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The GeoTwinn is the Horizon 2020 Twinning project funded by European Commission and is fully entitled: Strengthening research in the Croatian Geological Survey: Geoscience-Twinning to develop state-of-the-art subsurface modelling capability and scientific impact. The project twins the Croatian Geological Survey (HGI-CGS) with two world-leading geoscience research institutions: the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the British Geological Survey of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (BGS-UKRI). The Project has started in October 2018, and is coordinated by HGI-CGS. The major aims of the project are: to significantly strengthen HGI-CGS’s research potential and capability, networking between scientists and institutions, and also development of ideas and new projects proposals. During three years of implementation, HGI-CGS experts will have the opportunity to collaborate with eminent sci-entists from other two partnering institutions. HGI-CGS will also benefit from a range of research tools, technologies, software and methods at the disposal of GEUS and BGS-UKRI. Almost thirty scientists from HGI-CGS will participate in the training programme which includes intensive training, consultations, and application of gained knowledge on test areas/data. The program involves short term visits, two-way scientific exchanges and workshops which will support HGI-CGS to strengthen research and capabilities in four important geoscience subject areas (Fig. 1): (1) 3D geological surveying and modelling (WP1) – to em-bed state-of-the-art geological surveying, interpretation and modelling. In the first activity, modern digital geological workflow and subsurface modelling capabilities including 3D virtual reconnaissance will be introduced. Also, digital field data capture, geological databases and 3D geological modelling are introduced. The second activity will reinforce these 3D visualisation and modelling skills by applying them to pilot areas using deep seismic reflection and borehole data. (2) advanced groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling (WP2) – to understand, simulate and predict the movement of groundwater and contaminants in the subsurface. It comprises two activities, the first of which deals with strengthening HGI-CGS’s capacity to undertake cutting-edge numerical groundwater flow in porous aquifers, incorporating the robust assessment of uncertainty. The second activity deals with groundwater flow in the karst aquifers of Dinaric karst region of Croatia using advanced statistical time-series analysis methods. It will also introduce research methods to identify and analyse emerging groundwater contaminants. (3) identification and analysis of geohazards (WP3) – to introduce cutting-edge remote sensing methods for hazardous geological processes detection, monitoring and analysis. Training also includes the interpretation and visualisation of stereo imagery, processing of satellite imagery, INSAR interferometry and satellite detection of small-scale movements. The project also contains training on heuristic, statistical and geostatistical techniques to enable production of landslide susceptibility mapping. (4) geothermal energy (WP4) – scientific exchanges and training that will lead to new research into geological controls on subsurface heat flow and geochemical processes operating in hydrothermal systems. HGI-CGS staff will attend training on sampling and analytical methods of noble and dissolved gases from hydro-thermal systems. The training is also directed toward interpretation of hydrochemical data and geochemical modelling of hydrothermal systems. Second segment of the training develops fluid and heat flow modelling capability through numerical modelling of geothermal systems.The project will increase the research capacity, excellence and skill of the coordinating partner whilst fostering a network of both early career and more experienced researchers who can collaborate to produce high quality and impactful results: • a step-change in the excellence and impact of the re-search published HGI-CGS staff; • raise the reputation and the research profile of HGI-CGS scientists for novel research; • enhance research and innovation related to environmental issues, including the need for a shift to a low-carbon economy, climate change adaptation and risk management, and environmental protection and resource efficiency; • write successful bids into EU and other research grant schemes; • develop and enhance network of collaborators across the European Union; • form partnerships between the participating organisations, that outlast the project. Whilst the project focuses on supporting HGI-CGS to achieve a step-change in its research capacity, and the research profile of its scientists, it also offers significant benefits to GEUS and BGS-UKRI. By exposing GEUS and BGS-UKRI staff to a diverse range of geological set-tings within Croatia, particular environmental challenges, and to a different, large group of stakeholders, partnering institutions will also increase their level of expertise and knowledge.

The Miocene deposits of the Hrvatska Kostajnica area belong to the south-western marginal belt of the Pannonian Basin System. Sedimentological, paleontological and mineralogical investigations were performed on Kubarnovo brdo – Stari put landslide. Soil breakdown and sliding formed 30 m outcrop of the Badenian–Sarmatian marly deposits. The landslide was initiated by sudden snow melt with simultaneous precipitation which was accompanied by extremely high water level of the Una River. As a consequence of climatic conditions, the marly sediments rich in swelling mineral smectite were completely saturated with water. The slope collapse was also influenced with other unfavorable conditions: slope inclination toward Una river, geological conditions and anthropogenic activity. Badenian and Sarmatian sediments of this area were deposited in marine offshore with local input of terrigenous material represented with marls and silty marls with sand intercalations. The calcite content in the geological column varies from 33 to 88 %. Marls predominantly consist of calcite and clay minerals, while quartz is less abundant. Among clay minerals, in the less than 2 μm insoluble residue fraction, smectite is the most abundant while illite and kaolinite and in some samples chlorite were also determined. The heavy minerals association of the silty marls consists of most resistant minerals: garnet, tourmaline, zircon and rutile together with clinoptiolite indicating local origin of the material. According to palynofacies deposition occurred in a marginal environment under the periodically high terrestrial influence. The land was partially covered by swamp vegetation (Taxodiaceae), riparian forest (mostly Carya) and hillside–piedmont forest (mostly Pinus). Palynomorph assemblage is dominated by dinocysts such as Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Spiniferites div. sp., Cleistosphaeridium placacanthum, Melitasphaeridium choanophorum that point to the Polysphaeridium zoharyi– Lingulodinium machaerophorum Zone (Pzo-Lma) of the latest Badenian–Sarmatian age (Bakrač et al. 2012). Occurrence of small, microperforate planktonic species of the genera Tenuitella and Tenuitellinata are well documented in the Transylvanian Basin. According to Filipescu and Silye (2008), these small planktonic foraminifera occur in the uppermost Badenian– lowermost Sarmatian, just above the Velapertina Zone and slightly before the Anomalinoides dividens Zone. Highly oxic, shallow to middle water depth is the ideal environment for this foraminiferal group (Majewski 2003). The para-acme of Sphenolithus heteromorphus and the (FAD) of Helicosphaera HOL dalmaticus type (Syracolithus dalmaticus), noticed at the base of the section, marks Badenian NN6a subzone, while FAD of Discoaster kugleri, in its upper part, marks the early Sarmatian NN7 Zone of calcareous nannofossils for the Paratethys (Mărunţeanu 1999). Based on higher species diversity characteristic for the world’s ocean of lower latitudes (O’Brien et al. 2016) and dominations of warm water species (larger Coccolithus pelagicus, Umbilicosphaera jafari, small reticulofenestrids) indicate the MMCT. References Bakrač K., Koch G. and Sremac J. 2012. Middle and Late Miocene palynological biozonation of the south-western part of Central Paratethys (Croatia). Geologia Croatica, 65/2: 207–222. Filipescu S. and Silye L. 2008. New paratethyan biozones of planktonic foraminifera described from the Middle Miocene of the Transylvanian Basin (Romania). Geologica Carpathica, 59: 537– 544. Majewski W. 2003. Water-depth distribution of Miocene planktonic foraminifera from ODP site 744, Southern indian Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 33: 144–154. Mărunţeanu M. 1999. Litho- and Biostratigraphy (calcareous nannoplankton) of the Miocene deposits from the outer Moldavides, Geologica Carpathica, 50: 313–324. O’Brien C.J., Vogt M. and Gruber N. 2016. Global coccolithophore diversity: Drivers and future change, Progress in Oceanography, 140: 27–42.

