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Polycaprolactone (PCL) has recently received significant attention due to its mechanical strength, low immunogenicity, elasticity, and biodegradability. Therefore, it is perfectly suitable for cartilage tissue engineering. PCL is relatively hydrophobic in nature, so its hydrophilicity needs to be enhanced before its use in scaffolding. In our study, first, we aimed to improve the hydrophilicity properties after the network of the bilayer scaffold was formed by electrospinning. Electrospun bilayer PCL scaffolds were treated with ozone and further loaded with transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGFβ3). In vitro studies were performed to determine the rabbit muscle-derived stem cells’ (rMDSCs) potential to differentiate into chondrocytes after the cells were seeded onto the scaffolds. Statistically significant results indicated that ozonated (O) scaffolds create a better environment for rMDSCs because collagen-II (Coll2) concentrations at day 21 were higher than non-ozonated (NO) scaffolds. In in vivo studies, we aimed to determine the cartilage regeneration outcomes by macroscopical and microscopical/histological evaluations at 3- and 6-month time-points. The Oswestry Arthroscopy Score (OAS) was the highest at both mentioned time-points using the scaffold loaded with TGFβ3 and rMDSCs. Evaluation of cartilage electromechanical quantitative parameters (QPs) showed significantly better results in cell-treated scaffolds at both 3 and 6 months. Safranin O staining indicated similar results as in macroscopical evaluations—cell-treated scaffolds revealed greater staining with safranin, although an empty defect also showed better results than non-cell-treated scaffolds. The scaffold with chondrocytes represented the best score when the scaffolds were evaluated with the Mankin histological grading scale. However, as in previous in vivo evaluations, cell-treated scaffolds showed better results than non-cell-treated scaffolds. In conclusion, we have investigated that an ozone-treated scaffold containing TGFβ3 with rMDSC is a proper combination and could be a promising scaffold for cartilage regeneration.

Background: Both humans and small animals suffer from similar metabolic and structural diseases that impact the musculoskeletal system; however, instead of studying animal disease in its own right, animals are more often used as models for research into various human ailments, such as osteoporosis. There are few studies indicating that animals may suffer from osteoporosis, which raises the question of why small animals, which we believe to be equally susceptible, receive so little attention. With this research, we hope to draw the attention of researchers to the fact that the examination of animals for this disease is just as important as the examination of humans; human osteoporosis research receives a great deal of attention, while animals and their health are neglected. Aims: We aimed to analyse the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thickness of first (L1) and second (L2) lumbar vertebrae samples from five cadavers using histomorphometric analysis. In addition, we aimed to investigate one cadaver using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. Methods: The L1 and L2 vertebrae from five dog carcasses were used to evaluate the BV/TV and the trabecular thicknesses. We used precise sampling criteria, and also developed a methodological approach to the study of the vertebrae. Using semi-automated methods, we performed histomorphometric analysis and microcomputed tomography data analysis. Results: We used five dog cadavers in this research. During the histomorphometry study, we observed that the lowest L1 BV/TV ratio was 7.88% and the highest was 23.08%. The L2 vertebrae BV/TV ranged from 11.58 to 23.7%. The L1 and L2 lumbar trabeculae thicknesses were also measured. L1's smallest trabecula was 17.34 microns and its largest was 31.88. The L2 vertebrae trabecula thickness was 18.76 to 30.75 microns. BV/TV and trabecular thickness were positively correlated (and vice versa). The two-tailed P value was less than 0.00001. This difference is statistically significant. After microcomputed tomography analysis, we discovered regions in the vertebral body with low porosity; these cavities are usually filled with connective tissue. The bone tissue in these areas is more vulnerable, meaning fracture risk has increased. Conclusions: Animals should not just be considered as models for osteoporosis in humans, but also as potential patients. A single test, such as histomorphometry, may not be sufficient; more advanced technology, such as microcomputed tomography, is required, since it reveals the pores that make the vertebral column more brittle and susceptible to fracture.

Broilers with excessive growth rate apt to have muscle related pathologies. Since these myopathies occur quite often general health of birds is affected. Decreasing poultry sale rates result in distributors economic losses. The largest muscles in a broiler are breast muscles (m. pectoralis major). They form the biggest mass of carcass. One of the most common problems in the global poultry industry is the wooden breast myopathy. The anomaly is observed when birds arrive to a slaughterhouse. A lot of broilers tend to have hard breast muscles. Large portion of production becomes useless because of damaged poultry quality which doesn‘t meet consumer indicated standards. In order to alter the main cause of the global problem we should know it‘s etiology. Wooden breast disease (broiler musculus pectoralis major myopathy) is analysed in this master‘s thesis. A survey has been carried in which the occurrence rate of the pathology in \"slaughterhouse X\" was evaluated. Post-mortem evaluation of breast muscles has been carried out in 30000 broiler carcasses. Out of 35 samples selected 30 contained myopathy-positive specimens while 5 were clinically healthy. The study data was systemized and analyzed. The study of 30000 broilers resulted in 1298 myopathy-positive carcasses that comprised 4.66 % of all analyzed cases. During the pathomorphological analysis of m. pectoralis major it was discovered that 30 pathological specimens contained of type-2 wooden breast disease. While inspecting microscopically degenerated muscle fibres (18 of 18 occured) were observed. Meanwhile histomorphometrical analysis showed that wooden breast disease-positive specimen, in comparison with clinically healthy, had a larger portion of connective tissue than muscular (p

