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The study aimed to evaluate harmful compound levels in Shikaripara stone mines’ cultivated land, which is renowned for stone quarrying in Jharkhand, India. Sixteen samples were collected from the mines in Dumka district, each at varying distances from the others. The soil samples contain Pb, As, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Fe. An Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer was used to determine the total concentrations of the metals (ICPMS). Calculations of the Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (I geo), Contamination Factors (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Nemerow Index, and ecological Risk Index (RI) PLI, RI, and Nemerow Index values, considering various toxic substances’ effects on soils overall, revealed significant metal contamination in 50 % of the sampled areas. Agricultural soils exhibited significant contamination with Cu, As, and Zn as a result of nearby copper mining activities. Results advocate regular soil examination and efficient management to reduce metal pollution. Compared to other areas, contamination levels in the study region are relatively lower, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and management. The report delves into ecological services, assessing the impacts of plastic particles and heavy metals. It sets the stage for further research on the combined effects of these substances and plastic debris on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals persist in the sediment and can induce toxicological effects on living organisms. For analysing the risk of heavy metals, geochemical fractionation is beneficial. These geochemical fractions or speciations help to determine the heavy metals availability, mobility, toxicity, enrichment, and various risks. Here, we show how heavy metal contamination of sediment poses risks to both the ecosystem and human beings. We found significant Zn, Co and Cd contamination by analysing the geoaccumulation index. We also observed higher geoaccumulation index values for the pre-monsoon season than the post-monsoon one. Furthermore, pollution load index indicated gradual contamination of heavy metals in the sediments. This study's risk assessment and modified risk assessment codes showed low or no risk, but contamination factors indicated moderate to high risk. Our analysis of the effective range median mean quotient revealed some sampling stations as medium to high-priority sites. Similarly, probable effect level mean quotient designated some sampling stations as medium-low priority sites. We anticipated a moderate to significant mortality effect on the organisms from toxicity unit index values. Potential ecological risk index indicated a very high ecological risk on the Mahananda River. Furthermore, we predicted non-carcinogenic health hazards and carcinogenic health risks in the river's sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the “Decision Support System-Computer Program,” a tool that can be used for the reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids in agriculture. It has been developed by the research team of the Hellenic Open University, School of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Sustainable Waste Management. The basic aim of this tool being the following: (a) Exploitation of treated wastewater and biosolid reuse, in agriculture. (b) The safe reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids and optimization of soil fertility and productivity, minimizing human health risk. (c) Improvement of soil physical characteristic by increasing its organic matter content. (d) Rational crop fertilization, suggesting to user the right kind and the optimum levels of fertilizers to be applied to crops and accomplishment of economy in the use of inorganic fertilization of crops. (e) Supply plants with nutrients and irrigation water. (f) Optimize crop fertilization, reducing the fertilizer cost g- forecast and prevent soil pollution with heavy metals. (h) Optimize crop production quantitatively and qualitatively. (j) Protect agricultural soils from over accumulation of biosolids and the surface waters from heavy metals and nutrients. (k) Relieve of the environment from the pressure exerted by the accumulation of heavy metals and toxic substances. (l) Optimize environmental and life quality.

Heavy metal pollution of the bottom sediments in the Northern Caspian Sea region was assessed for the period from 2012 to 2021. The concentrations and pollution levels of heavy metals were determined using the standard indices as part of the industrial environmental monitoring at the license site in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. Based on the concentrations of all identified metals (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, iron, and manganese), significant spatial and temporal variations were observed. The values obtained did not exceed those of international sediment quality standards, thus suggesting that the studied bottom sediments were only slightly polluted by heavy metals. However, certain areas showed high levels of pollution, such as the northwestern area with the elevated iron levels and the central area with the maximum lead and cadmium concentrations. The statistical analysis of geochemical parameters of the bottom sediments revealed distinct patterns in the distribution of heavy metals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metal geochemistry and contamination assessment of the metals such as Fe, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mg, Ca, and Sr from the surface sediment samples collected from seven stations from a tropical mangrove area in the Southwest coast of India. Metals like Ni and Fe were found in higher concentrations but never exceeded the contamination level in all the seasons whereas Cd was highly contaminated in all the seasons as well as stations. Pollution levels were measured using the indices including contamination Factor (CF), potential ecological risk coefficient (Eir), Enrichment Factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Pollution load index (PLI), Contamination degree (Cdegree), modified contamination degree (mCd) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). However, the level of contamination highlighted Cd has the maximum risk factors from the selected study area. All stations are contaminated by anthropogenic inputs. The pollution load index (PLI) revealed Pazhayangady, Valapattanam, Dharmadom (stations 1,2 and 3), Kumbalam (station5) and Munroe Thuruth (station 7) showed the presence of polluted sediments (PLI> 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the distribution of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the vicinity of three large mining landfills of the Kizhnica mine in the Republic of Kosovo. The mining sector is one of the most important sectors of Kosovo's economic development, and the Kizhnica mine is one of the most important ore producers in Kosovo. Besides the positive aspects, the development of production also has some negative side effects, such as the generation of industrial waste and the possible contamination of surrounding areas, including agricultural land. Therefore, ten sampling sites were selected in the vicinity of the Kizhnica mine. These sites were characterized and assessed as the most important due to the anthropogenic impact of mineral processing and open-tailing waste deposits in Kizhnica. The concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Mn and Sb in the selected samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The data obtained were used to create geochemical maps and calculate the contamination factor, pollution load index and geoaccumulation index. Cluster analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and air spatial distribution patterns using the air dispersion model were used to evaluate within the area. The results showed that heavy metal levels are influenced by the anthropogenic nature of pollution, confirming a current ecological threat from mining activities in the region. In order to improve waste management, reduce the hazardous impacts of mining and contribute to the sustainable development of the region, the potential reuse of the deposited waste material in the construction industry is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing contamination of waterbodies, access to clean drinking water has become a challenge. Preventing further contamination and cleaning up of existing contamination are the immediate steps to address this challenge. For this, the sources of contamination and their relative contributions need to be ascertained. The bottom sediments from an urban waterbody named "Conolly Canal" was analyzed for heavy metal contamination. The level of contamination of the waterbody was assessed using Pollution Load Index. A Monte Carlo analysis (MCA) was performed on the heavy metals concentrations measured to apportion the contribution among the identified sources. The results of MCA were used to proportion the concentration of chemicals among the responsible parties based on the concentration of the contaminants in the waterbody. The study presents a robust procedure for source apportionment, which can be adopted in similar situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginalized communities experience barriers that can prevent soil monitoring efforts and knowledge transfer. To address this challenge, this study compared two analytical methods: portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF, less time, cost) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, "gold standard"). Surface soil samples were collected from residential sites in Arizona, USA (N = 124) and public areas in Troy, New