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6. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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7. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., primary, Miller, John B., additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan, additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng, additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya, additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McVicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Sreejith, O.P., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, van Vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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10. Mapping snow density through thermal inertia observations

Author

Colombo, R, Pennati, G, Pozzi, G, Garzonio, R, Di Mauro, B, Giardino, C, Cogliati, S, Rossini, M, Maltese, A, Pogliotti, P, Cremonese, E, Colombo, Roberto, Pennati, Greta, Pozzi, Giulia, Garzonio, Roberto, Di Mauro, Biagio, Giardino, Claudia, Cogliati, Sergio, Rossini, Micol, Maltese, Antonino, Pogliotti, Paolo, Cremonese, Edoardo, Colombo, R, Pennati, G, Pozzi, G, Garzonio, R, Di Mauro, B, Giardino, C, Cogliati, S, Rossini, M, Maltese, A, Pogliotti, P, Cremonese, E, Colombo, Roberto, Pennati, Greta, Pozzi, Giulia, Garzonio, Roberto, Di Mauro, Biagio, Giardino, Claudia, Cogliati, Sergio, Rossini, Micol, Maltese, Antonino, Pogliotti, Paolo, and Cremonese, Edoardo

Abstract

Snow, as a fundamental reservoir of freshwater, is a crucial natural resource. Specifically, knowledge of snow density spatial and temporal variability could improve modelling of snow water equivalent, which is relevant for managing freshwater resources in context of ongoing climate change. The possibility of estimating snow density from remote sensing has great potential, considering the availability of satellite data and their ability to generate efficient monitoring systems from space. In this study, we present an innovative method that combines meteorological parameters, satellite data and field snow measurements to estimate thermal inertia of snow and snow density at a catchment scale. Thermal inertia represents the responsiveness of a material to variations in temperature and depends on the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of the medium. By exploiting Landsat 8 data and meteorological modelling, we generated multitemporal thermal inertia maps in mountainous catchments in the Western European Alps (Aosta Valley, Italy), from incoming shortwave radiation, surface temperature and snow albedo. Thermal inertia was then used to develop an empirical regression model to infer snow density, demonstrating the possibility of mapping snow density from optical and thermal observations from space. The model allows for estimation of snow density with R2CV and RMSECV of 0.59 and 82 kg m−3, respectively. Thermal inertia and snow density maps are presented in terms of the evolution of snow cover throughout the hydrological season and in terms of their spatial variability in complex topography. This study could be considered a first attempt at using thermal inertia toward improved monitoring of the cryosphere. Limitations of and improvements to the proposed methods are also discussed. This study may also help in defining the scientific requirements for new satellite missions targeting the cryosphere. We believe that a new class of Earth Observation missions with t

Published
2023

14. Monitoring the dynamics of an alpine rock glacier with repeated UAV and GNSS data

Author

Bearzot, Francesca, primary, Garzonio, Roberto, additional, Di Mauro, Biagio, additional, Hauck, Christian, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Morra Di Cella, Umberto, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Crosta, Giovanni Battista, additional, Colombo, Roberto, additional, Frattini, Paolo, additional, and Rossini, Micol, additional

Published
2021
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15. Supplementary material to "Learning about precipitation orographic enhancement from snow-course data improves water-balance modeling"

Author

Avanzi, Francesco, primary, Ercolani, Giulia, additional, Gabellani, Simone, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Filippa, Gianluca, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Ratto, Sara, additional, Stevenin, Hervè, additional, Cauduro, Marco, additional, and Juglair, Stefano, additional

Published
2020
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17. Sensitivity of snow models to the accuracy of meteorological forcings in mountain environments

Author

Terzago, Silvia, primary, Andreoli, Valentina, additional, Arduini, Gabriele, additional, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, additional, Campo, Lorenzo, additional, Cassardo, Claudio, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, Dolia, Daniele, additional, Gabellani, Simone, additional, von Hardenberg, Jost, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Palazzi, Elisa, additional, Piazzi, Gaia, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, and Provenzale, Antonello, additional

Published
2020
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20. Sensitivity of snow models to the accuracy of meteorological forcings in mountain environment

