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This paper deals with changes in code status policy in Ontario and endorses a new College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) policy. We argue that the recent policy changes in this area necessitate an active educational strategy around end-of-life care to prevent harm to dying patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Une société en désolation et de déliaison attaque d'abord les sciences humaines et sociales et fait encourir le risque de rupture du lien intersubjectif et de solidarité. Le renoncement à celui-ci est à l'origine de la perte du sens et du retour de la peur de la folie. Les soignants subissent l'impact de ce monde nouveau et saisis par l'urgence, agissent sur le présent, plus que n'élaborent des prospectives d'avenir tenant compte de l'histoire, et médicalisent puis psychiatrisent des problématiques humaines de vie et de mort. La rationalisation des démarches diagnostiques et thérapeutiques dictée plus par l'économisme d'aujourd'hui, qui n'est pas une science humaine et sociale mais une idéologie, menace de balayer les acquis de le Pédopsychiatrie institutionnelle, et de l'indispensable éthique de la rencontre interhumaine au cœur du soin. A society where desolation and delirium reigns attacks first and foremost the human and social sciences, and runs the risk of breaking the bonds of intersubjectivity and solidarity. The renunciation of the latter is at the root of the collective loss of meaning and the return of fear of madness. Mental health caregivers feel the impact of this new world and, seized by the urgency of the situation, act in the present rather than looking to the future, taking history into account, medicalizing and then subjecting human problems of life and death to psychiatric analysis and treatment. The rationalization of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches dictated more by today's economism, which is not a human and social science but an ideology, threatens to sweep away the achievements of institutional child psychiatry, and the indispensable ethic of inter-human encounter that lies at the heart of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the French health authorities to take some restrictive regulatory decisions. Among these, the restriction of consultations in general practice was probably not well received by the profession. In this qualitative study, the authors explore how general practitioners felt about the way the health authorities managed the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The value of reduced mortality risk (VRMR) is a key element in the economic analysis of public policies. Mortality risk reduction often reflects the major proportion of the total benefits in health, safety, and environmental policy analyses, and thus accurate, updated measures of the VRMR are critical. We conducted a meta-analysis to update the VRMR estimate for Canada based on 158 estimates extracted from 18 primary studies published in 1989–2018. We use weighted least squares, clustered errors, and panel data regression procedures to address different empirical issues in our meta-analysis. Our analysis, based on preferred studies with representative samples, results in a weighted mean VRMR estimate of $13 million in 2020 dollars, whereas the lower and higher values from two alternative valuation methods are about $10 million and $16.5 million, respectively. The updated mean VRMR is 43 percent higher than the current VRMR estimate recommended by the Canadian authority. The meta-regression analysis also shows that the levels of baseline risk and risk reduction are among the main determinants of VRMR estimates. We recommend the application of an updated VRMR estimate in policy evaluations because using the current measure can lead to misleading benefit and cost calculations and potentially inaccurate policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Brunswick has been an outlier concerning abortion access for decades. In 2015, the Liberal government under Premier Brian Gallant made significant legislative changes to regulation 84–20 to make abortions more easily accessible in the province. Despite these changes, the Liberal government fell short of publicly funding community-based abortions outside hospitals. This qualitative study aimed to examine the political dynamic and pressures explaining why New Brunswick remains behind on abortion access compared to other Canadian provinces. From September until November 2020, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 participants. Participants were a mix of past and present politicians, health care leaders, and high-ranking public officials identified as key stakeholders in the abortion debate in New Brunswick. Some participants shared their challenges separating their personal views on abortions and admitted wanting to limit access to make it difficult for people to get an abortion. At the same time, other participants described concern for the most vulnerable segments of the New Brunswick population who may struggle with accessing abortions, leading to undue stress and anxiety levels. Ultimately, this article describes the challenges politicians face with power dynamics within their parties and the balance between managing political risks to maintain popularity within the New Brunswick electorate without infringing on people's right to medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people and their care workers have been disproportionately affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Many OECD Member countries have taken measures to contain the spread of the infection