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BackgroundThe domination of the Contemporary Commercial Music (CCM) industry in music markets has led to a significant increase in the number of CCM performers. Performing in a wide variety of singing styles involves exposing CCM singers to specific risk factors potentially leading to voice problems. This, in turn, necessitates the consideration of this particular group of voice users in the Occupational Health framework. The aim of the present research was threefold. First, it sought to profile the group of Polish CCM singers. Second, it was designed to explore the prevalence of self-reported voice problems and voice quality in this population, in both speech and singing. Third, it aimed to explore the relationships between voice problems and lifetime singing involvement, occupational voice use, smoking, alcohol consumption, vocal training, and microphone use, as potential voice risk factors.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted in Poland from January 2020 to April 2023. An online survey included socio-demographic information, singing involvement characteristics, and singers’ voice self-assessment. The prevalence of voice problems was assessed by the Polish versions of the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTDS) and the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI). Also, a self-reported dysphonia symptoms protocol was applied. The perceived overall voice quality was assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 100 mm.Results412 singers, 310 women and 102 men, completed the survey. Nearly half of the studied population declared lifetime singing experience over 10 years with an average daily singing time of 1 or 2 h. 283 participants received vocal training. For 11.4% of respondents, singing was the primary income source, and 42% defined their career goals as voice-related. The median scores of the VTDS were 11.00 (0–44) and 12.00 (0–40) for the Frequency and Severity subscales, respectively. The median SVHI score of 33 (0–139) was significantly higher than the normative values determined in a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018). Strong positive correlations were observed between SVHI and both VTD subscales: Frequency (r = 0.632, p

Objectives Intoxication with novel psychoactive drugs poses a significant challenge for medicine due to diagnostic difficulties, complex clinical patterns resulting from the polyethiology of poisoning, and the risk of fatal complications. Material and Methods The authors of the present work have made a retrospective review of medical records of the patients hospitalized at the Toxicology Unit (TU), diagnosed with poisoning by novel recreational drugs. Results In 2008–2013, 576 patients diagnosed with that type of poisoning were admitted to the TU. Of those, 192 (33.3%) patients were positive for ethanol in addition to the most popular toxins found in the material collected from the patients, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (50 [8.6%] patients) and amphetamine (35 [6.1%] patients). The most frequent clinical symptoms observed on admission were: anxiety (433 [75.1%] patients), agitation (275 [47.7%] patients), and complaints associated with the circulatory system (225 [39.1%] patients). In the subgroup of 104 (18.0%) psychiatrist-interviewed people, a relationship was found between the suicidal ideation reported during history-taking and the following factors: earlier psychiatric treatment (p = 0.000), financial problems (p = 0.015) and prolonged unemployment (p = 0.022). Conclusions The observed clinical pattern may be associated with sympathomimetic syndrome due to poisoning by novel psychoactive substances. Preliminary results of this research show that financial problems and a history of psychiatric treatment may enhance suicidal ideation in patients after acute poisoning by psychoactive substances. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(4):445–55

In 2017, preparations were made in Poland to provide all citizens with access to the Internet at a speed of at least 30 Mb/s, and at a speed of at least 100 Mb/s for 50% of households. This goal is to be realized, among others, by means of the fifth generation (5G) radio-communication networks. This work presents the assumptions of the 5G network structure and estimates of the level of population exposure toelectromagnetic fields related to their rational use. It was also analyzed whether, from the technical point of view, 5G networks could be implemented while respecting the currently acceptable level of electromagnetic field intensity in Poland (7 V/m), taking into account the current environmental exposure caused by antennas of cellular base stations. This is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the need to change the requirements in Poland in order to limit the level of population exposure to electromagnetic fields. Based on the available documentation of the proposed technical standards, the theoretical analysis of environmental exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by 5G systems shows that, with rational power management, obtaining the expected (compatible with 5G standards) quality of connections via base stations installed outside of buildings and using intelligent antenna systems with controlled beams, it will be possible to maintain the electric field strength and power density below the current limit values in places accessible to the public (

There is an ongoing discussion about electromagnetic hazards in the context of the new wireless communication technology – the fifth generation (5G) standard. Concerns about safety and health hazards resulting from the influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by the designed 5G antennas have been raised. In Poland, the level of the population’s exposure to EMF is limited to 7 V/m for frequencies above 300 MHz. This limitation results from taking into account the protective measures related not only to direct thermal hazards, but also to diversified indirect and long-term threats. Many countries have not established legal requirements in this frequency range, or they have introduced regulations based on recommendations regarding protection against direct thermal risks only (Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC). For such protection, the permissible levels of electric field intensity are 20–60 V/m (depending on the frequency). This work has been created through an interdisciplinary collaboration of engineers, biologists and doctors, who have been for many years professionally dealing with the protection of the biosphere against the negative effects of EMF. It presents the state of knowledge on the biological and health effects of the EMF emitted by mobile phone devices (including millimeter waves which are planned to be used in the 5G network). A comparison of the EU recommendations and the provisions on public protection being in force in Poland was made against this background. The results of research conducted to date on the biological effects of the EMF radiofrequency emitted by mobile telecommunication devices, operating with the frequencies up to 6 GHz, do not allow drawing any firm conclusions; however, the research evidence is strong enough for the World Health Organization to classify EMF as an environmental factor potentially carcinogenic to humans. At the moment, there is a shortage of adequate scientific data to assess the health effects of exposure to electromagnetic millimeter waves, which are planned to be used in the designed 5G devices. Nevertheless, due to the fact that there are data indicating the existence of biophysical mechanisms of the EMF influence that may lead to adverse health effects, it seems necessary to use the precautionary principle and the ALARA principle when creating environmental requirements for the construction and exploitation of the infrastructure of the planned 5G system. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105–13