York, USA (N = 33). Soil preparation differed between groups to account for community practice. Statistical calculations were conducted, paired t test, Bland–Altman plot, and a two-way ANOVA indicated no significant difference for As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations except for Ba in the t test. Iron, Ni, Cr, and K were statistically different for Arizona soils and V, Ni, Fe, and Al concentrations were statistically different for New York soils. Zinc was the only element with high R2 and low p value. Pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factors (EF), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were calculated for both methods using U.S. Geological Survey data. The PLI were > 1, indicating soil pollution in the two states. Between pXRF and ICP-MS, the Igeo and EF in Arizona had similar degree of contamination for most elements except Zn in garden and Pb in yard, respectively. For New York, the Igeo of As, Cu, and Zn differed by only one classification index between the two methods. The pXRF was reliable in determining As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in impacted communities. Therefore, the pXRF can be a cost-effective alternative to using ICP-MS techniques to screen soil samples for several environmentally relevant contaminants to protect environmental public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove soil is crucial for maintaining the health and nutrient balance of coastal ecosystems. It often serves as the final sink for commercial, aquaculture, and agricultural contaminants. This necessitates developing and understanding precise insights into mangrove health and sustainability through tailor-made evaluation indices. Currently, there are few studies regarding the assessment of mangrove ecosystem sustainability. The Thai Binh Mangrove is the third-largest province in terms of mangrove coverage in northern Vietnam. This mangrove has not undergone a direct assessment of soil quality using ground-level data. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the current state of the Thai Binh Mangrove in Vietnam, identifying key factors contributing to its degradation. Soil samples were collected from 38 stations across the mangrove and analyzed for pH, heavy metals, and nutrients over two years, from 2022 to 2023. The mangrove soil quality is assessed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) is used to characterize soil pollution, and it ranges from 0.29 to 1.09. Additionally, the Ecological Risk Index (ERI) is used to assess the ecological impact of soil pollution, revealing that the area falls within the low-risk category. The study also proposes measures like aquaculture, ecotourism, and increased awareness and education regarding the sustainability of mangroves and soil quality. The study underscores the significance of international cooperation, treaties, and legislative reform in assisting decision-makers with sustainable mangrove management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of dumpsites to farm lands in several communities is a usual practice in Nigeria. Wastes accumulate heavy metals in a variety of forms. This study assessed the concentration, degrees of contamination, and attendant health risk of heavy metals (HMs), using two major indigenous vegetables (Amaranthus viridis and Talinum triangulare) grown on five major dumpsites in Lagos state. After wet digestion, the mean concentrations of the HMs in the vegetable samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Daily intake of metals (DIM), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) biomathematics were employed in the assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment was used to assess carcinogenicity. The obtained result shows that the concentrations of HMs fell within the following ranges: (0.37 to 0.59), (0.07 to 1.36), (0.30 to 1.92), (0.00 to 0.03), and (0.00 to 0.04) mg/kg; for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), respectively, with low to moderate variability. At Ikorodu dumping site, the Pb concentration was above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible range and has the highest contamination factor. DIM for Pb was also above threshold values (> 1) in both adults and children, while the THQ values for Fe, Pb, and Cd were above 1 (> 1) in both adults and children. HI values for the vegetables exceeded WHO normal range (> 1), except Abule-Egba dumps' samples (70% HI greater than 1 in adults and 90% HI greater than 1 in children). Additionally, the ILCR values of above 50% of the samples were above the WHO (10−6) limits, with the highest value in children (Cd, 1.064 × 10−3) indicating high risk of carcinogenicity over a life time of exposure. Thus, the results revealed great health risk from consumption of vegetables from the four major dumping sites, with children being at greater risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes are multifunctional waterbodies in terrestrial hydrosphere ecosystems and sediment plays a key role in the liquid–solid junction. The rapid economic development in the post-industrial era had manifold heavy metal concentration compared to background values. The non-lithogenic forms of heavy metals possess toxicity to living beings through bioaccumulation and bio-magnification processes. Chilika Lake (India) is a diversified hotspot region and habitat for many endangered species. Over the years, the lake was affected by anthropogenic activities. So, the present study was undertaken to study the dynamic relationship between heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb) and sediment matrix and their mobilization behavior to the water phase influenced by sediment properties (pH and TOC). A sequential extraction procedure (SEP) was used to evaluate each chemical form's metal content. The ecological risk of metals was assessed by contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow index (Iin), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PER), ratio of primary phase to secondary phase (RSP), and mobility factor (MF). Source identification (PCA) was done to chalk out the remedial plan. The spatial distribution revealed greater heterogeneity in metal concentration in the lake. Sediment properties control the mobility of metals thus protecting their quality. The mean concentration (mg kg−1) of metals follows the order of Cr (54.35) > Ni (34.95) > Pb (19.53) > Cd (0.93). The dominance of metal content in the labile fraction was found in Cd (97%) and Pb (70%), which indicates a toxic effect on biota. The average value of MF follows the order of Cd (48%) > Pb (13%) > Cr (11%) > Ni (9%) indicating a dynamic equilibrium between sediment and aqueous phase. Source analysis indicates that Cr and Ni came mostly from natural sources, while Cd and Pb originate from man-made activities. The study revealed that the majority of threat is coming from Cd and Pb. Thus, regular monitoring of sediments, treatment of influx water, use of high-quality fuel in the motorboats and the development of a drainage system are essential to eliminate heavy metal toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study worked on heavy metals concentrations in sediments of the alpine lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. Sediments samples (n = 41) from alpine lakes: Sadpara Lake, Rama Lake, Upper Kachura Lake, and Shausar Lake were collected. Sediments samples were digested according to standard protocol and analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Among heavy metals, Mn exhibited the highest mean concentration (333 mg/kg) in the sediments of alpine lakes, while Cd showed the lowest (1.48 mg/kg). The Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn showed the highest mean concentrations in Sadpara Lake compared to other lakes. Sediments heavy metals concentrations were used for the calculation of pollution factors of alpine lakes, such as contamination factor (CF), pollution loads index (PLI), and ecological risk assessment (ERA). Among alpine lakes, the Sadpara Lake showed the highest PLI and CF values for most of the heavy metals. However, the highest mean (74.2 and 104) values of ERA and risk index (RI) were noted in the Rama Lake and exhibited a low-level risk to the alpine lake's system. Statistical analyses showed that weathering of bedrock and rich mineralised zone in the vicinity were dominating contributors of heavy metals contaminations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health of the soil is of great concern to us because of the crucial role and support the soil plays in crop production/nutrition which has direct consequences on human health. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the cadmium levels and potential ecological risks in Soils from Selected Motor Parks in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SOLAAR 969 UNICAM SERIES), after complete acid digestion. Results from the study revealed very low mean Cd concentrations at Station A(Oluku 0.09 mg/kg >Uniben 0.08 mg/kg >Odighi 0.07 mg/kg Ugbowo 0.01 mg/kg), while at station B Cd concentrations were all beyond the recommended levels except at Ring road (Uselu 0.28 mg/kg >Iyare 0.23 mg/kg >Muyi Line 0.18 mg/kg > Ring road 0.05 mg/kg). Atstation C: Cd levels were observed to be only high at Lawarsi and Agip (Lawarsi 0.19 mg/kg >Agip 0.13 mg/kg >Ameosa 0.06 mg/kg > New Benin 0.06 mg/kg. Results from the study portrayed that the cadmium mean levels at Uselu Motor-park, Lawarsi, Agip, Iyare, and Muyi line had higher levels of cadmium compared to other areas. This is crucial in helping to ascertain and monitor the level of cadmium in the soil of motor parks in Benin City and to ensure that anthropogenic activities that can lead to high concentration levels of cadmium are put under control.

