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1. Quantifying and resolving conservation conflicts in forest landscapes via multiobjective optimization

Author

Mazziotta, Adriano, Podkopaev, Dmitry, Triviño, María, Miettinen, Kaisa, Pohjanmies, Tähti, and Mönkkönen, Mikko

Subjects
Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

Environmental planning for of the maintenance of different conservation objectives should take into account multiple contrasting criteria based on alternative uses of the landscape. We develop new concepts and approaches to describe and measure conflicts among conservation objectives and for resolving them via multiobjective optimization. To measure conflicts we introduce a compatibility index that quantifies how much targeting a certain conservation objective affects the capacity of the landscape for providing another objective. To resolve such conflicts we find compromise solutions defined in terms of minimax regret, i.e. minimizing the maximum percentage of deterioration among conservation objectives. Finally, we apply our approach for a case study of management for biodiversity conservation and development in a forest landscape. We study conflicts between six different forest species, and we identify management solutions for simultaneously maintaining multiple speciesâ habitat while obtaining timber harvest revenues. We employ the method for resolving conflicts at a large landscape level across a long 50-years forest planning horizon. Our multiobjective approach can be an instrument for guiding hard choices in the conservation-development nexus with a perspective of developing decision support tools for land use planning. In our case study multiple use management and careful landscape level planning using our approach can reduce conflicts among biodiversity objectives and offer room for synergies in forest ecosystems.

Published
2017
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12. Pathways towards a sustainable future envisioned by early‐career conservation researchers

Author

Raatikainen, Kaisa J., primary, Purhonen, Jenna, additional, Pohjanmies, Tähti, additional, Peura, Maiju, additional, Nieminen, Eini, additional, Mustajärvi, Linda, additional, Helle, Ilona, additional, Shennan‐Farpón, Yara, additional, Ahti, Pauliina A., additional, Basile, Marco, additional, Bernardo, Nicola, additional, Bertram, Michael G., additional, Bouarakia, Oussama, additional, Brias‐Guinart, Aina, additional, Fijen, Thijs, additional, Froidevaux, Jérémy S. P., additional, Hemmingmoore, Heather, additional, Hocevar, Sara, additional, Kendall, Liam, additional, Lampinen, Jussi, additional, Marjakangas, Emma‐Liina, additional, Martin, Jake M., additional, Oomen, Rebekah A., additional, Segre, Hila, additional, Sidemo‐Holm, William, additional, Silva, André P., additional, Thorbjørnsen, Susanna Huneide, additional, Torrents‐Ticó, Miquel, additional, Zhang, Di, additional, and Ziemacki, Jasmin, additional

Published
2021
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14. Pathways towards a sustainable future envisioned by early-career conservation researchers

Author

Raatikainen, Kaisa J., Purhonen, Jenna, Pohjanmies, Tähti, Peura, Maiju, Nieminen, Eini, Mustajärvi, Linda, Helle, Ilona, Shennan-Farpon, Yara, Ahti, Pauliina A., Basile, Marco, Bernardo, Nicola, Bertram, Michael G., Bouarakia, Oussama, Brias-Guinart, Aina, Fijen, Thijs, Froidevaux, Jeremy S. P., Hemmingmoore, Heather, Hocevar, Sara, Kendall, Liam, Lampinen, Jussi, Marjakangas, Emma-Liina, Martin, Jake M., Oomen, Rebekah A., Segre, Hila, Sidemo-Holm, William, Pinto da Silva, André, Thorbjørnsen, Susanna Huneide, Torrents-Tico, Miquel, Zhang, Di, Ziemacki, Jasmin, Raatikainen, Kaisa J., Purhonen, Jenna, Pohjanmies, Tähti, Peura, Maiju, Nieminen, Eini, Mustajärvi, Linda, Helle, Ilona, Shennan-Farpon, Yara, Ahti, Pauliina A., Basile, Marco, Bernardo, Nicola, Bertram, Michael G., Bouarakia, Oussama, Brias-Guinart, Aina, Fijen, Thijs, Froidevaux, Jeremy S. P., Hemmingmoore, Heather, Hocevar, Sara, Kendall, Liam, Lampinen, Jussi, Marjakangas, Emma-Liina, Martin, Jake M., Oomen, Rebekah A., Segre, Hila, Sidemo-Holm, William, Pinto da Silva, André, Thorbjørnsen, Susanna Huneide, Torrents-Tico, Miquel, Zhang, Di, and Ziemacki, Jasmin

