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Background: The imaging diagnosis of Poland syndrome is mostly computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereas high-frequency ultrasound for the diagnosis of Poland syndrome is relatively rare., Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic value of high-frequency ultrasound for Poland syndrome., Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 15 patients diagnosed with Poland syndrome was performed, and the characteristics of ultrasound images were summarized., Results: High-frequency ultrasound clearly depict the anatomical structures of each layer of the chest wall in patients with Poland syndrome. Ultrasonography mainly showed partial or total absence of the pectoralis major muscle on the affected side, and some of which were combined with the absence of the pectoralis minor muscle. The difference was statistically significant in the thickness of the affected chest wall compared with the healthy side ( P  < 0.01). Out of 15 cases with Poland syndrome, 11 were associated with ipsilateral brachydactyly or syndactyly, and high-frequency ultrasonography showed that the bifurcation position of the common palmar digital artery on the affected finger was lower than that on the healthy side., Conclusion: High-frequency ultrasound is an effective imaging method for the diagnosis of Poland syndrome.

We describe prenatal diagnosis of Poland-Möbius syndrome using a combination of ultrasound and MRI. Poland syndrome was diagnosed based on absence of the pectoralis muscles associated with dextroposition of the fetal heart and elevation of the left diaphragm. Associated brain anomalies that led to the diagnosis of Poland-Möbius syndrome, included ventriculomegaly, hypoplastic cerebellum, tectal beaking, and a peculiar flattening of the posterior aspect of the pons and medulla oblongata, which has been reported by postnatal diffusion tensor imaging studies as a reliable neuroimaging marker for Möbius syndrome. Since abnormalities of cranial nerves VI and VII may be difficult to detect prenatally, careful attention to the appearance of the brain stem as illustrated in the current report may aid in the prenatal diagnosis of Möbius syndrome., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Poland syndrome is a rare congenital developmental deformity characterized by unilateral agenesis or hypoplasia of thoracic wall soft tissue. We report two adult cases of Poland syndrome detected by computed tomography (CT) images. CT images of the two cases depicted an asymmetric chest wall with the absence of a breast and agenesis of the pectoralis muscles. A physical examination of case 1 showed a thin right chest wall with depression of the right nipple region. Hand deformities were also observed, including brachydactyly and syndactyly. In case 2, hand deformities were not found in a physical examination. Using multi-planar reconstruction, the size, position, origin, and termination of bilateral pectoral muscles could be compared symmetrically. For patients with Poland syndrome, a timely diagnosis and treatment are important. The use of chest CT in clinical practice could play an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of Poland syndrome.

Abstract: Poland syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unilateral aplasia of the sternoclavicular head of pectoralis major muscle with varying degree of same side upper limb anomalies. A 44-year-old man, with a case of adenocarcinoma of stomach, whose CECT chest revealed complete absence of pectoralis major and minor muscles on the left side, was diagnosed with Poland syndrome without presence of typical ipsilateral limb anomalies. Follow-up PET/CT revealed metabolically active recurrent disease with typical findings of Poland syndrome. It is important to be aware of oncologic association in a patient of Poland syndrome as highlighted in the present case., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