Microplastic pollution has a significant threat to marine ecosystems, yet its impact on spineless cuttlefish (Sepiella inermis) remains under-researched. This study aims to address this gap by analysing microplastic contamination in Sepiella inermis from the North-East Bay of Bengal. This species is widely consumed and transported globally as food, thus holding significant health concerns. A total of 40 adult female cuttlefish were collected from two sampling sites (18°36′31.35″N 87°48′10.63″E and 15°43′35.37″N 88°12′07.01″E) in the Bay of Bengal. Tissue samples from tentacles, gut, and nidamental glands were analysed for microplastic content, alongside sediment and surface water samples. Parameters such as microplastic abundance, size, shape, and colour were recorded. The average abundance of microplastic particles was measured at 2.003 particles per gram in tentacle tissue, 2.31 particles per gram in gut tissue, and 0.99 particles per gram in nidamental gland tissue. The gut tissue exhibited the highest abundance of microplastics per gram. Chemical characterization using FT-IR and confocal Raman spectroscopy identified 11 types of microplastic polymers. Of the 11 types of plastic polymers identified, PVC was the most prevalent, accounting for 17.64 % of the microplastics found across all tissues. PVC microplastics can cause significant harm to marine life and human health by accumulating in the food chain and releasing harmful chemicals like phthalates, which can lead to endocrine disruption. ABS, PET, PP, PE, and PA microplastic polymers are highly persistent in environment, leading to long-term pollution in oceans. When ingested by marine organisms, they can disrupt entire ecosystems. In humans, the accumulation of these microplastics can impair the immune system and contribute to chronic diseases. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was calculated for each tissue type, revealing that gut tissue is more prone to microplastic pollution compared to the nidamental gland and tentacles. The average PLI per gram of gut tissue was 2.26, which was significantly higher than 1, indicating substantial pollution. This research highlights the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution, given the potential health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated marine species.

Current state of contamination and subsequent risk of contaminated sediment of a tidal river of Bangladesh was evaluated in the present study. Sediment samples were collected from five locations in the tributary of Bakkhali River estuary during summer (April) and winter (December) season, 2020. Collected samples were processed using standard protocol and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and metalloid (As), were analyzed by the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Sediment contamination was evaluated by pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), potential ecological risk index (PERI), non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk (CR) due to the dermal contact of the sediment. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were also applied to find out the possible sources of the contaminant in the sediment. Results showed the average concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn was 9.74 ± 3.57, 2.00 ± 0.85, 48.75 ± 8.92, 29.78 ± 8.39, 5.44 ± 2.03 and 56.94 ± 8.57 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn were within the recommended level whereas the concentration of As, Cd and Cr were suppressed the recommended level of WHO and FAO/WHO standards. PLI, CF and Cd revealed considerably low degree of contamination of the sediment. Geo-accumulation index indicated uncontaminated to moderately contaminated condition of the sediment. Although the values of enrichment factor revealed no potential enrichment for most of the metals, Cd showed a minor enrichment during the winter season. Based on the ecological risk assessment, the sediment from all of the sample locations was found to be of moderate to low risk. PCA and CA analysis revealed the origin of contaminants mainly from anthropogenic sources. Although different metals showed non-carcinogenic risk to the inhabitants, cancer risk values for dermal contact (CRderm) were much lower than 10−6 indicating no cancer risk for adult and child. However, the findings also revealed that children were more susceptible to CRderm compared to adults. The present study concluded that long term dermal contact of the sediment of Bakkhali River estuary will be contagious to the people. Therefore, regular monitoring of the estuarine environment is necessary so that contamination does not get worse.

Heavy metal levels and other parameters which included organic carbon content of topsoil samples collected from six metallic material scrapyards and a control sites all located in Benin city were determined using routine techniques. The locations of the visited municipal scrapyards were; Aduwawa, St Savior street, 1st and 2nd Ibiwe, Waterboard at Iyaro (Idia college), and Uwelu. The control soil samples was collected from the premises of the Botanical Garden located within the premises of the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City. Duplicate soil samples were collected from the various study locations once every month during the months of February and March, 2022. The pH and EC values of soils collected in February ranged from 6.71 – 7.47 and 606.5 – 2541µS/cm respectively. Soil borne Fe and Pb readings varied from 763.5-2034.5mg/kg and 548.5-1881.5mg/kg as well as 24.50 – 50.35 and 24.75 – 50.60 for samples obtained in February and March respectively. Findings in this study revealed that soil samples obtained from the various scrapyard dumpsites where contaminated with high levels of heavy metals such as Iron, Lead, Chromium and Cadmium. Furthermore, it was observed that the levels of heavy metals analyzed in soil samples from the various scrapyard dumpsites were generally higher in values compared to control sites. Continuous monitoring and further studies on the prevailing soil borne levels of these trace metals should be conducted at regular intervals to ascertain long-term effects on the surrounding environment.

