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Stress under extreme conditions can promote not only negative reactions but also prosocial behaviour or provision of protection and social support. This study presents research aimed at detecting the ‘tend-and-befriend’ stress response among crewmembers of the SIRIUS-19 international spaceflight simulation (120 days, 3 men, 3 women). Emotional energy proved to be a good indicator of individual capability to emotionally invest in relationships with crewmates. To measure emotional energy, we applied a subscale of Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure. Personal Self Perception and Attitudes computerised test and sociometry were used to assess cohesion and psychological closeness in the crew. The results show a high level of emotional energy invested by the crew in their crewmates. Crew cohesion, assessed on the basis of reciprocal sociometric choices, and psychological closeness, measured as perceived similarity, both tended to increase during the isolation experiment. In a mixed crew, both men and women showed high levels of emotional energy and social support. It seems therefore that in a cohesive crew, emotional relationships – expressed in increased psychological closeness, emotional energy, and the tend-and-befriend behaviour (provision of mutual protection and assistance) – represent the dominant prosocial response to the challenge of social isolation. This line of research deserves further development in the context of simulated space flights and would profit from further work on instruments aimed at a deeper analysis of emotional relationships in small isolated groups.

The article analyzes the indicators of road traffic accidents for 2020 in the Irkutsk region and Russia. The main reasons for the implementation of road accidents are identified. The current state of road safety has been analyzed within the framework of the Safe and High-Quality Roads Project. An excess of the actual values of social and transport risks was established by 1.19 and 1.38 times the corresponding Russian indicators

This article is devoted to the concept of "friends market". Friendship today is not only a sacred good that is carefully protected by society, but also an object of market exchange. Thus, the concepts of friend and friendship face social resistance to the process of commodification, which is reflected in the services "friend for an hour", "friend for a time". However, the concept of "friendship" in terms of market exchange takes on a different meaning: the market of friends performs functions that are tightly fixed in the social orders of other markets , so despite the social resistance, the market for selling friendship exists. This article attempts to describe how this market is connected with friendship, how exactly the process of commodification of the concept of "friend" occurs, and what is the subject of purchase and sale in the friends market.

The paper estimates the scale of the possible impact of the coronavirus epidemic on the Russian labor market and household incomes. We consider vulnerable employment, which includes workers with increased risks of job loss, wage cuts and other negative events that reduce labor incomes. The analysis shows that every second Russian worker can be classified as vulnerable employee. The highest risks for reducing labor incomes as a result of the epidemic are faced by young people, workers with a low level of education, as well as residents of regional centers. About a third of vulnerable employees experience complex vulnerability, i.e. meet several criteria of vulnerability. A decrease in labor incomes could also affect the wealth of about 40% of Russian households. The worst situation is for younger families, whose incomes are much more dependent on the labor market. Most of the households in which vulnerable workers live do not receive social benefits, and therefore it would be rather difficult for them to count on prompt assistance from the social protection system. Currently Russia is actively developing a set of measures to support employment. In particular, government decided to provide support for the most affected by COVID sectors, the size of unemployment benefits has been increased for citizens who have lost their jobs due to the epidemic. However, it is obvious that this list should be extended and account for various forms of deterioration of employment.

The paper analyzes short-term factors of job loss, wage reduction and factors of household income reduction in Russia in the context of the coronavirus crisis. Panel data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) served as empirical basis of the study. According to the study results, the highest risks of job loss are registered among females, young employees, unskilled workers, workers without professional education, and workers with low wages. However, almost the only factor of wage reduction (in case of retained employment) is employment in the most affected industries. Household income prior to the pandemic is the key determinant of household income reduction – the higher the level of material wellbeing, the higher the risk of income reduction. Increased probability of income reduction is also reported for families with children. The study has confirmed the hypothesis about negative impact of vulnerable employment on employment and wages of individuals, as well as household income.

Two experiments, with 17-day and 120-day isolation, were carried out within the frame of the Scientific International Research in Unique Terrestrial Station (SIRIUS) international project at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Moscow, Russia). Manifestations of the “detachment” phenomenon in the crew – mission control center (MCC) communication previously identified in the Mars-500 project were confirmed in this study. As in the Mars-500 experiment, in the SIRIUS-19, the landing simulation in the halfway of isolation caused a temporary increase of crew communication with MCC. We also revealed several differences in the communication styles of male and female crew members. By the end of the experiment, there was a convergence of communication styles of all the SIRIUS crew members and also an increase in crew cohesion.