The authors discuss the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) exposure based on reviewed literature reports. The systematic review covered both research carried out directly with people as well as studies with animals. A review was carried out in terms of various potential effects: carcinogenic effects, reproductive and metabolic disorders or the influence of SMF on the nervous and circulatory system. The possible biophysical and biological effects of the SMF were also described. Med Pr. 2019;70(1):107–20

Background In the studies investigating the potential health effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), the key problem is the assessment of workers’ exposure. Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment requires determining maximum EMF levels, for the acute effect, and the dose absorbed, for the cumulative effect. A study was undertaken to determine EMF exposure in workers at broadcasting centers (BCs) in Poland. It was the first part of a comprehensive project on health effects of occupational exposure to EMF. Material and Methods The study was conducted in 4 selected BCs. Spot measurements of electric field strength (E), and the results of E measurements that were made in the past for occupational hygiene assessments, were used for determining workers’ exposure to electric field. The parameters considered were the maximum E value (E max ), the weighted average E value (E avg ) and the E lifetime dose (E lifetime dose ). Results In the group of workers examined, the E values did not exceed 16.7 V/m for Emax (the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for work shift in Poland is 20 V/m), 2.9 V/m for E avg and 1 500 000 (V/m) 2 ×h for E lifetime dose . Conclusions In view of the lack of dosimetry data, a retrospective assessment of BC workers’ exposure to very high frequency and ultra-high frequency EMF was conducted, which made it possible to estimate EMF lifetime dose for the workers. Since the EMF exposure levels at BCs did not exceed the admissible values, they can be considered safe to the workers’ health, according to the approach used for developing OELs for EMF exposure. Med Pr 2018;69(5):477–482

Objectives: Radon concentrations for 31 Polish underground tourist routes were analyzed. The equivalent dose to the lung, the effective dose and the relative risk were calculated for employees of the analyzed routes on the grounds of information on radon concentrations, work time, etc. Material and Methods: The relative risk for lung cancers was calculated using the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VI Committee model. Equivalent doses to the lungs of workers were determined using the coefficients calculated by the Kendall and Smith. The conversion coefficient proposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the report No. 33 was used for estimating the effective doses. Results: In 13 routes, the effective dose was found to be above 1 mSv/year, and in 3 routes, it exceeded 6 mSv/year. For 5 routes, the equivalent dose to lungs was higher than 100 mSv/year, and in 1 case it was as high as 490 mSv/year. In 22.6% of underground workplaces the risk of developing lung cancer among employees was about 2 times higher than that for the general population, and for 1 tourist route it was about 5 times higher. The geometric mean of the relative risk of lung cancer for all workers of underground tourist routes was 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6–1.87). Routes were divided into: caves, mines, post-military underground constructions and urban underground constructions. Conclusions: The difference between levels of the relative risk of developing lung cancer for all types of underground tourist routes was not found to be significant. If we include the professional group of the employees of underground tourist routes into the group of occupational exposure, the number of persons who are included in the Category A due to occupational exposure may increase by about 3/4. The professional group of the employees of underground tourist routes should be monitored for their exposure to radon. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(5):687–694

Objectives: The aim of this study has been to assess the characteristics of acute poisoning deaths in Poland over a period of time 2009–2013. Material and Methods: The analysis was based on the data obtained from the patient records stored in toxicology departments in 6 cities – Łódź, Kraków, Sosnowiec, Gdańsk, Wrocław and Poznań. Toxicological analyses were routinely performed in blood and/or urine. Major toxic substances were classified to one of the following categories: pharmaceuticals, alcohol group poisonings (ethanol and other alcohols), gases, solvents, drugs of abuse, pesticides, metals, mushrooms, others. Cases were analyzed according to the following criteria: year, age and gender of analyzed patients, toxic substance category and type of poisoning. The recorded fatal poisonings were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases. Results: The record of 261 deaths were retrospectively reviewed. There were 187 males (71.64%) and 74 females (28.36%) and the male to female ratio was 2.52. Alcohol group poisonings were more frequently responsible for deaths in men compared to all poisonings, 91.1% vs. 71.6%, respectively (p < 0.05), and pharmaceutical agents were more frequently responsible for deaths in women, 47.4% vs. 28.4%, (p < 0.05). Methanol was the most common agent in the alcohol group poisonings, accounting for 43.75% (N = 49), followed by ethylene glycol, 39.29% (N = 44), and ethanol, 16.96% (N = 19). Conclusions: Epidemiological profile data from investigation of poisoning deaths in Poland may be very useful for the development of preventive programs. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(6):897–908

Nervous system is the most “electric” system in the human body. The research of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of different frequencies on its functioning have been carried out for years. This paper presents the results of the scientific literature review on the EMF influence on the functioning of the human nervous system with a particular emphasis on the recent studies of the modern wireless communication and data transmission systems. In the majority of the analyzed areas the published research results do not show EMF effects on the nervous system, except for the influence of GSM telephony signal on resting EEG and EEG during patients’ sleep and the influence of radiofrequency EMF on the cardiovascular regulation. In other analyzed areas (EMF impact on sleep, the evoked potentials and cognitive processes), there are no consistent results supporting any influence of electromagnetic fields. Neurophysiological studies of the effect of radio- and microwaves on the brain functions in humans are still considered inconclusive. This is among others due to, different exposure conditions, a large number of variables tested, deficiencies in repeatability of research and statistical uncertainties. However, methodological guidelines are already available giving a chance of unifying research that definitely needs to be continued in order to identify biophysical mechanisms of interaction between EMFs and the nervous system. One of the EMF research aspects, on which more and more attention is paid, are inter-individual differences. Med Pr 2016;67(3):411–421