A preterm female infant was admitted at birth with respiratory distress. On examination, she had an asymmetric right chest wall and ipsilateral small hand. Air entry was reduced over the right chest. A clinical diagnosis of Poland's syndrome was made based on the hypoplasia of the right pectoral muscles, absent nipple, deformed ribs and symbrachydactyly of the ipsilateral hand. Chest X-ray suggested and ultrasound confirmed eventration of the right hemidiaphragm. 'Subclavian artery supply disruption sequence' (SASDS) theory by Bavnick and Weaver remains the most accepted pathogenic mechanism in Poland's syndrome. This case reinforces SASDS theory associated with the genesis of Poland's syndrome that relates to the pathogenicity of vascular disruption of subclavian artery, characteristics of which are unilateral pectoral defects, symbrachydactyly and eventration of the diaphragm. At 2 months, she underwent diaphragm plication. She is under review by our multidisciplinary surgical team for reconstruction of the chest deformity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Background: Poland syndrome is a congenital malformation characterized by ipsilateral hand and chest wall depression, including an absence or hypoplasia of the breast and pectoral muscles. These hypoplastic defects are reportedly caused by a subclavian artery supply disruption sequence., Case Presentation: A 45-year-old Japanese woman, an out-patient, underwent an emergency examination for intense left lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography images revealed a hydronephrotic left kidney and dilatation of the left ureter. No ureteral calculus or neoplasm was found. In addition, no abnormalities connected to her left abdominal pain were found. Nephritis was diagnosed based on the results of urine analysis, and a course of antibiotics was administered. Computed tomography images also revealed a history of breast reconstruction with a custom-made silicone implant in her right breast. The present case showed symptoms of Poland syndrome, which were absence of the sternal head of the right pectoralis major and asymmetrical malformation of the chest wall due to hypoplasia of the right rib cage. In addition to typical Poland syndrome symptoms, she had hypoplasia of her right kidney, hypoplasia of the right gluteus minimus muscle, right-sided pelvic hypoplasia, spinal curvature to the right, and a cystic mass in her right ovary., Conclusions: In the present case of Poland syndrome, computed tomography images revealed malformation of the chest wall, absence of the pectoral muscle, and hypoplasia of a left kidney. Unilateral visceral hypoplasia is reported to be caused by a subclavian artery supply disruption sequence that occurs around 7 to 8 weeks of gestation. The present case can be considered a rare atypical phenotype of Poland syndrome with possible subclavian artery supply disruption sequence with internal iliac artery supply disruption.

Poland Syndrome is a rare disease with an incidence of 1 in 30,000. This disease is characterized by agenesis of the pectoralis major, hypoplasia of mammarian tissue and the nipple complex, and limb abnormalities. The severe form of this disease can be associated with rib and sternal malformations like pectus excavatum. A 19-year-old man with severe Poland syndrome with cardiac extrasystoles and restrictive ventilation as shown by a spirometry test is presented. A total sternal reconstruction with partial osteotomies and bilateral resection of cartilage was performed. The sternum was stabilized with underlying titanium bars and clips. The cosmetic result was satisfactory., (Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Poland syndrome is a rare congenital malformation associated with various degrees of thoracic and homolateral upper limb abnormalities. We report the case of a 7-year old girl who underwent exploration for depression of the left hemithorax associated with homolateral subclavicular mass. CT scan showed that the deformation of the thoracic wall was related to the absence of left pectoralis major muscle sterno-costal heads insertion associated with agenesis of the pectoralis minor muscle and hypoplasia of the anterior arches of the first six corresponding ribs. These abnormalities were related to Poland syndrome. General assessment was based on abdominal ultrasound, X-rays of both hands and did not show any associated malformation. Poland syndrome results from a deficit of blood flow to musculoskeletal elements of the chest wall during fetal life. There are many variants of Poland syndrome that can be best detected by CT scan and which must be performed whenever necessary, without omitting the role of general radiology in the detection of associated malformations. This syndrome is characterized by the agenesis of the sternocostal bundles of the pectoralis major muscle. Its etiology remains unknown and discussed. It can be caused by a vascular anomaly, without the primum movens of this vascular anomaly being known., Competing Interests: Les auteurs ne déclarent avoir aucun conflit d'intérêts.