The authors analyze the dynamics of smoking prevalence and tobacco associated mortality in the context of strengthening the state policy of tobacco control in Russia that started in the second half of the 2000s. During this period, the proportion of smokers steadily declined, almost exclusively due to male smoking. The authors' estimates of the mortality from diseases caused by smoking, despite the positive dynamics, indicate the magnitude of the problem: in 2017 about 235 thousand people died from diseases caused by smoking, among them 212 thousand men and 23 thousand women. Like other countries at the mature stages of the smoking epidemic, Russia is experiencing a convergence in the smoking prevalence among men and women. While men quit smoking, women still support smoking in various educational and income groups. While Russian men have already passed peak smoking prevalence rates and moved on to the next stage of the epidemic, with high death rates from diseases caused by smoking (over 30% of all deaths between 35-69 years old in 2017), the peak of tobacco deaths among women (currently 7%) is still ahead. Russian women are slowly passing the stage of epidemic with high smoking prevalence. We associate this phenomenon with the incompleteness of the gender transition (the so-called "half-emancipation"), preserving motives to support bad habits in women.

In this paper we provide a quantitative assessment of the consequences of countersanctions introduced by the Russian government in 2014 in response to sectoral restrictive measures initiated by a number of developed countries. Commodity groups that fell under countersanctions included meat, fish, dairy products, fruit and vegetables. Applying the basic partial equilibrium analysis to the data from several sources, including Rosstat, Euromonitor, UN Comtrade, industry reviews etc., we obtain that total consumers' loss in 2018 amounts to 445 bln Rub or 3000 Rub per year for each Russian citizen. Producers capture 84% of this amount, importers - 3%, while deadweight loss amounts to 13%. Trade diversion ensured substantial redistribution of market share to Belarus. The gain of Belarussian importers of dairy products and cheese is especially impressive - up to 90% of total importer's gains in these markets.

Russian Abstract:В данной работе проводится исследование социально-экономического положения лиц, испытывающих “сэндвич-синдром”. Работа включает в себя критический анализ литературы, посвященной влиянию “сэндвич-синдрома” на различные аспекты жизнедеятельности человека, а также эмпирический анализ распространенности, демографических и социально-экономических особенностей “сэндвич-синдрома” в России. English Abstract:In this paper, a study of the socio-economic situation of persons experiencing "sandwich syndrome" is carried out. The work includes a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of the "sandwich syndrome" on various aspects of human life, as well as an empirical analysis of the prevalence, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the "sandwich syndrome" in Russia.

The most important direction of innovative development for modern state and municipal administration is to improve the quality and accessibility of state and municipal services. Availability of services as a set of different criteria provides opportunities for non-discriminatory access to them. The most important indicator of the services availability is information accessibility - an unhindered and timely opportunity to receive complete and up-to-date information about state and municipal services. In the context of digitalization of public administration, the provision of information is implemented mainly in the electronic form. In this regard, the article analyzes the problems of ensuring information accessibility of state and municipal services through a qualitative study of the portals of government bodies and organizations providing services. The study was conducted on the basis of analysis of two groups of criteria: compliance with regulatory requirements of the legislation to the provided information and analysis of visual content of portals. The results of the study allowed us to identify both successful practices and problems of information accessibility of state and municipal services in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of foreign experience in ensuring information accessibility made it possible to develop recommendations for improving the legal regulation in the field of information communications between authorities and organizations with citizens in order to increase the efficiency of providing state and municipal services.

In the image domain, excellent representations can be learned by inducing invariance to content-preserving transformations via noise contrastive learning. In this paper, we generalize contrastive learning to a wider set of transformations, and their compositions, for which either invariance or distinctiveness is sought. We show that it is not immediately obvious how existing methods such as SimCLR can be extended to do so. Instead, we introduce a number of formal requirements that all contrastive formulations must satisfy, and propose a practical construction which satisfies these requirements. In order to maximise the reach of this analysis, we express all components of noise contrastive formulations as the choice of certain generalized transformations of the data (GDTs), including data sampling. We then consider videos as an example of data in which a large variety of transformations are applicable, accounting for the extra modalities -- for which we analyze audio and text -- and the dimension of time. We find that being invariant to certain transformations and distinctive to others is critical to learning effective video representations, improving the state-of-the-art for multiple benchmarks by a large margin, and even surpassing supervised pretraining., Comment: Accepted to ICCV 2021. Code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/GDT