Background: Mobile telephones belong to the most frequently used personal devices. In their surroundings they produce the electromagnetic field (EMF), in which exposure range there are not only users but also nearby bystanders. The aim of the investigations and EMF measurements in the vicinity of phones was to identify the electric field levels with regard to various working modes. Material and methods: Twelve sets of DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) cordless phones (12 base units and 15 handsets), 21 mobile telephones produced by different manufactures, and 16 smartphones in various applications, (including multimedia) in the conditions of daily use in living rooms were measured. Measurements were taken using the point method in predetermined distances of 0.05–1 m from the devices without the presence of users. Results: In the vicinity of DECT cordless phone handsets, electric field strength ranged from 0.26 to 2.30 V/m in the distance of 0.05 m – 0.18–0.26 V/m (1 m). In surroundings of DECT cordless telephones base units the values of EMF were from 1.78–5.44 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.19– 0.41 V/m (1 m). In the vicinity of mobile phones working in GSM mode with voice transmission, the electric field strength ranged from 2.34–9.14 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.18–0.47 V/m (1 m) while in the vicinity of mobile phones working in WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) mode the electric field strength ranged from 0.22–1.83 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.18–0.20 V/m (1 m). Conclusions: The mean values of the electric field strength for each group of devices, mobile phones and DECT wireless phones sets do not exceed the reference value of 7 V/m, adopted as the limit for general public exposure. Med Pr 2015;66(6):803–814

Background: Many patients of physiotherapeutic facilities using therapeutic radon are also referred to other treatments involving the use of electromagnetic field (EMF). However, in the light of the theory of EMF influence on free radicals, it is still an open question whether, application of EMF shortly after the radon treatment may alter the biological effects of radon or EMF. The aim of the study was to determine how large is the group of patients exposed to radon and EMF in Poland, and how high is the exposure of these patients to analyzed factors. The results of the study are to be used in the future assessment of the combined effects of radon and EMF in radon spas. Material and Methods: Based on the statistical data and interviews held in the major Polish radon spas, the analysis of treatment structure was performed and exposure to radon and EMF was assessed by measuring radon concentrations and characteristic values of exposure to EMF. Results: More than 8000 people per year are subjected to combined exposure to radon and EMF. Significant differences were found between measured radon concentrations (they ranged from approximately 61 kBq/m3 for inhalations with inhaler to only 290 Bq/m3 for graduation towers, p = 0.049) and EMF intensities corresponded to those observed in hazardous and dangerous zones for occupational exposure. Conclusions: The results of the study showed significant differences between radon concentrations during various radon treatments. There is a need to develop clear and universal procedures for the application of radon or radon combined with EMF in radon spas. The effects of patients’ exposure to radon, especially combined with EMF need to be further studied. Med Pr 2014;65(5):645–649

Introduction: The paper reports the results of the determinations of UMTS EMF distributions in the driver's cab of motor vehicle simulators. The results will serve as the basis for future research on the influence of EMF emitted by mobile phones on driver physiology. Materials and Methods: Two motor vehicle driving simulators were monitored, while an EMF source was placed at the driver's head or on the dashboard of the motor vehicle driving simulator. For every applied configuration, the maximal electric field strength was measured, as were the values at 16 points corresponding to chosen locations on a driver's or passenger's body. Results: When the power was set for the maximum (49 mW), a value of 27 V/m was measured in the vicinity of the driver's head when the phone was close to the head. With the same power, when the phone was placed on the dashboard, the measured maximum was 15.2 V/m in the vicinity of the driver's foot. Similar results were obtained for the passenger. Significant perturbations in EMF distribution and an increase in electric field strength values in the motor vehicle driving simulator were also observed in comparison to free space measurements, and the electric field strength was up to 3 times higher inside the simulator. Conclusions: This study can act as the basis of future studies concerning the influence of the EMF emitted by mobile phones on the physiology of the driver. Additionally, the authors postulate that it is advisable to keep mobile phones at a distance from the head, i.e. use, whenever possible, hands-free kits to reduce EMF exposure, both for drivers and passengers.

Copyright of Medycyna Pracy is the property of Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Jerzego Nofera and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medycyna Pracy is the property of Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Jerzego Nofera and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medycyna Pracy is the property of Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Jerzego Nofera and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The domination of the Contemporary Commercial Music (CCM) industry in music markets has led to a significant increase in the number of CCM performers. Performing in a wide variety of singing styles involves exposing CCM singers to specific risk factors potentially leading to voice problems. This, in turn, necessitates the consideration of this particular group of voice users in the Occupational Health framework. The aim of the present research was threefold. First, it sought to profile the group of Polish CCM singers. Second, it was designed to explore the prevalence of self-reported voice problems and voice quality in this population, in both speech and singing. Third, it aimed to explore the relationships between voice problems and lifetime singing involvement, occupational voice use, smoking, alcohol consumption, vocal training, and microphone use, as potential voice risk factors., Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Poland from January 2020 to April 2023. An online survey included socio-demographic information, singing involvement characteristics, and singers' voice self-assessment. The prevalence of voice problems was assessed by the Polish versions of the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (VTDS) and the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI). Also, a self-reported dysphonia symptoms protocol was applied. The perceived overall voice quality was assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 100 mm., Results: 412 singers, 310 women and 102 men, completed the survey. Nearly half of the studied population declared lifetime singing experience over 10 years with an average daily singing time of 1 or 2 h. 283 participants received vocal training. For 11.4% of respondents, singing was the primary income source, and 42% defined their career goals as voice-related. The median scores of the VTDS were 11.00 (0-44) and 12.00 (0-40) for the Frequency and Severity subscales, respectively. The median SVHI score of 33 (0-139) was significantly higher than the normative values determined in a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018). Strong positive correlations were observed between SVHI and both VTD subscales: Frequency ( r = 0.632, p  < 0.001) and Severity ( r  = 0.611, p < 0.001). The relationships between most of the other variables studied were weak or negligible., Conclusion: The examined CCM singers exhibited substantial diversity with regard to musical genre preferences, aspirations pertaining to singing endeavors, career affiliations, and source of income. Singing voice assessment revealed a greater degree of voice problems in the examined cohort than so far reported in the literature, based on the SVH and VTDS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Morawska, Pietruszewska, Politański and Niebudek-Bogusz.)