and improve the care workforce. Yet the health crisis is highlighting and exacerbating pre‐existing structural problems in the long‐term care (LTC) sector. In many OECD Member countries, recruiting enough workers in LTC remains a challenge and care workers experience difficult working conditions. Skills mismatch and poor integration with the rest of health care lie at the root of preventable hospital admissions even in normal times. Such challenges are likely to become ever more acute if no further action is taken given the speed of population ageing. Policies to improve recruitment and which also address retention through training, improvements in coordination and productivity, leveraging the effect of digital technologies, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy / Journal Canadien de la Pharmacie Hospitalière is the property of Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In 2019, Burkina Faso was one of the first countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to introduce a free family planning (FP) policy. This process evaluation aims to identify obstacles and facilitators to its implementation, examine its coverage in the targeted population after six months, and investigate its influence on the perceived quality of FP services. Methods: This process evaluation was conducted from November 2019 through March 2020 in the two regions of Burkina Faso where the new policy was introduced as a pilot. Mixed methods were used with a convergent design. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with the Ministry of Health (n = 3), healthcare workers (n = 10), and women aged 15–49 years (n = 10). Surveys were also administered to the female members of 696 households randomly selected from four health districts (n = 901). Results: Implementation obstacles include insufficient communication, shortages of consumables and contraceptives, and delays in reimbursement from the government. The main facilitators were previous experience with free healthcare policies, good acceptability in the population, and support from local associations. Six months after its introduction, only 50% of the surveyed participants knew about the free FP policy. Higher education level, being sexually active or in a relationship, having recently seen a healthcare professional, and possession of a radio significantly increased the odds of knowing. Of the participants, 39% continued paying for FP services despite the new policy, mainly because of stock shortages forcing them to buy their contraceptive products elsewhere. Increased waiting time and shorter consultations were also reported. Conclusion: Six months after its introduction, the free FP policy still has gaps in its implementation, as women continue to spend money for FP services and have little knowledge of the policy, particularly in the Cascades region. While its use is reportedly increasing, addressing implementation issues could further improve women's access to contraception. Plain Language summary: Burkina Faso is one of the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to remove user fees for family planning services. Introduced as a pilot in June 2019, this policy covers the main costs, including the contraceptives, for all women of reproductive age (15–49 years old). We conducted a study to find out how the implementation of this new policy was going. In particular, we wanted to know what might be limiting or facilitating the successful implementation of the policy in a rural community. Through interviews with health staff and women, we found that about half of the women did not even know that family planning was now free, even though it had been free for more than six months. In addition, there were problems in the supply chain, which meant that contraceptive methods may have become free, but they were no longer available. On the other hand, the new policy has been generally well received by the public: previous similar initiatives seem to have facilitated implementation, as have awareness campaigns conducted by non-governmental organizations. With this information, the new policy can be improved to further enhance women's access to contraceptive methods in rural Burkina Faso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes whether and how conferences and councils on policies for health and women in Minas Gerais interact with each other to shape a participatory and deliberative system in these policy areas. Thus, the article analytically and empirically evaluates: (1) how actors, topics, and norms act as connectors of these forums in each policy area; (2) whether those connections promote an integrated system in each policy area. To investigate the connections among the forums, we proposed four different techniques: observations of council meetings and conferences, document analysis, surveys, and interviews. We mixed these techniques to compare these two contrasting cases. As a result of this comparative analysis, we argue that the legal and political infrastructure in which policies are immersed induces the connectors to work systemically. Health policy, which is legally and institutionally more predictable than policy for women, ensures more favorable conditions for the actors to coordinate their actions, for the topics to be debated and transmitted, and for the norms to be disputed and legitimized. Therefore, we claim that the political-institutional resources are significant for the connectors to shape a participatory and deliberative system in each policy area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le temps allié inséparable et imperceptible, surtout dans sa dimension d'avenir, a toujours