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Purpose: Diabetes is a chronic disease with a significant socio-economic burden. Recognizing its risk factors and gender differences within its physio-pathological mechanisms may allow early diagnosis. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on gender differences in terms of prevalence, risk factors and pathogenesis for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes., Methods: A comprehensive search of English-language articles was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library until July 2024. We selected all studies that assessed gender differences on risk factors for diabetes and prediabetes., Results: T1D is an autoimmune disease, with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Contrary to most autoimmune diseases, it has a male gender bias, with a male predominance incidence after puberty, for which the involvement of hormones has been hypothesized in addition to genetic predisposition. In T2D, the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is recognized as the main predisposing factor for insulin resistance and consequent β-cells loss and dysfunction. Sex hormones influence fat disposition resulting in different body composition between males and females and different metabolic impact. Gender differences in dietary patterns and socio-cultural determinants also influence the risk of T2D. Also, a gender-related risk factor has been detected in prediabetes; indeed, females are at greater risk of impaired glucose tolerance than males., Conclusions: Evidence shows the existence of gender differences in risk factors for T1D, T2D and prediabetes. This suggests that gender should be considered in prevention and screening programs, with the goal of reducing incidence or making an early diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: Nothing to declare., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE).)

Diabetic Foot Syndrome is a complex and challenging clinical condition associated with high risk of mortality and lower limb amputation. The distal lesions represent the epiphenomenon of this syndrome and request a multidisciplinary care and an appropriate therapeutic path to ensure their healing. This case report describes the management of burns in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, end stage renal disease and Diabetic Foot Syndrome. The lesions were treated with autologous epidermal skin graft until healing. Products that stimulate or replace extracellular matrix, which has a central role in wound healing, can be consider in the treatment of burns and offer a simpler and less disabling reconstructive possibility for the patient., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.