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Deformylase performs an essential step in the maturation of proteins in eubacteria, by removing the formyl group from the N-terminal methionine residue of ribosome-synthesized polypeptides. In spite of this important role in translation, the enzyme had so far eluded characterization because of its instability. We report the isolation of the deformylase gene of Escherichia coli, def, by overexpression of a genomic library from a high-copy-number plasmid and selection for utilization of the substrate analogue formyl-leucyl-methionine as a source of methionine. The def gene encodes a 169 amino acid polypeptide that bears no obvious resemblance to other known proteins. It forms an operon with the fmt gene, that encodes the initiator methionyl-tRNA(i) transformylase, which was recently characterized (Guillon et al., J. Bacteriol., 174, 4294-4301, 1992). This operon was mapped at min 72 of the E. coli chromosome. The def gene could be inactivated if the fmt gene was also inactivated, or if biosynthesis of N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate, the formyl donor in methionyl-tRNA(i) transformylation, was blocked by trimethoprim. These findings designate deformylase as a target for antibacterial chemotherapy.

The effect of trichloroethanol (TCEt), the active metabolite of chloral hydrate, on the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) was investigated in rat submandibular glands (RSMG) acini loaded with fura-2. TCEt (1 - 10 mM) increased the [Ca(2+)](i) independently of the presence of calcium in the extracellular medium. Dichloroethanol (DCEt) and monochloroethanol (MCEt) reproduced the stimulatory effect of TCEt but at much higher concentrations (about 6 fold higher for DCEt and 20 fold higher for MCEt). TCEt mobilized an intracellular pool of calcium, which was depleted by a pretreatment with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium-dependent ATPases, but not with FCCP, an uncoupler of mitochondria. TCEt 10 mM inhibited by 50% the thapsigargin-sensitive microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase. DCEt 10 mM and MCEt 10 mM inhibited the ATPase by 20 and 10%, respectively. TCEt inhibited the increase of the [Ca(2+)](i) and the production of inositol phosphates in response to carbachol, epinephrine and substance P. TCEt inhibited the uptake of calcium mediated by the store-operated calcium channel (SOCC). ATP and Bz-ATP increased the [Ca(2+)](i) in RSMG acini and this effect was blocked by extracellular magnesium, by Coomassie blue and by oxydized ATP (oATP). TCEt potentiated the increase of the [Ca(2+)](i) and of the uptake of extracellular calcium in response to ATP and Bz-ATP. TCEt had no effect on the uptake of barium and of ethidium bromide in response to purinergic agonists. These results suggest that TCEt, at sedative concentrations, exerts various effects on the calcium regulation: (1) it mobilizes a thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular pool of calcium in RSMG acini; (2) it inhibits the uptake of calcium via the SOCC; (3) it inhibits the activation by G protein-coupled receptors of a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. It does not interfere with the activation of the ionotropic P2X receptors. The use of chloral hydrate should be avoided in studies exploring the in vivo responses to sialagogues.

We report that expansion of thioether biosynthesis in Escherichia coli generates sulfur-containing amino acids that can replace meso-diaminopimelate, the essential amino acid used for cross-linking the cell wall. This was accomplished by jointly overexpressing the metB gene coding for L-cystathionine gamma-synthase and disrupting the metC gene, whose product, L-cystathionine beta-lyase, is responsible for the destruction of L-cystathionine and other L-cysteine thioethers. As a result, meso-lanthionine and L-allo-cystathionine were produced endogenously and incorporated in the peptidoglycan, thereby enabling E. coli strains auxotrophic for diaminopimelate to grow in its absence. Thus, current techniques of metabolic engineering can be applied to evolving the chemical constitution of living cells beyond its present state.