Author

Terzago, Silvia, primary, Andreoli, Valentina, additional, Arduini, Gabriele, additional, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, additional, Campo, Lorenzo, additional, Cassardo, Claudio, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, Dolia, Daniele, additional, Gabellani, Simone, additional, von Hardenberg, Jost, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Palazzi, Elisa, additional, Piazzi, Gaia, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, and Provenzale, Antonello, additional

Published
2019
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21. Saharan dust events in the European Alps: role in snowmelt and geochemical characterization

Author

Di Mauro, B, Garzonio, R, Rossini, M, Filippa, G, Pogliotti, P, Galvagno, M, Morra di Cella, U, Migliavacca, M, Baccolo, G, Clemenza, M, Delmonte, B, Maggi, V, Dumont, M, Tuzet, F, Lafaysse, M, Morin, S, Cremonese, E, Colombo, R, Di Mauro, Biagio, Garzonio, Roberto, Rossini, Micol, Filippa, Gianluca, Pogliotti, Paolo, Galvagno, Marta, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Migliavacca, Mirco, Baccolo, Giovanni, Clemenza, Massimiliano, Delmonte, Barbara, Maggi, Valter, Dumont, Marie, Tuzet, François, Lafaysse, Matthieu, Morin, Samuel, Cremonese, Edoardo, Colombo, Roberto, Di Mauro, B, Garzonio, R, Rossini, M, Filippa, G, Pogliotti, P, Galvagno, M, Morra di Cella, U, Migliavacca, M, Baccolo, G, Clemenza, M, Delmonte, B, Maggi, V, Dumont, M, Tuzet, F, Lafaysse, M, Morin, S, Cremonese, E, Colombo, R, Di Mauro, Biagio, Garzonio, Roberto, Rossini, Micol, Filippa, Gianluca, Pogliotti, Paolo, Galvagno, Marta, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Migliavacca, Mirco, Baccolo, Giovanni, Clemenza, Massimiliano, Delmonte, Barbara, Maggi, Valter, Dumont, Marie, Tuzet, François, Lafaysse, Matthieu, Morin, Samuel, Cremonese, Edoardo, and Colombo, Roberto

Abstract

The input of mineral dust from arid regions impacts snow optical properties. The induced albedo reduction generally alters the melting dynamics of the snowpack, resulting in earlier snowmelt. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of dust depositions on the melting dynamics of snowpack at a high-elevation site (2160 m) in the European Alps (Torgnon, Aosta Valley, Italy) during three hydrological years (2013-2016). These years were characterized by several Saharan dust events that deposited significant amounts of mineral dust in the European Alps. We quantify the shortening of the snow season due to dust deposition by comparing observed snow depths and those simulated with the Crocus model accounting, or not, for the impact of impurities. The model was run and tested using meteorological data from an automated weather station. We propose the use of repeated digital images for tracking dust deposition and resurfacing in the snowpack. The good agreement between model prediction and digital images allowed us to propose the use of an RGB index (i.e. snow darkening index - SDI) for monitoring dust on snow using images from a digital camera. We also present a geochemical characterization of dust reaching the Alpine chain during spring in 2014. Elements found in dust were classified as a function of their origin and compared with Saharan sources. A strong enrichment in Fe was observed in snow containing Saharan dust. In our case study, the comparison between modelling results and observations showed that impurities deposited in snow anticipated the disappearance of snow up to 38 d a out of a total 7 months of typical snow duration. This happened for the season 2015-2016 that was characterized by a strong dust deposition event. During the other seasons considered here (2013-2014 and 2014-2015), the snow melt-out date was 18 and 11 d earlier, respectively. We conclude that the effect of the Saharan dust is expected to reduce snow cover duration through the snow-albedo feedback

Published
2019

22. Contribution of the PrévRisk Haute Montagne project to knowledge and management of risks related to alpine permafrost

