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Ekološka povezljivost je osnova, ki omogoča naravne procese vrst, kot so pretok genov, selitev, širjenje arealov vrst, in je pomembna za dolgoročno ohranjanje vrst ter njihovih habitatov. Za zagotavljanje ekološke povezljivosti je bistvena fizična povezanost habitatov in enostavno prehajanje osebkov ter vrst med njimi. Ovira za prehajanje organizmov in ohranjanje vrst med državami so razlike v politikah, zakonodaji in upravljanju prostoživečih živali. Neusklajeno upravljanje s prostoživečimi živalmi na obeh straneh državne meje lahko povzroči težave pri povezovanju populacij nekaterih vrst, ker vpliva na gibanje in vedenje živali. Zato so čezmejna zavarovana območja pomembna za zagotavljanje ekološke povezljivosti med dvema državama ali več. Za alpski prostor sta pomembni vrsti alpski kozorog (Capra ibex) in severni (alpski) gams (Rupicapra rupicapra). Zato smo za čezmejno območje Julijskih Alp (velikost 289.660 ha), ki leži med Italijo in Slovenijo, v projektih AlpBioNet2030 in DINALPCONNECT analizirali stanje in upravljanje obeh vrst ter predlagali izboljšave upravljanja s ciljem izboljšati stanje populacij in zagotoviti ekološko povezljivost habitata za vrste na širšem čezmejnem območju. Od leta 2017 smo izpeljali štiri čezmejne delavnice z deležniki z italijanske in slovenske strani (predstavniki lovcev, lastnikov zemljišč, upravljavcev zavarovanih območij, gozdarjev, odločevalcev na nacionalni in regionalni ravni (ministrstva, občine) ter varstva narave). Rezultat participativnega procesa je čezmejni koncept celostnega upravljanja z alpskim kozorogom in severnim (alpskim) gamsom ter njunima habitatoma, ki vsebuje vizijo in strategijo čezmejnega upravljanja ter akcijski načrt na čezmejnem območju Julijskih Alp. Ecological connectivity enables natural processes such as gene flow, migration, and species range shifts, and is therefore important for the long-term conservation of species and their habitats. To ensure ecological connectivity, the physical connection of habitat patches, and unimpeded movement of the organisms between them are essential. Barriers for transboundary movement of organisms between countries are the differences in the politics, legislation, and management of wildlife. Inconsistent management of wildlife can cause problems in the connectivity of some species’ populations on both sides of the country border, which affects the movement and behaviour of the animals. Therefore, trans-boundary protected areas play an important role in ensuring ecological connectivity between two or more countries. Two important wildlife species for the Alpine area are Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) and northern (Alpine) chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Therefore, in the AlpBioNet2030 and DINALPCONNECT projects, we analysed the condition and management of both species in the Julian Alps trans-boundary area (size 289.660 ha), situated between Italy and Slovenia. Furthermore, we proposed changes in management to improve the populations’ condition and ensure ecological connectivity of the habitat for the species in the wider trans-boundary area. Since 2017, we have carried out four trans-boundary workshops with stakeholders from Italy and Slovenia (representatives of hunters, landowners, protected area managers, foresters, decision-makers on the national and regional level (ministries, municipalities), and nature conservationists). The result of the participative process is a trans-boundary management concept of the Alpine ibex and northern (Alpine) chamois populations and their habitat, which incorporates the vision and strategy of the trans-boundary management and action plan in the Julian Alps trans-boundary area. Bibliografija: str. 32-33.

