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Podophrya sandi Collin, 1912 Crustacean host: Cambarellus (Cambarellus) patzcuarensis Villalobos, 1943 (cited as Cambarellus patzcuarensis); Decapoda. Crustacean body regions: antennules, antennae, pereiopods, pleopods, uropods, telson and carapace. Locality: Pátzcuaro Lake, Michoacán, Mexico (19.630375 N, 101.64728 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Mayén-Estrada (1997). Additional references: Mayén-Estrada & Aladro-Lubel (1998); Fernandez-Leborans et al. (2006a); Fernandez-Leborans (2009). Crustacean host: Raddaus bocourti; Decapoda. Crustacean body region: carapace. Locality: Río 13, Chiapas, Mexico (16,090,774 N, 91,646,002 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Ramírez-Ballesteros (2017). Additional reference: Ramírez-Ballesteros & Mayén-Estrada (2019)., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2022, A checklist of species of Podophryidae (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as Epibionts of Crustaceans, pp. 573-580 in Zootaxa 5209 (5) on page 576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7340949, {"references":["Mayen-Estrada, R. (1997) Ciliados asociados a Cambarellus patzcuarensis Villalobos, 1943, del Lago de Patzcuaro Michoacan. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 238 pp.","Mayen-Estrada, R. & Aladro-Lubel, M. A. (1998) Tres especies de suctores (Protozoa: Ciliophora) ectosimbiontes del acocil Cambarellus patzcuarensis. Anales del Instituto de Biologia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Serie Zoologia, 69 (1), 1 - 12.","Fernandez-Leborans, G., Arndt, C. & Gabilondo, R. (2006 a) Protozoan epibionts and their distribution on the arctic ice-amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii from Spitsbergen, Norway. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 38 (3), 343 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1657 / 1523 - 0430 (2006) 38 [343: PEATDO] 2.0. CO; 2","Ramirez-Ballesteros, M. (2017) Ciliados epibiontes de crustaceos decapodos de agua dulce en la region de los lagos de Montebello, Chiapas. Un enfoque citologico, taxonomico y ecologico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 128 pp.","Ramirez-Ballesteros, M. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2019) Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae. Zootaxa, 4648 (2), 384 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4648.2.11"]}

Podophrya maupasi Bütschli, 1889 Crustacean host: Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902; Decapoda. Crustacean body regions: eyes, maxillipeds, pereiopods, pleopods and telson. Locality: Poso Lake, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (1.93969 S, 120.60283 E). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Fernandez-Leborans & von Rintelen (2007). Additional reference: Fernandez-Leborans & von Rintelen (2010). Crustacean host: Raddaus bocourti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1866); Decapoda. Crustacean body region: antennae. Locality: Rio 13, Chiapas, Mexico (16,090,774 N, 91,646,002 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Ramírez-Ballesteros (2017). Additional reference: Ramírez-Ballesteros & Mayén-Estrada (2019)., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2022, A checklist of species of Podophryidae (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as Epibionts of Crustaceans, pp. 573-580 in Zootaxa 5209 (5) on page 576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7340949, {"references":["Fernandez-Leborans, G. & von Rintelen, C. (2007) Epibiontic communities on the freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) from Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia). Journal of Natural History, 41 (45 - 48), 2891 - 2917. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701787871","Fernandez-Leborans, G. & von Rintelen, C. (2010) Biodiversity and distribution of epibiontic communities on Caridina ensifera (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) from Lake Poso, comparison with another ancient lake system of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 91, 163 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.2009.00395. x","Ramirez-Ballesteros, M. (2017) Ciliados epibiontes de crustaceos decapodos de agua dulce en la region de los lagos de Montebello, Chiapas. Un enfoque citologico, taxonomico y ecologico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 128 pp.","Ramirez-Ballesteros, M. & Mayen-Estrada, R. (2019) Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae. Zootaxa, 4648 (2), 384 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4648.2.11"]}

Podophrya sp. Crustacean host: Caridina lanceolata Woltereck, 1937; Decapoda Crustacean body regions:a antennae, antennules, maxillipeds, pereiopods, pleopods and telson. Locality: Lake Mahalona, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (2.599273 S, 121.49944 E). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Fernandez-Leborans et al. (2006b)., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2022, A checklist of species of Podophryidae (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as Epibionts of Crustaceans, pp. 573-580 in Zootaxa 5209 (5) on page 576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7340949, {"references":["Fernandez-Leborans, G., Zitzlerb, K. & Gabilondo, R. (2006 b) Epibiont protozoan communities on Caridina lanceolata (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Malili lakes of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 245, 167 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2006.06.002"]}