Thesis consists of 47 pages. It includes 36 figures and 1 table. 66 references were used. The aim of this study was to perform analysis of feline oral cavity pathologies. The tasks: To evaluate the presence of feline oral cavity pathologies and the frequency of oral hygiene and dental extraction procedures in clinic „X“, to perform feline oral cavity pathology analysis, pathological anatomical and histopathological examinations, and to evaluate feline sex, breed and age dependence for oral cavity pathologies. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed based on 2016-2018 clinical data on cat sex, age, breed, diagnosis of oral cavity pathology, and if oral hygiene or dental extraction were performed. 2019 At the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Center of Veterinary Pathobiology, 34 cat carcasses were subjected to pathological anatomical examination, and 5 cats were sampled for histopathological examination. In addition, 16 samples were collected at „X“ Clinic for anesthetized animals during oral hygiene and tooth extraction. Conclusions: The most common pathologies identified are: tartar (88.23%), gingivitis (67.82%), feline odontoclastic resorption disorders (59.0%), and periodontitis (54.41%). The most commonly detected pathology in histological examination is chronic gingivitis (57.14%). Oral hygiene was performed for 54% of the examined cats, teeth extraction – for 61% cats.

The research was carried out in the “AB Vilniaus paukštynas” at Gamyklos str. 27, Rudamina and at the Lithuanian University of health Sciences Veterinary Faculty, in the Veterinary Pathobiology Cathedral. Data were collected in 2019. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of myopathy in Lithuania, etiology of the lesion, to analyze morphological samples, to evaluate bacteriological specimens and the resistance to antibiotics. Five poultry farms A, B, C, D, E were analyzed in different regions of Lithuania. 30 muscle samples with myopathy was taken from broilers and 5 samples from healthy broilers. Samples for bacteriological examination were taken into bacteriological transport swabs. Six samples from anterior latissimus dorsi muscle were placed into ’’TRANSWAB®” transport swabs. Pathological anatomical examination showed that broilers with myopathy of the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle was edematous, presenting a gel-like citrine yellow fluid. The ALD muscle presented hemorrhagic areas, increased density. Histologic cross sections showed large amount of connective tissue, inflammatory cells infiltration, muscular hemorrhage, variation in fiber size. After microbiological examination of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle cultures of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium were found. Multiple antibiotic resistance to these bacterias was identified. The study found that the incidence of the anterior latissimus dorsi myopathy in Lithuania was approximately 3.6 %. The highest frequency of carcass downgrading due to this lesion was found in the heaviest of high-yield broiler strains (P < 0,005).

The research was carried out in “X” quail farm and LSMU VA Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Center of Pathology and in Animal productivity laboratory of Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies of Lithuanian University of Health Science. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of zoohigenic conditions on quail egg laying, to evaluate the quality of eggs and to perform pathomorphological analysis of diseases. To implement the aim of this study a survey was developed on quail health, productivity, zoohigenic conditions, and also zoohigiene measurements were carried out on the quail farm. The quality of eggs was also assessed by examining qualitative parameters. Pathomorphological studies were carried out on 12 quail‘s and samples were taken from the organs and histologically analyzed, in order to find out the pathologies specific to quail and the causes of egg laying disorder. The increase of lighting and temperature indicators in the storage room of the brooder (25 – 48 days old) increased the amount of quail‘s transferred to the laying room and reduced the discarded quail‘s due to the egg laying disorder. As the age of quail‘s increases, the quality of the eggs are getting lower quality. Indicators such as shell thickness, egg weight, shell weight (p

Studies conducted at the LUHS VA, in the Veterinary Pathobiology Cathedral; Pathology Center 2017-2018 year. Thesis consist of 42 pages, 2 tables, 21 pictures and a number of used literature - 39. In this study were performed morphological analysis of dog’s aorta and pulmonary artery pathologies. 30 dogs were examined and their pathomorphological examination was performed. Investigative animals were divided by age, gender and breed groups, 66.7 percent of the dogs were diagnosed with vascular pathology. Most commonly, cardiovascular fibrinoid necrosis (40 %), endothelial hyperplasia (35 %) and connective tissue proliferation (30 %) were diagnosed. Degenerative, pathological processes were determined to 82.8 percent of examined blood vessels. Connective tissue proliferation compared males and females was statistically reliable (p