été une intrigue pour l'homme. De quel confort et de quel pouvoir ne jouirait pas qui pourrait connaître et gérer toutes les composantes : passé, présent et futur du temps ? La connaissance du futur apparaît comme dévolue à quelques privilégiés d'ordre divin, interdite à l'homme mais après laquelle il ne cesse de courir, cherchant ainsi à se rapprocher de Dieu au point d'oublier le passé, pire, de vivre, au mieux, le présent. Nous appesantissant sur le présent, nous essayons d'envisager les différentes facettes du complexe temps à travers des événements à l'échelle humaine, en relation avec la santé et le bien-être, sans pour autant oublier la relation de l'homme à l'univers. Cette approche, qui ne se situe pas dans un contexte de démonstration de causes et d'effets, fait plus resurgir des questions dont les réponses sont individuelles, propres à la personne, mais aussi tributaires de systèmes qui peuvent être envisagés de plus en plus complexes et excentriques. Nous aboutissons à la conclusion que vivre, pour une personne singulière et ne serait-ce qu'à son échelle sans plus de complexification, implique une forme ou une autre de prévision, de prédiction, de prévoyance et a fortiori au niveau de groupes sociaux plus ou moins élargis. Time is a close friend to the human being, though unnoticeable, mostly when it comes to its component related to the future. Nevertheless, time is still a mystery to him. What will be the well being, the power, of the one who can know and manage all the components: past, present and forthcoming of time? A handful of beings, more godlike, attains the knowledge of the future that is forbidden to the mere human who keeps on running after it, therefore looking to reach God so much as to forget the past, and the worst to live the present time. Focusing on the present, we will try to envision the different views of the complex of time through human-scale events, in relation to health and well being, nevertheless discussing man's relationship with the universe. This way, we are not intended to prove any cause or effect, but to raise questions which answers depend on each person, according to him, however, could be part of systems that may be more and more complex and far away. We conclude that at the level of a single human being, considered as such, without any further complexification, to live means one or another form of forecast, prediction, foresight and for a stronger reason when it is about more or less enlarged social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on collapse of communism left only one model to persist as capitalism and its need for endless growth. Topics include examines gradually the need for social progress no longer had any reason to exist in the absence of a rival to capitalism and considered neoliberalism has dominated since the 1980s with the theorization of a model of wealth creation widely promoted by the United States/United Kingdom couple.

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Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les pays à faibles et moyens revenus sont les plus affectées par les maladies nécessitant une intervention chirurgicale ou obstétrique. Ainsi, 5 milliards de personnes n´ont pas accès à ces soins et ne possède pas les ressources nécessaires pour lutter contre ce fardeau. La chirurgie globale est un domaine d´étude, de recherche, de pratique et de plaidoirie visant à améliorer et à promouvoir l´équité en matière de santé pour toutes les personnes nécessitant des soins chirurgicaux, obstétricaux et anesthésiques. Ce domaine est récent et encore peu connu, notamment par la communauté francophone.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast‐moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: En France, le Groupe santé environnement (GSE) réunit experts scientifiques et décideurs politiques pour élaborer les politiques de santé environnement. Cependant, dix ans après son lancement, son bilan apparaît mitigé. Son institutionnalisation, avec une gouvernance appropriée et des moyens suffisants, permettrait d'améliorer l'efficacité de ces politiques. In France, the Groupe santé environnement (Environmental Health Group) brings together scientific experts and political decision-makers to develop environmental health policies. However, ten years after its launch, its record is mixed. Its institutionalization, with appropriate governance and sufficient resources, should help improve the effectiveness of these policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questões que afetam a saúde do homem têm crescido exponencialmente no cenário mundial. Isso se deve, em parte, ao fato de se construir a ideia de masculinidade, que estabelece normas e padrões de comportamento enraizados no modo como essa população pensa o "ser homem", impedindo-o de compreender a importância de cuidar de si mesmo. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os eixos centrais da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem (PNAISH), observando suas interfaces com as questões referentes à ética no cuidado e às questões de gênero, bem como buscar a relação da PNAISH com o contexto social, histórico e cultural que constrói a ideia de masculinidade. Trata-se de um ensaio de natureza crítico-reflexiva, com base na PNAISH e seus eixos centrais. Conclui-se que são necessárias discussões que promovam a saúde do homem, uma vez que as ações que envolvem esse processo avançam lentamente, devido à dificuldade de reflexão sobre as práticas de saúde que tem o homem como protagonista e à conjuntura histórica que toca as questões de gênero, distanciando este assunto das premissas necessárias ao seu cuidado.