V letih 2020, 2021 in 2022 je potekala obnova območnih gozdnogospodarskih in lovskoupravljavskih načrtov (v nadaljevanju območni načrti), ki bodo usmerjali razvoj slovenskih gozdov do leta 2030. Zaradi vse zahtevnejšega upravljanja gozdnih ekosistemov in usklajevanja številnih interesov je sodelovanje deležnikov v postopku priprave in sprejemanja območnih načrtov ključnega pomena. Pri tokratni obnovi območnih načrtov je bil velik poudarek ravno na vključevanju lastnikov gozdov in drugih deležnikov v proces izdelave in sprejemanja načrtov. Formalno določeno participacijo smo nadgradili z aktivnejšim vključevanjem zainteresirane javnosti prek številnih predstavitev, delavnic, anket in sestankov. V letih 2020 in 2021 je bilo tako v sklopu priprave območnih načrtov, poleg zbiranja pobud in javne razprave ter javne predstavitve načrtov, dodatno organiziranih 73 delavnic na regionalni in nacionalni ravni, na katerih je sodelovalo več kot dva tisoč udeležencev. Zaradi preprečevalnih ukrepov zaradi epidemije bolezni covid-19 je večina participativnih aktivnosti v letih 2020 in 2021 potekala v spletni obliki, kar je pospešilo digitalizacijo gozdarstva. Nastala so številna orodja za digitalno sodelovanje, in sicer od novih programskih rešitev na spletni strani do široke implementacije in uporabe orodij za digitalno sodelovanje. Rezultati participativnih aktivnosti so bili vgrajeni v osnutke območnih načrtov. Nadgradnja participativnega pristopa in vključevanje zainteresirane javnosti že v fazi priprave osnutkov območnih načrtov sta prispevala k večji usklajenosti gozdnogospodarskega in lovskoupravljavskega dela območnih načrtov, večji kakovosti in izvedljivosti načrtov ter usklajevanju ekonomskih, ekoloških in socialnih vidikov upravljanja z gozdnimi ekosistemi. In the years 2020, 2021 and 2022, the regional forest management and game management plans (hereafter referred to as regional plans) are being revised they will guide the development of Slovenian forests until 2030. Due to increasing challenges in managing forest ecosystems and the need for harmonization of various interests, participation of stakeholders in the process of preparation of regional plans is of outmost importance. In the current revision of regional plans, a great deal of emphasis was given to the inclusion of forest owners and other stakeholders in the process of preparation of the plans. Formally defined participation was upgraded with more active involvement of the interested public through various presentations, workshops, surveys and meetings. In 2020 and 2021, in addition to the collection of initiatives and public debate and public presentation of plans, 73 workshops on regional and national level with 2000 participants were additionally organized as part of preparation of regional plans. Due to preventive measures due to covid-19, most of the participatory activities in 2020 and 2021 were carried out online, which accelerated the digitalization of forestry. Various tools for digital participation have been developed, from new software solutions on the website to the wide implementation and the use of tools for digital participation. The results of participatory activities were integrated in the drafts of regional plans. The upgrade of participatory approach and the inclusion of the interested public in an early phase of plan preparation contributed to greater coordination of forest management and game management part of the regional plans, to the greater quality and feasibility of the plans and to the harmonization of economic, ecological and social aspects of managing forest ecosystems.