To understand the dynamics of badland denudation and quantify temporal changes, it is necessary to get the exact measures of their morphology. In that sense, the use of photogrammetry proved to be a good tool for badland 3D model creation. The test polygon is established on Šterna badland in Istria, covering app. 37.000 m2. Within, for close range photogrammetry, several smaller pilot polygons are defined, with an area of several square meters. Several image acquisition techniques were used to obtain photogrammetry models, including two different methods, airborne and terrestrial. For airborne image acquisition different UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) types were used, fixed-wing (senseFly eBee and Topcon Sirius Pro) and multicopter UAVs (senseFly Albris and Falcon 8+ Topcon Edition). The flights were performed at different altitudes combining automated, semi- automated and manual flight modes. Ground-based images were taken using DSLR camera (Nikon D610 with 35 mm f/2 lens) with and without the tripod, and mobile phone camera (Huawei P8 Light). To test the difference of digital surface models (DSMs) obtained by different image acquisition techniques, a preliminary analysis was performed in GIS environment. For that purpose, all DSMs that were processed for one pilot polygon were compared. The cell values (Z coordinate) of DSMs were extracted for 100 points randomly created within the polygon of 7.45 m2 and compared. DSM obtained from images acquired by DSLR camera with tripod was taken as the reference model. The first results of DSMs comparison are presented.

Cilj ovog rada je prikazati preliminarnu klasifikaciju sekundarnih defekata karbonatnog stijenskog materijala. Opisana klasifikacija je namijenjena za kvantifikaciju utjecaja sekundarnih defekata na različite vrste čvrstoća karbonatnog stijenskog materijala. Također u radu su prikazani preliminarni rezultati istraživanja utjecaja sekundarnih defekata i njihovih značajki na jednoosnu tlačnu čvrstoću karbonatnih materijala.

The experiences of developing engineering geological models in karst areas for designing and construction purposes prove the necessity of considering at least three basic submodels: sedimentological, structural-tectonic and the weathering one. The research presented here deals with very important and frequently neglected segments in each of the submodels. Therefore, particular attention should be directed to: better understanding of carbonate sediment deposition, determination of environment and diagenetic processes, study of the 3D anisotropy of discontinuity frequency, and differentiation of weathering zones. The given data and examples elaborate and justify such an approach, which enables a more realistic detailed engineering model, more reliable evaluations of the engineering geological/geotechnical parameters and real site conditions.

The paper elaborates specific geological characteristics of the carbonate sediments, and hazards encountered while tunnelling in Croatian karst. The presented general picture of engineering properties can help while developing engineering geological and geotechnical models for future projects in similar environment. Our intention is also to warn other experts (urban developers, civil engineers) on karst hazards and stress importance of thorough and multidisciplinary investigations prior, during, and also posterior to engineering in karst.

The sinkholes are considered as morphological indicator of the karstification intensity. Croatian sinkhole inventory is based on the recognition and manual digitalization of the sinkholes at 1:25000 scale topographic maps. From point features, sinkhole density map is derived and overlapped with lithostratigraphical units, major faults and general morphology of the area, using ArcGIS software.

The most important fact in designing a reliable engineering geological model in karst is the conception. In order to establish the most realistic detailed engineering model in carbonate rocks it is essential to consider at least three basic aspects (models) of the area: sedimentological, structural-tectonic and weathering. The experiences of designing and constructing in the karst area prove the necessity of detailed analysis of each of the mentioned models which leads to a better understanding and more reliable evaluations of the engineering geological/geotechnical parameters and real site conditions. The reliable engineering geological model for geotechnical design in karst area should comprise and display all of rock material and rock mass properties but also stress possibility or quantify and locate its specific karstic features.

Rad ukazuje na iznenadnu pojavu glinovitog materijala u tunelu, premda je prema prognozi tunel u cjelosti trebao biti izveden u vapnencu.

U radu se dokumentirano iznose inženjerskogeološke značajke podmorja na stupnim mjestima projektiranog mosta.

Prikazuju se geološke i inženjerskogeološke značajke fliša u području Kaštela. Definirani su i opisani egzogenetski procesi koji karakteriziraju istraživano područje. Naslage fliša razdijeljene su prema morfološkom i sedimentološkom kriteriju što je omogućilo odvojeno sagledavanje njihovih inženjerskogeoloških značajki. Posebna pažnja usmjerena je definiranju inženjerskih značajki izdvojenih litoloških jedinica unutar fliša kojima su pridodane karakteristične GSI vrijednosti.

