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Aim of the Study: This review aims to investigate the pharmacologically induced discoloration of teeth and bones, focusing on how various medications affect the coloration of tooth enamel and dentin. The study seeks to provide insight into the mechanisms behind intrinsic and extrinsic discoloration and their clinical implications. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Keywords related to tooth discoloration and medications were used to identify relevant studies, including clinical trials and case reports published between 1990 and 2023. Studies that focused on medication-related discoloration of enamel and bone were analyzed to explore the biochemical interactions between drugs and dental tissues. Results and Discussion: The review identified several classes of medications, including tetracyclines, fluoride, antineoplastic agents, antimalarials, and iron supplements, as primary contributors to both intrinsic and extrinsic tooth discoloration. Tetracycline binds to calcium during tooth formation, leading to permanent discoloration. Fluoride can cause enamel hypomineralization, resulting in fluorosis. Antimalarials and iron supplements cause extrinsic stains due to complex formation with enamel minerals. Treatment options range from professional cleaning and bleaching to more invasive procedures like veneers and crowns, depending on the type and severity of the discoloration. Conclusion: Medication-induced tooth discoloration presents significant clinical challenges due to its varied mechanisms, including intrinsic staining from systemic incorporation of drugs and extrinsic staining from surface agents. Early identification of high-risk medications, preventive measures, and appropriate treatment are essential to minimize aesthetic and psychological impacts. While extrinsic stains are easier to manage, intrinsic discoloration often requires restorative approaches, such as veneers or crowns, for effective resolution.

The global rise in overweight and obesity has become a significant health issue, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obesity not only increases the risk of severe disease and complications from SARS-CoV-2 but also exacerbates symptoms of post-COVID syndrome. This complex of symptoms is often more pronounced in individuals with obesity, leading to greater challenges in recovery.The article discusses the implementation of a rehabilitation program specifically designed for obese patients recovering from COVID-19, focusing on addressing physical deconditioning. The program aims to improve overall health outcomes by enhancing physical fitness and alleviating post-COVID symptoms. By tailoring rehabilitation strategies to meet the unique needs of this population, the initiative seeks to promote better recovery trajectories and improve quality of life for those affected

Abstract Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of melanocyte function, development and plays a significant role in melanoma pathogenesis. MITF genomic amplification promotes melanoma development, and it can facilitate resistance to multiple therapies. Here, we show that MITF regulates a global antioxidant program that increases survival of melanoma cell lines by protecting the cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. In addition, this redox program is correlated with MITF expression in human melanoma cell lines and patient-derived melanoma samples. Using a zebrafish melanoma model, we show that MITF decreases ROS-mediated DNA damage in vivo. Some of the MITF target genes involved, such as IDH1 and NNT, are regulated through direct MITF binding to canonical enhancer box (E-BOX) sequences proximal to their promoters. Utilizing functional experiments, we demonstrate the role of MITF and its target genes in reducing cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS. Collectively, our data identify MITF as a significant driver of the cellular antioxidant state.

Aim of the Study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of different inorganic dental cements by reviewing existing literature, discussing their properties, applications, and advancements, and outlining future prospects in this field. Introduction: Dental cements play a critical role in restorative dentistry, providing essential properties like adhesion, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength necessary for the success and longevity of dental restorations. Among the inorganic dental cements, zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements are widely used due to their distinct advantages and specific applications. Methods and Materials: A thorough literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed studies and clinical reports on zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. The analysis focused on comparing their chemical compositions, mechanical properties, adhesion capabilities, biocompatibility, and clinical performance. Results: Zinc phosphate cement is noted for its high compressive strength but lacks adhesion to tooth structures and can cause postoperative sensitivity. Glass ionomer cement offers fluoride release and good adhesion but has lower mechanical strength. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement combines the benefits of both, providing enhanced mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and fluoride release. Conclusions: Inorganic dental cements each present unique benefits and limitations. Zinc phosphate is best for its mechanical strength, glass ionomer for caries prevention, and resin-modified glass ionomer for a balanced performance. Future advancements in nanotechnology and adhesive formulations promise further improvements in dental cement properties, enhancing restorative dentistry outcomes.

