new materials able to achieve superior performances compared to conventional polymers. The combination of PILs with ionic liquids (ILs) may serve as a suitable matrix for the preparation of membranes for gas separation. In this work, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combining a pyrrolidinium-based PIL, an IL and three highly CO 2 -selective metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared. The different MOFs (MIL-53(Al), Cu 3 (BTC) 2 and ZIF-8) were used as fillers, aiming to maximize the membranes performance towards the purification of syngas. The influence of different MOFs and loadings (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt%) on the thermal and mechanical stabilities of the membranes and their performance in terms of CO 2 permeability and CO 2 /H 2 ideal selectivity was assessed. The compatibility between the materials was confirmed by SEM-EDS and FTIR spectroscopy. The prepared MMMs revealed to be thermally stable within the temperature range of the syngas stream, with a loss of mechanical stability upon the MOF incorporation. The increasing MOF content in the MMMs, resulted in an improvement of both CO 2 permeability and CO 2 /H 2 ideal selectivity. Among the three MOFs studied, membranes based on ZIF-8 showed the highest permeabilities (up to 97.2 barrer), while membranes based on MIL-53(Al) showed the highest improvement in selectivity (up to 13.3). Remarkably, all permeation results surpass the upper bound limit for the CO 2 /H 2 separation, showing the membranes potential for the desired gas separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, a facile preparation of SPME fibers with increased surface area is presented. The SPME fibers were prepared by grinding poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) to obtain particles of 1–16 µm and, with the aid of a silicon adhesive, attach these particles to a steel wire support. Three different PILs, poly(1-vinyl-3-benzylimidazolium- co -styrene bromide) [poly(ViBnIm- co -Sty Br)], poly(1-vinyl-3-benzylimidazolium- co -styrene bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) [poly(ViBnIm- co -Sty TFSI)] and poly(diallyldimethylamine bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) [poly(Pyrr 11 TFSI)], were used. The first two PILs were obtained by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization followed by metathesis reactions. The thicknesses of the prepared fibers were found to be 19 ± 4 µm and 85% of the particles used have diameters between 2 and 10 µm. The prepared fibers were tested by performing the headspace extraction of two standard solutions, one containing a mixture of alcohols with different chain lengths, and the other a mixture of aromatic compounds, leading to sorption times of 10 – 15 min due the large surface area attained with this method. PILs with aromatic moieties containing the bromide anion showed high selectivity towards polar compounds, due to the hydrogen basicity of the anion, and also towards aromatic analytes, due to the aromatic nature of styrene moieties and the cation pendant groups. The limits of detection fall in the sub ppb level, while relative standard deviations and reproducibility from fiber-to-fiber found maximums of 16.2% and 22.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the PIL based fibers showed up to 90% higher extraction efficiencies compared to the commercial fibers of polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • PIL co-polymers embedded particles were used as heterogeneous SPME fibers. • Fast and easy fiber preparation through PILs grinding and gluing to steel. • The prepared fibers showed high affinity for alcohols and BTEX mixtures. • PILs tunability achieved with the introduction of aromatic and polar moieties. • Higher extraction efficiency than commercial PDMS and PA fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the determination of pyrethroid residues is of value for the safety of food, a new poly(ionic liquid)‐functionalized magnetic mesoporous nanoparticle was designed and used as an adsorbent in magnetic solid‐phase extraction for the enrichment of eight pyrethroids. The porous structure and large surface area of the mesoporous silica shell endow the adsorbent with abundant binding sites. In contrast to the reported poly(ionic liquids) with only one kind of functional group in the cationic part, the new poly(ionic liquids) with mixed cyano and phenyl groups in cationic part matched the chemical structure of the analytes to improve extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, an effective method was established for the determination of eight pyrethroids in apples. Adsorption equilibrium can be quickly reached in 1 min, greatly decreasing the extraction time. The linearity range was found to be 10–200 ng/g, and the detection limits ranged from 0.24 to 1.99 ng/g. Recoveries of analytes in apple samples ranged from 87.3 to 119.0%, with relative standard deviations varying in the range of 3–21.2% (intraday) and 0.3–15.2% (interday). The results indicate that the proposed method is a good candidate for pyrethroid residues in apple samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ionic liquid)s are an innovative class of materials with promising properties in gas separation processes that can be used to boost the neat polymer performances. Nevertheless, some of their properties such as stability and mechanical strength have to be improved to render them suitable as materials for industrial applications. This work explored, on the one hand, the possibility to improve gas transport and separation properties of the block copolymer Pebax® 1657 by blending it with poly[3-ethyl-1-vinyl-imidazolium] diethyl phosphate (PEVI-DEP). On the other hand, Pebax® 1657 served as a support for the PIL and provided mechanical resistance to the samples. Pebax® 1657/PEVI-DEP composite membranes containing 20, 40, and 60 wt.