Most of the Eocene flysch clastite bedrocks in the wider area of the city of Kaštela near Split are urbanized and densely populated. Northern parts of the flysch terrain are mainly covered with thin rockfall breccia and other slope material originated from the Mesozoic carbonate overthrust nappe. Therefore, there are very limited possibilities for outcrop research. On the other side, in the last several years geotechnical investigations and construction of infrastructural projects enabled us to identify some engineering geological properties and problems of the flysch complex. The obtained facts and numbers will be incorporated into the Basic Engineering Geological map of Croatia in the scale of 1:100, 000. The flysch in wider area is comprised of limestone breccia, calcirudites, calcarenites, marl, clayey limestones and rarely of large limestone olistolithe blocks. The investigated area is mainly built of marl with local interbedding of calcitic siltstone, calcarenite and clayey limestone. In general, lower part of the apparently 800 m thick flysch complex is dominantly built of coarser grained clastites. According to the available laboratory, geophysical, borehole and limited surface data several conclusions can be made. Based on dominant component at least two flysch types can be identified. Marly type of flysch with dominant properties of marl and clay rich marl with rare coarser grained interbeds, is characterized by mild morphology. More resistant type of flysch with dominant interbeds of coarser grained sediments or with calcite rich marl can be determined thanks to its jutted or steeper morphology. Rapid weathering of the cuttings is one of the biggest engineering problems in the area. It is also evident that the weathering processes are related to mineral content, grain size and distribution of individual components. In the coastal plain, natural weathered zones of marly flysch are regular and gradual. In average, total thickness of the weathered marl is between 1 m and 4 m. It is also evident that in the areas with predominant content of other flysch components weathering zones vary greatly. For all these reasons the GSI classification for heterogeneous rock masses was applied. Following the principles of that classification, rock mass quality of the flysch varies in wide range. The GSI values fluctuate with mineral composition, rate and distribution of individual flysch components.

U disertaciji su analizirani mnogobrojni i raznovrsni geološki podaci (geološki, hidrogeološki i inženjerskogeološki ; rezultati geofizičkih istraživanja, istraživačkog bušenja i laboratorijskih ispitivanja) karbonatnih stijenskih masa iz velikog dijela Jadranske karbonatne platforme. Masovnost podataka omogućila je donošenje zaključaka o njihovim prosječnim inženjerskogeološkim značajkama, ali i uočavanje pravilnosti trošenja. Općenito, fizičke i mehaničke značajke intaktnog uzorka karbonatnih stijena mnogo više ovise o mineralnom i litološkom sastavu, razlomljenosti, strukturnoj i tektonskoj građi stijene i dijagenetskim procesima, nego o procesima trošenja. Specifičnost trošenja karbonatnih stijenskih masa uglavnom su vezane za kemijsko trošenje (otapanje) duž preferiranih smjerova, jače izraženih sustava diskontinuiteta, paraklaza ili razlomljenih zona. Ovisno o strukturnim i teksturnim značajkama stijene, intenzitetu razlomljenosti, morfologiji područja i klimatskim uvjetima, varijacije u značajkama trošenja, a time i diskontinuiteta karbonatnih stijena vrlo su velike. Ipak, može se zaključiti da porastom utjecaja procesa trošenja i približavanjem površini dolazi do: "otvaranja" diskontinuiteta koji u dubljim zonama nisu izraženi ; povećanja postojanostzi diskontinuiteta ; smanjenja blokova ; povećanja širine diskontinuiteta ; porasta udjela glinovite u odnosu na karbonatnu ispunu diskontinuiteta ; smanjenja valovitosti diskontinuiteta ; povaćenja neravnina na diskontinuitetima. Uvažavajući sve posebnosti trošenja karbonatnih stijena u JKP izdvojena su dva sasvim različita i oprečna modela trošenja. Modeli su definirani značajkama intaktnog uzorka i veličinom osnovnog bloka: model A - debeloslojevite, gotovo masivne karbonatne stijeneske mase velikih i vrlo velokih blokova s gotovo neporemećenim, često homogenim i izotropnim intaktnim uzorkom ; model B - tankoslojevite do laminirane, razlomljene ili masivne karbonatne stijenske mase s gustim rasporedom brojnih diskontinuiteta, intaktni uzorak često je homoge i anizotropan ili oslabljen dijagenetskiom procesima, brojnim prslinama i žilicama. U karbonatnim stijenama općenito, moguće je izdvojiti pet zona trošenja. Pojedine zone se unutar spomenutih modela mogu bitno razlikovati po mnogim značajkama, ali su im zajedničke karaktzeristike: I - svježe stijena (SV) - nema vidljivih znakova trošenja, a diskontinuiteti su zatvoreni ili s prevlakama karbonatnoga sastava ; II - donja zona trošenja (DZT) - vidljivi su tragovi trošenja duž jače izraženih diskontinuiteta, maksimalna širina diskontinuiteta manja je od 1% obujma stijenske mase, a diskontinuiteti su isopunjeni kalcitom ili glinom. Mogu se pojaviti kaverne različitih dimenzija. III - gornja zona trošenja (GZT) - trošenje na svim diskontinuitetima jako je izraženo, širine im mogu dosezati čak do 10% obujma stijenske mase. Diskontinuiteti su prazni ili ispunjeni glinom. Blokovi su manji nego u zonama I i II. IV - površinska zona trošenja (PZT) - slabo vezani ili nevezani blokovi, odlomci ili kršje odvojeni diskontinuitetima ili džepovima crvenice čija širina prelazi 10% obujma stijenske mase. U ovu zonu svrstava se i tlo vrlo varijabilnog sastava s mjestimičnim izdancima, ili tlo tanje od 1 m. V - pokrivač - tlo različitog sastava i geneze deblje od 1 m. Prosječne vrijednosti značajki koje obilježavaju pojedinu zonu trošenja (brzine elastičnih valova, IQ, gamaC, debljine zone, RQD, FF, MRM, Q i GSI) dobivene su statističkom obradom velikoga broja podataka, a modeli su prikazani shematski i u karakterističnim profilima. U radu su predložene nove podjele širina diskontinuiteta i opisa trošnosti njihovih stijenki koje su prikladnije istraživanjima u jako okršenim stijenskim masama. Postojeća tablica za procjenu GSI vrijednosti u vapnenačkim stijenama znatno je dorađena i modificirana. Modificirana tablica za procjenu GSI vrijednosti izrađena je prema stvarnim GSI vrijednostima pojedinih zona trošenja (od IV do I) prema modelima A i B. U radu su razrađene metode istraživanja kojima je sagledavanje inženjerskih značajki karbonatnih stijena potpunije. Također su iznesene prosječne vrijednosti pojedinih značajki karbonatnih stijena velikog dijela Jadranske karbonatne platforme.Iz prikazanih podataka je vidljivo da inženjerskogeološke značajke karbonatnih stijenskih masa uvelike ovise o intenzitetu trošenja. Zbog toga se vrlo često mogu izdvojiti zone trošenja. Uz ostala istraživanja, u tom su smislu, geofizička istraživanja vrlo često nezaobilazna. Određivanje inženjerskogeoloških značajki jako okršenih karbonatnih stijena mora se zasnivati na velikom broju raznovrsnih podataka. Na inženjerskom geologu je da koristi svoje znanje i iskustvo prilikom objadinjavanja svih prikupljenih podataka kako bi izradio pouzdan i realan inženjerskogeološki model okršenih karbonatnih stijenskih masa.