Liquid biopsy (LBx) provides diagnostic, prognostic and predictive insights for malignant diseases and offers promising applications regarding tumor burden, tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution.

This study aimed to measure the total arsenic content deposited in the ovaries of three consecutive generations of mice. The animals were treated with two different concentrations to determine whether histological changes were caused in the ovaries. The control group of mice received tap water, whereas the experimental groups were given different concentrations of dissolved arsenic (III)-oxide. The arsenic content in the ovaries in both experimental groups increased with each generation. The highest content was recorded in the third generation of the second experimental group. Between the two experimental groups in each generation, significant differences in the average number of corpora lutea and ovarian follicles were identified. Arsenic caused structural changes in the ovaries in both experimental groups in all three consecutive generations.

Abstract Owing to their improved catalytic stability and ability to undergo repeated cycles, solid-supported catalysts show great potential for various catalytic reactions. In this study, we synthesized a catalyst comprising a palladium-2,2-bipyridine complex supported on TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2@BDP-PdCl2) fully characterised and investigated its efficacy in Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reactions involving phenyl boronic acid with various aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. The 2,2′- bipyridine (bp) has shown excellent complexation properties for Pd (II) and it could be easily anchored onto functionalized TiO2 support by the bridging carboxylate ions. The composition and structure of the as-prepared catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The catalyst easily demonstrated separability, enhancing its practicality in catalytic processes. Subsequent utilization showed a consistent activity level, suggesting the stabilization of the aggregated catalyst species. This research sheds light on the importance of catalyst stability and maintenance during consecutive reaction cycles.

The study of large carnivores in semi-arid ecosystems presents inherent challenges due to their low densities, extensive home ranges, and elusive nature. We explore the potential for the synthesis of traditional knowledge (i.e. art of tracking) and modern technology to address challenges in conservation and wildlife research in these challenging environments. Our research focuses on the African lion (Panthera leo) in the Central Kalahari region of Botswana as a model system to demonstrate the potential of this integrative approach. Combining GPS tracking and traditional San trackers’ expertise, we present two case studies: (1) the individual identification of lions via a combination of tracking and footprint analysis and (2) the monitoring of territorial behavior through a combination of GPS technology (i.e. GPS collars and handheld GPS devices) and non-invasive tracking. These approaches enhance our understanding of carnivore ecology as well as support conservation efforts by offering a non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly accurate means of monitoring populations. Our findings underscore the value of merging traditional tracking skills with contemporary analytical and technological developments to offer new insights into the ecology of carnivores in challenging environments. This approach not only improves data collection accuracy and efficiency but also fosters a deeper understanding of wildlife, ensuring the conservation and sustainable management of these species. Our work advocates for the inclusion of indigenous knowledge in conservation science, highlighting its relevance and applicability across various disciplines, thereby broadening the methodologies used to study wildlife, monitor populations, and inform conservation strategies.

In the numerical simulation study of the underwater explosion, the grid size and the artificial viscosity coefficient of the primary term have a large impact on the calculation results of the peak pressure of the shock wave. Under the condition of predetermined calculation accuracy, it is of great significance to quickly determine the grid size and artificial viscosity for numerical calculation. For this reason, based on LS-DYNA finite element software, a two-dimensional underwater explosion numerical calculation model of 78 g trinitrotoluene (TNT) was established to analyze the influence of the grid size and the viscosity coefficient of the primary term on the peak pressure of the underwater explosion shock wave and the overall calculation error. The results show that with the increase in the grid density factor, the sensitivity of calculated peak pressure to the grid decreases. When the grid density is larger, a small primary term coefficient will cause the relative error between the calculated peak pressure and the empirical formula value to increase. On this basis, the relationship among the error, grid size, and viscosity coefficient within 20% is obtained, and an error prediction model that can be used to quickly determine the grid size and the artificial viscosity coefficient of the primary term is constructed. Through the underwater explosion calculation of cylindrical TNT charge (aspect ratio of 1) and spherical TNTcharge in the range of 0.2–5 000 kg, the universality of the prediction model is verified, which can provide a reference for the numerical simulation of underwater explosion shock wave in the two-dimensional near-field range.