Abstract

Scientists have warned decision-makers about the severe consequences of the global environmental crisis since the 1970s. Yet ecological degradation continues and little has been done to address climate change. We investigated early-career conservation researchers' (ECR) perspectives on, and prioritization of, actions furthering sustainability. We conducted a survey (n = 67) and an interactive workshop (n = 35) for ECR attendees of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology (2018). Building on these data and discussions, we identified ongoing and forthcoming advances in conservation science. These include increased transdisciplinarity, science communication, advocacy in conservation, and adoption of a transformation-oriented social-ecological systems approach to research. The respondents and participants had diverse perspectives on how to achieve sustainability. Reformist actions were emphasized as paving the way for more radical changes in the economic system and societal values linked to the environment and inequality. Our findings suggest that achieving sustainability requires a strategy that (1) incorporates the multiplicity of people's views, (2) places a greater value on nature, and (3) encourages systemic transformation across political, social, educational, and economic realms on multiple levels. We introduce a framework for ECRs to inspire their research and practice within conservation science to achieve real change in protecting biological diversity.

Published
2021
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15. Site types revisited: Comparison of traditional Russian and Finnish classification systems for European boreal forests

Author

Pohjanmies, Tähti, primary, Genikova, Nadezhda, additional, Hotanen, Juha‐Pekka, additional, Ilvesniemi, Hannu, additional, Kryshen, Alexander, additional, Moshnikov, Sergey, additional, Oksanen, Jari, additional, Salemaa, Maija, additional, Tikhonova, Elena, additional, Tonteri, Tiina, additional, and Merilä, Päivi, additional

Published
2020
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16. Forest management optimization across spatial scales to reconcile economic and conservation objectives

Author

Pohjanmies, Tähti, Eyvindson, Kyle, and Mönkkönen, Mikko

Subjects
Optimization, Conservation of Natural Resources, Forest Ecology, Science, Timber, Forests, Ecosystems, Trees, metsätalous, optimointi, Plant Products, conservation science, Finland, Conservation Science, Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, metsäekologia, metsänkäsittely, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, puut (kasvit), puutavara, Agriculture, Forestry, Biodiversity, Plants, Terrestrial Environments, Wood, metsät, Agronomy, biodiversiteetti, metsiensuojelu, Physical Sciences, Medicine, optimization, Mathematics, Research Article, Crop Science
Abstract

Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and resource production can be mitigated by multi-objective management planning. Optimizing management for multiple objectives over larger land areas likely entails trading off the practicability of the process against the goodness of the solution. It is therefore worthwhile to resolve how large areas are required as management planning regions to reconcile conflicting objectives as effectively as possible. We aimed to reveal how the extent of forestry planning regions impacts the potential to mitigate a forestry-conservation conflict in Finland, represented as a trade-off between harvest income and deadwood availability. We used forecasted data from a forest simulator, a hierarchy of forestry planning regions, and an optimization model to explore the production possibility frontier between harvest income and deadwood. We compared the overall outcomes when management was optimized within the different-sized planning regions in terms of the two objectives, the spatial variation of deadwood, and the optimal combinations of management regimes. Increasing the size of the planning regions did produce higher simultaneous levels of the two objectives, but the differences were most often of the magnitude of only a few percentages. The differences among the scales were minor also in terms of the spatial variation in deadwood availability and in the optimal management combinations. The conflict between timber harvesting and deadwood availability is only marginally easier to mitigate at large spatial scales than at small forest ownership scales. However, regardless of the spatial scale of planning, the achievable solutions may not be good enough to safeguard deadwood-dependent biodiversity without active deadwood creation. peerReviewed

