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The present research work investigates the impact of natural and anthropogenic inputs on the chemistry and quality of the groundwater in the Beenaganj-Chachura block of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 50 groundwater samples were examined for nitrates, fluoride, chlorides, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, pH, total hardness, and conductivity, and their impact on entropy-weighted water quality index and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was investigated via the response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design. According to analytical findings, Ca, Mg, Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− exceed the desired limit and permitted limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). According to PIG findings, 76, 16, and 8% of groundwater samples, respectively, fell into the insignificant, low, and moderate pollution categories. The regression coefficients of the quadratic RSM models for the experimental data provided excellent results. Thus, RSM provides an excellent means to obtain the optimized values of input parameters to minimize the PIG values. HIGHLIGHTS Entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) of Beenaganj-Chachura India were studied for the first time.; Ca, Mg, Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− exceed the desired limit and permitted limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization (WHO).; Distribution maps of EWQI and PIG are obtained for the area.; The quadratic response surface methodology model was found appropriate for the prediction of the groundwater pollution index of this region.; There were major implications for water resource management of the area.;

The aim of the study is to evaluate the quality of water collected during wet and dry seasons of Şanlıurfa and to expand and improve understanding of the pollution status and drinking quality of bottled water used for drinking purposes. To do so, an entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) and a groundwater pollution index (PIG) were used to evaluate data on physicochemical parameters related to drinking water quality standards. The parameters related to bottled water quality were evaluated with Piper and Ternary diagrams. The calculated EWQI values ranged from 7.78 to 29.74 in wet season whereas 11.63 to 32.20 in dry season. Overall, EWQI data showed that all of water samples were suitable for drinking. Similarly, the values of PIG varied from 0.09 to 0.3 in wet season but 0.1 to 0.26 in dry season, which also showed that all water samples from the study area were suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study integrated machine learning and multi-linear regression modeling approaches in groundwater quality assessment around Obosi, SE Nigeria with the aim of predicting groundwater quality parameters. 42 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physical (Ec and pH) and heavy metals (As, Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) using standard methods. The result of physicochemical assessment revealed that Ec, pH, Cr, and Ni were within the recommended standard whereas Cd, Fe, Pb, and As were above with a heavy metal trend spread of Fe > Pb > As > Cd > Cr > Ni. The study area's aquiferous materials are highly permeable and relatively shallow, hence the observed groundwater contamination. Contamination factor results showed that the entire samples were not contaminated, except which had majority of its samples having very high degree of contamination. Pollution load index (PLI) values revealed excellent groundwater quality. The Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), Potential ecological risk index (ERI) and modified degree of contamination (mCd) values reveal that majority of the entire groundwater sample has high contamination. Elemental Contamination Index and overall Metal Contamination Index (MCI) values in the entire sample were less than 5 which implies that they have very low contamination. Water quality index (WQI) and Pollution index of groundwater (PIG) values showed that the water quality is unsuitable for drinking and it requires treatment before usage. Correlation matrix result showed no correlation between the parameters. Principal component analysis results showed that there were loading between parameters. Eight (8) Artificial neural networks (ANN) and multi-linear regression (MLR) models were developed with very high R2 values, showing that they are efficacious and reliable for the forecasting of the pollution indices. Based on the respective performances, ANN and MLR models should be considered for additional investigation since they showed a high viable inclination in the forecasting of PLI, Igeo, HEI, mCd, ERI, MCI, WQI and PIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fifty groundwater samples were obtained pre and post-monsoon seasons in parts of hard rock terrain in Andhra Pradesh, South India, in order to assess the drinking water quality. PIG values of groundwater samples ranged from 0.95–1.53 and 0.83–1.28 during pre and post-monsoon seasons. PIG values are slightly higher in the pre-monsoon season when compared to the post-monsoon season. In the pre monsoon season, 96% of the groundwater samples showed insignificant pollution class (

Groundwater is the most common source of drinking and irrigation in the world. As a result of human activities and natural processes, nitrate levels in most groundwater supplies in arid and semi-arid areas have risen in recent decades. As a result of human activities and natural processes, the levels of fluoride and nitrate in most groundwater supplies in arid and semi-arid areas have increased in recent decades. Thirty groundwater samples were taken from bore wells to learn about the contaminated situations of groundwater fluoride and nitrate in sections of Cuddapah, South India, and to determine the likely harm to the health of adults, children, and infants. In the study villages' wells, flouride concentrations range from 0.1–3.2 mg/L, with 40% of groundwater exceeding fluoride guidelines (1.5 mg/L) and Nitrate concentrations range from 23.2–110.8 mg/L, with 86.6% of groundwater exceeding nitrate guidelines (45 mg/L). 96% of groundwater exceeds the allowable THI values (>1) for adults (0.74–4.02), children (0.75–4.08), and infants (0.57–3.10). According to the PIG categorization, 23% of total groundwater samples fall into the low pollution zone (PIG: 1.38) whereas 47% of samples fall into the moderate pollution zone (1.83) and 30% of groundwater samples fall into the high pollution zone (2.20). Hence, appropriate preventative steps must be adopted to reduce the health risk in this area.