Russian Abstract: В данной работе проводится эмпирический анализ вклада неравенства возможностей в неравенство трудовых/среднедушевых доходов населения Российской Федерации. Исследование проводится как на уровне страны в целом, так и на уровне отдельных регионов. Особое внимание в работе уделяется изучению вклада неравенства возможностей в неравенство достижений отдельных половозрастных групп. English Abstract: This paper makes an empirical analysis of the contribution of inequality of opportunity to inequality of labor / per capita incomes of the population of the Russian Federation. The study is conducted both at the level of the country as a whole, and at the level of some regions. Particular attention is paid to the study of the contribution of inequality of opportunity to the inequality of achievements of individual gender and age groups.

Consistent growth of the minimum wage is one of the important issues in recent Russian legislation. In May 2018 the minimum wage was increased up to the value of the subsistence minimum. In this paper we estimate the expected impact of the growth of the minimum wage on poverty, not taking into account possible negative effect on employment. According to the results obtained, even a significant increase in minimum wages will not lead to a noticeable poverty reduction. The main reason lies in the differences between the concepts of poverty, defined at the household level, and low wages, determined individually. If the minimum wage grows to the subsistence minimum, only a little more than a quarter of all additional payments will go to poor households. At the same time, almost half of the benefi ciaries of the growth of the minimum wage live in formally non-poor families with incomes that slightly exceed the poverty line. A greater impact on poverty can be achieved by determining the minimum wage on the basis of regional subsistence minimum values. However the main emphasis in overcoming poverty should be made on targeted programs, in which assistance is provided taking into account household incomes rather than individual incomes of workers, as in the case of minimum wage increase.

At a time when oil prices are low, non-oil exports are important for the members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This study assesses the effects of the EAEU’s economic integration on the development of new exports. EAEU countries are far behind global export leaders in several categories according to the revealed comparative advantage, used by the Hausmann-Klinger method to assess national export baskets. Belarus exports the most products, and Russia and especially Armenia and Kazakhstan export notably fewer. The comparative advantages of Kazakhstan and Russia are concentrated mainly in minerals, chemical products and metals. The export structure for the other EAEU countries is more diverse, with a high share of foodstuffs in Armenia and textiles in Belarus. Kazakhstan and, to a greater extent, Belarus and Russia show a rather complex export basket, significantly ahead of Armenia according to this indicator. For the EAEU as an independent participant, its trade complexity index is higher than that for its member countries individually. This article uses the Hausmann-Klinger methodology to identify the future comparative advantages of the EAEU countries. These are product groups, towards which a structural transformation of the EAEU exports most likely occurs. The research focuses on the integration aspect of possible non-oil exports, seeking to identify goods, including chemicals and textiles, that can eventually provide a comparative advantage for the EAEU as a whole. Most of the products considered have a greater economic complexity than those in the EAEU’s current export basket, so would improve its overall export structure.

The short-lived paramagnetic particles formed during the UV irradiation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - ketoprofen (KP) have been investigated using chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP). This study answers the questions about the nature of paramagnetic particles which can be responsible for KP phototoxic effects. Phototoxic side effects of NSAIDs, according modern point of view, are associated with the action of free radicals, however, there is insufficient information regarding the nature of the radical species. In contrast, most ketoprofen photodegradation schemes include carbanion as a precursor of products. CIDNP effects analysis has shown that all the major products of KP photodegradation can form via radical pairs (RPs) involving benzyl (2′), ketyl (3′) and CO2H or CO2− free radicals and solvated electron. Radical ways of KP photodegradation include: decarboxylation via RP with benzyl radical formation (I) in non-aqueous solution and both, (I) and photoreduction with formation of ketyl radicals in the presence of water. Moreover, it was found that the photoinduced radical decarboxylation of KP represents a reversible process.

The goal of this study is to examine cigarette affordability in Russia between 2002 and 2017 in order to provide an understanding of the country's current tobacco excise tax policy, and to identify opportunities and next steps.

Russian Abstract: В данной работе определены подходы к измерению многомерной бедности, выявлены факторы многомерной бедности, проведена оценка рисков многомерной бедности для лиц, имеющих звание «Ветеран труда», и семей с детьми, а также сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию социальной поддержки семей с детьми и пожилых в целях снижения рисков их многомерной бедности. English Abstract: This paper defines approaches to measuring multidimensional poverty, identifies factors of multidimensional poverty, assesses the risks of multidimensional poverty for persons with the title "Veteran of Labor", and families with children, and formulate proposals for improving social support for families with children and the elderly for reducing the risks of their multidimensional poverty.