Požar Goriški Kras, ki je vzplamtel 15. 7. 2022, pogašen pa je bil 29. 7. 2022, je doslej največji požar v Sloveniji, saj je zajel skupaj 3.707 ha površin, od tega 2.902 ha gozdov. Pogorela površina v Sloveniji in Italiji skupaj obsega okoli 4.500 ha. V intervencijo gašenja požara je bila že prvi dan nastanka požara vključena javna gozdarska služba, ki jo opravlja Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. Gozdarji so štabu za vodenje intervencije dali na voljo gozdarske karte z zarisom vseh prometnic. Zaradi dobrega poznavanja terena je bila glavna naloga ZGS sprva pomagati posameznim gasilnim enotam pri orientaciji v prostoru in usmerjanju po protipožarnih presekah in gozdnih cestah. V času največjega razvoja požara so bile naloge delavcev ZGS preusmerjene v sečnjo ob prometnicah in naseljih, kjer bi bilo mogoče ustaviti širjenje požara. V aktivnost so se vključili tudi gozdarji družbe Slovenski državni gozdovi (SiDG) in iz ZGS vpoklicani izvajalci sečnje in drugih del na protipožarnih presekah ter prostovoljci. Neposredna škoda v gozdovih je bila ocenjena na 24,9 milijona evrov, požar pa je pomembno prizadel tudi ekološke in socialne funkcije gozda The Goriški Kras fire which flared up on July 15, 2022, and was extinguished on July 29, 2022, represents the largest fire in Slovenia up to now since it engulfed a total of 3.707 ha of the areas, thereof 2.902 ha of forests. The whole burntarea in Slovenia and Italy covers about 4.500 ha. The public forestry service performed by the Slovenia Forest Service (SFS) was incorporated into the intervention on the first day of the fire. The foresters placed forestry maps with the delineation of all forest roads at the Intervention headquarters’ disposal. Due to their thorough terrain knowledge, at first, the main ZGS task was to help individual fire-fighting units with their spatial orientation and direct them on the firebreaks and forest roads. In the time of the maximum fire development, the SFS workers’ tasks were redirected into the execution of felling along the traffic roads and settlements where it could have been possible to stop the fire from spreading. The foresters of the Slovenian State Forests (SiDG) company and other forestry companies and works, called up by the SFS, and volunteers were incorporated into the activities. The direct damage in the forests has been estimated to 24.9 million EUR. Furthermore, the fire also significantly affected the ecological and social functions of the forest.

V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati velikoprostorskega monitoringa gozdov in gozdnih ekosistemov (MGGE), ki je na sistematični mreži trajnih vzorčnih ploskev (4 km x 4 km) prek celotne Slovenije potekal v letih 2000, 2007, 2012 in 2018. Predstavljeni so osnovni znaki o stanju (lesna zaloga in volumen odmrlih lesnih kosov) in spremembah (prirastek, posek, volumen novih sušic) slovenskih gozdov. Lesna zaloga merskega drevja se je med letoma 2000 in 2012 povečala iz 299 na 334 m3 ha-1. V letu 2018 je bila ocena za povprečno lesno zalogo 330 m3 ha-1. Vzorčna napaka ocene lesne zaloge je znašala od 4 do 5 %. Med letoma 2012 in 2018 se je predvsem zmanjšala lesna zaloga iglavcev, in sicer iz 156 na 144 m3 ha-1. Poglavitni razlog je bil povečan posek, ki je bil posledica številnih ujm in gradacij podlubnikov. Tako se je povečal posek, in sicer iz 4,3 v obdobju 2007/12 na 6.3 m3 ha-1 leto v obdobju 2012/18. K povečanemu poseku večinski delež prispevajo iglavci. V zadnjem obdobju je bil bruto prirastek z vrastjo in prirastkom posekanih dreves ocenjen na 7,9 m3 ha-1 leto. Ocena volumna odmrlih lesnih kosov za leto 2018 je znašala 24 m3 ha-1. V prispevku je podrobno predstavljena tudi metodologija izračunov ocen povprečij na podlagi sistematičnega vzorčenja. Podatki MGGE so bili uporabljeni predvsem za potrebe mednarodnega poročanja o stanju in razvoju slovenskih gozdov ter v omejenem obsegu tudi za nacionalno poročanje o trajnostnem razvoju slovenskih gozdov. Prednost vzpostavljenega sistema je mednarodno usklajena metodologija popisa na sistematični mreži ploskev preko celotne države. Trenutni sistem ima tudi določene omejitve, in sicer malo vzorčnih ploskev, kar vodi v večjo vzorčno napako pri izračunih nekaterih dendrometrijskih kazalnikov. V letu 2020 smo sistem MGGE nadgradili v kontinuiran panelni sistem, katerega osnova bodo nove trajne vzorčne ploskve na neuravnani sistematični mreži gostote 2 km x 2 km, kar je dobro izhodišče za uvedbo Nacionalne gozdne inventure (NGI) v Sloveniji. The article presents the results of the large-scale forest inventory Forest Ecosystem Condition Survey (FECS) that took place on the systematic sampling grid of permanent sampling plots (4 km x 