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Government of Cambodia is implementing ambitious reform initiatives to improve the country's social health protection system. In January 2018, it was announced that the Health Equity Fund (HEF), which is fully subsidized by a joint government‐donor initiative for the reimbursement of user fees for the poor at public health facilities, is to be expanded to some segments of informal workers belonging to associations, as well as to commune and village chiefs. Since 2017, the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) has provided social health insurance for formal economy workers in enterprises with eight employees or more. In January 2018, it was expanded to civil servants and all employees regardless of the size of the enterprise. However, this article highlights that the new ambitious reforms are not accompanied by careful planning as regards funding, service delivery, human resources and institutional design. This article therefore aims to examine key policy issues and challenges for Cambodia's ambitious reform of its social health protection system in terms of resource generation, population coverage, strategic purchasing and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 15 million people were self-employed in the United States. This represented about 10% of total employment. Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the self-employed without employees are treated as individuals and are subject to the individual mandates of the policy. Less than half of the American states created health exchanges to act as a marketplace for health insurance under the new policy while the remaining states defaulted to the federal exchange. Using Current Population Survey data from 2013 and 2015, this study finds that the ACA increased the likelihood that the self-employed would privately purchase health insurance. Also, states with health exchanges saw an increase in the likelihood that the self-employed would privately purchase insurance as compared with the states that defaulted. This is important for entrepreneurship since benefits, including insurance, is often cited as a reason for individuals to remain employed as wage earners instead of moving into self-employment. Also, the high costs of health insurance may be a barrier to entry into entrepreneurial ventures and self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Objectifs Il s’agit de reprendre la question du diagnostic « démence type Alzheimer », et de mettre en lumière les limites de cette catégorisation nosographique, voire son inconsistance. L’objectif est de dévoiler le paradoxe existant de fait avec les recommandations des autorités de santé, notamment les mesures préventives et thérapeutiques, de type stimulation ou rééducation, qui y sont associées. Notre visée est de montrer la place que cela laisse à une clinique du sujet. Méthode Une revue de littérature d’une diversité scientifique – rassemblant les domaines de la sociologie, la psychiatrie, la neuropsychologie, ou les sciences politiques – nous sert à préciser ce que recouvre le concept « maladie d’Alzheimer », tant en ce qui concerne son historique, sa définition médicale, que sa transformation sociale. Résultats Nous relevons que cette dite maladie repose à l’origine non sur une véritable découverte scientifique mais sur une invention nosographique. Une observation de cas paraissant plutôt curieux, dont la spécificité pathologique était mise en doute, voire déniée par Aloïs Alzheimer lui-même, est devenue un siècle plus tard une maladie extrêmement fréquente, aussi perçue comme « la maladie du siècle ». Les incessants changements de définitions au fil des années et des nosographies – dont la distinction avec la démence dite « sénile » a été l’objet de questionnements – ainsi que les critiques de plus en plus nombreuses portant sur les hypothèses au sujet de l’étiologie neurobiologique, soutiennent le constat d’une création nosographique. Les recherches postulant que ce diagnostic est le résultat d’une construction sociale sous-tendue par des logiques économiques et politiques (celles qui désignent Alzheimer comme un « fléau à combattre »), ainsi que par le modèle biomédical de nos sociétés occidentales, vont également en ce sens. C’est par ailleurs dans ce contexte, et seulement depuis la dernière décennie, que l’on voit apparaître une distinction entre différents stades de cette dite maladie, dont le « stade préclinique », asymptomatique, qui étaye la visée de prévention et de dépistage des autorités de santé. Discussion Si la notion de « maladie d’Alzheimer », en tant qu’entité homogène causée par des facteurs moléculaires, commence à être remise en question, cela ouvre la possibilité d’étudier les états hétérogènes se manifestant dans le cadre large du vieillissement cérébral et cognitif. Cela implique également, par conséquent, de réinterroger la différence entre un vieillissement « normal » et « pathologique ». Conclusions « La maladie d’Alzheimer est un mythe ». Voilà ce que laissent transparaître diverses études. Le problème est que ce diagnostic tend à effacer les sujets dans leur singularité. Or, pour l’accompagnement des personnes âgées dans notre société, il s’agit d’un enjeu éthique et déontologique de prendre la mesure de l’incohérence de ces mesures préventives et thérapeutiques, et de pouvoir laisser une place à une clinique du sujet. Aims This paper sets out to review the issue of diagnosis of “Alzheimer-type dementia”, and to cast light on the limitations of this nosographic categorisation, and indeed its lack of substance. The aim is to show the paradoxical aspects of the recommendations of the health authorities, and in particular the preventive and therapeutic recommendations in the areas of stimulation