This paper analyses the aging of the population in AP Vojvodina (Serbia) in the period from 2002 to 2022, with a focus on eight cities. The results reveal complex dynamics related to urban decline and population aging. In this period, although the share of the urban population in the total population of Vojvodina increased by 5.1 percentage points, the number of residents in urban areas decreased by 6.2%. That indicates significant regional variations within Vojvodina, with some cities recording a noticeable decrease in inhabitants. Analysing the demographic factors that contribute to the decline of cities, the research observes an increase in elderly, the median age and the old dependency ratio. We focus on the accelerated increase in the share of elderly (65 and over) (2011-2022). This trend has significant implications for the economic structure, social resources and the health sector, given the needs of the elderly population for health care and support. The research emphasizes the importance of looking at the demographic dynamics and the process of population aging and the necessity of creating adequate policies to face the challenge of declining cities in Vojvodina.

The article summarizes the main scientific approaches to determining the essence of the category of «corruption». Based on the analyses of domestic and foreign publications, the authors’ own definition of corruption is proposed, which is considered as the purposeful dishonest actions of a person/persons aimed at using their powers not in an officially formally defined way, but in order to obtain unlawful benefits for themselves or a third party/parties, leading to the emergence of potential negative material and non-material losses for other individuals, their groups, the State and society in general. The data on the value of the Corruption Perceptions Index, the scale for assessing its level and sources of information for studying the perception of corruption in Ukraine are systematized. The possible reasons for Ukraine’s lagging behind in terms of the Corruption Perceptions Index compared to neighboring countries are substantiated. The main recommendations on the part of Transparency International Ukraine, an accredited representative of the global movement Transparency International, regarding Ukraine’s further steps for 2024 in the fight against corruption are highlighted as follows: to increase the efficiency of the fight against corruption at the highest levels of big business and public service; improve the system of using the assets of corrupt officials and pro-russian accomplices; improve the system of transparency and monitoring of public procurement. Practical recommendations for reducing the level of corruption in Ukraine during martial law are proposed, which, in turn, will contribute to improving the socioeconomic development of the country and serve as a foundation for further European integration processes in Ukraine. In particular, emphasis is placed on the need to pay special attention to taking into account the recommendations of international partners in a timely manner; further improvement of anti-corruption legislation in Ukraine; creation of «profiled codes of conduct» for public servants; resumption of the processes of competitive selection of managers, heads of executive bodies, and members of supervisory boards of the State-owned enterprises and submission of their financial statements, which is now an urgent task to restore public confidence in the government.

Deruralization is a process that began with the development of industry in today's developed Western world. The abandonment of villages in Serbia started between the two world wars, only to gain more intense momentum after the Second World War. In the first decades of the 21st century in Serbia, this process reached a critical point due to the large number of abandoned villages, the aging population in the villages and the decreasing workforce capable of performing tasks in rural areas. This paper analyses the movement of the rural population in the regions of Serbia and its municipalities. The census data were processed using descriptive statistics, and the data for the entire country by municipalities were presented using the cartographic method. Finally, the problems and possible consequences of such trends in the movement of rural population were dealt with. Possible ways of revitalizing rural areas were also emphasized.

Background: Female urethral strictures are infrequent, which explains why the literature on female urethral stricture therapies is scarce. We present the results and complications of dorsal buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty in female patients with urethral stricture. METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2019, 25 women aged 33 to 65 with urethral stricture disease underwent urethral restoration with a dorsal onlay buccal mucosa transplant. Uroflowmetry (Q max) and micturating cystourethrography were used to diagnose patients. To rule out bladder pathology, a urodynamic examination was performed. Following catheter removal, UFR was performed every three months for one year, then every six months. RESULTS: The average age of the paƟents was 52.48 years. A stricture's average length was 1.9 cm. Before and aŌer surgery, the mean Q max was 6.7 ml/s and 19.6 ml/s, respectively. The majority of UFR patients following catheter removal had a Q max of more than 15ml/hr. After three months of catheter removal, three patients complained of inadequate flow, which was dealt with with urethral dilation twice a week, and their strictures were resolved after six months. CONCLUSION: The dorsal technique with buccal mucosa transfer allowed us to successfully restore an appropriate urethra in females.