4 km) across the whole of Slovenia in the years 2000, 2007, 2012, and 2018. The basic signs of the condition (growing stock and volume of the deadwood) and changes (increment, felling, and mortality) of the Slovenian forests. The growing stock increased from 299 to 334 m3 ha-1 from the years 2000 to 2012. In 2018, the average growing stock was estimated to be 330 m3 ha-1. The standard error of the growing stock estimation was between 4 to 5 %. From the years 2012 to 2018, above all the growing stock of coniferous trees decreased, namely from 156 to 144 m3 ha-1. The main reason was the increased felling due to numerous natural disasters and bark beetle gradations. Thus, the felling increased, namely from 4.3 in the period 2007/12 to 6,3 m3 ha-1 yearly in the period 2012/18. Coniferous trees contribute the largest share to the increased felling. Recently, gross increment including ingrowth and increment of the felled trees estimated to be 7.9 m3 ha-1 annually. The estimation of the deadwood biomass amounted to 24 m3 ha-1 for the year 2018. The article also presents the calculations of the means% estimations methodology based on the systematical sampling. The FECS data were mostly used for the needs of international reporting on the condition and development of the Slovenian forests and, on a limited scale, also for the national reporting on the sustainable development of the Slovenian forests. The advantage of the established system is an internationally harmonized inventory methodology on the systematic grid of plots across the entire country. The present system also has certain limitations, namely a small number of sampling plots, which leads to a larger standard error in the calculations of some dendrometric indices. In 2020, we upgraded the FECS syste into a continuous panel system which is based on the new permanent sampling plots on the unaligned systematic sampling grid with the 2 km x 2 km density representing a good starting-point for the implementation of the National Forest Inventory (NGI) in Slovenia

V prispevku analiziramo strukturo in razvojne značilnosti sestojev z jelko, gospodarjenje in posek jelke po stirih rastiščnih skupinah (A-D) glede na gojitveno ekološke značilnosti jelke na podlagi podatkovnih zbirk Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije. V lesni zalogi jelke prevladuje srednje debelo (d=30-49 cm)in debelo drevje (d=50 cm in veè) (84,9 %). Najveè (45 %) debelih jelk je vdinarskih jelovjih in jelovih bukovjih (skupina B), razvojno najmlajsa je jelka v jelovjih s praprotmi in na drugih jelovih rastiščih na nekarbonatu (skupina C). Analiza debelinske strukture jelke in stevila dreves iz prve in druge izmere na stalnih vzorčnih ploskvah ter naraščanje povprečnega premera posekanih jelk v obdobju zadnjih 14 let nakazujejo staranje in regresijo jelke, ki sta izrazitejša v skupini B. Vraščanje jelke prek meritvenega praga je največje v skupini C (19,2/ha/10 let) in se statistično značilno razlikuje od drugih skupin. Najmanjšo vrast jelke ugotavljamo v skupini B (4,2/ha/10 let), jakost poseka jelke je tu najvišja (22,3 % LZ) z najvišjim povprečnim premerom posekanih jelk (42,5 cm) in 48 % sanitarne sečnje. Za aktivno ohranjanje jelke je pomembno predvsem zmanjšanje vpliva jelenjadi in skrbno ter diferencirano gojitveno ukrepanje z daljšimi parcialnimi pomladitvenimi dobami. Predlagamo tudi nekatere druge ukrepe. In the paper, we analysed the structure and developmental characteristics of forest stands with silver fir in Slovenia, the management and cut in four forest site strata, where silver fir occurs. We used databases from the Slovenia Forest Service. In growing stock (GS) of silver fir, large (dbh=30-49cm) and very large (d=50 cm and more) diameter trees account for 84.9 % at the national level. The highest share of very large diameter silver fir trees (45 %) is in Dinaric silver fir forests and silver fir-beech forests(B), the lowest in silver fir forests with fern and silver fir forests on non-carbonate ground (C). The dbh structure of GS, number of silver fir trees recorded from two subsequent measurements from permanent sampling plots,rising mean dbh of harvested silver fir trees all indicate general agingand regression of silver, which is typical of stratum B but not in all other strata. The ingrowth of silver fir in 10 years is highest in stratum C (19.2 trees/ha), the lowest in B (4.2 trees/ha). In the latter, cut intensity (22.3 % of GS), the mean dbh of harvested silver firs are highest, too. For active conservation of silver fir, reduction of the impact of large ungulates and differentiated silviculture with longer regeneration periods is of crucial importance. Some other measures are also suggested.