Podophrya fixa O. F. Müller, 1786 Crustacean host: Cambarus sp.; Decapoda. Crustacean body region: pleopods. Locality: Niagara River, Buffalo, U. S. A. (42.960941 N, 78.930856 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Stokes (1888). Additional reference: Morado & Small (1995). Crustacean host: Cyclops sp.; Copepoda. Locality: Biemiller’s Cove, Ohio, U. S.A. (41.459977 N, 82.714115 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Landacre (1908). Crustacean host: Copepoda. Locality: Tecocomulco lake, Hidalgo, Mexico (19.853760 N, 98.387002 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Aladro-Lubel & Sánchez-Calderón (2005). Crustacean host: Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, 1897; Amphipoda. Crustacean body regions: antennae, maxillipeds, pereiopods, pleopods, uropods and telson. Locality: Spitsbergen, Norway (79.23376 N, 20.519149 E). Habitat: marine. Original reference: Fernandez-Leborans et al. (2006a). Additional references: Fernandez-Leborans (2009); Fernandez-Leborans & Cárdenas (2009). Crustacean host: Lithodes santolla (Molina, 1782); Decapoda. Crustacean body regions: antennae and antennules. Locality: San Juan Bay, Punta Arenas, Chile (53.633333 S, 70.9333333 W). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Fernandez-Leborans & Cárdenas (2009). Crustacean host: Pontastacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) (cited as Astacus leptodactylus); Decapoda. Crustacean body regions: pereiopods, pleopods, telson, uropods and mouth parts. Locality: Aras Dam, West Azerbaijan, Iran (39.090934 N, 45.402059 E). Habitat: freshwater. Original reference: Nekuie-Fard et al. (2011). Additional reference: Nekuie-Fard et al. (2015)., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2022, A checklist of species of Podophryidae (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as Epibionts of Crustaceans, pp. 573-580 in Zootaxa 5209 (5) on pages 575-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7340949, {"references":["Morado, J. F. & Small, E. B. (1995) Ciliate parasites and related diseases of Crustacea: a review. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 3 (4), 275 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10641269509388575","Landacre, F. L. (1908) The protozoa of Sandusky Bay and vicinity. Proceedings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, IV (10), 42 - 472.","Aladro-Lubel, M. A. & Sanchez-Calderon, G. (2005) Ciliados epibiontes de la vegetacion sumergida y de los invertebrados de la laguna de Tecocomulco. In: Huizar-Alvarez, R., Jimenez-Fernandez, E. J. & Juarez-Lopez, C. (Eds.), La Laguna de Tecocomulco: geo-Geologia de un desastre. Instituto de Geologia, UNAM, Mexico, pp. 169 - 178.","Fernandez-Leborans, G., Arndt, C. & Gabilondo, R. (2006 a) Protozoan epibionts and their distribution on the arctic ice-amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii from Spitsbergen, Norway. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 38 (3), 343 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1657 / 1523 - 0430 (2006) 38 [343: PEATDO] 2.0. CO; 2","Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Cardenas, C. (2009) Epibiotic protozoan communities on juvenile southern king crabs (Lithodes santolla) from subantarctic areas. Polar Biology, 32, 1693 - 1703. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0669 - 3","Nekuie-Fard, A., Motalebi, A., Jalali-Jafari, B., Aghazadeh-Meshgi, M., Azadikhah, D. & Afsharnasab, M. (2011) Survey on fungal, parasites and epibionts infestation on the Astacus leptodactylus in Aras Reservoir West Azarbaijan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10 (2), 266 - 275.","Nekuie-Fard, A., Afsharnasab, M., Seidgar, M., Kakoolaki, S., Azadikhah, D. & Asem, A. (2015) Protozoan epibionts on Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) from Aras Reservoir, Northwest Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14 (2), 308 - 320."]}

The epibiotic relationship between crustaceans and ciliates is frequent, for example, with species of suctorians. This work aims to present an updated list of species of the family Podophryidae worldwide distributed as epibionts of crustaceans and its geographic distribution. The available literature was checked, and all the species were verified. We found four species and four species indeterminata attached to 16 species of crustaceans. For the American continent, we obtained four species, and for Africa and Oceania, we did not find any species.

A compilation of the ciliate epibiont species (Ciliophora) found on marine and fresh water cnidarians has been carried out based on published records. The checklist includes the taxonomic position of each species of epibiontic ciliate, the species of basibiont cnidarians, the geographic zones and the bibliographic references where they were recorded. Cnidarians, especially colonial sessile forms, represent suitable substrates for numerous sessile and vagile ciliates. Altogether 79 ciliate species belong to five classes viz. Spirotrichea, Heterotrichea, Phyllopharingea, Suctorea and Oligohymenophorea were listed. The most diverce as epibions on cnidarians are representatives of Suctorea with 41 species and Peritrichia (under the class Oligohymenophorea) with 25 species. Three species belong to class Spirotrichea, four Heterotrichea and one Phyllopharingea. Among the other representatives (except Peritrichia) of class Oligohymenophorea, four species belong to subclass Scutucociliatia, one species each in subclass Hymenostomatia and Apostomatia. One suctorian species Ophryodendron abietinum and two species of peritrichs, Cothurnia cordylophora and Rhabdostyla sertularium one Heterotrichea Halofolliculina corallasia and one Scutucociliatia Philaster guamensis are likely specific to cnidarian hosts only.