Kastela Bay is situated on the Adriatic coast of Croatia, between the cities of Split and Trogir. The bay is 15 km long and 5 km wide and Ciovo Island lies at its mouth. The area is urbanized, densely populated, has heavy industry, and includes the cargo port of Split. At present, most of the waste water in the area is discharged untreated, and in an uncontrolled manner, directly into the sea. Therefore, design of a waste water treatment system has started. The system consists of a sewage system (30 km long), 18 pumping stations, a waste water treatment plant, and a waste water transfer tunnel through the Ciovo Island. The tunnel will be 2824 m long with a maximum overburden of 180 m. Engineering geological and geophysical investigations, exploration drilling and laboratory tests have been carried out in support of the project. These investigations have identified considerable heterogeneity in the clastic flysch sediments that occur in the coastal part of the area, and more uniform limestone formations on Ciovo Island where the waste water transfer tunnel is located. Generally, there is a clear zonation in the 15 m of the clastic flysch sediments. Three geotechnical units have been differentiated: Quaternary cover, and highly and moderately weathered bedrock. The tunnel on Ciovo Island will pass through well-bedded and karstified Turonian, Senonian and Early Eocene limestones. In terms of engineering geological properties and RMR classification there are 7 units. The investigation has also identified very low groundwater levels on Ciovo Island. Therefore, it is considered that there is only a limited possibility of groundwater ingress during the tunnel excavation.

Cestovni tunel "Grič" nalazi se na autocesti Zagreb-Split, dionici Otočac-Lički Osik u blizini naselja Ličko Lešće, a sastoji se od dvije dvotračne tunelske cijevi. Približne je dužine 1200 m, s maksimalnim nadslojem 60 m. Za potrebe geotehničkog projekta provedena su istraživanja: inženjerskogeološko kartiranje koridora ukupne širine 200 m u mjerilu 1:1000 ; istraživačko bušenje 5 bušotina ukupne dubine 240 m (BRAUN & POLLAK, 2000) ; geofizička terenska ispitivanja uzduž i poprečno na osi tunela, seizmička refrakcija (Delta-t-V metoda) 18 profila (MITROVIĆ & GRGEC, 2000.) i geoelektrično profiliranje LIS tehnikom, 3 profila. Također su provedena i laboratorijska ispitivanja jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće i brzine širenja ultrazvučnih valova na 28 uzoraka. Iskop tunela izveden je po principima nove austrijske tunelske metode (NATM), uz stalni inženjerskogeološki nadzor (VUIĆ, 2004). Tijekom nadzora utvrđene su stvarne značajke stijenske mase i moguće ih je usporediti s onima koje su utvrđene temeljem istraživačkih radova. Usporedimo li gotovo sva inženjerskogeološka svojstva karbonatnih stijena na površini i na dubljim razinama, doći ćemo do zaključka da se njihova inženjerskogeološka svojstva uvelike razlikuju. To saznanje je vrlo bitno prilikom određivanja parametara za klasifikaciju stijenskih masa u dubljim zonama trošenja.

Hidrotehnički tunel duljine 2824 m projektiran poprečno kroz otok Čiovo je najznačajniji objekt kanalizacijskog sustava EKO Kaštelanski zaljev. U sklopu izrade geotehničke podloge za potrebe idejnog projekta tunela izvršeni su fotogeološki, inženjerskogeološki i geofizički istraživački radovi, istraživačko bušenje i laboratorijska ispitivanja zastupljene karbonatne stijenske mase. Na temelju prikupljenih podataka izdvojene je 7 inženjerskogeoloških jedinica unutar kojih je izvršena RMR klasifikacija stijenske mase.

Opisuju se stratigrafija Jure i navlačna tektonika u Velikoj i Maloj Kapeli, sekvencija platformnih karbonata Apta i Alba, inženjersko-geološke značajke tunela Mala Kapela, gornjo-Jurske naslage Velike Kapele, geološka građa Krasnog polja u Velebitu, naslage srednjega Perma u području Brušana i Oštarija, brušansko-oštarijska antiklinala, odnos gornjo-Jurskih karbonata i Jelarskih Tercijarnih breča te geološka građa Vinodola.