The research focused on the mapping, classifying and dealing with forest stands in forest management planning. Stands were analysed in the forest areasof Bohinj (Forest management region Bled) and Pohorje (FMR Maribor) with a total area of 29,95 0 hectares. Analyses of silvicultural units were carried out on a systematically selected sample, amounting to 9 % and 10 % of forest area at the Bohinj and Pohorje sites, respectively. The average area of delineated stands at the Bohinj site was 1.04 ha (Me = 0.5 3 ha) and 2.30 ha (Me = 1.33 ha) in the Pohorje site. The average area of silvicultural units is 2.00 ha (Me = 0.95 ha) at Bohinj and 1.88 ha (Me = 0.92 ha) at Pohorje sites. The size of stands depends mostly on stand structure, surveyor, site conditions, forest management practices and tradition. V raziskavi smo analizirali značilnosti izločanja in obravnavanja sestojev v gozdnogospodarskem načrtovanju na primeru objektov Bohinj (GGO Bled) in Pohorje (GGO Maribor) s skupno površino 29950ha gozdov. Analizo negovalnih enot ter primerjavo negovalnih enot in sestojev smo opravili na sistematično izbranem vzorcu devetindvajsetih oddelkov (9 % površine gozdov) v objektu Bohinj in petindvajsetih oddelkov (10 % površine gozdov) na Pohorju. Povprečna površina izločenih sestojev v Bohinju znaša 1,04 ha (Me = 0,53 ha), na Pohorju pa 2,30 ha (Me= 1,33 ha). Povprečna površina negovalnih enot je 2,00 ha (Me = 0,95 ha) v Bohinju in 1,88 ha (Me = 0,92 ha) na Pohorju. Na velikost izločenih sestojev predvsem značilno vplivajo struktura gozdnih sestojev, popisovalec, rastiščne razmere, gospodarjenje z gozdovi ter tradicija gozdarskega načrtovanja v posameznem območju.

Raziskava obravnava vlogo sestojev v gozdarskem načrtovanju. Sestoje v sedanjem sistemu načrtovanja razmejujemo in opisujemo dvakrat, prav tako dvakrat podrobno načrtujemo in sicer pri gozdnogospodarskem in gozdnogojitvenem načrtovanju. Obravnavanje sestojev pri gozdnogospodarskem načrtovanju smo analizirali na objektih Bohinj (GGO Bled) in Pohorje (GGO Maribor) s skupno površino 29950 ha gozdov. Podatke o sestojih smo pridobili iz sestojnih kart. Analizo negovalnih enot in tudi primerjavo negovalnih enot ter sestojev smo izvedli na sistematično izbranem vzorcu oddelkov. Analiziralismo 29 oddelkov (9 % površine gozdov) na objektu Bohinj in 25 oddelkov (10 % površine gozdov) na objektu Pohorje. Podatke o negovalnih enotah smo pridobili iz gozdnogojitvenih načrtov. Povprečna površina izločenihsestojev v Bohinju znaša 1,04 ha, na Pohorju pa 2,30 ha. Povprečna površina negovalnih enot je 2,00 ha v Bohinju in 1,88 ha na Pohorju. Analize kažejo, da na podrobnost obravnavanja sestojev značilno vplivajo predvsem strukture gozdnih sestojev, popisovalec, rastiščne razmere, gospodarjenje z gozdovi ter tradicija gozdarskega načrtovanja. Razlike med sestoji in negovalnimi enotami so relativno majhne in večinoma niso posledica različne vloge, ki jo ima posamezna raven podrobnega načrtovanja. Premajhna vsebinska in organizacijska povezanost med obema ravnema se odraža v zelo podrobnem zbiranju sestojnih informacij, preveč poudarjeni inventuri stanja pri gozdnogojitvenem načrtovanju in premajhni prilagodljivosti podrobnega načrtovanja konkretnim (naravnim, posestnim, socialnoekonomskim...) razmeram. Možnosti za racionalizacijo so v bolj diferenciranem načrtovanju razvoja gozdov. The research focused on the role