The study area is characterized by low rainfall and a significant outcrop of salt formations, which significantly compromises the use of water for consumption and other purposes (agriculture and industry). Groundwater contamination affects both water quality and human health. Hence it is essential for continuous monitoring of the quality of groundwater so that contamination can be minimized. Application of pollution index of groundwater (PIG) to the problem of estimating groundwater contamination with respect to their drinking water quality standards has been done by the investigation of 58 water sample. The computed values of Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) for the study area vary from 0,457 to 8.190. Spatial variation map has been prepared using GIS. The variation map shows that most of the study area accounts for high and very high pollution zones, which is mainly due to geogenic, anthropogenic factors and also it is compounded due to mining activities. Geochemical ratios (Na+: Cl-, HCO3- : Cl-, Na+: Ca2+ and Mg2+: Ca2+) also form the quantitative basis of the index. This manuscript synthesizes a set of data that allowed us to make a classification of the contamination zones, using PIG tool, of the study area.

Rapid urbanisation has had a significant negative influence on the water bodies that flow through and around urban areas. This study aims to evaluate the water quality and analyse the suitability for drinking and irrigation uses. This study envisaged assessing the water quality status of the groundwater using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and multivariate statistical techniques, namely cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), that were applied to differentiate the sources of water quality variation and determine the cause of pollution in the study area. Most groundwater is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation consumption, depending on analyses. PIG values indicated high pollution levels in the studied water body, rendering it unsuitable for any practical purpose. CA results showed the impact of surface water and treatment plant on groundwater. PCA was used to identify four important factors in the groundwater, including mineral and nutrient pollution, heavy metal pollution, organic pollution and faecal contamination. The deteriorating water quality of the groundwater was demonstrated to originate from vast sources of anthropogenic activities, especially municipal sewage discharge. Study wells had greater concentrations of Cl− and Na+ in their water because seawater flows into the aquifer system and mixes with the marine aquifer matrix. Thus, the current work reveals how to employ the PIG and multivariate statistical approaches to obtain more accessible and more meaningful information about the water quality of groundwater and to identify the sources of pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty groundwater samples were obtained pre and post-monsoon seasons in parts of hard rock terrain in Andhra Pradesh, South India, in order to assess the drinking water quality. PIG values of groundwater samples ranged from 0.95–1.53 and 0.83–1.28 during pre and post-monsoon seasons. PIG values are slightly higher in the pre-monsoon season when compared to the post-monsoon season. In the pre monsoon season, 96% of the groundwater samples showed insignificant pollution class (< 1), 4% of the groundwater samples are low pollution (1–1.5). 82% of the groundwater samples showed insignificant pollution status (< 1), 18% of the groundwater samples fall under the low pollution (1–1.5), is noticed in post-monsoon season, respectively. WQI values of groundwater samples ranged from 108.5–204 mg/L and 112.6–170 mg/L during pre and post-monsoon seasons; its shows that 100% are very poor for drinking purpose. Piper diagram reveals that groundwater is majorly mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−, Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−-SO42−, Na+-K+-Cl−- SO42− type in this region. The Gibbs plot indicates that groundwater samples fall within the field of rock dominance. Through applying GIS techniques, the spatial distribution of groundwater quality analysis reveals that most of the groundwater samples do not comply drinking water quality standards and water needs to be prior treatment before consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on seasonal variation in groundwater quality, hydrochemistry, and associated human health risk in the Shivganga river basin, Western Maharashtra, India, to promote sustainable development of groundwater resources of this semi-arid region. The qualitative geochemical analysis, contamination levels, and human health risk assessment (HHRA) of groundwater are integral steps in groundwater management in the Deccan Plateau basalt flow region of India. Representative groundwater samples (n = 68) collected from the Shivganga River basin area of Pune district, Maharashtra, during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons in 2015 were analyzed for major cations and anions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) drinking standards, EC, total dissolved solids, hardness, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium surpassed the desirable limit. Boron and fluoride content exceeded the prescribed desirable limit of the WHO. The pollution and drinking suitability were assessed by computing pollution index of groundwater (PIG), groundwater quality index (GWQI), and HHRA particularly for boron and fluoride toxicity. PIG values inferred that about 6% of groundwater samples has moderate, 24% has low, and 70% has insignificant pollution in the PRM season, while only 1 sample (3%) showed high pollution, 6% showed low, and 91% showed insignificant pollution in the POM season. GWQI classification demonstrated that 27% and 15% samples are within the poor category, and only 15% and 18% of the samples fall into excellent water category in the PRM and the POM seasons, respectively. Total hazard index (THI) revealed that 88% of children, 59% of adults, and about 38% of infants are exposed to non-carcinogenic risk, as THI values (>1) were noted for the PRM season, while 62% of children, 47% of adults, and 24% of infants are vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health hazard during the POM period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work investigates the impact of natural and anthropogenic inputs on the chemistry and quality of the groundwater in the Beenaganj-Chachura block of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 50 groundwater samples were examined for nitrates, fluoride, chlorides, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, pH, total hardness, and conductivity, and their impact on entropy-weighted water quality index and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was investigated via the response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design. According to analytical findings, Ca, Mg, Cl - , SO 4 2- , and NO 3 - exceed the desired limit and permitted limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). According to PIG findings, 76, 16, and 8% of groundwater samples, respectively, fell into the insignificant, low, and moderate pollution categories. The regression coefficients of the quadratic RSM models for the experimental data provided excellent results. Thus, RSM provides an excellent means to obtain the optimized values of input parameters to minimize the PIG values., Competing Interests: The authors declare there is no conflict., (© 2024 The Authors This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

The study area is characterized by low rainfall and a significant outcrop of salt formations, which significantly compromises the use of water for consumption and other purposes (agriculture and industry). Groundwater contamination affects both water quality and human health. Hence it is essential for continuous monitoring of the quality of groundwater so that contamination can be minimized. Application of pollution index of groundwater (PIG) to the problem of estimating groundwater contamination with respect to their drinking water quality standards has been done by the investigation of 58 water sample. The computed values of Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG) for the study area vary from 0,457 to 8.190. Spatial variation map has been prepared using GIS. The variation map shows that most of the study area accounts for high and very high pollution zones, which is mainly due to geogenic, anthropogenic factors and also it is compounded due to mining activities. Geochemical ratios (Na+: Cl-, HCO3-: Cl-, Na+: Ca2+ and Mg2+: Ca2+) also form the quantitative basis of the index. This manuscript synthesizes a set of data that allowed us to make a classification of the contamination zones, using PIG tool, of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the quality of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and irrigation in the hilly area of the Taihang Mountains in Henan Province, China. Groundwater samples were collected from 43 unconfined and 20 confined wells and analyzed. The pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was estimated based on the physicochemical parameters, and seven indices, including the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium ratio (MR), Kelley's ratio (KR), and corrosivity ratio (CR), were calculated to qualify the groundwater within the research area for irrigation activities. Multivariate statistical techniques were performed to better understand the hydrochemical processes. Chemical analysis showed that the dominant cation and anion were Ca2+ and HCO3−, respectively, and the principal hydrochemical facies was Ca–Mg–HCO3. In terms of pH, total dissolved solids, Na+, Cl−, F−, and SO42−, most samples were well within the limits prescribed by Chinese standards for drinking water quality, but more than half of the unconfined samples exceeded the specified limits for total hardness and nitrate. The PIG values suggested the pollution level was insignificant for all confined water samples and 72.09% of unconfined water samples, but the PIG distribution map showed that the water in the south central part of the study area had low to moderate pollution. According to the computed values of SAR, %Na, RSC, PI, KR, and MR and the results of a salinity diagram, the results further indicated that most