Prikupljeni su i interpretirani svi relevantni podaci dobiveni vrlo detaljnim geološkim, inženjerskogeološkim, ali i sedimentološkim istraživanjima karbonatnih stijena na trasi Jadranske autoceste - dionica "Tunel Sveti Rok - Maslenica". Trasa prolazi kroz različite tipove karbonatnih stijena, vapnenaca dolomita, vapnenačkih breča, konglomerata i kalkarenita. Izdvojeno je pet litostratigrafskih jedinica (od donje krede do paleogena) i prema mikrofacijesnim značajkama 8 litostratigrafskih jedinica s 13 mikrofacijesnih tipova stijena. To su: a)- neokomski dobroslojeviti madstoni, peletni i skeletni pekstoni, rekristalizirani vapnenci i vapnenačke breče. Vapnence interpretira kao taloge potplimnih plićaka i laguna u kojima su povremeno zbog sinsedimentacijske tektonike i učestalih kratkotrajnih izronjavanja nastajale intraformacijske breče koje čine značajne diskontinuitete u stijenskoj masi ; b)- aptski masivni i debeloslojeviti madstoni i peletni vekstoni taloženi u lagunskim okolišima u uvjetima nešto dublje i mirnije vode kao posljedice opće tendencije porasta morske razine na području Jadranske karbonatne platforme ; c)- tankoslojeviti do srednjedebeloslojeviti albski peloidni vapnenci i intraformacijske breče kao talozi platformnih plićaka s promjernljivom energijom vode i učestalih relativnih oscilacija morske razine ; d)- cenomanski dobroslojeviti, mjestimice kasnodijagenetski dolomitizirani, rekristalizirani i ponegdje laminirani, vapnenci madston, vekston/pekston do grejnston tipa. Madstoni, vekstoni/pekstoni su interpretirani kao talozi zaštićenih laguna u koje je povremeno bio naplavljivan vapnenčki biodetritus iz plićaka s pokretljivom vodom uz taloženje bioklastičnih grejnstona, a laminirani vapnenci kao talozi plimne zone ; e)- paleocensko-donjoeocenski foraminiferski vapenci, uglavnom grejnston tipa, kao transgresivni talozi na okršenu gornjokrednu podlogu ; f)- gornjoeocenski i oligocenski Prominski petromiktni konglomerati i kalkareniti taloženi kao sedimenti čela padine Gilbertove delte ; g)- gornjoeocenske i oligocenske Jelarske breče i rekristalizirane breče siparišnoga i/ili debritnoga tipa formirane uz strme padine navlačnih struktura i h)- kvartarno vapnenačko kršje i crvenica. Pojedina fizička i mehanička svojstva razmatraju se u funkciji sedimentno- petrografskih svojstava za svaku predhodno izdvojenu litostratigrafsku jedinicu, odnosno mikrofacijes. Uzeti su u obzir gustoća, poroznost, brzina prostiranja elastičnih valova metodom ultrazvuka, čvrstoće intaktne stijene: u uvjetima jednoosnog i troosnog tlaka, indirektna vlačna čvrstoća i opterećenje u točki. Značajke stijenske mase obređene su po već uhodanoj i svjetski prihvaćenoj metodologiji koja vrijedi za izražavanje kvalitete preko RMR klasifikacije (Rock Mass Rating). Ovdje su uzeti u obzir slijedeći elementi klasifikacije: RQD indeks, razmak diskontinuiteta i stanje diskontinuiteta, odnosno njihove značajke, poštujući preporučene metode Međunarodnog društva za mehaniku stijena (ISRM). Trošenje, zoniranje po profilu naslaga i interpretacija zonarosti kroz izdvajanje geotehničkih sredina sadržaj je posebnog potpoglavlja. Naime, autor je iskoristio rezultate geofizičkih istraživanja metodom refrakcijske seizmike, pa kako su brzine elastičnih valova odraz kompaktosti, odnosno okršenosti karbonatne stijenske mase, to mu je omogućilo izdvajanje sredina. Unutar geofizički "nefotogenične" okršene stijenske mase uspio je razlučiti sredine unutar dosega geofizičke detekcije kojima se može pridodati određeno geotehničko značenje, što je makroskopski teško izvedivo. Geotehničke sredine obilježene su vrijednostima brzina uzdužnog vala, RQD indeksom i koeficijentom oslabljenja. Modifikacija geološkog indeksa čvrstoće označenog s GSI/ stanovit je otklon od uobičajnog načina određivanja tog indeksnog pokazatelja. Ovdje je bio cilj naglasiti poglavito utjecaj diskontinuiteta slojevitosti, kao najznačajnijeg primarnog diskontinuiteta, za inženjerskogeološka svojstva karbonatne stijenske mase.

Podzemna voda je obnovljiva mineralna sirovina. Usprkos tome njezine su količine ograničene, izložene mogućnosti zagađivanja i veoma često u potpunosti ne odgovaraju namjeni. Kakvoća podzemnih voda prvenstveno ovisi o hidrogeološkim, hidrokemijskim i mikrobiološkim značajkama vodonosnika i njegove neposredne krovine odnosno podine. U večini slučajeva obnavljanje rezervi podzemne vode odvija se u širem prostoru i često taj proces ima regionalno značenje. Za kakvoću podzemne vode presudni su lokalni hidrokemijski uvjeti. To znači da se hidrogeološke jedinice ne mogu uvijek poistovjetiti s hidrokemijskim jedinicama. Zbog toga je detaljno poznavanje svih relevantnih čimbenika uvjet pravilnog odabira najpovoljnije metode kondicioniranja podzemnih voda, čija kakvoća u potpunosti ne odgovara predviđenoj namjeni. Za odabir optimalnog načina kondicioniranja uz stručne kriterije ne manje značenje imaju troškovi izvedbe te pogonski troškovi održavanja postrojenja.

Detaljna inženjerskogeološka, geološka i strukturna istraživanja, istražno bušenje, geofizička istraživanja i laboratorijska ispitivanja provedena za geotehnički projekt Jadranske autoceste, na dionici Tunel "Sv. Rok"-Maslenica dala su potpunu i detaljnu sliku istraživanog terena i kvalitete stijenske mase. Člankom su prikazani rezultati istraživanja. Zadnjih godina u inženjerskogeološkim istraživanjima za velike infrastrukturne projekte niti jedna od navedenih istražnih metoda nije bila zapostavljena ili isključena. Nažalost, u zadnje vrijeme su rokovi za izvedbu istražnog programa vrlo kratki pa redoslijed kojim se istraživanja provode ne zadovoljava uvijek stručne i ekonomske kriterije.