Objectives: Intoxication with novel psychoactive drugs poses a significant challenge for medicine due to diagnostic difficulties, complex clinical patterns resulting from the polyethiology of poisoning, and the risk of fatal complications., Material and Methods: The authors of the present work have made a retrospective review of medical records of the patients hospitalized at the Toxicology Unit (TU), diagnosed with poisoning by novel recreational drugs., Results: In 2008-2013, 576 patients diagnosed with that type of poisoning were admitted to the TU. Of those, 192 (33.3%) patients were positive for ethanol in addition to the most popular toxins found in the material collected from the patients, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (50 [8.6%] patients) and amphetamine (35 [6.1%] patients). The most frequent clinical symptoms observed on admission were: anxiety (433 [75.1%] patients), agitation (275 [47.7%] patients), and complaints associated with the circulatory system (225 [39.1%] patients). In the subgroup of 104 (18.0%) psychiatrist-interviewed people, a relationship was found between the suicidal ideation reported during history-taking and the following factors: earlier psychiatric treatment (p = 0.000), financial problems (p = 0.015) and prolonged unemployment (p = 0.022)., Conclusions: The observed clinical pattern may be associated with sympathomimetic syndrome due to poisoning by novel psychoactive substances. Preliminary results of this research show that financial problems and a history of psychiatric treatment may enhance suicidal ideation in patients after acute poisoning by psychoactive substances. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(4):445-55., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Introduction: Radon-induced biological effects have been studied mainly through epidemiological investigations, and well-controlled in vitro and in vivo experiments. To provide data explaining radon exposure-induced harmful effects in natural environment, exposure assessment under these conditions is needed. The objective of the study was to examine the level of genetic damage assessed with biomarkers of DNA single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from individuals continuously exposed to Rn in homes. Naturally elevated Rn concentrations in homes can be found in the South of Poland, in Kowary city., Methods: Measurements of expression of phosphorylated histone γH2AX was used as a marker of DNA double strand breaks. To detect DNA single and double-strand breaks and alkali labile sites, the alkaline comet assay was used. Oxidative damage of DNA was evaluated by formamidopyrimidyne (FPG)-modified comet assay. The blood was collected from 94 volunteers living in Kowary. Subjects were grouped according to their status of living in radon concentration ≥100 Bq/m 3 (n = 67), and <100 Bq/m 3 (n = 27)., Results: The statistically significant differences in levels of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes assessed with comet assay were found to be associated with levels of radon exposure in indoor air (p = 0.034). DNA damage in the comet assay was significantly correlated with DNA damage assessed with γH2AX staining., Conclusions: Results of the present study indicate the suitability of alkaline comet assay for the detection of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of people environmentally exposed to radon., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In 2017, preparations were made in Poland to provide all citizens with access to the Internet at a speed of at least 30 Mb/s, and at a speed of at least 100 Mb/s for 50% of households. This goal is to be realized, among others, by means of the fifth generation (5G) radio-communication networks. This work presents the assumptions of the 5G network structure and estimates of the level of population exposure toelectromagnetic fields related to their rational use. It was also analyzed whether, from the technical point of view, 5G networks could be implemented while respecting the currently acceptable level of electromagnetic field intensity in Poland (7 V/m), taking into account the current environmental exposure caused by antennas of cellular base stations. This is a contribution to the ongoing discussion on the need to change the requirements in Poland in order to limit the level of population exposure to electromagnetic fields. Based on the available documentation of the proposed technical standards, the theoretical analysis of environmental exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by 5G systems shows that, with rational power management, obtaining the expected (compatible with 5G standards) quality of connections via base stations installed outside of buildings and using intelligent antenna systems with controlled beams, it will be possible to maintain the electric field strength and power density below the current limit values in places accessible to the public (<7 V/m, <0.1 W/m 2 ). Med Pr. 2020;71(2):245-53., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