Respiratory tract diseases in swine farming sector are a subject of high economical loss all over the world. Respiratory diseases lead to decreased pig growth and lower production volumes, bigger consumption of antimicrobial substances. Main effects causing these diseases are living conditions in sty, swine nutrition, animal change and migration, vaccination. Main lung pathologies that are identified in abattoirs are pulmonary inflammation, emphysema, atelectasis, haemorrhage or blood aspiration, parasitosis and generalized form of diseases. The purpose of this research is a morphological analysis of pathologies of swine lungs. In a pathological anatomical study, 76 pig lungs were culled at the slaughterhouse and examined pathoanatomically. A single sample was taken out from 22 lungs for histopathological examination. The most common pathologies found in the pathonatomical study were oedema (88.2%), hemorrhage (61.8%), emphysema (56.6%) and pleurisy (51.3%). The most common inflammation was bronchopneumonia (26.3%), interstitial pneumonia (10.5%), pleuropneumonia (7.9%). Based on gross examination bronchopneumonia was also more common than interstitial pneumonia (p

The research period of this work was 2017 March – 2017 August. It was made in poultry house X, at Pathology center of LHSU VA Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Animal productivity laboratory of Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies,. The aim of the study was to examine influence of corn grind for intestines, liver, egg production and quality of laying hens. There were two groups of hens in poultry yard X. They were fed differently: one group was fed with dry feed, another was fed with wet feed, where moisture content was 5 percent higher. The choise was made to investigate hens of different ages – 40, 44, 48, 52 and 56 weeks old in both groups. First group consisted of 18240 laying hens, that were feeding with a dry feed (control group). Second group consisted of 30720 laying hens, that were feeding with a wet feed, that contains 15 percent of corn grind (research group). The study in the poultry farm carried out that the mortality rate in the experimental hens’ group was 0.2% higher than in the control group. At the end of the study, average weight of the hen in the research group was 2.5% lower than in the control group. After analyzing the amount of feed consumed by 1 hen (g), it was found that during the whole study hens in the experimental group consumed 9.6% more feed than in the control group. Hens also put fewer eggs in the experimental group. After pathological anatomical and histological examinations of the intestines, it was discovered, that hens of research group had less bruises in intestines, shortened villi and deeper crypts of duodenum, caecum mucosa became thinner. Hens of research group had 11% more liver changes, of which 100% were bruises and 20% liver lipidosis. A histomorphometric study showed that the control group of the hens duodenal microvilli were higher than in the control group. At the beginning of the study, the control group of the hens had deeper duodenal crypt and at the end of the study, the experimental group of hens had 25.5% deeper crypts. The test group of the hens had thinner caecum mucosa than the control group. Eggs of the research group had lower shell strenght – but bigger Haugh unit.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different feed additives for Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry house of laying hens. An anonymous questionnaire was also carried out to determine whether the Dermanyssus gallinae mite is present in the largest Lithuanian poultry farms and what measures are used to control this parasite. According to the data of the survey, the infection of poultry houses by D. gallinae is 71% and 60%. of them apply complex control methods, which was also applied during this study. Herbal composition based on herbal components - essential oils. The feed supplements used in the study are drinkable. Preparation A contains the combination of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), greater burdock (Arctium lappa) and Breckland thyme (Thymus serpyllum) essential oils. Preparation B consists of essential oils of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) and citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus). Because of those components hen's blood becomes unsavory for D.gallinae. In this way, hens are protected from D.gallinae and more effective control is achieved. “Acaritec“ was used for mites eradication in the environment .The tested herbal feed supplements were supposed to deter D. gallinae from birds, and the efficacy of these products was assessed positively, as the use of preparations for two weeks showed an increase in the number of mites in the environment. This made it possible to eradicate them more efficiently, therefore, in the fifth week of study in the shed no. 1, 41 of D. gallinae were found in the place of the former 573 and in the shed no. 2-4, when the study was 309 before the start of the study. There was also a correlation between number of laid eggs and the mortality of the chickens with the level of ticks‟ infestation.

The research was carried out in “X” poultry farm and at the Pathology Center of the Veterinary Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Science. The aim of the study was to perform etiological analysis of the diseases of broiler chicken. To implement the aim of this study, 11 respondents from Lithuania poultry farms answered the created questionnaire. Furthermore, rearing conditions and birds health was investigated during the broiler chicken production cycle in poultry farm “X”. Twice a week, 90 chicks have been investigated pathomorphologicaly during the whole production cycle. Samples were taken from the affected organs and were investigated histologically. The questionnaire survey of the data showed that Lithuania poultry farmers constitute proper hygienic birds growing conditions. They can control the outbreaks of the diseases, therefore the mortality in poultry folks are lower than 7.1 %. The research in “X“ poultry farm showed, that first week mortality was 0.9 %, the poor quality of young chicks caused a large number of dead birds in first growing week A 4.9 % of birds mortality were found during the all growing cycle of broilers. The pathomorphology investigation showed pathologies: omphalitis (29 % ); pericarditis (37 %); livers (62 %) and respiratory tract (43 %) pathologies, enteritis (42 %), ascites (19 %), and various skeletal disorders (44 %). Depending on the age, when the birds are growing, the incidence of omphalitis decreased. ( p < 0,01), but the incidence of ascites with heart hypertrophic over time became more frequent ( p < 0,01). Regardless of the age group pericarditis, respiratory tract and livers pathologies, have been perceptible in all growing cycles (p > 0.05) The work has 50 pages, including 4 tables,33 images and 54 literature sources.