Zahtjevi za sve većom količinom ispravne pitke vode uvjetuju da se za vodoopskrbu koriste i one podzemne vode koje u potpunosti ne zadovoljavaju postojeće zakonske odrednice. To se posebice odnosi na neodgovarajući kemijski sastav podzemnih voda. Zbog toga se takve podzemne vode trebaju prije korištenja kondicionirati. To se može provesti na konvencionalan način, preradbom na površini, odnosno obradom podzemnih voda u samom vodonosniku. Pilot uređajem proveden je test uklanjanja metala u samom vodonosniku. Rezultati testa pokazuju opravdanost provedbe takvog postupka na nekim zdencima crpilišta Petruševec u trajnoj eksploataciji. No, dosadašnjim vodozahvatnim objektima kaptiran je samo gornji dio vodonosnika, koji je neposredno ugrožen antropološkim djelovanjem ne samo na površini nego i ispod relativno slabo propusne površine terena. Dublji dio vodonosne serije kod Petruševca sasvim je sigurno manje izložen postojećim i budućim onečišćenjima, no s hidrogeološkog gledišta on nije u potpunosti valoriziran.

Exploration for highway construction and tunneling in Croatia besides normal field investigations, involved sedimentological survey. This paper presents results of laboratory and field investigations which can improve our conclusions about rock mass quality. The authors encourage the application of sedimentology in engineering geology, particularly in karstic regions, for more appropriate understanding of the rock mass and intact rock. Introduction of sedimentological modelling into this project indicates a great influence of sedimentology into engineering geology and it certainly enhanced our engineering-geological model.

Inženjerskogeološko modeliranje, osnovano na vrlo detaljnim i različitim terenskim mjerenjima, manjem broju laboratorijskih analiza, kompleksnim geofizičkim istraživanjima i primjeni metoda matematske statistike i teorije vjerojatnosti, podloga je geotehničkom istraživanju. Kod izrade inženjerskogeološkog modela, terenska istraživanja, osim uobičajenih geoloških, geofizičkih i inženjerskogeoloških postupaka, uključuju stratimetrijska i druga potrebna sedimentološka istraživanja, zatim snimanja tektonskog sklopa s genetskom klasifikacijom diskontinuiteta, mjerenja razmaka između diskontinuiteta istovjetnih familija, određivanje morfoloških i drugih karakteristika diskontinuiteta metodama koje se primjenjuju i interpretiraju u mehanici stijena i dr. Laboratorijska ispitivanja uključuju sve potrebne analize za definiranje karakteristika osnovne stijene. Osnova obrade rezultata terenskih i laboratorijskih istraživanja je njihovo sintetiziranje, uzimajući u obzir postojanje tektonskih blokova, različitu stratigrafsku pripadnost i litofacijelne karakteristike stijena, razvrstavanje stijenskih masa po tipovima unutar tektonskih blokova i u cjelini, te određivanje svih ulaznih podataka potrebnih za klasifikaciju stijenskih masa postupcima koje preporučujue Internacionalna asocijacija za mehaniku stijena. Ovako sintetizirani podaci svih istraživanja omogućuju formiranje inženjerskogeološkog modela za zadani objekt, u kojem su dati svi relevantni podaci potrebni za uspješno geotehničko projektiranje.

Tunel kroz Ćićariju, dužine preko 14 km, kapitalni je objekt željezničkog spoja Istre i ostalog dijela Hrvatske u koji se može uklopiti i buduća Jadranska željeznica. S obzirom da se radi o području vrlo kompleksne geološke građe, s debljinom nadsloja mjestimice gotovo 800 m, posebice su bili važni detaljni multidisciplinarni istražni radovi, kako bi se prigodom geotehničkog projektiranja raspolagalo sa što boljim prognoznim podacima. Inženjerskogeološke značajke stijenskih masa u tunelu prognozirane su na temelju podataka temeljnog geološkog i inženjerskogeološkog kartiranja, statističke obrade dobivenih podataka, rezultata geofizičkih istraživanja i istražnog bušenja, te analize uzoraka uzetih tijekom geološkog i inženjerskogeološkog kartiranja i odredbe istraživačkih bušotina. Rezultati istraživanja su omogućili klasifikaciju stijenskih masa prema geomehaničkoj "RMR"-klasifikaciji i "Q"-klasifikaciji, što je prilagođeno potrebama geotehničkog projektiranja.

U diplomskom radu na 96 uzoraka, šest varijeteta vapnenaca iz Istre provedeno je mikroskopsko određivanje značajki uzoraka, vizualno određivanje čvrstoće uzoraka i mjerenje brzine prolaska P – valova kroz uzorke. Koristeći determinirane stijenske značajke vapnenaca i vrijednosti brzina prolaska P – valova kroz uzorke, izračunata je jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća i napravljena je klasifikacija uzoraka. Uzorci su klasificirani prema IAEG (1979), ISRM (1981) i ISO (2003) klasifikacijama. Uzorci četiri od ispitanih šest varijeteta su ispravno klasificirani prema sve tri klasifikacije. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate, metoda se pokazala uspješnom za stijene, čija vrijednost jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće prelazi 100 MPa., In this thesis tests were conducted on 96 samples of 6 types of limestones from Istria. These tests included microscopical determination of sample characteristics, visual determination of rock strength and measurments of P – wave velocity travelling through samples. Determined characteristics of limestones and measured values of P – wave velocitiy, were used for calculation of uniaxial compressive strength. Using these calculated values, classification of samples was conducted. Samples were classified using IAEG (1979.) classification, ISRM (1981.) classification and ISO (2003.) classification. Four out of six types of limestone were classified correctly, according to all three classifications. Based on achieved results, method has proven sucessful for rocks, which have uniaxial compressive strength over 100 MPa.