Author

Ravanel, Ludovic, Magnin, Florence, Duvillard, P.A, guillet, gregoire, Deline, Philip, Troilo, Fabrizio, Motta, E, lucianaz, c, Morra Di Cella, Umberto, Pogliotti, Paolo, Cremonese, E., paro, L., Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Fondation Montagne Sure, ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), Edited by Philip Deline, Xavier Bodin and Ludovic Ravanel, Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, Philippe Schoeneich, Referent HAL Edytem, Christine Maury, and Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, Philippe Schoeneich

Subjects
[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

23. Analysis of potentially hazardous rockglaciers in Aosta Valley (Italy): the Pointe d'Arpisson destabilized rockglacier

Author

lucianaz, c, Motta, E, Troilo, Fabrizio, Ravanel, Ludovic, Duvillard, P.A, Morra Di Cella, Umberto, Pogliotti, Paolo, Cremonese, E., paro, L., Referent HAL Edytem, Christine Maury, Edited by Philip Deline, Xavier Bodin and Ludovic Ravanel, Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, Philippe Schoeneich, Fondation Montagne Sure, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, and Philippe Schoeneich

Subjects
[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

24. Saharan dust events in the European Alps: role in snowmelt and geochemical characterization

Author

Di Mauro, Biagio, primary, Garzonio, Roberto, additional, Rossini, Micol, additional, Filippa, Gianluca, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Galvagno, Marta, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Migliavacca, Mirco, additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Clemenza, Massimiliano, additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, Dumont, Marie, additional, Tuzet, François, additional, Lafaysse, Matthieu, additional, Morin, Samuel, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, and Colombo, Roberto, additional

Published
2019
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26. Saharan dust events in the European Alps: role on snowmelt and geochemical characterization

Author

Di Mauro, Biagio, primary, Garzonio, Roberto, additional, Rossini, Micol, additional, Filippa, Gianluca, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Galvagno, Marta, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Migliavacca, Mirco, additional, Baccolo, Giovanni, additional, Clemenza, Massimiliano, additional, Delmonte, Barbara, additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, Dumont, Marie, additional, Tuzet, François, additional, Lafaysse, Matthieu, additional, Morin, Samuel, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, and Colombo, Roberto, additional

Published
2018
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27. Learning about precipitation orographic enhancement from snow-course data improves water-balance modeling.

Author

Avanzi, Francesco, Ercolani, Giulia, Gabellani, Simone, Cremonese, Edoardo, Pogliotti, Paolo, Filippa, Gianluca, di Cella, Umberto Morra, Ratto, Sara, Stevenin, Hervè, Cauduro, Marco, and Juglair, Stefano

Abstract

Precipitation orographic enhancement depends on both synoptic circulation and topography. Since high-elevation headwaters are often sparsely instrumented, the magnitude and distribution of this enhancement remain poorly understood. Filling this knowledge gap would allow a significant step ahead for hydrologic-forecasting procedures and water management in general. Here, we hypothesized that spatially distributed, manual measurements of snow depth (courses) could provide new insights into this process. We leveraged 11,000+ snow-course data upstream two reservoirs in the Western European Alps (Aosta Valley, Italy) to estimate precipitation orographic enhancement in the form of lapse rates and consequently improve predictions of a snow-hydrologic modeling chain (Flood- PROOFS). We found that Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) above 3000 m ASL was between 2 and 8.5 times higher than recorded cumulative seasonal precipitation below 1000 m ASL, with gradients up to 1000 mm w.e. km-1. Enhancement factors estimated by blending precipitation-gauge and snow-course data were quite consistent between the two hydropower headwaters (median values above 3000 m ASL between 4.1 and 4.8). Including blended gauge-course lapse rates in an iterative precipitation-spatialization procedure allowed Flood-PROOFS to remedy underestimations of both SWE above 3000 m ASL (up to 50 %) and importantly precipitation vs. observed streamflow. Runoff coefficients based on blended lapse rates were also more consistent from year to year that those based on precipitation gauges alone (standard deviation of 0.06 and 0.19, respectively). Thus, snow courses bear a characteristic signature of orographic precipitation, which opens a window of opportunity for leveraging these data sets to improve our understanding of the mountain water budget. This is all the more important due to their essential role in supporting water security and ecosystem services worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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28. Snow control on active layer thickness in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif)