This article presents a comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in Ulsoor and Agara Lakes in Bangalore, India. The study analyzed the levels of heavy metals in water and sediment samples over a one-year period and found higher concentrations in sediment compared to water. While sediment showed relative safety, the water exceeded permissible limits, indicating the need for remediation measures. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring water and sediment quality to mitigate the risks posed by heavy metal pollution. Additionally, the article provides a list of references that cover various aspects of heavy metal contamination in water bodies in India, offering valuable information for researchers studying water pollution and its impacts. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Trace metal contamination in soil and farm products is common in Bangladesh, which enhances public awareness. Most of the studies in our country ignored potential human health risks from different routes of exposures to trace metals present in potato tubers and potato-growing soils. Objectives: The study objectives were to measure trace metals pollution level in soils, and to evaluate human health risks due to dietary intake of potato tubers, as well as ingestion, dermal and inhalation exposures of potato-cultivating soils of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Methods: An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, and Mn in the extract of soils and potato tubers. The study employed contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) to evaluate the level of soil pollution. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health risks were assessed based on calculated Hazard Quotient and Cumulative Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (∑ILCR), respectively. Results: A threshold of ''moderate contamination'' (1.0 ≤ CF < 3.0) can be assigned to certain soil sampling sites based on the computed CF values for Ni, Cd, and Pb. On the contrary, the calculated PERI indicated that the soils of potato-cultivating regions of the study area are ecologically free from pollution. Regarding non-cancer risks, the measured hazard quotient (HQ) values for all avenues of exposure to trace metals were below 1.0, indicating that they are safe for human health. On the other hand, the calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for Ni in 83.3% of potato tuber samples for both sexes and Cd in 58.3% of males and 91.7% of females had scores greater than 1.00E-04, which indicates carcinogenic risks to adult humans. However, the estimated mean ∑ILCR for males and females in various routes of exposure showed a decreasing trend in the order of ILCROral (potato ingestion) >ILCRSoil ingestion >ILCRDermal adsorption >ILCRSoil inhalation. Conclusion: The agricultural soils of Bangladesh are becoming progressively degraded due to multiple contamination causes along with trace metals. The investigation recommended that future traceability efforts focus on locating possible sites of entry for toxic metals into the nation's food supply chain.

The present study focuses on the assessment of Hg distribution in both soil and water samples from the small-scale gold mining region of Karang Jaya Sub-district, Musi Rawas Utara Regency, South Sumatra Province. For over 30 years, this region has witnessed persistent utilization of mercury as an amalgam for gold extraction. The investigation encompasses an analysis of total mercury levels in soil samples obtained from Sukamenang, Muara Batang Empu, and Terusan Villages. As a comparative reference point devoid of gold mining activities, the neighboring Muara Lakitan Village was selected. The obtained results indicate a moderate to strong contamination level across the 30 sampled locations based on the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), with an average Igeo value of 2.6. Furthermore, Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Contamination Factor (CF) values demonstrate high contamination. Conversely, analysis of river water samples from 30 stations along the Rupit River reveals that most of the samples comply with quality standards (

Environmental context: Dust is a heterogeneous material deposited on the ground surface and is a source and sink for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from the air and soil. Tracking the distribution and effects of PTEs in an abandoned mining area is critical as few studies have quantified the speciation and bioavailability of PTEs contained in dust and PM2.5. In this paper, we track the distribution of PTEs in an abandoned mining area, quantifying the mobility of PTEs using the speciation of PTEs in dust and PM2.5 and quantitatively assess the environmental and ecological risks of PTE in a mining area. Rationale: This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the distribution, speciation, mobility and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in an abandoned mining area by measuring the PTEs in dust (indoor or atmospheric) and particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) simultaneously. Methodology: The particle size of dust, PTEs and the speciation of PTEs in dust and PM2.5 were determined. The risk assessment code (RAC) was used to analyse the mobility of PTEs, and the geo-accumulation index (I geo), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to assess the ecological risks of PTEs. Results: The results showed that the particle size of dust was mainly distributed in the range of 0–2.5 µm (61–81%). Cd, Mn, Cu and Zn in dust were mainly distributed in the acid extractable fraction, whereas other PTEs were distributed in the residual fraction. Most PTEs in PM2.5 were distributed in the acid extractable fraction, but V and As were distributed in the reducible fraction. The risk of Cd, Zn and Mn in dust and PM2.5 was very high (RAC > 50%). I geo values showed that the dust were practically uncontaminated by most of the PTEs, whereas the PM2.5 was moderately to highly contaminated by most of the PTEs. The PTE in dust and PM2.5 with the highest ecological risk was Cd (E i  >  320). The PLI showed a potential deterioration in environmental quality (1.30 < PLI < 3.17) and the further away from the mining centre, the less environmental degradation. Discussion: There is a potential for PTEs contamination and a high ecological risk in abandoned mining areas, which deserves serious attention. Environmental context. Dust is a heterogeneous material deposited on the ground surface and is a source and sink for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) originating from the air and soil. Tracking the distribution and effects of PTEs in an abandoned mining area is critical as few studies have quantified the speciation and bioavailability of PTEs contained in dust and PM2.5. In this paper, we track the distribution of PTEs in an abandoned mining area, quantifying the mobility of PTEs using the speciation of PTEs in dust and PM2.5 and quantitatively assess the environmental and ecological risks of PTE in a mining area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, public concerns over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops due to the excessive use of agrochemicals are increasing. This study was conducted in the Abuakwa North Municipality of Eastern Region, Ghana, to assess the status of heavy metals in cocoa soils and beans. Cocoa farms aged between 10 and 20 years and have received agrochemicals for at least 5 years were selected, and their adjacent forests were used as controls. Soil samples and cocoa pods were collected randomly and processed for laboratory analysis. The study discovered that across the sampling sites, heavy metal concentrations in soil were below permissible limits. However, contamination factor and geo-accumulation index results revealed that Tontro cocoa farms were considerably contaminated and moderately polluted respectively with Cu, probably due to long-term fungicide application. The concentrations of Fe (39.3–47.1 mg kg−1) and Zn (54.8–70.0 mg kg−1) in the cocoa beans across the communities were below the FAO/WHO's safe limit of 99.4 mg kg−1 and 73.0 mg kg−1 respectively. Lead (0.03–0.06 mg kg−1) and Cd (0.12–0.20 mg kg−1) concentrations were below the EU's maximum allowable level and Codex Alimentarius Commission's limit of 1.0 mg kg−1 respectively. However, bean Cu content in the Tontro farm (51.5 mg kg−1) was slightly above the EU's recommended maximum limit of 50.0 mg kg−1, possibly due to the continuous application of copper-based fungicides. The study showed that, overall, agrochemicals used for cocoa farming in Abuakwa North