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je postojanost globigerinskih lapora i lapora iz flišnog kompleksa s područja središnje Istre, tzv. Sive Istre. U radu se provodi postupak određivanja postojanosti na 45 uzoraka novo osmišljenom laboratorijskom metodom. Na istim uzorcima su ispitane i ostale značajke za koje se pretpostavlja da utječu na postojanost laporovitih materijala - prirodna vlažnost, indeks plastičnosti, Schmidtov odskok i udio kalcita. Temeljem prikazanih rezultata istraživanja provedene su analize utjecaja svake navedene značajke na postojanost lapora. Najviši koeficijenti korelacije (> 0,70) zabilježeni su prilikom korelacije postojanosti s prirodnom vlažnosti i indeksom plastičnosti. Iz dobivenih rezultata i analiza može se također zaključiti da je postojanost ovisna o poroznosti te o udjelu i sastavu minerala glina, pa je procjena postojanosti preko ove dvije varijable najopravdanija. Također, relativno velik raspon postojanosti uzoraka dovodi do zaključka da na njihovu postojanost ne utječe samo mineralni sastav i geneza materijala, već i zatečena trošnost ispitivanih uzoraka., The aim of this research was to determine durability of Globigerina marls and marls from the flysch complex of central Istria, so-called Grey Istria. The research presents determination of durability of 45 samples using new laboratory method. Also, the same samples were used to determine other properties that are assumed to affect the durability of marl material - water content, plasticity index, Schmidt rebound hardeness and carbonate content. Based on the results of laboratory testing, the influence of each mentioned features on the durability of marls have been analyzed. The highest correlation coefficients (> 0.70) were found between the durability and water content but also with plasticity index. Based on the results and analysis it can be concluded that the durability depends on the porosity and percentage or composition of clay minerals, which means that the assessment of durability across these two variables is justified. Also, a relatively large range of marls durability leads to the conclusion that their durability is not affected only by mineral composition and genesis of the material, but also by weathering stage of the samples.

U radu je istraženo područje južnih obronaka Medvednice približne površine 100 km2 u kojem brojna klizišta predstavljaju prijetnju lokalnom stanovništvu i imovini. Dosadašnji inventari klizišta u ovom području su rađeni prema različitim kriterijima i za postojeće podatke nije rađena pouzdana analiza o brojnosti, rasporedu i veličini klizišta, ali i njihovoj aktivnosti. Zbog toga je ovdje korištena stereoskopska analiza stereomodela pomoću koje je prema istom kriteriju izvršena identifikacija klizišta i izrađen inventar klizišta za dvije generacije snimaka, iz 1964. i 1998. godine. Na taj način je ukupno identificirano preko 2.000 klizišta, a sve identificirane značajke klizišta upisane su u izrađenu bazu podataka. Provedena je i verifikacija rezultata istraživanja usporedbom s postojećim inventarima, izvještajima o klizištima, ali i terenskom provjerom. Identificirana klizišta su pomoću analitičkog hijerarhijskog procesa (AHP) klasificirana s obzirom na pouzdanost identifikacije i prema mogućnosti daljnjeg razvoja klizišta. AHP metoda je strukturirana tehnika pomoću koje su ovdje određeni težinski faktori i razrađen je sustav bodovanja, tj. bodovnih vrijednosti za svaku razmatranu alternativu pojedinog parametra. U radu se provela kalibracija takvog sustava bodovanja i izmjenili kriteriji poznati iz literature, kako bi bodovanje bilo prilagođeno istraživanom području. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju ranije podake o velikoj gustoći klizišta i njihovoj aktivnosti na istraživanom području, ali je njihova prosječna površina manja nego prosječne površine klizišta u postojećim inventarima. Također, iz rezultata istraživanja je vidljiv vrlo velik utjecaj erozijskog djelovanja vodotokova i antropogen utjecaj na stvaranje i razvoj klizišta. Analizom stereomodela iz obe generacije snimaka izrađena je karta relativne opasnosti od klizišta iz koje su vidljiva najugroženija područja. Značaj rada je i u mogućnosti primjene utvrđenih metoda i kriterija koji će omogućiti bržu i jeftiniju, ali pouzdanu izradu inventara klizišta i na područjima sličnih uvjeta., The term landslide comprises almost all varieties of mass movements on slopes. Landslide inventory contains data about landslides on certain area. Landslide inventory map shows the locations of the landslides and can contain other additional data and they are usually used in determination of landslide mitigation measures, civil engineering and urban planning. Spatial distribution of landslides and their activity is subject of change during time and that is a key reason for development of landslide inventory maps from different periods. Data in landslide inventory is one of the most basic and most needed in further analysis involving landslide susceptibility, landslide hazard and landslide risk. The area of the research covers approximately 100 km2 on the southern slopes of Mt. Medvednica. In that area there is a long history of landslides and there are multiple landslides which endanger properties and represent danger to local community. Existing landslide inventories of this area were developed by the usage of different criteria and for this existing landslide data a reliable analysis about their number, spatial setting, area and activity was never conducted. Because of this reasons stereoscopic analysis of landslides was conducted on two stereomodels from different periods (1964 and 1998). By the usage of the same criteria landslide identification on stereomodels were carried out and a landslide inventory was developed for each stereomodel. More than 2.000 landslides were identified and all identified landslide features and landslides were organized into a developed database. Also, most widespread and worldwide most commonly used method in landslide inventory development is stereoscopic analysis of stereomodel(s). Verification of the results was carried out by comparison with existing landslide data and by landslide field mapping. Identified landslides were classified by the usage of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) according to the reliability of the landslides identification and according to the assessment of the possibilities of the further landslide development. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structural technique for data organization and analysis used for obtaining complex decisions. AHP can be also used practically in landslide mapping and assessment of characteristic landslide features. By AHP weight factors of landslide features were assessed and a scoring system was developed according to the weight factors (which was based on the visibility of the landslide features). Assessment of reliability of the identified landslides was based on the assessment of the visible landslide features on photography, which included: features in landslide body (accumulation and depletion) and visibility of the landslide border on the terrain surface. Also, the type of the land cover was taken into account. Assessment of possibilities of further landslide development was based on the assessment of the site topography, which included: slope inclination and assessment of the features at the landslide toe part. Also, type of the land cover was taken into account but a different criteria was used then for assessment of reliability for the identified landslides. Model calibration was carried out according to the features of the area of the research and landslide features in that area. Different scoring system was developed and used then existing ones in literature. Research results conforms the existing landslide data (landslide density and activity), but landslides identified by stereoscopic analysis in the area of research tends to have smaller areas than landslide areas in existing inventories (in accordance with literature). Also, the research results indicate the influence and the importance of the erosion processes and anthropogenic activities on the landslide activation and reactivation in the area of research. According to the reliability of the landslides identification and according to the assessment of the possibilities of the further landslide development an assessment of relative landslide danger was also carried out and a relative landslide danger map was developed from which the most endangered zones can be distinguished. The importance of the research is in the applicability of the used methods and developed criteria in the quicker, cheaper but accurate landslide inventory development everywhere where landslides exists in same or similar geomorphological conditions in Croatia or worldwide. Since there is no uniform landslide inventory for the whole territory of Croatia, the inventories presented here, the used methodology and the developed criteria also can be used as guidelines for the usage of remote sensing in landslide inventory development on national level.