Published
2019

18. Trade-offs among intensive forestry, ecosystem services and biodiversity in boreal forests

Author

Pohjanmies, Tähti

Subjects
metsänkäsittely, forest management, sustainability, kestävä metsätalous, monitavoiteoptimointi, biodiversiteetti, metsätalous, tehometsätalous, metsiensuojelu, puuntuotanto, ekosysteemipalvelut, boreaalinen vyöhyke, conflicts, multi-objective optimization, timber production, simulointi, Finland
Abstract

Finnish forests are used extensively for timber production but are also providers of other ecosystem services and harbor unique biodiversity. The ecosystem services approach has so far been used marginally in the context of Finnish forestry; however, due to the multiple values associated with Finnish forests and the impacts forestry operations have on forest ecosystems, it is clearly applicable in this context. In this thesis, I studied the occurrence and severity of trade-offs among ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation in Finnish forests. I used forest inventory data, forest growth simulations, and multi-objective optimization to reveal how the severity of the trade-offs varies among combinations of ecosystem services, across spatial scales, and across time, and how the trade-offs could be mitigated by forest management planning. Overall, the results showed that there are clear and challenging conflicts between intensive forestry and ecosystem services in Finland. Ecosystem services provided by forests were found to diminish when the forests were used intensively as a source of timber, whereas reducing or refraining from harvests maintained comparatively high levels of multiple non- timber services and biodiversity. Non-timber services and biodiversity were also shown to recover from intensive forestry the slower the longer intensive forestry was continued, suggesting that forestry’s negative impacts may be long-lasting. The use of optimization tools can help planners to identify management strategies that balance conflicting objectives as well as possible, especially if the analyses are conducted at large enough scales. However, the fact that there are trade-offs means that losses in some objectives are inevitable. It is left to forest managers and other stakeholders to consider which of these losses they are willing to accept.

Published
2018

20. Site types revisited: Comparison of traditional Russian and Finnish classification systems for European boreal forests.

Author

Pohjanmies, Tähti, Genikova, Nadezhda, Hotanen, Juha‐Pekka, Ilvesniemi, Hannu, Kryshen, Alexander, Moshnikov, Sergey, Oksanen, Jari, Salemaa, Maija, Tikhonova, Elena, Tonteri, Tiina, Merilä, Päivi, and Ewald, Jörg

Subjects
*FOREST site quality, *FOREST productivity, *TAIGAS, *FOREST management, *SOIL surveys, *FOREST soils
Abstract

Questions: Forest classifications are tools used in research, monitoring, and management. In Finland, the Cajanderian forest site type classification is based on the composition of understorey vegetation with the assumption that it reflects in a predictable way the site's productive value. In Russia, the Sukachevian forest classification is similarly based on understorey vegetation but also accounts for tree species, soil wetness, and paludification. Here we ask whether Cajander's and Sukachev's forest types are effectively the same in terms of species composition, site productivity, and biodiversity. Location: Boreal forests on mineral soils in Finland and the Russian part of Fennoscandia. Methods: We use vegetation and soil survey data to compare the Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems in terms of the understorey community composition (that is supposed to define them), soil fertility and tree productivity (that they are expected to indicate), and biodiversity (that is of interest for conservation purposes). We create and employ class prediction models to divide Russian and Finnish sites into Cajander's and Sukachev's types, respectively, based on vegetation composition. We perform cross‐comparisons between the two systems by non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination and statistical tests. Results: Within both systems, the site types formed similar, meaningful gradients in terms of the studied variables. Certain site types from the two systems were largely overlapping in community composition and arranged similarly along the fertility gradient and may thus be considered comparable. Conclusions: The Cajanderian and the Sukachevian systems were both developed in the European boreal zone but differ in terms of the exact rules by which site types are determined. Our results show that analogous types between the systems can be identified. These findings aid in endeavours of technology and information transfer between Finnish and Russian forests for the purposes of basic or applied ecological research and forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. Genetic diversity and its extended effects – fragmented pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) populations in south-western Finland

Author

Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, maataloustieteiden laitos, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för lantsbruksvetenskaper, Pohjanmies, Tähti, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, maataloustieteiden laitos, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för lantsbruksvetenskaper, and Pohjanmies, Tähti