of the studied samples were appropriate for irrigation usage. Only the CR values rendered 41.86% of the unconfined samples and 20% of the confined samples unfit for irrigation. Hence, proper measures are needed to resolve the corrosivity problem. Factor analysis resulted in the extraction of 3 factors that explained 81% of the data variability, and the extracted factors pointed towards geogenic factors governing the groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate groundwater fitness for domestic and irrigational use in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh, India. For this study, block wise (n = 16) groundwater samples were collected, and measured parameters were analyzed using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG), various irrigational indices, and graphical techniques. The results of this study suggested that most of the parameters were within the prescribed limits of WHO and BIS, excluding F− (0.4 to 2.6 mg L−1) and Fe2+ (0.1 to 1.7 mg L−1). Concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) were exceeded the desirable limit (> 500 mg L−1) in 43.75% of samples at some sites. The Gibbs plot revealed that groundwater chemistry was governed by rock-water interaction in the region, especially silicate weathering. The Piper plot suggested that Ca2+-HCO3− is dominant hydrochemical facies in the area followed by mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3−type, Na+-Cl− type, and Na+-HCO3− type. PIG evaluation revealed that the contribution of F− and Fe2+ in groundwater degradation is high in comparison to other elements in the region, about 18.75% samples showed low pollution, while about 6.25% samples shows moderate pollution, and 6.25% samples reflected high pollution. The human health risk (HHR) assessment finding suggested that children (mean: 1.36) are more vulnerable than adults (mean: 1.01). Sodium absorption ration (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Permeability index (PI) indicated that most of the groundwater was suitable for irrigation, whereas, Magnesium hazard ration (MHR) and Potential salinity (PS) indices suggested that only 37.5% and 56.25% of the samples were suitable for irrigational use, respectively. This regional study would help in decision making for stakeholders and relevant authorities in the execution of groundwater management and remediation plans in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Impacts of geogenic and anthropogenic sources change seriously quality of groundwater. Inferior groundwater quality directly affects the human health, agricultural output and industrial sector. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking purpose and also to identify the pollutants responsible for variation of chemical quality of groundwater, using pollution index of groundwater (PIG). Groundwater samples collected from a rural part of Telangana State, India, were analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate ($$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO3- ), chloride ($$ {\text{Cl}}^{ - } $$ Cl- ), sulfate ($$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO42- ), nitrate ($$ {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ NO3- ) and fluoride ($$ {\text{F}}^{ - } $$ F- ). The groundwater is characterized by Na+ and $$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO3- ions. The values of TDS, Mg2+, Na+, K+, $$ {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ HCO3- , $$ {\text{Cl}}^{ - } $$ Cl- , $$ {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } $$ SO42- , $$ {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } $$ NO3- and $$ {\text{F}}^{ - } $$ F- are more than their threshold limits prescribed for drinking purpose in a few groundwater samples. The computed values of PIG varied from 0.69 to 1.37, which classify the 80% of the present study area into the insignificant pollution zone (PIG:

A comprehensive study was conducted from a semi-arid part of Yavtmal District, Maharashtra, India through combination approaches of geochemical modeling and its health consequences. The groundwater quality assessment shows that 55% of groundwater samples have the concentration of fluoride above the desirable limit. The high Na+/Ca+ ratio (>1.0) suggest the occurrence of cation exchange, which is further supported by Scholler' chloro-alkaline indices. The geochemical modeling reveals that the existence of CaCO3 precipitation and CaF2 in groundwater. Simulation analysis indicates the dissolution of calcite, gypsum, and albite and precipitation of dolomite, fluorite, halite, and K-feldspar along with cation exchange as the main water–rock interactions influencing the groundwater chemistry. This is further significantly supported by pollution index of groundwater (PIG). PIG indicates about 18% of total samples fall in very high pollution zone, 3% in high pollution zone, 8% in moderate pollution zone, 24% in low pollution zone, and remaining (47%) express insignificant pollution. The 28% of subject studied have skeletal fluorosis varying from mild to severe type. In different pollution zones, the affected persons by dental fluorosis are varying from 15% to 41%. A proper monitoring and treatment are required