Author

Magnin, Florence, Westermann, Sebastien, Pogliotti, Paolo, Ravanel, Ludovic, Deline, Philip, Malet, Emmanuel, EDYTEM, Océane Giorda, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), and Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA)

Subjects
Bedrock, Rock wall permafrost, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, Active layer, Snow, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, temperature monitoring, human activities, Energy balance modelling
Abstract

Since the early 2000s, a remarkable amount of rockfalls has been observed in permafrost areas of the mid-latitude mountain ranges concurrently to hot summers. This study explores the seasonal thaw (ST) in permafrost rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi site (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif). We first analyse six years of temperature records in three 10 m-deep boreholes against air temperature (AT) and a four-year time series of pictures showing the snow conditions on two rock faces. Then, we test the sensitivity of the active layer against eight snow fall scenarios using the 1-D surface energy balance and heat conduction model CryoGrid 3 forced by in-situ measurements from a vertical face. Snow falls occur all the year round at this elevation and play an important role for the active layer thickness (ALT), but the snow cover and its control are highly heterogeneous. A long-lasting of a snow cover during spring/early summer delays the ST and reduces the ALT. The thicker and the more spatially-continuous is the snow cover, the stronger are the delay and ALT reduction. Convective clouds could also reinforce this pattern. The summer AT and heat waves are the dominant controlling factors of the ALT. But summer snow falls can sometimes persist for several days on the rock surface and reduce the effect of the heat waves. Active layer can thicken during the early fall, except if the snow starts to accumulate on the rock surface and favours the refreezing. The timing of the snow fall is the most critical parameter to determine the snow effect on the ALT. This study suggests that the characteristics of the bedrock and snow accumulation (steepness, surface roughness, and sun-exposure) must be taken into account to better understand the formation and changes of the active layer and its possible implications for rockfall triggering.

Published
2017

29. Snow control on active layer thickness in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif)

Author

Magnin, Florence, Westermann, Sebastien, Pogliotti, Paolo, Ravanel, Ludovic, Deline, Philip, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), Société Préhistorique Française, and EDYTEM, Océane Giorda

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, human activities
Abstract

International audience; Since the early 2000s, a remarkable amount of rockfalls has been observed in permafrost areas of the mid-latitude mountain ranges concurrently to hot summers. This study explores the seasonal thaw (ST) in permafrost rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi site (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif). We first analyse six years of temperature records in three 10 m-deep boreholes against air temperature (AT) and a four-year time series of pictures showing the snow conditions on two rock faces. Then, we test the sensitivity of the active layer against eight snow fall scenarios using the 1-D surface energy balance and heat conduction model CryoGrid 3 forced by in-situ measurements from a vertical face. Snow falls occur all the year round at this elevation and play an important role for the active layer thickness (ALT), but the snow cover and its control are highly heterogeneous. A long-lasting of a snow cover during spring/early summer delays the ST and reduces the ALT. The thicker and the more spatially-continuous is the snow cover, the stronger are the delay and ALT reduction. Convective clouds could also reinforce this pattern. The summer AT and heat waves are the dominant controlling factors of the ALT. But summer snow falls can sometimes persist for several days on the rock surface and reduce the effect of the heat waves. Active layer can thicken during the early fall, except if the snow starts to accumulate on the rock surface and favours the refreezing. The timing of the snow fall is the most critical parameter to determine the snow effect on the ALT. This study suggests that the characteristics of the bedrock and snow accumulation (steepness, surface roughness, and sun-exposure) must be taken into account to better understand the formation and changes of the active layer and its possible implications for rockfall triggering.