% of PEVI-DEP were cast from solutions of the right proportion of the two polymers in a water/ethanol mixture. The PEVI-DEP content affected both the morphology of the dense membranes and gas transport through the membranes. These changes were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-lag, and gravimetric sorption measurements. Pebax® 1657 and PEVI-DEP showed similar affinity towards CO2, and its uptake or solubility was not influenced by the amount of PIL in the membrane. Therefore, the addition of the PIL did not lead to improvements in the separation of CO2 from other gases. Importantly, PEVI-DEP (40 wt.%) incorporation affected and improved permeability and selectivity by more than 50% especially for the separation of light gases, e.g., H2/CH4 and H2/CO2, but higher PEVI-DEP concentrations lead to a decline in the transport properties.

Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.

A multi-layered catalyst based on poly [1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide][Veim] [TFSA] and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), with high loading capacity for immobilization of silver nanoparticles was prepared. Poly(ionic liquids) (PIL):rGO nanocomposite was prepared through a miniemulsion polymerization process. Functionalization of rGO with PIL avoids metal leaching because the PIL-rGO nanocomposite provides amount of specific binding sites to anchor and grow silver nanoparticles on rGO surface. A non-enzymatic L-cysteine sensor was constructed based on the resultant nanohybrid for the first time. The modified sensor presents attractive analytical features such as super electrocatalytic activity, remarkably low detection limit (6 nM, S/N = 3), wide determination range (0.1-500 µM) and excellent selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract New crosslinked Poly(ionic liquids), PILs, cryogels based on 2-acrylamido- 2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, AMPS, were prepared and copolymerized with acrylic acid, acrylamide or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in the presence of triethanolamine. The crosslinking copolymerization of AMPS were carried in the presence of water at cooling temperature in the presence of amoniumpersulfate, N,N, N′, N′ tetramethylethylenediamine and N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide as radical initiator, activator and crosslinker, respectively. The chemical structures, surface morphologies of the PILs cryogels were investigated. The PILs cryogels showed high thermal stability and interconnected pores. The cryogels achieved high adsorption capacity as 1228 mg·g−1 for removal of MB from aqueous solution during contact times ranged from 5 to 10 min. New mechanism for chemisorption of MB with the active centers of PIL cryogels is proposed and elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) and their application as solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers has been attracting enormous attention mainly due to the need for new SPME coating materials with improved analytical sensitivity. In this work, the tunability of PILs is explored by preparing different imidazolium monomers bearing benzyl, naphtylmethyl or pentyl pending groups that were subsequently co -polymerized, by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with styrene. The obtained co-polymers showed excellent thermal stability up to 275 °C, with no melting point up to 250 °C. SPME fibers were prepared by an innovative approach based on layer-by-layer spray coating. The thin (<10 μm) SPME coatings were tested in GC-FID for the detection of volatile aromatic compounds such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and xylene (X) present in aqueous samples and the extraction parameters optimized. Superior results were obtained when comparing these LbL PILS-based SPME fibers with a commercial fiber composed of poly(dimethylsiloxane), with an increase in the detectable areas of 83%, 69%, 57% and 58% for B, T, E and X, respectively. Low relative standard deviations were obtained for the same fiber (< 5.6%) and also for different fibers (< 9.8%). Furthermore, a spiked soil sample was used to mimic a real contaminated soil sample and excellent recovery results, ranging from 67.0% to 102.2%, were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrogels exhibited excellent stretchability and low hysteresis. • Hydrogels have adhesion, conductivity and strong antibacterial activity. • This hydrogel was design for wound dressing and skin bioelectronics. • The hydrogel sensor could realize wireless real-time monitoring and remote alarm. With the increasing utilization of therapeutic materials in wound care and skin bioelectronics, there is growing requirements for multifunctional hydrogels for personal therapy and health management. However, the limited functionality, mechanical incompatibility, and impracticality of traditional dressings and skin bioelectronics greatly restrict