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Background: Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors slows the progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress- and hemin-induced enzyme providing cytoprotection against oxidative stress when overexpressed. However, nothing is known about the effects of cardiometabolic standard therapies on HO-1 expression in aortic walls in patients with end-stage AAA. Methods: The effects of statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), betablockers, diuretics, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and therapeutic anticoagulation on HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed in AAA patients using multivariate logistic regression analysis and comparison of monotherapy. Results: Analysis of monotherapy revealed that HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in patients on diuretics and lower in patients on statin therapy. Tests on combinations of antihypertensive medications demonstrated that ACE inhibitors and diuretics, ARBs and diuretics, and beta-blockers and diuretics were associated with increase in HO-1 mRNA expression. ASA and therapeutic anticoagulation were not linked to HO-1 expression. Conclusion: Diuretics showed the strongest association with HO-1 expression, persisting even in combination with other antihypertensive medications. Hence, changes in aortic HO-1 expression in response to different medical therapies and their effects on vessel wall degeneration should be analyzed in future studies.

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) develops from atherosclerotic lesions and plaques. Plaque rupture or stenosis may result in occlusion of the carotid artery. Accordingly, the asymptomatic disease becomes symptomatic, characterized by ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks, indicating an urgent need for better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and eventually prevent symptomatic CAS. NOX4, a member of the NADPH oxidase family, has anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of early atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that NOX4 mRNA expression is linked to protective mechanisms in CAS patients with advanced atherosclerotic lesions as well. Indeed, NOX4 mRNA expression is lower in patients with symptomatic CAS. A low NOX4 mRNA expression is associated with an increased risk of the development of clinical symptoms. In fact, NOX4 appears to be linked to plaque stability, apoptosis and plaque hemorrhage. This is supported by cleaved caspase-3 and glycophorin C and correlates inversely with plaque NOX4 mRNA expression. Even healing of a ruptured plaque appears to be connected to NOX4, as NOX4 mRNA expression correlates to fibrous cap collagen and is reciprocally related to MMP9 activity. In conclusion, low intra-plaque NOX4 mRNA expression is associated with an increased risk for symptomatic outcome and with reduced plaque stabilizing mechanisms suggesting protective effects of NOX4 in human advanced atherosclerosis.

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Die Eph-Familie, welche die Eph-Rezeptoren und die ephrin-Liganden umfasst, repräsentiert die größte Subgruppe der Rezeptortyrosinkinasen. Sowohl die Eph-Rezeptoren als auch die ephrin-Liganden sind Membran-assoziierte Proteine, deren Interaktion einen Typ der Zellkontakt-vermittelten Kommunikation darstellt und vielfältigste zelluläre Funktionen beeinflusst. Die aktuellen Eph/ephrin-bezogenen Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen vor allem im Bereich der Entwicklungs- und Tumorbiologie, wie z.B. dem Einfluss der Eph-Familie auf Angiogenese und Axonaussprossung. Die Rolle des Eph/ephrin-Systems in der Entwicklung der Atherosklerose und bei Reparaturmechanismen wie der Reendothelialisierung ist jedoch noch weitgehend unerforscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich anhand von in vitro Experimenten mit HUVEC und HUAEC mit dem Einfluss des Liganden ephrin-A1 und des Rezeptors EphA2 auf die endotheliale Proliferation und Migration als elementare Mechanismen der Reendothelialisierung.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS V ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS IX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XI 1 EINLEITUNG 1 1.1 Die Rolle des Endothels in der Atherosklerose 1 1.2 Die Migration von Endothelzellen 6 1.3 Die Eph-Familie 9 1.4 Potentielle Funktionen der Eph-Familie in der endothelialen Proliferation und Migration 14 1.5 Zielstellung der Arbeit 16 2 MATERIAL 17 2.1 Geräte 17 2.2 Zellkulturmaterial 18 2.3 Verwendete Kulturmedien 18 2.4 Verwendete Zelllinien und E. coli Stämme 19 2.5 Verwendete Kit-Systeme 19 2.6 Verwendete Oligonukleotide 20 2.7 Verwendete Plasmide 21 2.8 Konstruierte Plasmide 23 2.9 Chemikalien 23 2.10 Puffer, Gele, Lösungen 23 3 METHODEN 24 3.1 Zellbiologische Methoden 24 3.2 Proteinbiochemische Methoden 28 3.3 Molekularbiologische und gentechnische Methoden 32 3.4 Scratch Assay 44 3.5 Beurteilung der Zellproliferation mittels BrdU-Inkorporation 44 3.6 Wundheilungsassay 45 3.7 Migrationsassay 48 3.8 Baculovirale Talin-RFP- und Aktin-GFP-Expression 49 3.9 Datenanalyse und statistische, The Eph-family represents the largest subgroup of tyrosine kinase receptors. Both the Eph-receptors and the ephrin-ligands are membrane-associated proteins whose interaction is a way of contact-dependent communication that influences a wide variety of cellular functions. In scientific research the Eph-family is known for its impact on developmental and tumour-biology, whereas the role of Eph-receptors and ephrin-ligands in atherosclerosis and repair mechanisms is still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of the ligand ephrin-A1 and its interaction with its receptor EphA2 on endothelial proliferation and migration by performing cellcultural experimentation using HUVEC and HUAEC.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS V ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS IX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XI 1 EINLEITUNG 1 1.1 Die Rolle des Endothels in der Atherosklerose 1 1.2 Die Migration von Endothelzellen 6 1.3 Die Eph-Familie 9 1.4 Potentielle Funktionen der Eph-Familie in der endothelialen Proliferation und Migration 14 1.5 Zielstellung der Arbeit 16 2 MATERIAL 17 2.1 Geräte 17 2.2 Zellkulturmaterial 18 2.3 Verwendete Kulturmedien 18 2.4 Verwendete Zelllinien und E. coli Stämme 19 2.5 Verwendete Kit-Systeme 19 2.6 Verwendete Oligonukleotide 20 2.7 Verwendete Plasmide 21 2.8 Konstruierte Plasmide 23 2.9 Chemikalien 23 2.10 Puffer, Gele, Lösungen 23 3 METHODEN 24 3.1 Zellbiologische Methoden 24 3.2 Proteinbiochemische Methoden 28 3.3 Molekularbiologische und gentechnische Methoden 32 3.4 Scratch Assay 44 3.5 Beurteilung der Zellproliferation mittels BrdU-Inkorporation 44 3.6 Wundheilungsassay 45 3.7 Migrationsassay 48 3.8 Baculovirale Talin-RFP- und Aktin-GFP-Expression 49 3.9 Datenanalyse und statistische Auswertung 49 4 ERGEBNISSE 50 4.1 Molekularbiologische und proteinbiochemische Charakterisierung verschiedener Eph/ephrine in proliferierenden Endothelzellen 50 4.2 Molekularbiologische Charakterisierung von ephrin-A1, EphA2 und EphA4 unter Kontaktinhibiti