or rehabilitation. The purpose is to show that this leaves room for a clinical approach centering on the subject. Method A broad review of the scientific literature ranging from sociology to psychiatry, neuropsychology and political science, enables a definition of what is covered by the concept “Alzheimer's disease”, at once with regard to its history, its medical definition, and its social history. Results We observe that this “pathology” was originally based not on a genuine scientific discovery, but on a nosographic invention. A rather curious case study, on the subject of which Alois Alzheimer himself expressed doubts as to its pathological specificity, one century later has become an extremely common condition, often viewed as the “disease of our time”. The constant changes in definition across the years and across nosographies – where the distinction with respect to so-called “senile” dementia has been questioned – and increasingly numerous criticisms of the hypotheses of a neurobiological aetiology, are all in favour of a nosographic invention. The research postulating that this diagnosis results from a social construction underpinned by economic and political logics (whereby Alzheimer's disease is seen as a “scourge” to be fought), and by the biomedical model of our Western societies is likewise in favour of this nosographic creation. It is in this setting, and only in the last decade, that we have seen the emergence of definitions of different stages in the disease, including a “pre-clinical”, asymptomatic stage, supporting the screening and prevention strategies of the health authorities. Discussion At a time when the notion of “Alzheimer's disease” as a homogeneous entity caused by molecular factors is beginning to be questioned, there is scope for research on the heterogeneous manifestations occurring in the broad setting of cerebral and cognitive ageing. This implies a reappraisal of what differentiates “normal” from “pathological” ageing. Conclusion “Alzheimer's disease is a myth” – as is suggested by various studies. The problem is that this diagnosis tends to obliterate the singularity of each subject. Yet for the accompaniment of the elderly in our society, the ethical and deontological challenge is to take the full measure of the inadequacy of existing preventive and therapeutic measures, so as to make way for a clinical approach centred on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the national essential medicines scheme and zero-mark-up policy on antibiotic prescribing behaviour.Methods: In rural Guangxi, a natural experiment compared one county hospital which implemented the policy with a comparison hospital which did not. All outpatient and inpatient records in 2011 and 2014 were extracted from the two hospitals. Primary outcome indicator was antibiotic prescribing rate (APR) among children aged 2-14 presenting in outpatients with a primary diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). We organised independent physician reviews to determine inappropriate prescribing for inpatients. Difference-in-difference analyses based on multivariate regressions were used to compare APR over time after adjusting potential confounders. We conducted 12 in-depth interviews with paediatricians, hospital directors and health officials.Results: A total of 8219 and 4142 outpatient prescriptions of childhood URTIs were included in the intervention and comparison hospitals, respectively. In 2011, APR was 30% in the intervention and 88% in the comparison hospital. In 2014, the intervention hospital significantly reduced outpatient APR by 21% (95% CI:-23%, -18%), intravenous infusion by 58% (95% CI: -64%, -52%) and prescription cost by 31 USD (95% CI: -35, -28), compared with the controls. We collected 251 inpatient records, but did not find reductions in inappropriate antibiotic use. Interviews revealed that the intervention hospital implemented a thorough antibiotics stewardship programme containing training, peer review of prescriptions and restrictions for overprescribing.Conclusion: The national essential medicines scheme and zero-mark-up policy, when implemented with an antimicrobial stewardship programme, may be associated with reductions in outpatient antibiotic prescribing and intravenous infusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1994, at the Helsinki Conference, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined environmental health as the discipline that 'refers to all aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by the physical, chemical, biological, social, psychological and aesthetic factors of our environment'. For the first time, health and environment interactions are officially recognized by health authorities. In France, it is not until 2004 and the publication of the first National Health and Environment Plan (PNSE1 - 2004-2008) that this orientation is integrated into the health policy. The following National Environmental Health Plans (PNSE2 (2009-2013) and PNSE3 (2015-2019) identify on the one hand, pregnant women and young children as vulnerable populations, and on other hand the need for training in environmental health for all the health professionals. In 2016, this last point is supported by the Health System Modernization Law. Moreover, the specific orientation 'Informing and protecting people against environmental health risks' is integrated into the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) program for the period 2015-2018. Despite this, environmental health is still poorly understood. Given the stakes on current and future populations, environmental health must be developed in France and perinatal health professionals must integrate its principles into their daily care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)