The aim of this Master‘s thesis was to analyse thyroid gland pathologies in cats depending on their age, gender and breed during histopathological examination. Study object – thyroid glands of cats, collected from euthanized cats in UAB “Žaliakalnio veterinarija” and LUHS VA Dr.L.Kraučeliūnas small animal clinic in 2015. In total 21 euthanized cat bodies was examined in LUHS VA Pathology Center of Veterinary Pathobiology department and 42 thyroid samples (left and right lobes) was collected for further examination. Pathological samples was fixed in 10% formalin solution and dyed with hematoxylin – eosin dyes. Pathological changes was evaluated by using a microscope. From 42 thyroid lobes samples 8 had normal histological structure (age group 0 – 5 years). In 34 thyroid lobes was found 7 different pathologies, in total number 44. The most common types of pathologies: • increase of thyroid gland follicles, which was found in 14 thyroid lobes (33,33%) • lymphocytic thyroiditis – in 12 thyroid lobes (28,57%) • cysts – in 9 thyroid lobes (21,43%) Less frequently occurring pathologies was follicular degeneration (3 thyroid lobes, 6,82%), a decrease of follicles - hypothyroidism (2 thyroid lobes, 4,55%), amyloid (2 lobes, 4,55%) and hyperemia (2 lobes, 4,55%). Total number of examined cats 21, 4 purebred and 17 crossbreed, 9 females and 12 males whose age range was from 3 months to 18 years old. Master‘s Thesis volume 47 pages, it contains 42 images and 3 tables.

This master's thesis describes the lumbosacral pathology of intervertebral disc in dogs. The study period was from February 2015 to September 2016. The study examines hernias, their types and predisposing factors. Research consists of two parts: a pathological autopsy and CT research. Generally, we studied 59 dogs, of which 38 autopsies were performed and 19 dogs were examined with CT. Two another dogs were examined – CT and autopsy. There are two types of dog breeds identified: chondrodystrophic (CD) and non–chodrodystrophic (NCD). These dog breed types were studied in 5 different age groups. Chondrodystrophic dog breed type was divided according to age into three groups: 0 - 3 y/o; 4 - 7 y/o and over 7 y/o, and the non–chondrodystrophic type - into two age groups: 0 - 5 y/o and over 5 y/o. The analysis of CT and autopsy results have helped to identify two lumbosacral parts of the spine pathology: protrusion (Hansen type 2 herniation) and extrusion (Hansen type 1 hernia). Pathological autopsy and CT showed that Hansen type 2 hernias mostly occurred in NCD breed dogs, that were older than 5 years old, and Hansen type 1 hernia was mainly found in CD breed dogs in the age group of 4 – 7 y/o. Pathological autopsy and CT results in the study revealed that up to 32% tested dogs had herniation between L7 and S1.

Research: was carried at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, the Academy of Veterinary, department of Veterinary Pathobiology Pathology Center. Thesis consists of 50 pages. It contains 2 tables, 22 images, 58 references were used. The research objective: perform of rabbit digestive system diseases pathomorphological and questionnaire analysis. Research tasks: 1. Perform rabbit pathological - anatomical and histopathological analysis, evaluate factors that influence rabbits morbidity. 2. Evaluate factors that influence rabbits incidence of gastrointestinal diseases. 3. Create a form for farmers about rabbits gastrointestinal diseases and analyse the data. Research methodology: During research were carried out pathomorphological and histopathological researches. It was examined 40 carcasses of rabbits (19 female and 21 male). There was a survey questionnaire, which consisted of 11 questions. In the form was presented data about rabbits sex, age and when rabbits are most ill. It has been rated by the season dependent for diseases manifestation. Evaluated the most common clinical symptoms. Analyzed what feed is used. Received data, statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (2013) program. Results and conclusions: 1. During post-mortem examination it was found that most common reason of rabbit’s death was coccidiosis (45 %). The most frequently occurring disease in older rabbit’ was the stomach and small intestine inflammation (37.50 %). Usually liver necrosis was diagnosed for 1-5 years old rabbits. 2. Increased mortality was fixed more in females than in males. The biggest risk of mortality was fixed for rabbit‘s from 1 month to 1 year old. Our study showed that rabbit’s breed and weight do not affect the mortality. 3. According to questionnaire data the highest death rates recorded in the weaning period and spring. Before mortality usually the most common symptoms were wasting, loss of appetite, lethargy and diarrhea. Most common disease was – coccidiosis and pasteurellosis. Vaccination was most effective for viral haemorrhagic disease, vaccination against myxomatosis was not effective.

The aim of this study was to carry out the analysis of the results of pathomorphological, immunohistochemical and epidemiological investigations of canine cutaneous and adnexal tumours. Objectives: To achieve the aim, the objectives were as follows: 1. To analyse the morphology of skin and adnexal tumours by means of histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical investigations. 2. To apply immunohistochemical investigations using antibodies LP34 against cytokeratin, antibodies AE1/AE3 against pan−cytokeratin and using antibodies V9 against vimentin protein to the identification and differentiation of the types of skin and adnexal tumours. 3. To determine the epidemiological factors (age, sex, breed, and the anatomical location), which are important to the formation of skin and adnexal tumours. A full-scale study of canine skin and adnexal tumours to find out the incidence of tumours and factors predetermining the tumour formation using the immunohistochemical diagnostic method was carried out for the first time in Lithuania. Antibodies LP34 against cytokeratin, AE1/AE3 against pan−cytokeratin and V9 against vimentin, designed for medical pathology were used and their practical importance to the investigations of canine skin and adnexal tumours was evaluated. A full−scale analysis of tumours by comparing classical histological changes with the results obtained during IHC reactions was performed. The data obtained during the present study raise the possibility to compare and evaluate the most up−to−date laboratory methods for tumour diagnosis and to determine the incidence of tumours in this region and worldwide according to the latest literary sources available.