Municipality of Ghana did not cause serious harm to the soils and beans, since the mean metal concentrations were not alarming and guarantee public health safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine and evaluate the concentrations of As, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb, and the physicochemical properties of 48 agricultural soil samples, to identify potential ecological risks and their sources associated with heavy metals contamination in Usak, western Türkiye. Various methods were used to assess ecological risks, including geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), potential ecological risk (RI), and pollution load index (PLI). The heavy metals concentrations ranged from 4 to 61 mg/kg for As, 8–48 mg/kg for Cu, 0.01–0.06 mg/kg for Hg, 30–813 mg/kg for Ni, and 4–30 mg/kg for Pb. The mean As and Ni concentrations were much greater than Earth’s crustal average, the world’s mean values, and mean values from many other emerging countries. Igeo and EF values for As, Ni, and Pb indicate various degrees of contamination. Cdeg values show that 96% of the study area is affected to some degree by contamination. For RI values, 38% indicate ecological risks ranging from moderate to considerable degrees. PLI values show that 75% of the agricultural soils are moderately polluted. Spatial distribution maps of Cdeg, RI, and PLI show that the northeastern and southwestern parts of the study area have been polluted to different levels by As, Ni, and Pb. Industrial activities and excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides were identified as major sources of heavy metals contamination in the agricultural soils of Uşak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has been facing air pollution for several decades due to rapid urbanization, population growth, improper vehicle use, and the low quality of fuels. In this study, 31 indoor dust samples were collected passively from residential and commercial buildings located in the central and densely populated districts of the city. These samples were analyzed after preparation to measure the concentration of elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn). Statistical data analyses were employed to compare their relationship across various uses, variations, and for source identification. Geochemical indices of contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb (938, 206, and 176 µg g−1, respectively) are 6, 5, and 3 times higher than their mean values in worldwide urban soils. Additionally, Cd, Mo, and Ni showed concentrations about 1.5 times higher, while As, Co, Cr, Mn, and Sr fell within the range of reference soils. Be, V, and Sb displayed remarkably lower mean values. Building use did not significantly influence element levels in indoor deposited dust except for Pb and Zn. A comparison of indoor concentrations with previously published data for outdoor dusts revealed higher enrichments of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni, while As, Cd, and Zn showed lower enrichments in street dust samples. The order of CF values indicated Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V. For Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all or almost all samples exhibited very high contamination. PLI values were consistently higher than 1, indicating contamination in all samples. Multivariate statistical analysis and Tehran’s specific geological location suggested that mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks are primary sources for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni (PC1). As, Pb, and V (PC2) were attributed to fossil fuel combustion in vehicles and residential buildings. Pb is a legacy metal remaining from the use of leaded gasoline, which was phased out in the 1990s. Zn (PC3) is derived from vehicle tires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban agro-ecosystem in developing countries plays a major role in uplifting the socioeconomic status of their inhabitants by confronting the challenges of improving food security and eradicating hunger. Food security and safety has become a serious global concern owing to accumulation of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in different food commodities subjected to different contaminated irrigation sources. The current study was undertaken to assess the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloid in ridge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.), its planting soil medium and irrigation water sources used for crop production to determine the health risk. The results showed that the mean concentrations of different metals and metalloids in ground water samples i.e. Ni (0.14 mg L-1), Fe (1.29 mg L-1), Cu (0.10 mg L-1), Pb (0.55 mg L-1), As (0.10 mg L-1), Cr (2.38 mg L-1) and Cd (0.05 mg L-1) were over the permissible limits. Soil samples irrigated with ground water showed that concentrations of Cd (23.67 mg kg-1), Cr (26.66 mg kg-1) and As (45.97 mg kg-1) were above the permissible limits. Similarly, vegetable samples irrigated with ground water had a higher level of Cd (0.33 mg kg-1) than their prescribed safe limits. The bio-concentration factor ranged from 0.00 to 8.21 for all irrigation sources. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for Zn, Fe, and Cr were higher than the threshold value when ridge gourd was consumed, indicating a health concern. Similarly, hazard index values were 5.05, 28, 27, and 1.01, from groundwater, canal water, and sewage water, respectively. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) exposed Ni, Cr, Cd and As in canal water were sources of high cancer risk and Pb showed moderate cancer risk for the local community. These findings suggest that human intake of ridge gourd vegetable from the studied area may pose health hazards. Hence, frequent monitoring of different irrigation streams used in urban and semi-urban agriculture is strongly recommended to manage higher concentrations of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in crop produce and their associated health risks for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Klagison River in Sorong City is used by the sand mining industry to dispose of liquid waste. Consequently, turbidity and sedimentation occurred. This study aimed to analyze the water quality, heavy metal concentrations in sediments, and the relationship between the two. The sampling points were determined using the purposive sampling method. Data analysis included the pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and correlation analysis. The TDS value of the Klagison River ranged from 126 to 168 mg/L and turbidity range of 19.98 to 724 NTU. The analysis results pollution load index showed that the sediment with a PLI value of 0.557 was neither polluted nor lightly polluted. Index geoaccumulation showed Cr and Cu values of 100% (Igeo < 0), while Mn and Fe were 80% unpolluted (Igeo < 0) and 20% unpolluted or mildly polluted (0 < Igeo < 2). The concentrations of Cr, Mn, and Fe had a negative correlation with the water quality parameters of TDS and turbidity. The concentration of Cu has a positive correlation with the water quality parameters, TDS, and turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the assessment of Hg distribution in both soil and water samples from the small-scale gold mining region of Karang Jaya Sub-district, Musi Rawas Utara Regency, South Sumatra Province. For over 30 years, this region has witnessed persistent utilization of mercury as an amalgam for gold extraction. The investigation encompasses an analysis of total mercury levels in soil samples obtained from Sukamenang, Muara Batang Empu, and Terusan Villages. As a comparative reference point devoid of gold mining activities, the neighboring Muara Lakitan Village was selected. The obtained results indicate a moderate to strong contamination level across the 30 sampled locations based on the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), with an average Igeo value of 2.6. Furthermore, Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Contamination Factor (CF) values demonstrate high contamination. Conversely, analysis of river water samples from 30 stations along the Rupit River reveals that most of the samples comply with quality standards (<0.0005 mg/L), with an average value at 0.000322 mg/L; only four stations exhibit total Hg concentrations surpassing regulatory thresholds. All soil and river water samples from the control area (10 stations) exhibited no signs of pollution. Appropriate investments in technology, finance, and technical skills are needed to reduce mercury pollution due to small-scale gold