There is an ongoing discussion about electromagnetic hazards in the context of the new wireless communication technology - the fifth generation (5G) standard. Concerns about safety and health hazards resulting from the influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by the designed 5G antennas have been raised. In Poland, the level of the population's exposure to EMF is limited to 7 V/m for frequencies above 300 MHz. This limitation results from taking into account the protective measures related not only to direct thermal hazards, but also to diversified indirect and long-term threats. Many countries have not established legal requirements in this frequency range, or they have introduced regulations based on recommendations regarding protection against direct thermal risks only (Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC). For such protection, the permissible levels of electric field intensity are 20-60 V/m (depending on the frequency). This work has been created through an interdisciplinary collaboration of engineers, biologists and doctors, who have been for many years professionally dealing with the protection of the biosphere against the negative effects of EMF. It presents the state of knowledge on the biological and health effects of the EMF emitted by mobile phone devices (including millimeter waves which are planned to be used in the 5G network). A comparison of the EU recommendations and the provisions on public protection being in force in Poland was made against this background. The results of research conducted to date on the biological effects of the EMF radiofrequency emitted by mobile telecommunication devices, operating with the frequencies up to 6 GHz, do not allow drawing any firm conclusions; however, the research evidence is strong enough for the World Health Organization to classify EMF as an environmental factor potentially carcinogenic to humans. At the moment, there is a shortage of adequate scientific data to assess the health effects of exposure to electromagnetic millimeter waves, which are planned to be used in the designed 5G devices. Nevertheless, due to the fact that there are data indicating the existence of biophysical mechanisms of the EMF influence that may lead to adverse health effects, it seems necessary to use the precautionary principle and the ALARA principle when creating environmental requirements for the construction and exploitation of the infrastructure of the planned 5G system. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105-13., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

The authors discuss the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) exposure based on reviewed literature reports. The systematic review covered both research carried out directly with people as well as studies with animals. A review was carried out in terms of various potential effects: carcinogenic effects, reproductive and metabolic disorders or the influence of SMF on the nervous and circulatory system. The possible biophysical and biological effects of the SMF were also described. Med Pr. 2019;70(1):107-20., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Introduction: Ninety four residents of Kowary city (Poland) have been investigated for environmental radon exposure that ranged from 0.24 WLM to 9.6 WLM (activity concentration range: 35-2700 Bq/m 3 ). Kowary was chosen because of uranium mineralisation in its close vicinity., Method: Whole population studied was divided into two groups: exposed to low radon activity concentrations resulting in the exposure of ≤0.55 WLM (value corresponding to the exposure to 100 Bq/m 3 during whole year), and exposed to high radon activity concentration (>0.55 WLM). In the two groups two selected biomarkers in blood were assessed: the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and the levels of anti-p53 antibodies in serum measured because some data indicate increased expression of the antibodies in individuals after exposure to DNA damaging agents including radon. The potential confounding factors known to influence micronuclei (MN) frequency were also measured in serum: vitamin B12, folic acid, as well as total calcium., Results: In the present study no significant correlation was found between MN frequency in PBL and radon exposure. Among all persons investigated only 11 had detectable levels of the anti-p53 antibodies, whereas only 3 persons had positive result. Therefore, the group was too small to perform any meaningful statistical analysis and to conclude on any association. Cigarette smoking did not significantly influence the number of MN. There was a significant positive correlation observed between MN frequency and age, as well as higher MN frequency was detected in women., Conclusion: The problem of the radon exposure is still unresolved and needs further studies on bigger human cohorts in order to search for more sensitive biomarkers., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: In the studies investigating the potential health effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), the key problem is the assessment of workers' exposure. Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment requires determining maximum EMF levels, for the acute effect, and the dose absorbed, for the cumulative effect. A study was undertaken to determine EMF exposure in workers at broadcasting centers (BCs) in Poland. It was the first part of a comprehensive project on health effects of occupational exposure to EMF., Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 4 selected BCs. Spot measurements of electric field strength (E), and the results of E measurements that were made in the past for occupational hygiene assessments, were used for determining workers' exposure to electric field. The parameters considered were the maximum E value (E max ), the weighted average E value (E avg ) and the E lifetime dose (E lifetime dose )., Results: In the group of workers examined, the E values did not exceed 16.7 V/m for Emax (the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for work shift in Poland is 20 V/m), 2.9 V/m for E avg and 1 500 000 (V/m) 2 ×h for E lifetime dose ., Conclusions: In view of the lack of dosimetry data, a retrospective assessment of BC workers' exposure to very high frequency and ultra-high frequency EMF was conducted, which made it possible to estimate EMF lifetime dose for the workers. Since the EMF exposure levels at BCs did not exceed the admissible values, they can be considered safe to the workers' health, according to the approach used for developing OELs for EMF exposure. Med Pr 2018;69(5):477-482., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: The aim of this study has been to assess the characteristics of acute poisoning deaths in Poland over a period of time 2009-2013., Material and Methods: The analysis was based on the data obtained from the patient records stored in toxicology departments in 6 cities - Łódź, Kraków, Sosnowiec, Gdańsk, Wrocław and Poznań. Toxicological analyses were routinely performed in blood and/or urine. Major toxic substances were classified to one of the following categories: pharmaceuticals, alcohol group poisonings (ethanol and other alcohols), gases, solvents, drugs of abuse, pesticides, metals, mushrooms, others. Cases were analyzed according to the following criteria: year, age and gender of analyzed patients, toxic substance category and type of poisoning. The recorded fatal poisonings were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases., Results: The record of 261 deaths were retrospectively reviewed. There were 187 males (71.64%) and 74 females (28.36%) and the male to female ratio was 2.52. Alcohol group poisonings were more frequently responsible for deaths in men compared to all poisonings, 91.1% vs. 71.6%, respectively (p < 0.05), and pharmaceutical agents were more frequently responsible for deaths in women, 47.4% vs. 28.4%, (p < 0.05). Methanol was the most common agent in the alcohol group poisonings, accounting for 43.75% (N = 49), followed by ethylene glycol, 39.29% (N = 44), and ethanol, 16.96% (N = 19)., Conclusions: Epidemiological profile data from investigation of poisoning deaths in Poland may be very useful for the development of preventive programs. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(6):897-908., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Objectives: Radon concentrations for 31 Polish underground tourist routes were analyzed. The equivalent dose to the lung, the effective dose and the relative risk were calculated for employees of the analyzed routes on the grounds of information on radon concentrations, work time, etc., Material and Methods: The relative risk for lung cancers was calculated using the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VI Committee model. Equivalent doses to the lungs of workers were determined using the coefficients calculated by the Kendall and Smith. The conversion coefficient proposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the report No. 33 was used for estimating the effective doses., Results: In 13 routes, the effective dose was found to be above 1 mSv/year, and in 3 routes, it exceeded 6 mSv/year. For 5 routes, the equivalent dose to lungs was higher than 100 mSv/year, and in 1 case it was as high as 490 mSv/year. In 22.6% of underground workplaces the risk of developing lung cancer among employees was about 2 times higher than that for the general population, and for 1 tourist route it was about 5 times higher. The geometric mean of the relative risk of lung cancer for all workers of underground tourist routes was 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-1.87). Routes were divided into: caves, mines, post-military underground constructions and urban underground constructions., Conclusions: The difference between levels of the relative risk of developing lung cancer for all types of underground tourist routes was not found to be significant. If we include the professional group of the employees of underground tourist routes into the group of occupational exposure, the number of persons who are included in the Category A due to occupational exposure may increase by about 3/4. The professional group of the employees of underground tourist routes should be monitored for their exposure to radon. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(5):687-694., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Nervous system is the most "electric" system in the human body. The research of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of different frequencies on its functioning have been carried out for years. This paper presents the results of the scientific literature review on the EMF influence on the functioning of the human nervous system with a particular emphasis on the recent studies of the modern wireless communication and data transmission systems. In the majority of the analyzed areas the published research results do not show EMF effects on the nervous system, except for the influence of GSM telephony signal on resting EEG and EEG during patients' sleep and the influence of radiofrequency EMF on the cardiovascular regulation. In other analyzed areas (EMF impact on sleep, the evoked potentials and cognitive processes), there are no consistent results supporting any influence of electromagnetic fields. Neurophysiological studies of the effect of radio- and microwaves on the brain functions in humans are still considered inconclusive. This is among others due to, different exposure conditions, a large number of variables tested, deficiencies in repeatability of research and statistical uncertainties. However, methodological guidelines are already available giving a chance of unifying research that definitely needs to be continued in order to identify biophysical mechanisms of interaction between EMFs and the nervous system. One of the EMF research aspects, on which more and more attention is paid, are inter-individual differences. Med Pr 2016;67(3):411-421., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Background: Mobile telephones belong to the most frequently used personal devices. In their surroundings they produce the electromagnetic field (EMF), in which exposure range there are not only users but also nearby bystanders. The aim of the investigations and EMF measurements in the vicinity of phones was to identify the electric field levels with regard to various working modes., Material and Methods: Twelve sets of DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) cordless phones (12 base units and 15 handsets), 21 mobile telephones produced by different manufactures, and 16 smartphones in various applications, (including multimedia) in the conditions of daily use in living rooms were measured. Measurements were taken using the point method in predetermined distances of 0.05-1 m from the devices without the presence of users., Results: In the vicinity of DECT cordless phone handsets, electric field strength ranged from 0.26 to 2.30 V/m in the distance of 0.05 m - 0.18-0.26 V/m (1 m). In surroundings of DECT cordless telephones base units the values of EMF were from 1.78-5.44 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.19- 0.41 V/m (1 m). In the vicinity of mobile phones working in GSM mode with voice transmission, the electric field strength ranged from 2.34-9.14 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.18-0.47 V/m (1 m) while in the vicinity of mobile phones working in WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) mode the electric field strength ranged from 0.22-1.83 V/m (0.05 m) to 0.18-0.20 V/m (1 m)., Conclusions: The mean values of the electric field strength for each group of devices, mobile phones and DECT wireless phones sets do not exceed the reference value of 7 V/m, adopted as the limit for general public exposure., (This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.)