Published
2016

30. Snow control on active layer and permafrost in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842 m a.s.l, Mont Blanc massif)

Author

Magnin, Florence, Westermann, Sebastien, Pogliotti, Paolo, Ravanel, Ludovic, Deline, Philip, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), European Geosciences Union, and EDYTEM, Océane Giorda

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Permafrost degradation through the thickening of the active layer and the rising temperature at depth is a crucial process of rock wall stability. The ongoing increase in rock falls observed during hot periods in mid-latitude mountain ranges is regarded as a result of permafrost degradation. However, the short-term thermal dynamics of alpine rock walls are misunderstood since they result of complex processes related to the interaction of local climate variables, heterogeneous snow cover and heat transfers. As a consequence steady-state and long-term changes that can be approached with simpler process mainly related to air temperature, solar radiations and heat conduction were the most common dynamics to be studied so far. The effect of snow on the bedrock surface temperature is increasingly investigated and has already been demonstrated to be an essential factor of permafrost distribution. Nevertheless, its effect on the year-to-year changes of the active layer thickness and of the permafrost temperature in steep alpine bedrock has not been investigated yet, partly due to the lack of appropriate data. We explore the role of snow accumulations on the active layer and permafrost thermal regime of steep rock walls of a high-elevated site, the Aiguille du Midi (AdM, 3842 m a.s.l, Mont Blanc massif, Western European Alps) by mean of a multi-methods approach. We first analyse six years of temperature records in three 10-m-deep boreholes. Then we describe the snow accumulation patterns on two rock faces by means of automatically processed camera records. Finally, sensitivity analyses of the active layer thickness and permafrost temperature towards timing and magnitude of snow accumulations are performed using the numerical permafrost model CryoGrid 3. The energy balance module is forced with local meteorological measurements on the AdM S face and validated with surface temperature measurements at the weather station location. The heat conduction scheme is calibrated with the temperature measurements in the S-exposed borehole. Results show that the snow may be responsible for permafrost presence while it is absent in the surrounding snow free bedrock. The long lasting of the snow at high elevation, where it can remain until the mid-summer has a delaying effect on the seasonal thaw, which contributes to the lowering of the active layer thickness.

Published
2016

31. Contrôle de la neige sur le dégel saisonnier des parois alpines: application à l’Aiguille du Midi (3842 m, massif du Mont Blanc)

Author

Magnin, Florence, Westermann, Sebastien, Pogliotti, Paolo, Ravanel, Ludovic, Deline, Philip, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), Société Hydrotechnique de France, and EDYTEM, Océane Giorda

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

National audience; Le retrait glaciaire et les processus gravitaires associés, caractéristiques de l’évolution des milieux de haute montagne induite par le réchauffement climatique, affectent de plus en plus fortement les itinéraires d’alpinisme dont les sentiers d’accès aux refuges de haute altitude. Alors que ces changements n’ont quasiment fait l’objet d’aucune étude, cette recherche tente de caractériser et d’expliquer l’évolution sur un peu plus d’un siècle des accès aux cinq refuges situés autour de la Mer de Glace (massif du Mont Blanc), le plus grand glacier français (L = 11,5 km, S = 30 km2), haut lieu du tourisme alpin depuis 1741 et berceau de l’alpinisme. Ce travail repose sur une méthodologie en 3 étapes : 1) récolte et analyse de cartes, de topo-guides et de photographies, 2) conduite d’entretiens semi-directifs et 3) analyse de modèles numériques de terrain à haute résolution acquis par balayage laser terrestre. Si l’essentiel du xxe siècle ne présente pas d’évolution marquée, la perte d’épaisseur du glacier et la dégradation associée des moraines latérales ont donné lieu à de nombreuses modifications des itinéraires à partir des années 1990. Malgré ces adaptations, leur dangerosité s’accroit et la nécessité de les équiper est sans cesse plus importante (633 m d’échelles actuellement), remettant en question l’accessibilité future des refuges.

Published
2016

34. Quality assessment of permafrost thermal state and active layer thickness data in GTN-P

Author

Biskaborn, Boris K., Lantuit, Hugues, Dressler, Almut, Lanckman, Jean-Pierre, Johannsson, Halldor, Romanovsky, Vladimir, Cable, William, Sergeev, Dmitry, Vieira, Gonçalo, Pogliotti, Paolo, Nötzli, Jeanette, and Christiansen, Hanne H.