What is the story of an image? What is the relationship between pictures, language, and information we can extract using state of the art computational recognition systems? In an attempt to address both of these questions, we explore methods for retrieving and generating natural language descriptions for images. Ideally, we would like our generated textual descriptions (captions) to both sound like a person wrote them, and also remain true to the image content. To do this we develop data-driven approaches for image description generation, using retrieval-based techniques to gather either: (a) whole captions associated with a visually similar image, or (b) relevant bits of text (phrases) from a large collection of image + description pairs. In the case of (b), we develop optimization algorithms to merge the retrieved phrases into valid natural language sentences. The end result is two simple, but effective, methods for harnessing the power of big data to produce image captions that are altogether more general, relevant, and human-like than previous attempts.

We present a new tree based approach to composing expressive image descriptions that makes use of naturally occuring web images with captions. We investigate two related tasks: image caption generalization and generation , where the former is an optional sub-task of the latter. The high-level idea of our approach is to harvest expressive phrases (as tree fragments) from existing image descriptions, then to compose a new description by selectively combining the extracted (and optionally pruned) tree fragments. Key algorithmic components are tree composition and compression , both integrating tree structure with sequence structure. Our proposed system attains significantly better performance than previous approaches for both image caption generalization and generation . In addition, our work is the first to show the empirical benefit of automatically generalized captions for composing natural image descriptions.

This study uses household survey data from the Tomsk oblast (region) to analyse how and why household welfare differs among the distinct urban settlement types. Urban settlements patterns in the Soviet Union were unusual because they were determined by government priorities not market forces. As a result, transition brought widespread change in urban fortunes to different types of urban settlement. In Tomsk oblast, smaller cities dependent on timber and other non-oil-related economic activities were hardest hit. Poorly located and increasingly economically disadvantaged, these cities have become geographical poverty traps for their residents. Households living in the oblast capital with its diverse economy and good geographical linkages to other places have fared better, while households living in smaller cities dependent on oil production have done best of all.

A team of Russian and American urban specialists examines variations in living conditions across 26 microrayons of a medium-sized West Siberian city (Tomsk, 2002 population of 487,700) deemed to be fairly typical of urban settlements in that size class. Detailed information derived from the mapping of intra-urban variations in housing type and age, health facilities, schools and other educational institutions, and access to public transportation is used to construct three public service indices representing the relative level of deprivation of urban residents. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D32, I32, O18. 9 figures, 2 tables, 17 references.

This paper offers an approach for governments to harness the information contained in social media in order to make public inspections and disclosure more efficient. As a case study, we turn to restaurant hygiene inspections – which are done for restaurants throughout the United States and in most of the world and are a frequently cited example of public inspections and disclosure. We present the first empirical study that shows the viability of statistical models that learn the mapping between textual signals in restaurant reviews and the hygiene inspection records from the Department of Public Health. The learned model achieves over 82% accuracy in discriminating severe offenders from places with no violation, and provides insights into salient cues in reviews that are indicative of the restaurant’s sanitary conditions. Our study suggests that public disclosure policy can be improved by mining public opinions from social media to target inspections and to provide alternative forms of disclosure to customers.

Preexisting or new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly occurs in patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, it is currently unknown if previous or new-onset AF confers different risks in these patients. To determine the prognostic significance of new-onset and previous AF in patients with ACS, we evaluated all patients with ACS enrolled in the multinational Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) between April 1999 and September 2001. We compared clinical characteristics, management, and hospital outcomes in patients with ACS and new-onset and previous AF with those without AF. Of a total of 21,785 patients with ACS enrolled in GRACE, 1,700 (7.9%) had previous AF and 1,221 (6.2%) had new-onset AF. Patients with any AF were older, more likely to be women, had more co-morbid conditions, and worse hemodynamic status. Most in-hospital adverse events (reinfarction, shock, pulmonary edema, bleeding, stroke, and mortality) were significantly higher in patients with any AF than those without AF. Only new-onset AF (not previous AF) was an independent predictor of all adverse in-hospital outcomes. We conclude that compared with patients with ACS without any AF, previous and new-onset AF are associated with increased hospital morbidity and mortality. However, only new-onset AF is an independent predictor of in-hospital adverse events in patients with ACS.