their widespread use in clinical settings. Herein, we fabricate a cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)-reinforced poly(Ionic Liquids) (PILs) composite hydrogel (PAC x V y) which can be used as infected wound therapy and real-time reliable bioelectronic. The hydrogel showed an orderly interconnected cellular architecture with excellent stretchability, outstanding elasticity and low hysteresis. As a wound dressing, the hydrogel could provide the adhesion to seal wounds, biocompatibility and outstanding antibacterial activity, enabling the wound dressing to effectively inhibit bacterial growth and accelerate infected wound healing. ILs enables the hydrogel to have high conductivity, outstanding sensing performance and impressive temperature response. Therefore, the hydrogel may also work as novel flexible bioelectronics, which could accurately capture motion signals ranging from large strain to minute physiological signal, such as body movement, heart rate, pulse, and body temperature. Notably, a dual-channel remote clinical alarm system was fabricated by combining the hydrogel with tailor-made single-chip to wireless real-time monitoring of finger joint movement and temperature changes, which could establish a communication channel between patient and wounded and provide effective medical intervention timely. This line of research work sheds light on the hydrogel has significant implications for improving personal therapy and health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion exchange adsorption has demonstrated great promise for the removal of toxic ion contaminants from wastewater. Here, by combining in situ polymerization and quaternization, we successfully fabricated a series of poly(ionic liquids)/aluminum-based metal-organic framework composites, DUT-5-(X)I. The optimized DUT-5-(60)I possesses relatively large surface area and abundant exchangeable free iodide ions, which endow this composite with highly efficient adsorption of anionic pollutants. Specifically, over 90% of permanganate, methyl blue and methyl orange can be removed within 10 min. In addition, effects of pH and coexisting ions on the removal of adsorbates were examined. Pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model can well describe the adsorption results. The Langmuir isotherm model based maximum adsorption capacities of DUT-5-(60)I for permanganate, methyl blue, and methyl orange reached up to 1132, 1548, and 1474 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption mechanism studies suggest that the removal of these adsorbates was mainly controlled by electrostatic adsorption. This study will provide new insights for the development of MOF-based materials for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • DUT-5 was functionalized by poly(ionic liquids) via a facile two-step method. • The composites have large surface areas and abundant exchangeable counter-ions. • DUT-5-(60)I shows fast, selective and high capture ability for anionic pollutants. • High efficiency for MnO 4 - was well maintained in simulated wastewater. • Ion exchange and electrostatic adsorption was proposed as the main adsorption mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, Single atoms are providing the maximum atomic efficiency and are very promising to improve the performance of the noble metal catalysts for high-active electrochemical sensors. In this work, Pt single atom anchored on surficial modified, reduced graphene oxides with poly(ionic liquids) (Pt 1 _rGO@PILs) for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) was synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted method. Due to the high active sites from PILs, 1.2 wt% isolated Pt atoms were steadily loaded on the surface of rGO@PILs and formed Pt-S 4 coordination with the modified PILs layer. Such atomical dispersion of Pt atoms and their unique coordination environment promoted electronic transfer during the electrochemical reaction. The Pt 1 _rGO@PILs composite presented a detection limitation of 1.5 µM in a liner range from 2.3 to 250 µM with high sensitivity up to 725.95 µA/µM. The catalysts also showed good stability for 30 days while active and the lowest detected concentration of approximately 15 μM for H 2 O 2 in the real commercial samples. [Display omitted] • Supported Pt sing atom catalysts were prepared via microwave-assisted method. • Charged PILs moieties stabilized Pt atoms on rGO and promoted to form Pt-S x sites. • Isolated Pt atom with optimized electronic structure improved the sensitivity. • Pt 1 _rGO@PILs showed the sensitivity of 725.95 µA/µM with a LOD of 1.5 µM for H 2 O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced materials reliant on cross-linked magnetic poly (ionic liquids) (PILs) have been widely utilized in environmental applications for water purification. The present work demonstrates our preparation of a new magnetic cross-linked PIL based on quaternized 4-vinyl-pyridine-co-acrylamide (QVP/AAm). The chemical composition, thermal stability, magnetic properties, morphology, particle sizes, and zeta potential of the magnetic QVP/AAm composites were investigated. Fast adsorption and desorption kinetics, high adsorption capacity, rapid magnetic separation, and the absence of secondary pollution in the adsorption process make QVP/AAm-Fe3O4 a highly effective adsorbent for the elimination of anionic acidic Congo red contaminants from industrial wastewater.