Abstract

The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P, gtnp.org) established the new ‘dynamic’ GTN-P Database (gtnpdatabase.org), which targets the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) permafrost, described by the thermal state of permafrost (TSP) and active layer thickness (ALT). This paper outlines the requirements for assessing the GTN-P data quality. Our aim is to conceive and discuss useful data quality indices as a basis for the 2nd official GTN-P National Correspondents Meeting in Quebec, September 2015. We describe the TSP and ALT data structures and the importance of precise metadata for the reliability of sound statements on the state and changes of permafrost. We define the most critical parameters related to quality assessment of TSP (borehole depth, number of sensors per depth, recording interval, sensor calibration) and ALT (grid structure, null values and exceeded maximum values, time consistency). We conceive and discuss a set of potential (to be reviewed at the GTN-P meeting) data quality indices by distinguishing between different borehole depths and spatial and temporal data dimensions of TSP and ALT datasets.

Published
2015

35. Thermal characteristics of permafrost in the steep alpine rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi (Mont Blanc Massif, 3842 m a.s.l)

Author

Magnin, Florence, Deline, Philip, Ravanel, Ludovic, Noetzli, Jeannette, Pogliotti, Paolo, Magnin, Florence, Deline, Philip, Ravanel, Ludovic, Noetzli, Jeannette, and Pogliotti, Paolo

Abstract

Permafrost and related thermo-hydro-mechanical processes are thought to influence high alpine rock wall stability, but a lack of field measurements means that the characteristics and processes of rock wall permafrost are poorly understood. To help remedy this situation, in 2005 work began to install a monitoring system at the Aiguille du Midi (3842ma.s.l). This paper presents temperature records from nine surface sensors (eight years of records) and three 10 m deep boreholes (4 years of records), installed at locations with different surface and bedrock characteristics. In line with previous studies, our temperature data analyses showed that: micro-meteorology controls the surface temperature, active layer thicknesses are directly related to aspect and ranged from <2m to nearly 6 m, and that thin accumulations of snow and open fractures are cooling factors. Thermal profiles empirically demonstrated the coexistence within a single rock peak of warm and cold permafrost (about −1.5 to −4.5 ˚C at 10 m depth) and the resulting lateral heat fluxes. Our results also extended current knowledge of the effect of snow, in that we found similar thermo-insulation effects as reported for gentle mountain areas. Thick snow warms shaded areas, and may reduce active layer refreezing in winter and delay its thawing in summer. However, thick snow thermo-insulation has little effect compared to the high albedo of snow which leads to cooler conditions at the rock surface in areas exposed to the sun. A consistent inflection in the thermal profiles reflected the cooling effect of an open fracture in the bedrock, which appeared to act as a thermal cutoff in the sub-surface thermal regime. Our field data are the first to be obtained from an Alpine permafrost site where borehole temperatures are below −4 ˚C, and represent a first step towards the development of strategies to investigate poorly known aspects in steep bedrock permafrost such as the effects of snow cover and fractures.

Published
2015

36. Thermal and geomorphic permafrost response to present and future climate change in the European Alps: One action within the PermaNET project

Author

Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Crepaz, A., Deline, Philip, Gruber, S., Krainer, Karl, Kroisleitner, C., Klee, A., Lieb, G.K., Mair, V., Pogliotti, Paolo, Raetzo, H., Seppi, R., Schoeneich, Philippe, Zischg, A., Institute of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], Department of Geography and Regional Scienc, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institute of Geology and Paleontology, University of Innsbruck, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Earth Science Department, University of Pavia, Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales (PACTE), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Abenis Alpinexpert srl, and Maury, Christine

Published
2011

38. L'Aiguille du Midi (massif du Mont Blanc): un site remarquable pour l'étude du permafrost des parois d'altitude

Author

Deline, Philip, Bölhert, R., Coviello, Velio, Cremonese, E., Krautblatter, M., Jaillet, Stéphane, Malet, Emmanuel, Mora Di Cella, Umberto, Noetzli, Jeannette, Pogliotti, Paolo, Ravanel, Ludovic, Sadier, Benjamin, Verleysdonk, Sarah, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Geographishes Institut, and Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn

Published
2010

42. L'Aiguille du Midi (massif du Mont Blanc) : un site remarquable pour l'étude du permafrost des parois d'altitude

Author

Deline, Philip, primary, Coviello, Velio, additional, Cremonese, Edoardo, additional, Gruber, Stephan, additional, Krautblatter, Michael, additional, Jaillet, Stéphane, additional, Malet, Emmanuel, additional, Morra di Cella, Umberto, additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Rabatel, Antoine, additional, Ravanel, Ludovic, additional, Sadier, Benjamin, additional, and Verleysdonk, Sarah, additional

Published
2009
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43. Sensitivity of snow models to the accuracy of the meteorological forcing in a mountain environment.