Studies was carried out at LUHS VA Pathology center. Work consist of 51 pages. Work includes 2 tables and 40 pictures. A post–mortem examination of 15 dead dogs has been carried out in LUHS VA Pathology center. Respiratory organs were evaluated macroscopically and lungs samples were collected for the histopathological examination. Dogs age (from 0 – 20 years), breed (breeding and crossbreeds) and sex were determined. Post–mortem results of 367 dogs were analysed by using data from 2013 – 2015 year LUHS VA of Pathology center. Pathology center examination results showed, that lung pathology was found to 41% of all examinated dogs. My own study results showed, that lung pathology was found to all examinated dogs. Both examinations showed, that lung pathalogies were most frequently diagnosed to older dogs and to males. My own studies showed, that breed didn't had any influence on these results. Pathology center data showed, that lung pathology was more established in breeding dogs.

Metabolic diseases among cattle are very common, what results in loss of production and economic losses. In order to avoid it we must ensure animal welfare and health. Liver is the biggest endocrine gland and is responsible for the nutrients metabolism, the immune system also is involved in digestion. Lesions in liver have great impact on cattle health disorders. In this thesis we will analyse liver pathologies in calves. Survey of private veterinary doctors has been carried out, LUHS VA Department of Infectious Diseases Pathology center database was analysed, and a post-mortem examination of 32 dead calves has been carried out, 20 samples of damaged liver were collected. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and prepared for histological examination. All collected data was systematised and analysed. Analysis showed that 50 % of post-mortem examinations carried out during 2012 – 2014 years in Pathology center showed liver damage, according to my results 62,5 % of calves had damaged liver. Private veterinarians‘ survey showed that they mostly diagnosed lipidosis, which also was diagnosed for 44,44 % of calves according to Pathology‘s center database, and 60 % according to my histopathological examination. Hiperemia and hemorrhage was diagnosed more often (75%), and hepatitis less often (40%).

The aim of the present thesis is to analyse the pancreatic pathologies of dogs depending on their breed, gender and age. The present study is based on the pathomorphological analysis. The present investigation was carried out at the LUHS VA Pathology Center of Department of Infectious Diseases in 2014–2015. The examined dogs were euthanized in LUHS VA Dr.L.Kraučeliūnas small animal clinic. The examinations were conducted of dogs having symptoms of indigestion disorders in their clinic histories. In total, the present study investigates fifteen euthanized dog bodies. Also, the present study examines the pathological anatomical test results of 367 dogs performed at LUHS VA Pathology Center of Department of Infectious Diseases in 2013–2015. After the pathomorphological analysis, the pancreatic pathology was diagnosed to 100 % dogs. Of all examined dogs, the majority (53 %) were pedigree dogs, while others (47 %) – crossbreed dogs. Of all examined dogs, males were 67 %, the rest 33 % were female dogs. The majority of examined dogs (53,3 %) were old dogs (10 to 20 years old). The distribution of the rest dog age groups was as follows: 26,6 % of dogs were from 0 to 5 years old and 20 % of dogs were from 5 to 10 years old. The present study revealed that most commonly diagnosed dog pancreatic pathologies were as follows: hyperemia (46,6 %), oedema (26,6 %) and duct hyperplasia (26,66 %). The examinations performed at the Pathology Center showed that pancreatic pathologies were found in 7,63 % of dogs under analysis. Most of dogs (60,71 %) were pedigree, the rest of dogs (39,29 %) were crossbreed. 53,57 % of dogs were female, while males composed 46,43 %. The majority of dogs (10 to 20 years old) were the old ones (50 %), while the distribution of the rest dog groups was as follows: 35,71 % of dogs were from 0 to 5 years old and 14,29 % of dogs were from 5 to 10 years old. The present study revealed that most commonly diagnosed dog pancreatic pathologies were as follows: pancreatitis (32,14 %), pancreatic hemorrhage (21,43 %) and tumors (21,43 %). The scope of the present study: 58 pages. It contains 3 tables and 39 pictures.