for high fluoride water before its use for drinking and cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst groundwater is a vital resource for drinking, living and irrigation purposes in karst agricultural areas of the world. Due to the vulnerability of karst aquifers, surface pollutants are easily transferred to the subsurface and make karst groundwater be deteriorated, thereby restricting the rational exploitation of karst groundwater resource. In view of this, 49 karst groundwater samples were collected from spring (SW) and underground river (URW) sites in the suburban area of Chongqing City and analyzed for various hydrochemical components. Particularly, the karst groundwater quality was comprehensively uncovered by combining characteristics of hydrogeochemical evolution and health risks caused by nitrate and fluoride. The results revealed that the karst groundwater was slightly alkaline in nature and the water types were mainly characterized by Ca-HCO 3 accounting for 93.88% of the total samples due to the heavy dissolution of carbonate rock. The relatively high concentrations of Na+, SO 4 2− and NO 3 − up to 271.88 mg/L, 277.94 mg/L and 56.94 mg/L were over the corresponding maximum acceptable limits for drinking water, which can be predominately attributed to the emissions of industrial park, dissolution of gypsum and pyrite and excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Although agricultural activities were stopped and chemical fertilizers were no longer applied during the sampling period, long-term application of fertilizers have a persistent adverse effect on the karst groundwater NO 3 −. The pollution index of the karst groundwater (PIG) revealed that the low pollution and potential pollution zones were noticed in the northwestern parts of the study area. With respect of the SW, all the total hazard index (HI) values were below 1 suggesting no significant health risk. On the contrary, HI values of 0.11–1.16 for adults, 0.15–1.61 for children and 0.17–1.83 for infants in the URW indicated significant noncarcinogenic health risks. Particularly, infants and children were more vulnerable to karst groundwater NO 3 − than adults. Furthermore, the noncarcinogenic health risks of karst groundwater can be mainly attributed to NO 3 −, confirmed by the higher contribution ratio (66.55%) to the HI values. Therefore, special and targeted measures need to be taken to decrease the NO 3 − concentration in agricultural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pollution index of groundwater ( PIG) is proposed for quantification of water contamination. PIG quantifies the status of concentrations of water quality measures with respect to their drinking water quality standards. The validity of the proposed index is verified by choosing the data of groundwater quality of the Varaha River Basin (Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India) as a case study. The computed index from the study area varies from 0.83 to 2.55. The index disseminates the area into zones of insignificant ( PIG <1.0), low ( PIG: 1.0 to 1.5), moderate ( PIG: 1.5 to 2.0), high ( PIG 2.0 to 2.5) and very high ( PIG >2.5) pollution. Insignificant pollution zone is observed from the upstream area, where the groundwater is dominated by [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is an important resource for drinking and irrigation purposes and also the significant route of human exposure in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In view of this, 43 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Particularly, this study integrates the groundwater contamination by comparing it to national guidelines and the impact of fluoride and nitrate on health risk were quantified through the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The groundwater of the investigated region is slightly alkaline in nature with hydrochemical facies of groundwater is predominantly characterized by Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO 3 - and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- water types. The results show that the concentrations of groundwater nitrate and fluoride range from 2.2 to 165 mg/L and 0.84 to 4.3 mg/L, and 55.81% and 65% of groundwater exceed the national guidelines for drinking purposes, respectively. The pollution index of the groundwater (PIG) method unveiled that low quality and moderate quality of water account for 40% and 4.65% of collected groundwater samples, respectively. The results of non-carcinogenic health risk ranged from 0.63 to 5.31 ± 2.59 for adults, 0.85 to 7.18 ± 3.50 for children and 0.98 to 8.29 ± 4.04 for infants, indicating health risk was higher in infants and children as compared to the adults in the study region. Image 1 • Pollution index of groundwater indicates the 40%, 4.65% and 2.32% of the samples fall under low, moderate and very high pollution zones, respectively. • Spatial distribution patterns of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the study region were prepared. • Non-carcinogenic health risk associated with nitrate is higher than the fluoride and have shown higher risks for infants and children compared to adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]