M13 is a filamentous, non-lytic bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli via the F pilus. Currently, phage M13 is widely used in phage display technology and bio-nanotechnology, and is considered a possible antibacterial therapeutic agent, among other applications. Conventional phage purification involves 5–7 operational steps, with high operational costs and significant product loss (approximately 60%). In this work, we propose a scalable purification process for M13 bacteriophage using a novel stationary phase based on a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) with a positively charged backbone structure. Poly (1–vinyl-3-ethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide) - poly(VEIM-TFSI) predominantly acted as an anion exchanger under binding-elution mode. This revealed to be a rapid and simple method for the recovery of phage M13 with an overall separation yield of over 70% after a single downstream step. To the best of our knowledge, PILs have never been used as separation matrices for biological products and the results obtained, together with the large number of cations and anions available to prepare PILs, illustrate well the large potential of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral and helical polymers and their resin are very attractive components in catalysis and separation chemistry. This manuscript discusses the synthesis and application of achiral and chiral imidazolium based poly(ionic liquids) (PILs). Imidazolium based cross-linked poly(ionic liquids) or polyelectrolytic-resins ( PIL-resin ) were synthesized by RAFT copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-ethylimdazolium bromide with different cross linkers. In these PIL-resins, the chirality is induced at anionic part by simple anionic metathesis with optically pure amino acids, L & D-proline that gave six chiral PIL-resins. The morphology of PIL-resins was studied by SEM which shows microfibrils, twisted ribbons, and layered structures. The PIL-resins exhibit very good activity towards Diels-Alder reaction (cyclization of isoprene with different dienes), where quantitative conversions were achieved within 30 min at room temperature. Both catalytic activity and the selectivity remain same during first four recycles of the resin. The chiral PIL-resin catalysed heterogeneous asymmetric Baylis Hillman and Michael addition reactions shown better catalytic activities in comparison with chiral homo polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crosslinked pyrrolidinium-based poly(ionic liquids) (Pyrr-PILs) were synthesized through a fast, simple, and solventless photopolymerization scheme, and tested as solid phase microextraction (SPME) sorbents. A series of Pyrr-PILs bearing three different alkyl side chain lengths with two, eight, and fourteen carbons was prepared, characterized, and homogeneously coated on a steel wire by using a very simple procedure. The resulting coatings showed a high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 350 °C, excellent film stability, and lifetime of over 100 injections. The performance of these PIL-based SPME fibers was evaluated using a mixture of eleven organic compounds with different molar volumes and chemical functionalities (alcohols, ketones, and monoterpenes). The Pyrr-PIL fibers were obtained as dense film coatings, with 67 µm thickness, with an overall sorption increase of 90% and 55% as compared to commercial fibers of Polyacrylate (85 µm) (PA85) and Polydimethylsiloxane (7 µm) (PDMS7) coatings, respectively. A urine sample doped with the sample mixture was used to study the matrix effect and establish relative recoveries, which ranged from 60.2% to 104.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]