Introduction: Fire smoke inhalation a recognized etiologic factor of airway injuries. The objective of this study was evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein concentration in subjects exposed to fire smoke (SEFS)., Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the Toxicology Unit, Lodz, Poland after exposure to fire smoke. Serum HMGB1 concentrations were measured upon admission to hospital and rechecked on the 2nd and on the day of discharge. Patients also underwent routine toxicological diagnostic procedures applied in case of those exposures, such as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels and urinary thiocyanate concentrations. The same diagnostic tests were performed in 10 healthy volunteers not exposed to smoke of the control group., Results: The average serum SEFS concentration of HMGB1 protein was not significantly higher on admission in comparison with the respective values recorded on the 2nd day and on the day of discharge. The mean serum level of HMGB1 protein of exposed group was higher than that one in the control group, however the difference was not statistically significant. The highest concentration of HMGB1 protein was noted in serum of 28 subjects exposed to fire smoke reporting at least one symptom and the difference was statistically significant in a comparison with the control group., Conclusion: As indicated, an acute exposure to smoke may lead to transient increase of HMGB1 in serum in exposed subjects. Further studies are necessary in order to confirm the importance of this protein in pathogenesis of acute airway injury due to exposure to fire smoke.

Background: Many patients of physiotherapeutic facilities using therapeutic radon are also referred to other treatments involving the use of electromagnetic field (EMF). However, in the light of the theory of EMF influence on free radicals, it is still an open question whether, application of EMF shortly after the radon treatment may alter the biological effects of radon or EMF. The aim of the study was to determine how large is the group of patients exposed to radon and EMF in Poland, and how high is the exposure of these patients to analyzed factors. The results of the study are to be used in the future assessment of the combined effects of radon and EMF in radon spas., Material and Methods: Based on the statistical data and interviews held in the major Polish radon spas, the analysis of treatment structure was performed and exposure to radon and EMF was assessed by measuring radon concentrations and characteristic values of exposure to EMF., Results: More than 8000 people per year are subjected to combined exposure to radon and EMF. Significant differences were found between measured radon concentrations (they ranged from approximately 61 kBq/m3 for inhalations with inhaler to only 290 Bq/m3 for graduation towers, p = 0.049) and EMF intensities corresponded to those observed in hazardous and dangerous zones for occupational exposure., Conclusions: The results of the study showed significant differences between radon concentrations during various radon treatments. There is a need to develop clear and universal procedures for the application of radon or radon combined with EMF in radon spas. The effects of patients' exposure to radon, especially combined with EMF need to be further studied.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of static magnetic fields (SMF) on reactive oxygen species induced by X-ray radiation. The experiments were performed on lymphocytes from male albino Wistar rats. After exposure to 3 Gy X-ray radiation (with a dose rate of 560 mGy/min) the measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species in lymphocytes, using a fluorescent probe, was done before exposure to the SMF, and after 15 min, 1 and 2 h of exposure to the SMF or a corresponding incubation time. For SMF exposure, 0 mT (50 µT magnetic field induction opposite to the geomagnetic field) and 5 mT fields were chosen. The trend of SMF effects for 0 mT was always opposite that of 5 mT. The first one decreased the rate of fluorescence change, while the latter one increased it., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Introduction: Fire smoke inhalation is a well-recognized aetiological factor of airway injuries. The objective of this study was evaluation of Clara cell protein (CC16) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations in serum of patients after exposure to uncontrolled fire smoke., Methods: The study group consisted of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the Toxicology Unit after exposure to fire smoke. CC16 and MPO concentrations in their serum samples was measured on the day of admission to hospital and rechecked at the 2nd day and on the day of discharge. Patients also underwent routine toxicological diagnostic procedures applied in case of exposures, such as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels and blood lactate and urinary thiocyanate concentrations. The same diagnostic tests were performed in the control group consisting of 10 healthy subjects not exposed to fire smoke., Results: The average concentration of CC16 in the serum of subjects exposed to toxic factors was significantly higher at the day of admission in comparison with the respective values recorded on the 2nd day and on the day of discharge. The mean level of CC16 in the serum of the exposed group was also significantly higher than that in the control group. Tests for MPO concentrations in the serum did not reveal any significant changes in patients exposed to fire smoke., Conclusions: As indicated, acute exposure to smoke induces injury at the alveolar level, which results in a transient increase of CC16 in serum of exposed subjects.

Acute poisonings with ethylene glycol pose real challenge in the clinical toxicology. The main objective of this study is an analysis of clinical features and identification of prognostic factors in poisoning with ethylene glycol of patients hospitalized in the Toxicology Unit in the years 2000-2009. The medical records of the patients were identified and separated. In the years 2000-2009, 102 patients were hospitalized due to ethylene glycol poisoning, what accounted for 0.38% of total admissions to the unit (26.801 hospitalized people). The mean age of patients amounted 48.05 +/- 12.55 years, the history positive for chronic alcohol abuse was present in 63 (61.76%) cases. Mean values of ethylene glycol concentration were as: in serum 173.14 mg/dl, in urine 6576.46 mg/l. Patients condition on admission varied, with 63 (61.76%) cases described as the severe state. The most frequently noted pathologies were consciousness disturbances and tachycardia. 14 patients died within the analysed group and 63 (61.76%) developed single or multiorgan complications in the course of disease. The most commonly encountered complication were: acute renal failure, anaemia, pneumonia and central nervous system damage. Such parameters as: BE and HCO3 measured on admission should be considered as the prognostic factors, determining the course of the disease and the outcomes of treatment. Poor prognosis may be associated with such clinical features on admission, as: respiratory and circulatory disturbances and cerebral sequelae. The importance of acute poisoning of ethylene glycol is determined both by high frequency of immediate life threatening conditions and by the risk of complications leading to permanent organs damage.

Unlabelled: Intoxication with novel recreational drugs poses significant challenge for medical staff due to diagnostic difficulties, complex clinical pattern, resulting from polyethiology of poisoning and potential risk of life threatening complications., Objectives: Description of clinical pattern novel drug intoxication., Methods: retrospective review of medical records patients hospitalized in the Toxicology Unit (TU) with diagnosis of intoxication with novel recreational drugs., Results: During the period from 2008-2010--431 patients were admitted to TU with mentioned above diagnosis. 159 (36.9%) patients were positive for ethanol with its average concentration in blood 150 mg%. Presence of other substances like amphetamine, cannabinoids, atropine, ephedrine, carbamazepine, benzodiazepines and dextrometorphan was confirmed. The most frequent clinical symptoms observed on admission were: anxiety, agitation, complaints associated with circulatory system and vertigo Average pulse rate and both: diastolic and systolic pressure were within normal limits, however authors noted slight tendency toward tachycardia. One patients died due to multiorgan failure. Average period of hospitalization amounted 2.24 days. Co-poisoning with ethanol was associated with higher frequency of circulatory system disturbances., Results: Clinical pattern of poisoning with novel drugs could partially correspond with mild sympathomime. tic syndrome.