Abstract

Genetic variation within a population is shaped by the life history traits of the species and the properties of the surrounding ecosystem. It is an important factor in the preservation of populations. According to the emerging field of community genetics, genetic variation within a population of one species may also influence the dynamics and diversity of associated species, extending the conservational relevance of intraspecific genetic diversity. Finnish populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) offer an interesting study system for population genetics. Q. robur grows in south-western Finland at the northern limit of its natural range. Here, its distribution has been shaped by long-term climatic and geological changes as well as by human disturbance, and the current populations are small and strongly fragmented. As Q. robur supports a high diversity of associated species, it is considered to have great ecological and conservational importance. In this thesis, I studied the amount and distribution of genetic diversity within and among three Q. robur populations in south-western Finland using population genetic parameters. I also described the spatial and temporal sub-population structure of one population, on the island of Wattkast. The genetic data was based on 15 nuclear microsatellite loci. Additionally, I examined the effect of the genetic diversity and genotypic identity of the oaks within Wattkast on associated herbivore communities. In the analysis, I used observational data from two years. As predicted for widespread, long-lived tree species, the microsatellite loci showed high levels of diversity within the populations, but also significant differentiation among them. This may be due to fragmentation and to the marginality of the populations. Within the population on Wattkast, I observed patterns of spatial and temporal sub-population differentiation. The characteristics of the site, including the ongoing shift to less extensive land use, suggest that, Populaation sisäisen perinnöllisen muuntelun määrään vaikuttavat lajin elinkierron piirteet sekä ympäröivän ekosysteemin ominaisuudet. Perinnöllinen muuntelu on tärkeää populaation säilymisen kannalta. Genetiikkaa, evolutiikkaa ja yhteisöekologiaa yhdistelevän teorian mukaan yhden lajin sisäinen perinnöllinen muuntelu voi vaikuttaa myös assosioituneiden lajien dynamiikkaan, mikä laajentaa lajinsisäisen geneettisen monimuotoisuuden suojelullista merkitystä. Suomalaiset tammipopulaatiot tarjoavat hyvän kohteen populaatiogeneettiselle tutkimukselle. Metsätammi (Quercus robur) kasvaa Lounais-Suomessa luontaisen esiintymisalueensa pohjoisrajalla. Pitkäaikaiset ilmastolliset ja geologiset muutokset sekä viime vuosisatoina ihmisen toiminta ovat muovanneet lajin esiintymispaikkoja voimakkaasti, ja nykyiset populaatiot ovat verraten pieniä ja pirstoutuneita. Tammella elää suuri kirjo muita lajeja. Tässä työssä tutkin perinnöllisen muuntelun määrää ja jakautumista kolmen lounaissuomalaisen tammipopulaation sisällä ja välillä käyttäen populaatiogeneettisiä tunnuslukuja. Kuvailin myös yhden populaation (Wattkastin saarella) sisäistä geneettistä rakennetta tutkimalla muuntelun jakautumista populaation sisällä sekä tilassa että ajassa. Geneettinen aineisto oli määritelty 15 mikrosatelliittilokuksen perusteella. Lisäksi tutkin Wattkastin saarella kasvavien puiden geneettisen monimuotoisuuden ja genotyypin vaikutusta puilla eläviin kasvinsyöjäyhteisöihin. Analyysissä käytin havaintoaineistoa kahdelta vuodelta. Havaitsemani populaatioiden sisäinen geneettinen monimuotoisuus oli korkeaa, mikä on tyypillistä pitkäikäiselle, tehokkaasti leviävälle lajille. Toisaalta populaatioiden välinen eriytyminen oli myös merkittävää. Tämä selittynee suomalaisten tammipopulaatioiden pirstoutuneisuudella ja sijainnilla lajin levinneisyysalueen reunalla. Wattkastin populaatiossa havaitsin populaation sisäistä maantieteellistä ja ajallista eriytymistä. Lajin ominaisuuksien sekä alueen piirteiden perus

Published
2014

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