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Nutrition in infancy provides an important window of opportunity to shape good health during childhood and adult life. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an introduction to the review articles that bring together the proceedings of the XI Nestlé Nutrition Conference "Complementary Feeding: A Piece of the Puzzle to Understand Future Health". The studies and description of complementary feeding practices in Mexico, from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT 2012), support the urgent need for strong policy actions to promote healthy eating and appropriate complementary feeding practices. Early interventions considering a life course approach and maternal and child nutrition are essential to prevent obesity, chronic disease and to ensure better health for the Mexican population., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Health systems and society are facing the growing problem of obesity and its accompanying comorbidities. New approaches to reduce these problems must be oriented to population groups in which long-lasting effects of interventions may occur. Biological processes occurring during the first 1000 days of life, which may be modulated by environmental modifications and result in phenotypes with differential risk for noncommunicable chronic disease, constitute an opportunity for interventions. The nutritional and general health conditions of pregnant women and the fetus, as well as toddlers, can be improved with interventions during the first 1000 days, offering pregnancy care, promoting breastfeeding, instructing on the use of complementary foods, and educating on the adequacy of the family dietary patterns for children. Evidence that interventions during this period result in promotion of children's growth and development, influencing the risk for development of obesity in infancy, is available. In this article, an ongoing program in Mexico City directed to offer continuum of care during the first 1000 days is described., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Metabolic disturbances and systemic pro-inflammatory changes have been reported in children with obesity. However, it is unclear the time-sequence of metabolic or inflammatory modifications during children obesity evolution. Our study aimed to quantify simultaneously metabolomic and inflammatory biomarkers in serum from children with different levels of adiposity. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was used to perform targeted metabolomics and inflammatory cytokines measurements. Serum samples from children between six to ten years old were analyzed using either body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) classifications. One hundred and sixty-eight school-aged children were included. BMI classification in children with overweight or obesity showed altered concentrations of glucose and amino acids (glycine and tyrosine). Children classified by WHtR exhibited imbalances in amino acids (glycine, valine, and tyrosine) and lipids (triacyl glycerides and low-density lipoprotein) compared to control group. No differences in systemic inflammation biomarkers or in the prevalence of other results were found in these children. Abnormal arterial blood pressure was found in 32% of children with increased adiposity. In conclusion, obesity in school-aged children is characterized by significant metabolic modifications that are not accompanied by major disturbances in circulating concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: EPO is the Director of Fondo Nestlé para la Nutrición in the Fundación Mexicana para la Salud. The other authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Physical activity is an important component of strategies for health promotion and prevention of noncommunicable diseases. It is also associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese adults and children. This article addresses the initial description of a physical activity intervention for children attending public elementary schools in Mexico. The objective was to develop a replicable model based on a strategic public, private, academic, and social partnership that would have a short-term impact on the metabolic health of children and be useful for building effective public policy. Forty-nine schools (20 000 students) participated, and 5 schools were selected for evaluation. The intervention included a 30-minute supervised middle-effort interchangeable routine, 5 days a week for a complete school year, adapted for different school conditions and students of different ages. Evaluation included anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers. Actual prevalence of combined overweight and obesity in these children was 31.9%. The intervention was successfully implemented in all schools. No change in body mass index, waist circumference, or other anthropometric indicators was found. However, changes in biochemical markers showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and cholesterol-low-density lipoproteins, reflecting a positive effect on cardiovascular health indicators., (© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Irisin is a novel myokine that seems to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Levels of circulating irisin before and after an 8-month physical activity program (PAP) in school-age children were evaluated., Methods: Irisin and leptin were measured at baseline and at follow-up among 85 children with different BMI., Results: Of the 85 children (mean age 8.9; 47% female), 25 children had normal weight, 23 were overweight, and 37 had obesity. We observed no significant difference in irisin serum levels between boys and girls. Irisin was positively associated with BMI before and after the PAP (r(before) = 0.42; r(after) = 0.37, P < 0.001), with the highest levels in children with obesity. There was a slight decrease of circulating irisin after PAP, but this decrease was not of statistical significance. We observed a high and positive association between irisin and leptin levels before and after the PAP (r(before) = 0.78; r(after) = 0.82, P < 0.001). Moreover, changes in leptin correlated with changes in irisin (r = 0.72, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Circulating irisin is positively linked to BMI and leptin in school-age children, supporting the notion that that irisin is produced by adipose tissue. As in previous reports, this study failed to observe changes in irisin levels after exercise, likely because higher irisin levels are produced only during exercise., (© 2015 The Obesity Society.)