The main objective of this study was an analysis of the cohort of patients hospitalized due to intoxication with this agent during the period 2000-2009 and investigate factors, which determined the course of poisoning. During the search process, 288 (1.07%) patients were identified within total number of 26801 patients hospitalized. Within analysed cohort male patients formed majority with 227 males, whereas only 61 females were found within this group. The mean methanol blood concentration was 50.09 mg/dl and ethanol - 292.90 mg/dl. Patients condition on admission varied, the most frequently noted pathologies were consciousseness disturbances and tachycardia, namely the former was recorded in 171 cases (59.4%) whereas the latter in 89 patients (30.90%). 11 patients died within the analysed group and 72 developed single or multiorgan complications in the course of poisoning. The most commonly encountered complication was pneumonia. Features of central nervous system (CNS) damage were found in 20 cases (6.94%). Average concentrations of methanol in the group of the 11 deceased patients were: 158.73 mg/ dl, 20.91 mg/dl for ethanol. The average values of arterial blood gases parameters in this group were pH= 6.98; BE=(-) 22.482; HCO3=9.67 mmol/l. Within the non survivors group such complications as CNS damage, seizures, pneumonia, liver injury and pancreatitis were noted more frequently, with statistical significance. The concentrations of methanol and ethanol in the blood on admission and such ABG parameters as pH, BE, HCO3, pCO2 i pO2 also measured on admission should be considered as the prognostic factors, determining the course of the disease and the outcomes of treatment. Poor prognosis may be associated with such clinical features on admission, as: respiratory and circulatory disturbances and cerebral sequelae.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners belong to the most modern imaging diagnostic devices, which involve workers' exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) during the preparation and performance of MRI examinations. This paper presents the data on workers' exposure to SMF in the vicinity of MRI scanners and the analysis of SMF-related biological effects and health hazards to find out whether softening the legislative requirements concerning protection against SMF exposure of workers involved in MRI diagnostics is justified. Measurements in the vicinity of 1.5 T MRI magnets showed that exposure to SMF by various scanners depends on both SMF of magnets and scanners design, as well as on work organization. In a routine examination of one patient the radiographer is exposed to SMF exceeding 0.5 mT for app. 1.5-7 min, and up to 1.3 min to SMF exceeding 70 mT. In examinations of patients who need more attention, the duration of exposure may be significantly longer. The mean values (B mean) of exposure to SMF are 5.6-85 mT (mean 30 +/- 19 mT, N = 16). These data demonstrate that only well designed procedures, proper organization of workplace and awareness of workers how to attend the patients without being exposed to strong SMF allow for meeting the requirements of labor law concerning workers' exposure to SMF. The analysis of the available literature on biological effects of SMF has disclosed the lack of data on health effects of many years exposure of workers and the abundance of data demonstrating the biological activity of SMF. Therefore, a radical softening of legislative requirements concerning the exposure of workers' head or trunk is premature, and what is more, it is not indispensable for the development of MRI diagnostic. Such an action should be preceded by extensive international investigations on the health status of workers exposed to electromagnetic fields by MRI scanners.

Objective: It has been shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in development of noise induced hearing loss. Since static magnetic fields (SMF) exposure may alter dynamics of oxidative processes in the tissue, the aim of the study was to assess the influence of SMF on noise-induced alteration in the cochlear level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hearing thresholds., Materials and Methods: Auditory brainstem response (ABR), lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, super-oxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase activity were assessed in the cochlea prior to, and at five time-points over two weeks following exposure of C57BL/6 mice to 8h, 119 dB SPL, 4 kHz octave band noise., Results: The ABR indicated no permanent functional damage due to noise exposure either for the 4 kHz and 8 kHz SMF-exposed group or for animals not exposed to SMF. However, significant differences in LPO level, catalase and SOD activity between animals exposed to noise and SMF and those exposed to noise only were observed., Conclusions: The results suggest that SMF causes an increase in ROS level in the cochlea after noise exposure and, at the same time, it speeds up activation of antioxidative enzymes.

Objective: To assess the usefulness of acoustic analysis with vocal loading test for evaluating the treatment outcomes in occupational voice disorders., Methods: Fifty-one female teachers with dysphonia were examined (Voice Handicap Index--VHI, laryngovideostroboscopy and acoustic analysis with vocal loading) before and after treatment. The outcomes of teachers receiving vocal training (group I) were referred to outcomes of group II receiving only voice hygiene instructions., Results: The results of subjective assessment (VHI score) and objective evaluation (acoustic analysis) improved more significantly in group I than in group II. The post-treatment examination revealed a decreased percentage of subjects with deteriorated jitter parameters after vocal loading, particularly in group I., Conclusions: Acoustic analysis with vocal loading test can be a helpful tool in the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy in occupational dysphonia.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of Voice Handicap Index (VHI) to the evaluation of effectiveness of functional voice disorders treatment in teachers., Material and Methods: The subjects were 45 female teachers with functional dysphonia who evaluated their voice problems according to the subjective VHI scale before and after phoniatric management. Group I (29 patients) were subjected to vocal training, whereas group II (16 patients) received only voice hygiene instructions., Results: The results demonstrated that differences in the mean VHI score before and after phoniatric treatment were significantly higher in group 1 than in group II (p < 0.05). Moreover, the improvement observed in group I applied to each of VHI subscales: functional, emotional and physical, while in group II it applied only to physical subscale., Conclusions: This study confirmed that the VHI test can be a useful method for monitoring phoniatric management efficacy in teacher's dysphonia.