Author

Terzago, Silvia, Pogliotti, Paolo, Cremonese, Edoardo, Cella, Umberto Morra di, Gabellani, Simone, Piazzi, Gaia, Dolia, Daniele, Cassardo, Claudio, Andreoli, Valentina, Hardenberg, Jost von, Palazzi, Elisa, and Provenzale, Antonello

Subjects
*SNOW accumulation, *ATMOSPHERIC models, *SNOWPACK augmentation, *SNOW cover, *SNOW, *MOUNTAINS, *TIME series analysis
Abstract

A wide range of snow models with different degrees of complexity is currently available, and typically the higher is the model sophistication, the heavier are input data requirements and computational costs. The choice of an appropriate degree of complexity depends on the specific purpose. Multi-layer, physically-based snow models are typically used to reconstruct the vertical structure of the snowpack with a high level of detail and high accuracy, for example useful for avalanche risk forecasting, while simpler physical or empirical snow models are employed as one component of a modelling chain, or when a coarse estimate of snow cover characteristics is sufficient. Among the major challenges for cryospheric modelling research are i) the quantification of the snow model complexity which is needed to achieve accurate estimates of snow mass in different modelling frameworks and ii) the assessment of how the accuracy of the meteorological variables used to force snow models affects the quality of snow simulations. The latter aspect is particularly crucial in high mountain environments, where the variability of meteorological parameters is high both in space and time. In the present work five snow models of different complexity – the multi-layer models SNOWPACK and GeoTOP, the intermediate complexity models UTOPIA and SMASH, and the relatively simpler model S3M – are compared to assess their ability in reproducing the temporal evolution of snow water equivalent, snow density and snow depth, at the experimental site of Torgnon, 2160 m a.s.l. in the Western Italian Alps. High-quality meteorological forcing and detailed characterization of snowpack properties are available for this measurement site. First, we evaluate the models forced by the accurate Torgnon station measurements at 30 minute temporal resolution, to measure the model skills in case of "optimal" forcing. Second, we force the models with input data with gradually lowered frequency and/or accuracy, which are obtained by spatial interpolation of neighboring station measurements and from three global reanalyses (ERA-Interim, ERA5 and GLDAS) by extracting the meteorological time series at the gridpoint closest to the Torgnon station.This study provides information on how sensitive the snow models are to the accuracy of forcing data, exploring the feasibility of driving these models with coarser spatial and temporal resolution datasets, including interpolation of surface station measurements and reanalyses, typically the only data available in remote mountain areas. Guidelines on the trade-offs between model complexity and model performances are also provided, with the perspective of employing the best performing models to simulate past and future snowpack conditions at fine spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

44. IT19-T Alpi Nord-Occidentali

Author

Freppaz, Michele, Viglietti, Davide, Pintaldi, Emanuele, D'Amico, Michele, Colombo, Nicola, Martin, Maria, Lombardi, Giampiero, Lonati, Michele, Giardino, Marco, Perotti, Luigi, Cremonese, Edoardo, Isabellon, Michel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Galvagno, Marta, Pogliotti, Paolo, Filippa, Gianluca, Petey, Martina, Balestrini, Raffaella, Salerno, Franco, Bocca, Massimo, and Barni, Elena

Subjects
phenology and measurement of carbon fluxes, biogeochemical cycles in seasonally snow covered areas, LTER-Italy, emical and physical properties of soil and snow, 15. Life on land, LTER, paleosols, permafrost and pond water monitoring, forest and grassland ecosystems
Abstract