A post-mortem examination of 32 dead calves was carried out and 20 samples of small and large intestine were collected for histopathological analysis. The most common causes of death in 72 calves was analysed according to data from autopsies carried out during year 2012 – 2014. The data was collected from the LUHS VA DID Pathology centre database. Also, a large animal veterinarians survey was carried out to find out the most common intestinal diseases. Data collected was analysed statistically and compared to results from other foreign and Lithuanian studies. The most common causes of death in calves were related to the disorders of digestive system. Large animal veterinarians survey suggested, that 57 % causes of calf death were gastrointestinal diseases. Retrospective analysis of calf autopsies during year 2012 - 2014 in Pathology cetre revealed, that 67 % of death causes in calves were related to digestive system diseases. The most common pathologies found in the intestines of calves were acute catarrhal enterocolitis (38 %) and acute catarrhal enteritis (21 %). Own data of a post-mortem examination revealed that the most common pathologies were acute catarrhal enteritis (40 %) and acute catarrhal enterocolitis (20 %). Pathomorphological analysis of my own study revealed that the most common pathologies in the small intestine were lymphocytic – plasmacytic inflammation (90 %), villous atrophy (70 %) and necrosis of mucosa (55 %). The most common pathologies in the large intestine were lymphocytic – plasmacytic inflammation (95 %), and necrosis of mucosa (40 %). It was noticed, that lesions in the small intestine were more common and severe than those found in the large intestine.

The objective of the research is to identify and analyze uterus and ovarian pathologies of bitches using histopathological examination and to perform statistical analysis of the data. Tasks of the research: 1. To determine uterine pathologies and their frequency. 2. To determine ovarian pathologies and their frequency. 3. Evaluate the frequency of canine uterine and ovarian pathologies by: • Age • Breed • Weight 4. Evaluate the dependence of various factors most commonly diagnosed uterine and ovarian pathologies manifestation. 5. Evaluate the interdependence of uterine and ovarian pathologies. Total taken and analyzed 63 bitches of the uterus and 126 samples of ovaries, which were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Histologically uterus and ovarian pathologies diagnosed in 32 dogs (50.8 %). Uterine pathology identified in 30 (47.6 %), and ovarian pathology – in 13 bitches (20.6 %). The most common pathology in uterus was cystic endometrial hyperplasia (31.7 %) and pyometra (22.2 %). In ovaries mostly diagnosed was cysts (15.9 %). It was found that uterine pathology usually gets 5-10 years of age (72.7 %) and weighing more than 25 kg in dogs (75 %), and ovarian pathology - older than 10 years of age (33.3 %) and 15-25 kg in bitches (40.0 %).

The aim of this Master‘s thesis was histological analysis of generally occuring wild boar (Sus scrofa) liver pathology in Lithuania teritory

Work topic: Pathomorphological analyses of pigeon diseases. Our work aim was to carry out analyses of pigeon diseases. The study investigated 84 pigeon corpses (56 decorative pigeons and 28 sports, 51 male and 33 female) from 7 different pigeon keepers. Samples of changed organ's were investigated histologically. Samples were dyed with hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl–Neelsen methods. There was designed a questionnaire, to which 42 pigeon keepers answered. There were found, that for the most part of pathomorphological investigation's time, contagious diseases were set out to 70 proc. of corpses: tuberculosis, paramixovirosis, colibacteriosis, coccidiosis. There were noticed, that tuberculosis and coccidiosis occurrence is dependent by bird's age (p ≤ 0,05). Dependently by a breed - enterocolitis, which is statistically more reliable to sports pigeons then to decorative doves. Comparing two sexes, both males and females were suffered same diseases equally. By a data collected from a questionnaire most pigeon owners encounter salmonella, paramixovirosis and chlamydiosis. They do vaccinate (59 proc.) and most of them choose divalent vaccine from salmonella and paramixovirus.

Darbas atliktas Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universiteto Veterinarijos Akademijos Patologijos centre nuo 2012 metų sausio iki 2013 metų spalio mėnesio. Darbo tema: Kačių ovariohisterektomijos statistinių duomenų ir gimdos bei kiaušidžių patomorfologinių tyrimų analizė. Tyrimo tikslas - atlikti kačių ovariohisterektomijos statistinių duomenų ir gimdos bei kiaušidžių patomorfologinių tyrimų analizę. Tyrimo tema aktuali dėl vis didėjančio kačių reprodukcijos susidomėjimo, siekiant susilaukti sveikų palikuonių. Tyrimų objektas – katės (patelės, Felis catus), kurioms buvo atlikta OHE. Ištirti 227 kačių organai (n=227), ir apklausius jų šeimininkus, surinkti statistiniai duomenys. Vertinamos kiaušidės ir gimda, jų topografija, dydis, spalva, konsistencija, kvapas ir forma. Organai vertinami iš išorės, vėliau pjūvyje. OHE metu, įtarus patologijas, paimti kiaušidžių ir gimdos mėginiai histopatologiniam tyrimui. Ištirta 16 kačių kiaušidžių ir 13 gimdų. Mėginiai dažyti hematoksilinu ir eozinu. Kiaušidžių ir gimdos patologijos katėms diagnozuojamos retai (apie 7 proc.) ir dauguma aptinkamos rutininės OHE metu. Kiaušidėse dažniausiai aptinkami pakitimai - cistos, gimdoje - piometra. Vidutinis kačių, sergančių piometra amžius - 6 metai. Statistiniai duomenys apskaičiuoti Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Darbo apimtis - 56 puslapiai, naudoti 47 literatūros šaltiniai, 6 lentelės, 34 paveikslai. This work was carried out in the period of 2012 January to 2013 October at the Pathology Center of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. The title of work is “The analysis of feline ovariohysterectomy statistics and ovarian and uterus pathomorphological researches”. The aim of the study: to perform cats OHE statistics and ovarian and uterus pathomorphological investigations analysis. The research theme is relevant due to increasing interest in feline reproduction, in order to have healthy offsprings. The object of study is the cats (female, Felis catus), which has been conducted OHE. There were examined 227 cats ovaries and uterus. Pet's owners were interviewed in order to get statistical data. Topography, size, color, texture, smell and shape of ovaries and uteruses were estimated. Organs were examined from the outside, later in the section. Samples for histopathological examination were taken due to suspected pathology. There were tested 16 cats ovaries and 13 uteruses. They were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Cats ovary and uterus pathology are rare (about 7%) and diagnosed mostly by daily OHE. Cysts mostly are diagnosed in ovaries, in uterus – pyometra. Average age of cats with pyometra is 6 year. Average age of cats, which was operated – 30 months. OHE is performed to terminate cats reproduction. Statistical data analysis was rated by Microsoft Excel 2007. The volume of work is 56 pages, 6 tables and 34 pictures. Total count of... [to full text]