Introduction: Modern techniques of computer-aided design and tridimensional prototyping for manufacturing silicone elastomer custom implants are growing. They have widely modified the surgical indications in our unit., Materials and Methods: By presenting their experience of 611 cases managed between 1993 and 2016, the authors describe the method of conception from CT-scans, the virtual image of the body and the manufacture of the custom-made implant perfectly adapted to the anatomy of each one. The operative techniques are described for the three main indications: the funnel chest or pectus excavatum (474 cases) according to a modified CHIN classification is corrected simply and very satisfactorily. This approach may render thoracic surgery techniques obsolete. Indeed, these operations remain risky and of doubtful functional utility; Poland syndrome (116 cases), where the use of a custom-made implant for compensation of muscle volume is frequently used, but can be improved by a transfer of adipose tissue or a classic breast implant; the leg atrophies (21 cases) receive custom elastomer implants introduced in a sub-fascial plane., Results: The results are excellent for pectus excavatum but more difficult to optimize for the other two indications, requiring sometimes complementary techniques. Complications are rare and often benign, implants endure for life. Quality of life, psychological comfort and self-esteem have been improved with low morbidity and without having undergone a painful surgical experience., Conclusion: Reconstructive procedures of congenital malformations by custom-made silicone implants open a new field of activity for our surgical specialty with vast opportunities., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Poland syndrome is characterised by unilateral absence of the large pectoral muscle, ipsilateral symbrachydactyly and occasionally other malformations of the anterior chest wall and breast. The condition is more frequent among men and usually occurs on the right hemithorax in the unilateral form. This case is unique because we believe it is a rare case of Poland syndrome involving the left hemithorax along with dextrocardia and herniation of the spleen from the left subcostal region.

Poland syndrome is a rare congenital malformation. This syndrome was described in 1841 by Alfred Poland at Guy's Hospital in London. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the breast and nipple, subcutaneous tissue shortages, lack of the costosternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle and associated alterations of the fingers on the same side. Corrective treatment of the chest and soft tissue abnormalities in Poland syndrome varies according to different authors. We report the case of a 17-year-old adolescent who underwent chest wall reconstruction with a methyl methacrylate prosthesis. This surgical procedure is recommended for large anterior chest wall defects, and it prevents paradoxical movement. Moreover it provides for individual remodeling of the defect depending on the shape of the patient's chest., (Copyright © 2012 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Poland's syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterised by partial or complete absence of sternocostal head of pectoralis major muscle and anomalies of ipsilateral hand and digits. Other associated anomalies involving anterior thoracic wall, breast, diaphragm and vertebrae have also been reported in various cases. We report a case of a 10-year-old girl, with features of left-sided Poland's syndrome associated with spina bifida, dextroposition of the heart and left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. These are rare associations of Poland's syndrome. She was investigated with chest X-ray, contrast-enhanced CT of the thorax, ultrasonography of abdomen and echocardiography which helped in arriving at an accurate diagnosis and assessing all the associated abnormalities.

Poland syndrome is a rare disorder featuring unilateral anterior thoracic and upper extremity anomalies. These include hypoplasia of the pectoralis major costosternal head, absent pectoralis minor, breast hypoplasia, and absent upper rib cartilage. Pulmonary hypoplasia may occur secondarily. The postulated etiology is underdevelopment of the subclavian artery. Less than 50 cases of Poland syndrome with dextrocardia have been reported. Rib anomalies cause rightward cardiac displacement in fetal life. This case of left-sided Poland syndrome in a young girl is unique not only because of dextrocardia, but also because the condition preferentially afflicts the right side and males.

Purposes: Poland's syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital malformation, which combines anomalies of the chest and the homolateral upper limb. The purposes of the paper are to study the chest musculoskeletal malformations of the syndrome and propose a classification for the thoracic anomalies through our experience and taking into account the literature., Methods: We reviewed ten patients diagnosed with PS. All of them suffered from anomalies of the thorax and the ipsilateral upper extremity. We proceeded to scan the thorax with 3-D CT for better imaging of the structures and examination of the variations., Results: All patients were young to middle aged: seven women and three men. Both sides of the body were affected to the same extent. Six patients presented with total absence of the pectoralis muscles and variable anomalies of the thoracic skeletal structures. Hypoplasia of the minor pectoralis and retraction of the ribs were observed in two patients, while the two other patients presented with major and minor pectoralis absence as well, except for the clavicular head., Conclusions: There are many variations of PS with regard to the chest that can be best detected with 3-D CT imaging, which should be used whenever it is available. We propose a simple classification of the musculoskeletal anomalies of the chest in Poland's syndrome that would be a useful tool for the clinicians and especially plastic surgeons to make an easy diagnosis. In combination with 3-D CT imaging, surgeons will be able to achieve the best treatment for each patient.