mining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the pollution characteristics and geochemical study of core sediments from the Ossiomo River. Sediment samples were air-dried, crushed and sieved through a 2mm sieve and analysed for physicochemical and heavy metals using standard methods. The average mean concentration of physicochemical properties in sediments were 5.43±0.37 pH, 186.28±59.15 (uS/cm) EC, 1.41±0.94 % TOC, 89.25±1.20 % sand, 5.03±1.81 % silt and 4.95±0.65 % clay. Mean concentration of heavy metals in bottom sediments were 1137±760.55 for Fe, 6.83±1.24 for Cu, 28.94±11.93 for Zn, 0.14±0.06 for Cd, 5.80±5.27 for Pb, 9.02±3.80 for Mn, 4.30±1.04 mg/kg for Cr. Total hydrocarbon content (THC) had an average mean value of 826.80±457.27 mg/kg. Heavy metal concentration was in the order: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The computed Enrichment factor indicated that there is a moderate enrichment for Fe and Zn, a significant enrichment for Fe, Cr, Cd and a very high enrichment for Pb. Geoaccumulation index showed that Cu and Mn were practically unpolluted, Cr and Cd were moderately to heavily polluted, Pb was extremely polluted. Contamination factor showed a very high contamination exists for Cr, Cd, and Pb across the sample stations. Pollution load Index was greater than 1 (PLI>1) indicating pollution. Potential ecological risk index showed a very strong pollution degree of Pb while Cd exhibited an extremely strong pollution degree. The risk degree indicated an extremely strong risk degree across the stations. The potential ecological risk showed that station 1 and 3 had considerable ecological risk (300600). Heavy metals content exhibited a positive and significant correlation and therefore, it is important to take heavy metal contamination in Ossiomo River sediments seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adada River is among the essential rivers in Enugu State which rural dwellers depend on water supply and agriculture farmlands situated beside its channels. Current research was undertaken to ascertain the extent of lethal metals (Co, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, As and Fe) pollution in soils from the Adada River bank. Fifteen topsoil (0 cm), subsoil (5 cm) and deep-soil (10 cm) samples were gathered from the downstream, midstream and upstream of the river. The results revealed that the average values of the metals in the three different depths declined in the pattern of As>Pb>Zn>Co>Ni>Fe>Cd. Adada River bank soils possess moderate to critical enrichment for Pb, moderate enrichment for As and Cd, as well as no enrichment for Co, Zn and Ni. The results of the contamination factor (CF) revealed that Cd and As are responsible for the high contamination. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) for some of the sample stations demonstrates that, with the exception of the Amagu and Ogbosu locations, the sampling locations were largely unpolluted. To delineate the different origins of the metals, multivariate tools like correlation matrix and cluster analysis were used. The results indicated that the soil samples obtained from the upstream of the river possess lesser metal values, whereas soils in the downstream of the river had higher metal values as a result of intensive rice farming in the downstream part of Adada River. Our observations can also be beneficial as baseline data for regulatory agencies to implement appropriate action in the future on issues relating to heavy metal contamination in the Adada River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigate the sources, seasonal variation, and health risks of ten elements in water collected at ten sites in Yamuna, Delhi. Mean concentration of the elements ranged from 0.8 ± 0.8 µg/L for Co to 9455 ± 6379 µg/L for Fe, and followed in the order Co>Cd >As>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb>Mn>Fe. Mean Cr and Pb levels exceed the WHO prescribed limit. Spatial variation was insignificant except for Mn. Seasonal variation of Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, and As was significant, and in the order summer≥monsoon>winter. Cluster analysis identified five groups of elements. Principal component analysis indicates industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater effluents as the chief sources of the observed level of elements. Probability of non-carcinogenic health risk was moderate for Cr (69%), Mn (62%), As (44%), and Fe (29%) and high for Pb (96%). Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb pose carcinogenic risk with high probability (84–100%) except for Pb (4.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitation of open-cast coal mines is a critical intervention for bringing back productive surface soil and sustaining ecosystem functioning. Mining activities not only disturb the key soil properties, but also cause heavy metal contamination. Significantly, 32,000 acres of land in Odisha have been affected by coal mine. In this study, two representative mine areas, Talcher and Jharsuguda in Odisha were selected for our study. The soil physiochemical, available soil nutrient, microbial biomass carbon, soil enzymatic activities and heavy metal contents were estimated in the three sites (rehabilitated, non-rehabilitated and paddy fields) and two soil depth (0–15 and 15–30 cm) of both Talcher and Jharsuguda. The soil pH was higher in rehabilitated sites (5.55 to 8.42) as compared to the paddy fields (5.38 to 5.85) and non-rehabilitated sites (4.16 to 4.57). The average available nitrogen and phosphorus contents were lower in non-rehabilitated sites than the rehabilitated sites and paddy fields. Labile carbon pools (readily mineralizable carbon and microbial biomass carbon), soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase and fluorescein di-acetate) were negatively affected by mining activities and it was higher in paddy soil than the rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated sites. Further, the heavy metals (cobalt, copper, iron, and lead) were relatively higher at non-rehabilitated and rehabilitated sites. Heavy metal-based geo-accumulation, integrated pollution and pollution load indices were indicated the possible pollution risk in the rehabilitated study site also. Therefore, we recommend a better technical effort should be made in the top-soil management of coal mine spoil areas during rehabilitation to sustain the productive ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban agro-ecosystem in developing countries plays a major role in uplifting the socioeconomic status of their inhabitants by confronting the challenges of improving food security and eradicating hunger. Food security and safety has become a serious global concern owing to accumulation of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in different food commodities subjected to different contaminated irrigation sources. The current study was undertaken to assess the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloid in ridge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.), its planting soil medium and irrigation water sources used for crop production to determine the health risk. The results showed that the mean concentrations of different metals and metalloids in ground water samples i.e. Ni (0.14 mg L-1), Fe (1.29 mg L-1), Cu (0.10 mg L-1), Pb (0.55 mg L-1), As (0.10 mg L-1), Cr (2.38 mg L-1) and Cd (0.05 mg L-1) were over the permissible limits. Soil samples irrigated with ground water showed that concentrations of Cd (23.67 mg kg-1), Cr (26.66 mg kg-1) and As (45.97 mg kg-1) were above the permissible limits. Similarly, vegetable samples irrigated with ground water had a higher level of Cd (0.33 mg kg-1) than their prescribed safe limits. The bio-concentration factor ranged from 0.00 to 8.21 for all irrigation sources. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for Zn, Fe, and Cr were higher than the threshold value when ridge gourd was consumed, indicating a health concern. Similarly, hazard index values were 5.05, 28, 27, and 1.01, from groundwater, canal water, and sewage water, respectively. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) exposed Ni, Cr, Cd and As in canal water were sources of high cancer risk and Pb showed moderate cancer risk for the local community. These findings suggest that human intake of ridge gourd vegetable from the studied area may pose health hazards. Hence, frequent monitoring of different irrigation streams used in urban and semi-urban agriculture is strongly recommended to manage higher concentrations of phytotoxic metals and metalloids in crop produce and their associated health risks for humans.