GENUS Podophrya Ehrenberg, 1834 Podophrya maupasi Butschli , 1889 The body is spherical with 16 tentacles distributed over the entire body surface; without a lorica; the stalk is about the same length as the trophont; the macronucleus is spherical and is situated in the central part of the body; contractile vacuole near to the apical region. Known previous records. There are no worldwide previous records on crustaceans, this is the first., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3354798

Podophrya sandi Collin, 1911 The body is spherical with capitate tentacles distributed over the entire body surface; the spherical macronucleus and the contractile vacuole are located centrally of the body. Known previous records. Podophrya sandi has been reported on the crayfish Cambarellus (Cambarellus) patzcuarensis (cited as Cambarellus patzcuarensis) (Cambaridae) in Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico (Mayén-Estrada & Aladro-Lubel 1998)., Published as part of Ramírez-Ballesteros, Mireya & Mayén-Estrada, Rosaura, 2019, Suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of decapods of families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae, pp. 384-392 in Zootaxa 4648 (2) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3354798, {"references":["Mayen-Estrada, R. & Aladro-Lubel, M. A. (1998) Tres especies de suctores (Protozoa: Ciliophora) ectosimbiontes del acocil Cambarellus (Cambarellus) patzcuarensis. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia, 69 (1), 1 - 12."]}

Epibiosis is common among ciliates and crustaceans because the calcified surface of the crustacean body offers a suitable site for colonization by the epibiont. Suctoria are among the most common epibiont ciliate groups of freshwater decapod crustaceans. The aim of this study is to increase knowledge of suctorians as epibionts of freshwater decapod crustaceans of the families Cambaridae and Pseudothelphusidae. Crustaceans were collected from three rivers and one pond in Chiapas, Mexico. Six species of suctorian epibionts were recorded: Acineta tuberosa, Podophrya maupasi, P. sandi, Tokophrya cyclopum, T. quadripartita and Trichophrya epistylidis. This is the first record of ciliate epibionts on members of family Pseudothelphusidae (represented by Phrygiopilus montebelloensis and Raddaus bocourti), and the first record of suctorians epibionts on Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. (Cambaridae).

Podophrya fixa (O.F. M��ller, 1786) Fig. 3 c. The cell is spherical, stalk long, thin, slightly bent. Numerous capitate tentacles, variable in length, equally spaced over the body surface. There is one centrally located, spherical macronucleus, and one contractile vacuole. Reproduction by pseudo-scissiparity producing a bud that is approximately a same size as a mother cell with about 12 longitudinal rows of cilia and several rudimentary tentacles (Curds, 1986). The stalked oviform cyst with four transversal ribs is characteristic for this species. Dimensions (in ��m): body diameter 10���40; length of stalk 80���100; stalk diameter 4���5; macronucleus diameter 11���15; length of tentacles 12���25. Previous measurements: body diameter 25���70; length of stalk 35���140; length of tentacles until 120. Material examined. Found as epibiont of: Plea leachi. Ukraine. Small lake in high-water bed of Desna river near village Klad���kovka, Chernigov region, 12.07. 1984. Additional records. On Cambarus Erichson (Morado & Small, 1995). On algae; seawater, wastewater; aquatic plants, copepods, sewage treatment plants (Matthes et al. 1988). On aquatic plants, copepod, sewage treatment plants (Aladro-Lubel et al. 2006). On Gammarus wilitzkii Birula (Fernandez-Leborans, 2009; Fernandez- Leborans et al. 2006)., Published as part of Mari��o-P��rez, Ricardo, Dovgal, Igor & May��n-Estrada, Rosaura, 2011, New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe, pp. 48-60 in Zootaxa 2798 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277026, {"references":["Curds, C. R. (1986) A revision of the Suctoria (Ciliophora, Kinetofragminophorea) 4. Podophrya and its morphological relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 50 (2), 59 - 91.","Morado, J. F. & Small, E. G. (1995) Ciliate Parasites and Related Diseases of Crustacea: A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 3 (4), 275 - 354.","Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolariidae (Peritrichia). Protozoenfauna Band 7 / 1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 309 pp.","Aladro-Lubel, M. A., Mayen-Estrada, R. & Reyes-Santos, M. (2006) Registro actualizado de ciliados (agosto 2004). Listados faunisticos de Mexico. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM. Mexico, 97 pp.","Fernandez-Leborans, G. (2009) A review of recently described epibioses of Ciliate Protozoa on Crustacea. Crustaceana, 82 (2), 168 - 189."]}

Here, we provide new records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria), epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) collected in Ukraine, Belarus and Mexico. The worldwide distribution of the 16 species we found is updated, from which, 15 species are new records as epibionts of 15 species of aquatic true bugs. Only for the suctorian Discophrya gessneri Matthes, we confirm the previous record (epibiont of Aphelocheirus aestivalis Fabricius). We conclude that the relationship between the suctorians and aquatic true bugs is poorly studied and some suctorian genera (Dis- cophrya Lachmann and Periacineta Collin) inhabit as nepomorphans as other aquatic insects (Coleoptera). However the high degree of specificity at the species level of these genera is evident, for which we provide some possible explanations according to the group of basibiont.