The macrosite is included in LTER-Italia network since 2009 and represents high-elevation environments of Northwestern Alps. The macrosite includes six research sites located on an elevation-gradient, from 1700 to 3300 m a.s.l., and is characterized by forests (where Larch and Spruce are dominant species) and alpine grasslands. Consequently, soils are considerably heterogeneous in term of different degree of evolution. Snow is an important driving factor, since it covers soil from 5 to 9 months/year, and could have a strong effect on soil chemical and physical dynamics also during the subsequent growing season. Currently, the macrosite has many international collaborations, such as the LTER site Niwot Ridge (Colorado) managed by the University of Colorado - INSTAAR. The main research activities carried out in the macrosite concern the analysis of the interaction between soil/vegetation and water at elevations ranging between the subalpine and the nival belts, through a multidisciplinary approach.

45. IT19-T Alpi Nord-Occidentali

Author

Freppaz, Michele, Viglietti, Davide, Pintaldi, Emanuele, D'Amico, Michele, Colombo, Nicola, Martin, Maria, Lombardi, Giampiero, Lonati, Michele, Giardino, Marco, Perotti, Luigi, Cremonese, Edoardo, Isabellon, Michel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Galvagno, Marta, Pogliotti, Paolo, Filippa, Gianluca, Petey, Martina, Balestrini, Raffaella, Salerno, Franco, Bocca, Massimo, and Barni, Elena

Subjects
phenology and measurement of carbon fluxes, biogeochemical cycles in seasonally snow covered areas, LTER-Italy, emical and physical properties of soil and snow, 15. Life on land, LTER, paleosols, permafrost and pond water monitoring, forest and grassland ecosystems
Abstract

The macrosite is included in LTER-Italia network since 2009 and represents high-elevation environments of Northwestern Alps. The macrosite includes six research sites located on an elevation-gradient, from 1700 to 3300 m a.s.l., and is characterized by forests (where Larch and Spruce are dominant species) and alpine grasslands. Consequently, soils are considerably heterogeneous in term of different degree of evolution. Snow is an important driving factor, since it covers soil from 5 to 9 months/year, and could have a strong effect on soil chemical and physical dynamics also during the subsequent growing season. Currently, the macrosite has many international collaborations, such as the LTER site Niwot Ridge (Colorado) managed by the University of Colorado - INSTAAR. The main research activities carried out in the macrosite concern the analysis of the interaction between soil/vegetation and water at elevations ranging between the subalpine and the nival belts, through a multidisciplinary approach.

46. On the role of Saharan dust events on snow season duration in the European Alps.

Author

Di Mauro, Biagio, Garzonio, Roberto, Rossini, Micol, Filippa, Gianluca, Pogliotti, Paolo, Galvagno, Marta, di Cella, Umberto Morra, Migliavacca, Mirco, Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Dumont, Marie, Tuzet, François, Lafaysse, Matthieu, Morin, Samuel, Cremonese, Edoardo, and Colombo, Roberto

Published
2018

47. Fracture kinematics in steep bedrock permafrost, Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l., Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France)

Author

guillet, gregoire, Ravanel, Ludovic, Beutel, Jan, Deline, Philip, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Edited by Philip Deline, Xavier Bodin and Ludovic Ravanel, Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, Philippe Schoeneich, Deline, Philip, Bodin, Xavier, Ravanel, Ludovic, Barboux, Chloé, Delaloye, Reynald, Lambiel, Christophe, Magnin, Florence, Pogliotti, Paolo, Schoeneich, Philippe, Referent HAL Edytem, Christine Maury, and Co-editors: Chloé Barboux, Reynald Delaloye, Christophe Lambiel, Florence Magnin, Marco Marcer, Paolo Pogliotti, Philippe Schoeneich

Subjects
permafrost, fracture kinematics, thermo-cryogenic processes, irreversible displacement, extensometry, Mont Blanc massif, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Permafrost-affected rockwalls can suffer from mechanical fatigue related to thermo-cryogenic processes. However, these processes, the rock slope kinematics, and the links between both remain largely unclear. This study reports five years of crackmeter measurements at 2-hours resolution from six of the main perennially ice-filled rock clefts at the Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif). Seasonal and inter-annual variations as well as response of fracture kinematics to thermo-cryogenic process are analyzed.

Published
2018
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