Poland Syndrome is a congenital disorder characterised by hypoplasia of the pectoral muscles along with upper extremity deformities. We encountered a patient with Poland syndrome associated with dextrocardia and also failed pectus excavatum repairs who presented to us with symptomatic ischaemic heart disease requiring intervention. He underwent successful off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCABG). As far as we are aware, this is the first case report of OPCABG in a case of Poland syndrome with dextrocardia. We describe here the management of this complex patient and wish to emphasise that the off-pump option is feasible in dextrocardia with some technical modifications.

Aim: To investigate the possible connection of Poland's syndrome with the presence of lung bullae and, thus, with an increased risk for recurrent pneumothorax., Patients-Methods: Two male patients, aged 19 and 21 years respectively were submitted to our department after their second incident of pneumothorax. Both had Poland's syndrome (unilaterally hypoplastic chest wall with pectoralis major muscle atrophy) and both had multiple bullae to the ipsilateral lung based on CT findings. The patients were treated operatively (bullectomy, lung apicectomy, partial parietal pleurectomy and chemical pleurodesis) due to the recurrent state of their pneumothorax., Results: The patients had good results with total expansion of the affected lung., Conclusions: Poland's syndrome can be combined with ipsilateral presence of lung bullae, a common cause of pneumothorax. Whether this finding is part or a variation of the syndrome needs to be confirmed by a larger number of similar cases.

Poland's syndrome is a rare congenital development malformation characterized by unilateral chest wall hypoplasia and ipsilateral hand abnormalities. It is also known to be associated with some malignant diseases. We herein report a case of Poland's syndrome associated with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast, and review the literatures to investigate the clinical characteristics of breast cancer with Poland's syndrome., (© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: Poland syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by complete or partial agenesis of the pectoralis major muscle variably associated with other thoracic malformations, upper limb malformations, or both. More than 20 patients with dextrocardia and left-sided Poland syndrome have been previously described. The association between these 2 rare anomalies suggests a causal relationship, but the etiopathogenetic mechanism has not been clarified yet. We studied the clinical correlation between these 2 anomalies, and we tried to elucidate whether dextrocardia or Poland syndrome comes first., Methods: This is a multicentric multidisciplinary study conducted over the last 5 years. We identified 122 patients with Poland syndrome, and we investigated heart position through different imaging techniques. Logistic regression statistical analyses were carried out., Results: We observed dextrocardia in 14 (11.5%) patients, which was never associated with situs inversus. All of them presented with left-sided Poland syndrome and partial agenesis of 2 or more ribs. Conversely, all patients with Poland syndrome with partial agenesis of 2 or more ribs presented with dextrocardia, whereas dextrocardia was never associated with partial agenesis of a single rib. Three patients with dextrocardia presented with simple congenital heart defects., Conclusions: These findings suggest that mechanical factors during embryonic life could explain the strong association between left-sided Poland syndrome and dextrocardia. According to this hypothesis, partial agenesis of 2 or more ribs is needed to displace the heart toward the right side. The peculiar features of dextrocardia when associated with Poland syndrome (neither associated with situs inversus nor complex intracardiac anomalies) support our hypothesis., (2010 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Poland's syndrome is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by unilateral absence of pectoralis major muscle, ipsilateral hand abnormalities, and a variety of associated anomalies. The incidence of the syndrome ranges from 1/7000 to 1/100.000. The syndrome is observed more frequently in man than in woman. A 22-years-old man who was admitted with a history of chest pain and dyspnea to our emergency department. On examination, breath sounds were decreased on the right side, there was an absence of the pectoralis major muscle, a shortness on the right upper limb and a restriction on the right shoulder and right elbow. Initially chest radiograph showed total pneumothorax on the right side. The patient was treated with tube thoracostomy. This case is presented to draw attention to the association of Poland syndrome with spontaneous pneumothorax.