Tyrimo metu mėginiai buvo imami iš 4 skirtingo amžiaus, 10 savaičių (n=10), 20 savaičių (n=10), 40 savaičių (n=10) ir 60 savaičių (n=10),veislinių vištų kategorijų. Ištyrus 10 sav. amžiaus vištų gaišenas ryškių patomorfologinių pokyčių nenustatyta. Atlikus 20 savaičių amžiaus vištų patomorfologinį tyrimą buvo nustatytos tokios patologijos: ūminė pneumonija, oro maišų uždegimas, enteritas. 40 proc. tirtų paukščių buvo diagnozuotas pododermatitas. Bendra suma 20 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 5. Mikrobiologinio tyrimo metu iš 20 savaičių amžiaus vištų buvo nustatyta patogeninė E.coli. Atlikus 40 savaičių amžiaus išbrokotų vištų gaišenų patomorfologinį tyrimą, buvo nustatytos tos pačios vidaus organų patologijos kaip ir 20 savaičių amžiaus vištoms, tačiau mikrobiologinio tyrimo metu iš 40 savaičių amžiaus vištų pažeistų audinių buvo nustatytos patogeninės E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus ir Klebsiella genties bakterijos. Bei ženkliai padidėjo vištų sergančių pododermatitu, net 70 proc. Bendra suma 40 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 11 balų. Atlikus 60 savaičių amžiaus vištų patomorfologinį tyrimą, 70 proc. tirtų paukščių buvo nustatyti kojų pirštų artritai ir pododermatitas. Bendra suma 60 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 14 balų. Remiantis šiais tyrimų duomenimis galima teigti, kad veislinėms vištoms pododermatito atvejų daugėja didėjant paukščių amžiui. Sunkiausi pažeidimai (daugiausiai pododermatito balų) nustatomi 60 savaičių amžiaus vištoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The study samples were taken from 4 different age categories of hens 10 weeks (n = 10), 20 weeks (n = 10), 40 weeks (n = 10) and 60 weeks (n = 10). It were examined some hen carrions of the age of 10 weeks and it were not found any clear pathomorphological changes. It were examined some hens of the age of 20 weeks as well and it were foud out following deseases: acute pneumonia, inflammation of the air sacs, enteritis. Pododermatitis was diagnosed in 40 percent of examined hens. The total amount of the group of 20 week-old hens is equal to 5. Microbiological study of 20 week-old hens showed pathogenic E.coli. After the pathomorphological study, which was done to 40 week-old hen carrions, it was found out the same pathology of internal organs as in 20 week-old hens, but microbiological study of 40 week-old hens‘ damaged tissues identifyed pathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. What is more, it increased the amount of hens that suffer from pododermatitis, even 70 per cent. The total amount of 40 week-old hens in the group was equal to 11 points. After the pathomorphological study of 60 week-old hens 70 per cent of birds were diagnosed the toes arthritis and pododermatitis. The total amount of the group of 60 week-old hens was 14 points. Based on these studies it can be said that pedigree hens suffer more and more often from pododermatitis when they get older. The most serious damages (most pododermatitis points) are identifyed to 60... [to full text]