of forest stands in forest planning. According to the existing forest planning system, stands are delineated and described twice, and are subject of two detailed plans forest management plans and silvicultural plans. Stand treatment in forest management planning was analysed in Bohinj (FMR Bled) and Pohorje (FMR Maribor) sites on a total forest area of 29950 hectares. Stand data was obtained from stand maps. The analysis of silvicultural units and the comparison of silvicultural units and stands were carried out on a systematically selected compartment sample. Twenty-nine compartments were analysed (9 % of forest area) in the Bohinj siteand 25 compartments (10 % of forest area) in the Pohorje site. Data on silvicultural units were obtained from silvicultural plans. The average surface area of delineated stands in Bohinj was 1,04 ha and 2,30 ha in the Pohorje site. The average surface area of silvicultural units is 2,00 ha in Bohinj and 1,88 ha in the Pohorje site. Stand treatment depends chiefly on forest stand structure, surveyor, stand conditions, forest management practices and forest planning tradition. The differences between stands and silvicultural units are relatively small, most of them not linked to the rolesassociated with detailed planning levels. Inadequate connections existingbetween these two planning levels in terms of content and organisationare evident in the collection of highly detailed stand data, over-emphasised importance of stand inventories in silvicultural planning and poor adaptability of detailed planning to real conditions (nature, ownership structure, socio-economic conditions). Rationalisation opportunities lie in higher differentiation of forest development planning.

V raziskavi smo analizirali značilnosti izločanja in obravnavanja sestojev v gozdnogospodarskem načrtovanju na primeru objektov Bohinj (GGO Bled) in Pohorje (GGO Maribor) s skupno površino 29950ha gozdov. Analizo negovalnih enot ter primerjavo negovalnih enot in sestojev smo opravili na sistematično izbranem vzorcu devetindvajsetih oddelkov (9 % površine gozdov) v objektu Bohinj in petindvajsetih oddelkov (10 % površine gozdov) na Pohorju. Povprečna površina izločenih sestojev v Bohinju znaša 1,04 ha (Me = 0,53 ha), na Pohorju pa 2,30 ha (Me= 1,33 ha). Povprečna površina negovalnih enot je 2,00 ha (Me = 0,95 ha) v Bohinju in 1,88 ha (Me = 0,92 ha) na Pohorju. Na velikost izločenih sestojev predvsem značilno vplivajo struktura gozdnih sestojev, popisovalec, rastiščne razmere, gospodarjenje z gozdovi ter tradicija gozdarskega načrtovanja v posameznem območju. The research focused on the mapping, classifying and dealing with forest stands in forest management planning. Stands were analysed in the forest areasof Bohinj (Forest management region Bled) and Pohorje (FMR Maribor) with a total area of 29,95 0 hectares. Analyses of silvicultural units were carried out on a systematically selected sample, amounting to 9 % and 10 % of forest area at the Bohinj and Pohorje sites, respectively. The average area of delineated stands at the Bohinj site was 1.04 ha (Me = 0.5 3 ha) and 2.30 ha (Me = 1.33 ha) in the Pohorje site. The average area of silvicultural units is 2.00 ha (Me = 0.95 ha) at Bohinj and 1.88 ha (Me = 0.92 ha) at Pohorje sites. The size of stands depends mostly on stand structure, surveyor, site conditions, forest management practices and tradition.