Background: Many chest wall deformities have a characteristic radiologic appearance that can be the basis for a definitive diagnosis. Consequently, imaging techniques have fundamental roles in the detection, location, and characterization of these disorders., Objective: The authors propose a clinical and radiographic Poland syndrome (CRPS) classification system and possible treatment algorithm for the thoracic manifestations of Poland syndrome (PS) in women, based on both clinical examinations and imaging studies., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 28 female patients evaluated over 17 years in the 28th Infirmary, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division of the Hospital Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After clinical examination, all patients underwent radiographic examination with chest radiographs, conventional computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging and, in some cases, additional imaging studies. All clinical and radiologic variables were compiled in a database and used in the classification system, which included three levels of disease severity., Results: Based on the CRPS classification of the 28 female patients, 10 patients had first-degree PS, 14 patients had second-degree PS, and four patients had third-degree PS. Eighteen patients underwent surgical correction; a total of 39 surgical procedures were performed using the CRPS algorithm., Conclusions: Identification of the severity of PS using the proposed classification system provided an accurate study of each patient and enabled better planning for the surgical correction of functional and aesthetic deformities.

We report a 20-year-old man with Poland syndrome who suffered from weakness, pain, numbness, and discoloration in the left upper extremity. He was eventually diagnosed as also having thoracic outlet syndrome. The concomitance of these two disorders is discussed with a special emphasis on the underlying mechanisms.

Objective: Classical Poland syndrome is represented by unilateral aplasia of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle and ipsilateral simple syndactyly and brachydactyly. Various classifications of the severity of hand involvement have been proposed. Since its initial description, numerous studies have been made of the bony, soft tissue, organ, and hematological disturbances. However, carpal bone involvement has been largely overlooked. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the carpal bones in patients with Poland syndrome from a local (Manitoba) cohort as well as those from the literature., Materials and Methods: Hand radiographs from local patients and cases identified from the literature with confirmed Poland syndrome were examined for evidence of carpal bone involvement. Only cases with radiographs of adequate quality were included in the analysis. Clinical information (including gender and age) was necessary for evaluation of bone maturation. In total, seven local patients and 23 patients from the literature were evaluated. Ethics approval for study of the local patients was obtained by the Research Ethics Board of the University of Manitoba., Results: Of the 23 literature patients, 12 patients (52%) had abnormal findings. Of the abnormal patients, four of 12 (33%) had carpal fusions, eight of 12 (67%) showed disharmonious ossification between the carpal and tubular bones and seven of 12 (58%) showed delay of carpal ossification. Of the local cohort, three patients were too young to characterize carpal involvement. Of the four remaining patients, two (50%) had abnormal carpal morphology, three out of four had disharmonious ossification and all four had delay of ossification of carpal bones. Carpal fusions, particularly of the scaphoid and trapezium, were common in both groups., Conclusion: Carpal bone anomalies (delay, disharmony, and/or fusions) are frequent in Poland syndrome and can occur in patients with either mild or severe hand involvement. Imaging of the unaffected hand is helpful in determining the extent of carpal findings.

Poland's syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unilateral chest wall hypoplasia and ipsilateral hand abnormalities. It has been reported in association with various malignancies and other developmental defects. We report here the case of a 58-year-old woman with Poland's syndrome who developed breast cancer in the ipsilateral normal breast. A review of the literature reveals that two studies of breast carcinoma associated with Poland's syndrome have been reported, but this paper is the first example of a carcinoma occurring in an otherwise normal breast associated with Poland's syndrome.