The present investigation focuses on assessing the water quality of groundwater surrounding brick kilns in the Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). At 43 different brick kiln sites in both north and south regions of Jammu, concentrations of heavy metals were measured using established techniques. The elements zinc, copper, iron, lead, cadmium, nickel, and manganese were analyzed utilizing an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The pollution load index value was consistently below unity across all sites, suggesting an absence of pollution and making the water suitable for consumption. The average concentrations, listed in ascending order, were found to be 0.38 mg/L for copper, 0.31 mg/L for zinc, 0.01 mg/L for iron, and 0.09 mg/L for manganese. Notably, concentrations of lead, cadmium, and nickel were found below the detectable levels. Evaluation of contamination factors revealed the sequence Cu > Fe > Zn > Mn, while the geo accumulation index followed the sequence Cu > Fe > Mn > Zn. Comparison of these findings with the established standards of World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standards indicated that the recorded ranges were within permissible limits. The study's outcomes suggest that heavy metal emissions from brick kilns may not significantly impact the quality of groundwater. Elevated copper levels found near brick kilns were likely to result from plumbing materials in the study area. Iron and manganese in groundwater seems to have geo-genic origin and not emission-related. This research represents a foundational step in examining groundwater contamination by heavy metals specifically in the neighborhood of brick kilns in Jammu district. It contributes to the establishment of a comprehensive database and serves as a reference point for future studies. Additionally, the study recommends regular monitoring of groundwater to ensure the maintenance of drinking water quality.

The main objective of this study was to characterize the distribution of microplastics and nitrogen and phosphorus forms in the surface sediments of Lake Luoma, where samples were collected from August 2022 to March 2024 from 32 sampling sites. The enrichment factor method and pollution load index were used extensively to analyze the environmental characterization of heavy metals in Lake Luoma’s sediments. Shape differences were used to estimate individual particle volume and mass, and microplastic storage calculations per sediment were calculated by combining the percentage of microplastics in each shape. The results showed that the average ammonia nitrogen content in the water of Luoma Lake was 346.49 mg/kg, and the average nitrate nitrogen content was 9.75 mg/kg. Phosphorus was mostly present in the form of iron and phosphorus, with a detection rate of 85.67%. Most of the area’s nitrogen and phosphorus are in line with the Ⅲ water quality standard in the “Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water”, but the total phosphorus content of individual sampling points is more than 0.1mg/L, which is more serious pollution. The mean abundance of microplastics in the sediments of Lake Luoma was 5506.45±2537.21 n·m−3 , showing the trend of in-lake > confluent tributaries > out-lake. Microplastics were released into the upstream surface sediments by the water flow, moved downstream, and settled again.

The goal of this study is to examine the impact of coal power plants on the distribution of natural radionuclides in the environment and its effects on air particulate matter and solid fallout. To this end, spatial distributions and correlations are used to group radionuclides and trace elements. The study also identifies sources of elevated concentrations, such as geogenic, anthropogenic, or agricultural, and provides dose assessments, ecological risk assessments, pollution load indices, and geoaccumulation indices. These findings will inform future research and decision making in managing and regulating natural radionuclides near coal power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and potential risk assessments of heavy metals in two varieties of edible vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus and Celosia argentea) around Lapite Dump Site of Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using different standard analytical techniques. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals showed that Pb, Cd and Mn (3.05mg/kg, 0.67mg/kg, and 129.61mg/kg) are the metals with means higher than their respective permissible values (PL) for humans (0.3mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg, and 6.64mg/kg respectively). These three heavy metals are also the metals with the most significant contamination and pollution factor according to the calculated contamination factor and geo-accumulation index. The bioaccumulation factors showed that Mn and Zn are the heavy metals accumulated most in the plants with the leaves having high content of these metals more than the stems. Pollution load index calculated revealed that the dumpsite area has been deteriorated (PLI > 1) making activities around the area (including agriculture) and the habitants at high risk of health hazards. Consequently, planting and other human activities in this area should be discouraged while appropriate authorities should get involved in impact assessment of the environment to relocate the farms and habitants of the area to a more suitable and environmental friendly area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are one of the most important sources of surface water in the world. The purpose of this research is to investigate the contamination of Karaj River sediments with heavy metals using sediment quality indices, evaluate the effects of pollution on the environment, and provide solutions to reduce pollution and its aftereffects. To achieve this goal, the sediments of the Karaj River bed were sampled at nine stations, and the total concentration of heavy elements in the samples was measured by the ICP device. Eventually, the sediment quality indicators for each of the metals were analyzed separately. The results showed that the Karaj River suffered little pollution in terms of bed sediment contamination with heavy metals, but the role of human activities in producing this amount of pollution cannot be neglected. Urban and rural activities, as a result of their effluents and sewage leaking into the river environment, construction and road construction projects in the region, land use changes in the river's boundaries and margins, and the people's lack of awareness in the region regarding the environmental effects of metal pollution. Inadequacy in proper education and culture in relation to tourism and environmental protection are among the destructive and polluting human factors in the area of Karaj River, which caused an increase in copper contamination up to 2.36 as well as the Pollution Load Index to the point of 0.76 in downstream stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exorbitant concentrations of toxic metals in the soil from anthropogenic activities are environmental hazards and key health risk concerns to humans. The subsistence food garden soils have minimum anthropogenic interventions. The ecotoxicological risk potentials of the metals in subsistence food garden settings are unexplored. The metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, and Ni) concentration were assessed in the surface soil fractions (2 mm and 0.2 mm) of food gardens (N = 20) on the floodplains of Watut River, Papua New Guinea. The threshold limits, index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) served as potential risk indicators of metals. Regardless of soil particle size, the descending order of median metals concentration was Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb. The concentration of Cu and Ni in the soil particles exceeded the WHO threshold limits in 100% and 50% of the food garden soils, respectively. Metal enrichment led to severe pollution in 100% gardens (Igeo > 5). Cr, Cu, and Ni contamination factors were > 1 in 95% of the food gardens. The PERI values indicated a lower ecological risk of the metals (PERI < 100). The median concentration of Cu, Igeo, and CF values for Cu in the 2 mm soil particles were significantly greater than in 0.2 mm. The results suggested exposure of subsistence food gardens soils to geogenic metal contamination and the need to carefully choose appropriate soil particle size for the soil health assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants that are recognized as posing a potential health hazard to human beings. We investigated the concentrations of the heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface sediments collected from the Mae Chaem River in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during the dry season in 2021. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediments were, in decreasing order, Zn > Cr > As > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd. The mean values of As, Cd, Cr, and Cu were determined to be 32.5 ± 18.3, 0.33 ± 0.07, 45.8 ± 11.9, and 21.9 ± 7.42 mg Kg−1, respectively. These levels are higher than their standard levels in Thailand, namely 10.0, 0.16, 45.5, and 21.5 mg Kg−1, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the primary origins of heavy metal contamination are predominantly attributed to residential settlements and agricultural areas. The hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate the non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to heavy-metal-bound surface sediments for both children and adults. The results showed that the HQ values for both groups were less than 1.0 (HQ < 1.0), indicating no risk. Moreover, assessment of the long-term risk for ingestion of toxic metals indicated no risk (<10−6) based on the lifetime cancer risk (LCR). However, the LCR values of As and Cr were 5.3 × 10−6 and 2.5 × 10−6, respectively, demonstrating the most elevated LCR among the hazardous metals in terms of children's exposure. Therefore, it is possible that children living in agricultural areas and participating in activities around the study area may be exposed to elevated concentrations of As and Cr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Heavy metals can enter the food chain in the aquatic environment and become available for accumulation in biota. Industrialization and agricultural developments are progressively causing ecological concerns, which must be addressed. This study aimed to ascertain the heavy metals in Tamiraparani River sediments using contamination factor and contamination degree, which would help administrative bodies implement control measures. For heavy metal analysis, this study is unique in that it focuses on the far downstream, where the sediment deposition is higher.METHODS: Using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the abundance of iron, manganese, copper, and chromium was determined in this study. In this study, the heavy metals in the sediments are selected on the basis of previous studies. Additionally, to assess sediment pollution status, contamination factor, contamination degree, and pollution load index were used. Furthermore, a geographical information system was used to analyse the temporal variations of heavy metals in the sediments for different spatial locations downstream of the river.FINDINGS: The study revealed that iron > manganese > chromium > copper concentration ranges from 3838 to 853, 68 to 7.8, 8.3 to 0.5, and 5.6 to 0.26 milligram per kilogram, respectively. The contamination factor ranges from 0.006 to 0.093 among all the sampling locations, heavy metals, and seasons, indicating that the pollution is in a low-level category. The contamination degree ranges from 0.039 to 0.378 among sampling stations and seasons, also indicating low-category pollution. The pollution load index value ranges from 0.004 to 0.092, which is less than 1 (guideline value), indicating less pollution impact. The seasonal variation shows that the post-monsoon is highly polluted because of the excessive sediment deposit from upstream after monsoon rainfall.CONCLUSION: The contamination factor and contamination degree are within the acceptable limit. However, they are in an increasing phase during monsoon seasons, which indicates that heavy metals are from industries and are built up along the river banks upstream. Additionally, chromium and copper are in high concentrations during post-monsoon (chromium = 6.643, copper = 5.636) than during pre-monsoon because of anthropogenic activities and industrial waste discharge into the river stream.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and potential risk assessments of heavy metals in two varieties of edible vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus and Celosia argentea) around Lapite Dump Site of Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using different standard analytical techniques. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals showed that Pb, Cd and Mn (3.05mg/kg, 0.67mg/kg, and 129.61mg/kg) are the metals with means higher than their respective permissible values (PL) for humans (0.3mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg, and 6.64mg/kg respectively). These three heavy metals are also the metals with the most significant contamination and pollution factor according to the calculated contamination factor and geo-accumulation index. The bioaccumulation factors showed that Mn and Zn are the heavy metals accumulated most in the plants with the leaves having high content of these metals more than the stems. Pollution load index calculated revealed that the dumpsite area has been deteriorated (PLI > 1) making activities around the area (including agriculture) and the habitants at high risk of health hazards. Consequently, planting and other human activities in this area should be discouraged while appropriate authorities should get involved in impact assessment of the environment to relocate the farms and habitants of the area to a more suitable and environmental friendly area.

This study focused on the distribution of microplastics in the water and sediment of the Ganges River Basin to the Meghna Estuary in Bangladesh. Thirty points were sampled from Chapainawabganj district (India-Bangladesh border) to Chandpur district (Meghna Estuary). The morphological appearances were recognized by stereomicroscope and SEM-EDX analysis. Potential ecological risks were also measured. The average microplastic concentration in upstream and downstream water was 50.9 ± 24.4 particles/L and 64.1 ± 26.3 particles/L, respectively, and the sediment concentration was 2953.49 ± 1670.52 particles/kg in upstream sediment and 4014.66 ± 1717.59 particles/kg in downstream sediment. In upstream water, the most dominant morphological appearance was fragment shape, blue colour and 1–2 mm in size. The appearance of downstream water was fragments shape, red colour and 0.1–0.5 mm in size. In upstream sediment, the most dominant morphological appearance was fragment shape, red colour and

Vehicular traffic occupies a significant place among the sources of air pollution, due to population and urban growth that has led to an excessive increase in the vehicle fleet worldwide, and in Costa Rica as well. Vehicle emissions generate greenhouse gases (GHGs), particulate matter (PM), and heavy metals (HMs), due to combustion products from fossil-fuel engines, tire wear, and brake linings. HMs are important because they cannot be degraded or destroyed naturally; however, they can be diluted by physicochemical agents and be incorporated into trophic chains where they can be bioaccumulated causing significant negative effects on human well-being and ecological quality. This study aimed to assess the HM pollution load in biomonitors and road dust from vehicular emissions by chemical analyses and magnetic properties modeling. For this purpose, chemical and magnetic property analyses were carried out on samples of road dust and leaves of Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Casuarina equisetifolia L., which were sampled during 2 different years in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica known as GAM. Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) results showed significant metal pollution in some of the study sites. Contamination by the metals V, Cr, and Zn was most commonly present in the biomonitors, and for road dust, they were Cr, Zn, and Pb. The PLI estimates obtained with the validated support vector machine (SVM) magnetic properties models were consistent (sensitivity, specificity, and precision) with those obtained by chemical analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for the identification of this index of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental contamination with trace metals has become an issue of concern to most developing or emerging countries such as Ghana. The study examined the concentrations of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in 40 reclaimed soil samples for their ecological risks assessment and spatial distribution after mining operations in the Abuakwa South Municipal area in Ghana. The mean concentrations of arsenic (0.08 mg/kg), chromium (0.44 mg/kg), nickel (0.27 mg/kg), and lead (1.74 mg/kg) measured were all below the stipulated limit provided by WHO. Using the mean concentrations of these trace metals, pollution indices such as geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), ecological risk factor (Er), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PER) were calculated and the results obtained categorized the site as uncontaminated. Spatial distribution maps showed that Cr and Pb were more visible in the study area. This suggests that the study area is well reclaimed and does not pose an ecological risk. The findings presented in this work give data support for trace metal contamination and risk assessment in Abuakwa South. This can have some theoretical implications for the prevention of trace metal pollution and future monitoring studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to use environmental indices as complementary tools to other air quality biomonitoring techniques. The concentrations of trace elements Hg, Se, V, Mo, and Ba were analyzed by ICP-MS in four lichens: Xanthoria calcicola, Xanthoria parietina, Ramalina pollinaria, and Ramalina lacera. To assess the contamination of lichens by trace elements, different environmental indices were calculated: Contamination Index (Ic), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Enrichment Factor (EF). The results revealed that the genus Ramalina has a low tolerance to polymetallic pollution with a PLI not exceeding 0.44. The genus Xanthoria seems more resistant to polymetallic pollution with a maximum PLI of 2.58. The calculation of the enrichment factor revealed a very strong enrichment of the lichens in Mo, Hg and Se with a maximum content in Ba which reflects a strong metallic contamination of various origins especially in the urban and industrial areas of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]