The study samples were taken from 4 different age categories of hens 10 weeks (n = 10), 20 weeks (n = 10), 40 weeks (n = 10) and 60 weeks (n = 10). It were examined some hen carrions of the age of 10 weeks and it were not found any clear pathomorphological changes. It were examined some hens of the age of 20 weeks as well and it were foud out following deseases: acute pneumonia, inflammation of the air sacs, enteritis. Pododermatitis was diagnosed in 40 percent of examined hens. The total amount of the group of 20 week-old hens is equal to 5. Microbiological study of 20 week-old hens showed pathogenic E.coli. After the pathomorphological study, which was done to 40 week-old hen carrions, it was found out the same pathology of internal organs as in 20 week-old hens, but microbiological study of 40 week-old hens‘ damaged tissues identifyed pathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. What is more, it increased the amount of hens that suffer from pododermatitis, even 70 per cent. The total amount of 40 week-old hens in the group was equal to 11 points. After the pathomorphological study of 60 week-old hens 70 per cent of birds were diagnosed the toes arthritis and pododermatitis. The total amount of the group of 60 week-old hens was 14 points. Based on these studies it can be said that pedigree hens suffer more and more often from pododermatitis when they get older. The most serious damages (most pododermatitis points) are identifyed to 60 week-old hens. The microbiological examination of the damaged tissues when it were identifyed pathogenic bacteria of the genus E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. Chicken with pododermatitis microscopic samples can be observed: edema, hydropic degeneration germinatyvinio layer. His specially depths included in the dermis, and loss of the stratum corneum Keratinisation around ulcers filled with atypical cells and macrophages, visible congestion. 60-week-old chickens often diagnosed pododermatitis complications - toe arthritis.

This work was carried out in the period of 2012 January to 2013 October at the Pathology Center of the Veterinary Academy of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. The title of work is “The analysis of feline ovariohysterectomy statistics and ovarian and uterus pathomorphological researches”. The aim of the study: to perform cats OHE statistics and ovarian and uterus pathomorphological investigations analysis. The research theme is relevant due to increasing interest in feline reproduction, in order to have healthy offsprings. The object of study is the cats (female, Felis catus), which has been conducted OHE. There were examined 227 cats ovaries and uterus. Pet's owners were interviewed in order to get statistical data. Topography, size, color, texture, smell and shape of ovaries and uteruses were estimated. Organs were examined from the outside, later in the section. Samples for histopathological examination were taken due to suspected pathology. There were tested 16 cats ovaries and 13 uteruses. They were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Cats ovary and uterus pathology are rare (about 7%) and diagnosed mostly by daily OHE. Cysts mostly are diagnosed in ovaries, in uterus – pyometra. Average age of cats with pyometra is 6 year. Average age of cats, which was operated – 30 months. OHE is performed to terminate cats reproduction. Statistical data analysis was rated by Microsoft Excel 2007. The volume of work is 56 pages, 6 tables and 34 pictures. Total count of used literat8re sourse – 47.

Delfinai yra jautrūs aplinkos sąlygoms gyvūnai. Norint išlaikyti delfinus, reikia sudaryti kuo geresnes laikymo sąlygas delfinariume, laiku nutatyti susirgimus, išsiaiškinti gaišimo priežastis. Tam reikia nustatyti individualius delfinų kraujo morfologinius ir biocheminius rodiklius bei jų kitimus susirgimų atvejais. Literatūroje daugiausia randami Atlanto (Tursiops truncatus) ir kitų rūšių delfinų įvairūs kraujo tyrimų duomenys. Tačiau nerasta duomenų apie skirtingų lyčių ir skirtingo amžiaus Juodosios jūros delfinų (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) kraujo rodiklius. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti delfinariume laikomų Juodosios jūros delfinų (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) įvairių veiksnių įtaką kraujo rodikliams ir kvėpavimo funkcijai bei atlikti susirgimų ir gaišimų priežasčių analizę. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti delfinariume laikomų sveikų delfinų kraujo fiziologinius morfologinius ir biocheminius parametrus, atsižvelgiant į amžių ir lytį. 2. Nustatyti baseinų dydžių (mažesnis – didesnis) įtaką delfinų patelių ir jų jauniklių kvėpavimo dažniui ir elgsenai postnataliniu periodu. 3. Išanalizuoti delfinų susirgimus ir jų dažnumą. 4. Nustatyti delfinų kraujo morfologinių ir biocheminių parametrų kitimą, atsižvelgiant į susirgimus. 5. Atlikti delfinų patologinius-anatominius, histopatologinius bei mikrobiologinius tyrimus, nustatyti gaišimo priežastis. Šis darbas praplėtė mokslines žinias apie delfinariume laikomų Juodosios jūros delfinų (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) fiziologines... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The aim of the thesis is to identify the influence of various factors on blood indices and breathing function of the Black sea dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) that are kept in dolphinariums and also to do analysis of the reasons of dolphins’ diseases and death. The goals of the thesis: 1. Determine the physiological morphological and biochemical parameters of the dolphins’ blood with regard to their age and sex. 2. Determine the influence of the size of the pools on the respiratory rate of dolphin females and calves during the postnatal period. 3. Analyze the diseases affecting dolphins and the frequency of their occurance. 4. Study morphological and biochemical changes in dolphins blood parameters with regard to the diseases. 5. Identify the causes of death through pathological, anatomical, histopathological and microbiological examinations. The research has broadened the scientific knowledge about the Black sea dolphins’ (Tursiops truncatus ponticus) physiological characteristics and pathological conditions. It has been found out that the size of a pool has influence over the Black sea dolphin females and calves' respiratory rate as well as behaviour. Bearing in mind that there are genetic differences among other Tursiops truncatus dolphins, in the current research healthy Black sea afalins’ blood physiological morphological and biochemical parameters have been identified with regard to their age and sex. It is the first time in Lithuania when the frequencies of... [to full text]