Poland syndrome is characterized by partial or complete absence of pectoralis muscles, ipsilateral syndactyly, and occasionally other malformations of the anterior chest wall and breast. Other associated anomalies, including dextrocardia, renal malformations, and vertebral anomalies, have been reported in rare cases. The condition is more frequent among males, and usually occurs on the right hemithorax in the unilateral form. The syndrome is believed to be caused by a genetic disorder that reduces the embryonal circulation in the subclavian and vertebral arteries. We report a 20-year-old man with Poland syndrome on the left hemithorax, which is rarely associated with dextroposition.

Poland's syndrome includes a wide range of abnormalities that affect the thorax and the upper extremities. We present a case of a woman of 39 years of age who attended our clinic because of a lump in the right breast. Our experience with the present case suggests that the sentinel lymph node biopsy is feasible in patients with Poland's syndrome and breast cancer.

The classic deformity of Poland syndrome consists of the combination of unilateral aplasia of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle and an ipsilateral hypoplastic hand with simple syndactyly and short fingers. The current study specifically investigates the abnormalities of the middle phalanx in a series of 15 patients with Poland syndrome. The degree of hand hypoplasia and finger brachydactyly was classified into 3 grades: mild (n = 2), moderate (n = 10), and severe (n = 3). The middle phalanges of all fingers in all patients showed abnormalities. The degree of deficiency in the middle phalanx (from mild hypoplasia to aplasia) correlated with the degree of brachydactyly, which in turn correlated with the degree of hand hypoplasia. Several other radiologic features of the hypoplastic middle phalanges were documented, such as the central nidus, the rounded or truncated appearance, and the cone-shaped epiphyses. The embryology of limb development was reviewed and it was proposed that abnormalities of the middle phalanx in Poland syndrome occur as a result of a mild ischemic insult during stage 19 of the embryonic life, leading to an arrest or lack of chondrification of the mesenchymal mass of the phalanx.

Background: Poland syndrome is a congenital nongenetic anomaly characterized by unilateral chest wall hypoplasia, ipsilateral hand abnormalities, and hemivertebrae. It has not ben described so far in the fetus., Case: The patient was referred for suspected left-arm hypomelia at 22 weeks of gestation. On ultrasonography, we confirmed the presence of severe left-sided hypomelia and detected an asymmetry of the rib cage and 3 thoracic hemivertebrae. The absence of heart defects led us to make the putative diagnosis of Poland syndrome. After termination of pregnancy, the diagnosis was confirmed by the pathologist., Conclusion: The possibility of diagnosing Poland syndrome in utero is important for proper management and counseling. If the syndrome is suspected in a fetus, counselors may refer to specific postnatal data to provide the couple with survival rates, treatment options, and results and morbidity figures. If the pregnancy is terminated, a detailed necropsy is warranted to confirm the diagnosis because familial transmission has been reported.

Aim: The syndrome was first described by Poland in 1841. It classically consists of unilateral muscular and osseous anomalies of the thorax and upper limb with defects of the ipsilateral breast and nipple. We report the value of panoramic-sonography in the diagnosis of this rare condition in three patients., Method: The three girls, all born in 1990, were independently introduced to our unit of children and adolescent gynaecology because of unilateral "developmental defects" of the breasts at the beginning of puberty. To discriminate a Poland-Syndrome from unilateral accentuation of thelarche standardized clinical and sonographical examinations were performed., Results: In 2 cases we found unilateral aplasia of the glandular tissue of the breast with different distinction of mamilla and pectoralis muscle. The 3 (rd) case showed a hypoplastic breast development with osseous defects of the chest wall, aplasia of the pectoralis muscle and brachydaktylia., Conclusion: The standardized panoramic sonography allowed an immediate and safe diagnosis without hazardous radiation exposure.

Poland's syndrome is a congenital anomaly that occurs in 1 of every 32,000 live births. Only two published cases of breast cancer in patients with this congenital anomaly have been previously reported. We describe a case of breast cancer in a 71 year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of Poland's syndrome. A detailed description of the clinical manifestations is provided.