Predmet ovog rada su ogoline koje na području središnje Istre predstavljaju izolirane reljefne jedinice. One nastaju u nepostojanom flišnom kompleksu na kojemu se razvija vrlo erozivni površinski tok vode. Ogoline uglavnom obilježava vrlo oskudan vegetacijski pokrivač te visoki godišnji iznosi denudacije. Također ih označava vrlo zamršen splet egzogenih procesa. Istraživanja prezentirana u ovom radu su imala za cilj određivanje najvažnijih čimbenika nastanka ogolina, te određivanje prosječnog godišnjeg iznosa denudacije na njima. Dostizanje navedenih glavnih ciljeva uvjetovalo je podjelu istraživanja na razinu uzorka, izdanka i regije (sliva). Najvažniji egzogeni proces izučavan na razini izdanka je fizičko trošenje, tj. otpornost na fizičko trošenje – postojanost. Zaključeno je da na postojanost najveći utjecaj imaju uvjeti kojima je na površini terena stijena bila izložena tijekom dužeg vremena. Na razini izdanka je određivan prosječni iznos denudacije i to pomoću tri metode (analogna i digitalna fotogrametrija, profilometarska mjerenja). Utvrđeno je da se on kreće od 1 do 4 cm na godinu, te da je veći tijekom intenzivnih kišnih pljuskova kojima je prethodilo dugotrajno sušno razdoblje. Najvažniji segment regionalnih istraživanja je izrada katastra ogolina kojim je utvrđeno da 2% od ukupne površine istraživanog prostora čine ogoline. Prostornim analizama u kombinaciji s različitim laboratorijskim istraživanjima je utvrđeno da nastanak i opstanak ogolina na području središnje Istre u prvom redu ovisi o pojavi koncentriranog površinskog toka u podnožju strmih padina. Kao krajnji produkt svih analiza provedenih u radu načinjena je karta podložnosti formiranju ogolina. Uz navedenu kartu preporučene su i administrativne mjere zaštite za svaku od na njoj prostorno definiranih kategorija osjetljivosti., The topic of this thesis is badlands which in the central Istria area (west Croatia) represent isolated relief units. They are created in the volatile flysch complex on which surface water flow of high erosivity is developed. Badlands are mainly characterized by a very scanty vegetation cover and high annual amounts of denudation. They are also characterized by very complex exogenetic processes. High amounts of denudation, i.e. high sediment load productions cause problems in the form of filling in of Botonega artificial lake (water supply), and the low durability of flysch sediment causes dispersion of road cuttings and incisions, which often leads to blockage of drainage channels. Research works presented in this paper were aimed to determinate the most important factors for badlands development and the average annual amount of denudation on them. Achieving these major objectives conditioned the division of research into the level of sample, outcrop and region (catchment area). At the level of the sample researches were conducted in the laboratory and in the field. Mineral composition was determined together with physical and mechanical properties of flysch complex. Considering the badlands, the most important feature on the level of sample is the durability which represents resistance to physical weathering. It was determined in the laboratory on 223 samples and it was found that the growth of the ice crystals is the most devastating physical weathering process. It was also determined, indirectly through the mineral composition analysis, that the conditions, under which the rock is on the surface, are the most important factor that influences its durability. Research at the outcrop level was primarily aimed at determining the amount of denudation and the identification of the climatic factors influencing denudation the most. Regarding that, four experimental plots (Šterna, Sv. Donat, Botonega and Boljun) were established in the field. On them, several parameters were monitored: the amount of denudation by 3 methods (analogue and digital photogrammetry and profilometric measurements), the air temperature and the amount and intensity of rainfall using automated measuring instruments (logger). The mentioned researches found out that the average amount of denudation in the central Istria on badland area ranges from 1 to 4 cm per year, and that the greatest amounts of denudation are the result of intense rainfalls (rains/showers), which were preceded by long dry periods. Regional researches, i.e. researches on the level of the catchment area, began by defining the badlands spatial distribution. With this aim the badland cadastre was made by using digital orthophoto maps, scale 1:5000. It was found that in the research area (487 km2) 2% of the area (10.7 km2) is covered by badland. The map of bare surface was obtained from the badland cadastre, which has shown that the catchment areas with mouth in eastern, more tectonically active, part of the Istrian peninsula (catchment areas of Boljunšćica and Raša) are characterized by a larger share of the badlands than the catchment area of Mirna with mouth at tectonically less active western part of Istria. This is explained by the difference in relief development, which is conditioned by slower lowering of erosion base of the catchment areas in the eastern part than the ones in the western part of the Istrian peninsula. Regional studies in combination with various laboratory techniques have yielded the definition of four basic engineering geological units in the explored area and the definition of four badland types on them. By different spatial analysis and field reconnaissance it was found that the concentration of the erosive water flow at the base of the steep slopes is the most important factor in the emergence and survival of badlands in central Istria. It was noted also that the thicker layers of impermanent marl facilitate the emergence of highly erosive Hortonian flow and therefore more frequent emergence of badlands on the parts of the terrain made of such layers. Thick layers of breccias, conglomerates and calcarenites condition the formation of cuesta below which the possibility of badland formation is greater. As the end product of all analyses conducted in the thesis the map of susceptibility to badland formation was created. Four categories were defined on the map: very small, small, medium and large susceptibility to badland formation. Together with this map an administrative control measures were recommended for each of the spatial defined categories of sensitivity.