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The Sierra Nevada mountain range in Spain, at 37°N, hosts the southernmost snow-covered area in Europe. The highly changeable weather conditions significantly affect the energy and mass balance of the snowpack. Up to 30% of the total annual snow ablation is due to the effect of evaposublimation, which is amplified by intense solar radiation and strong dry winds.The analysis of evaposublimation is crucial for predictions on water availability in Andalusia. However, intense snowpack monitoring in this area is not feasible given the challenges in accessing and collecting data on a continuous basis in the terrain. Thus, snow dynamics are simulated with a physically based model at watershed scale. One of the key input parameters is the roughness length (z0), which influences the latent-heat and sensible-heat transfer coefficients, and consequently evaposublimation. For simplicity, previous studies assumed a temporally and spatially constant z0, even though this parameter is known to vary in a range of several magnitudes depending on the state of snow metamorphosis, introducing a large uncertainty in modeled evaposublimation rates.To address this issue, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of temporally variable z0 on evaposublimation estimates and compare our results with measurements of evaposublimation rates and z0 at a pilot area in Sierra Nevada. Results show that evaposublimation rates change significantly with z0 at local scale. This analysis constitutes the first step of a distributed analysis at catchment scale where changes in evaposublimation estimates might have important implications for water resource management in the region., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The current meteorological drought situation we have been facing in the Mediterranean mountain regions during the last years has also resulted in a shift in snowfall seasonal patterns with consequences in snowpack phenology on an annual basis. This snowfall translation has direct implications on the ecosystems and their services over mountainous areas that depend on snow. The Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain), is a clear example of an area experimenting with that issue. For instance, 2019-2020 was a year with shallow snowpacks in three clear accumulation-ablation cycles, in 2020-2021 snowpacks were thicker but with a shorter duration, or in 2021-2022, the first big accumulation cycles took place at the beginning of March.But, are these changes exclusive of this mountain range? Have they been experimented in closer mountain areas? In this study we analysed snowfall trends in several protected mountainous areas closer to Sierra Nevada: i) Sierra de Cazorla, ii) Sierras Subbéticas, iii) Sierras de Cardeña-Montoto and iv) Sierra de Grazalema, with the twofold objective of comparing trends and learning from the past situation. For that, we carried out a spatiotemporal analysis of snowfall historical trends for the period 1960-2020 using in situ meteorological registers, specific interpolation algorithms and a nonparametric Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test in all areas. Comparative results show that only two of five areas analysed have snowfall in almost all years, with similar phenology but different magnitude. The occasional snowfall episode observed in the other three areas allows defining the particular conditions needed for snowfall., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

The highly temporal variability of hydrological response in Mediterranean areas affects the operation of hydropower systems, especially in Run-of-River plants located in mountainous areas, where the water flow regime strongly determines the failure, defined as no operating days due to either, flows below the turbine minimum discharge and environmental flow requirements, or flows above the turbine maximum discharge. A Bayesian dynamics forecast model is developed from statistical modelling of both, forcing agents of runoff generation, and water inputs to the plants, as dependent variable. Failure frequency analysis and its related operationality, along with their uncertainty associated at different time scales is carried out through the Monte Carlo 250 stochastic replications of the 20-year period of forcing agents. Finally, a tool for forecasting the occurrence of failure from 1 to 7 months ahead is developed that allows to analyse different scenarios of storage in the plant loading chamber. The approach is applied to mini-hydropower plants in Poqueira (Southern Spain), where the snow and rainfall regimes determine the hydrological regime.Results revealed the snow influence as the lowest probability of failure was found in April and May when snowmelt is outstanding. Regarding the forecast tool, the analysis of different scenarios successfully reflected the decrease of the probability of failure on a monthly scale with greater stored water volumes, while on a weekly scale the improvement is only appreciable in the dry season (June-October) when the snow influence is negligible., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

La Oficina de Aprendizaje-Servicio (ApS) de la UPM, constituida en sesión del Consejo de Gobierno de diciembre de 2019 tiene, como misión fundamental, promover en el ámbito de las enseñanzas de esta universidad la metodología ApS. Con esta finalidad se vienen realizando convocatorias de proyectos de impacto social alineados con los ODS como un mecanismo más para la contribución a la Agenda 2030, y se colabora intensamente con las diversas oficinas constituidas con el mismo objetivo en otras universidades. Nuestra oficina pretende impulsar progresivamente la colaboración con entidades ajenas a la UPM, y atender demandas y necesidades sociales en las que nuestros estudiantes y profesores brinden sus conocimientos para la construcción de una mejor y más justa sociedad. Con este propósito, se han puesto en marcha numerosas iniciativas y colaboraciones con Ayuntamientos, Asociaciones, ONG, Fundaciones y centros de enseñanza, con el fin común de plantear mejoras y trabajar con entornos desfavorecidos, y colectivos vulnerables de nuestro entorno. Cabe destacar la muy positiva acogida que, progresivamente se está logrando, en lo relativo a la diseminación de estas iniciativas en el ámbito de la UPM, viéndose incrementada la participación e interés de nuestros docentes y estudiantes en los llamamientos que se realizan desde la oficina. Desde la constitución de la oficina, son ya más de 100 actividades desarrolladas con la participación de más de 500 profesores. Uno de los compromisos de la Oficina ApS de la UPM es dar visibilidad por su carácter meritorio a las experiencias realizadas por el profesorado y los estudiantes de nuestra universidad y, es por ello, que nos complace la presentación de esta primera edición del ebook, en el que se recogen algunas de las experiencias realizadas en nuestra universidad y que confiamos ampliar periódicamente con futuras ediciones. Nuestro más sincero agradecimiento a todos los profesores que habéis hecho posible esta primera publicación con vuestras contribuciones.