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Spinifex littoreus Burm.f.Merr. Coastal shrubs used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases such as galactogenic, blistering agent, antihelmenthic, antipyretic, antidiruetic, anti – haemorrhages, antileukaemias and anti-inflammatory. It is rich in flavonoids and known to possess various biological activities. Fresh leaves of Spinifex littoreus have been examined for their bioactive flavonoids. The flavonol Kaempferol, flavonol glycoside astragalin have been identified. The structure of isolated polyphenolic compounds were characterised with the help of physical methods like UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Chemical reactions, Chromatographic techniques and hydrolytic studies The in-vitro studies showed that the isolated flavonol glycosides have been found to contain ample anti-oxidant property with the help of ELISA method.

Endophytic bacteria represent microorganisms that live during the whole life cycle within the tissues of healthy plants without causing any obvious signs of disease. In this study, the ability of 128 endophyte bacterial isolates from some cultivated and wild grain plants (Poaceae family) in Van, Turkey, were investigated in terms of producing several extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. It was demonstrated that lipases, proteases, amylases, cellulases, pectinases, and xylanases were produced by the bacteria with relative frequencies of 74.2%, 65.6%, 55.4%, 32%, 21.8%, and 7.8%, respectively. In addition, molecular identification of a certain number of isolates selected according to their enzymeproducing capabilities was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a next-generation sequencing platform. As a result of the analysis, the isolates yielded certain strains belonging to Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Streptococcus, Curtobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Bacillus genera. Also, the strain G117Y1T was evaluated as a member of potential novel species based on 16S rRNA sequencing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of Poaceae plants, especially wheat and corn, in the world and in Iran. In this study, the demographic parameters of R. padi were determined at seven constant temperatures (8.5, 15, 20, 25, 27.5, 29 and 31±0.5 °C), 65±5% RH, and 14:10 (L: D) photoperiods on Zea mays L., KSC704 cultivar. The total lifespan, from birth to death, decreased with increasing the temperature from 8.5 to 29 °C, but the nymphal stage duration increased a little at 29 °C. The highest value of life expectancy (ex) was observed at 8.5 °C and at 31 °C, the nymphs died before reaching the adult phase. The percentage of survival for nymphal stages was highest at 15 and 25 °C, and the net reproductive rate (R0=23.671 female/generation) had the highest value at 15 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rates of increase (λ) increased at the temperature interval of 8.5 to 25 °C. At this range, the doubling time (DT) and the mean generation time (T) decreased as the temperature increased. According to the highest value of rm (0.22 day-1) and λ (1.134day-1) and also the lower value of T (9.095 d) and DT (2.16 d), the temperature of 25 °C was determined as the optimal temperature and the data showed that the proper temperature range for growth and reproduction of this aphid was between 15-25 °C. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), of R. padi would be useful for predicting its long-term population fluctuation over several generations and establishing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Poaceae is the second most abundant family among crop wild relatives in Poland, representing 147 taxa. From these species, 135 are native taxa, and 11 are archeophytes. In addition, one taxon is now considered to be extinct. Among the 147 taxa, 8 are endemic species. Central Europe, including Poland, does not have many endemic species. Only a few dozen endemic species have been identified in this paper, mainly in the Carpathians and the adjacent uplands, e.g., the Polish Jura in southern Poland. The most numerous genera among the 32 present in the crop wild relatives (CWR) of Poaceae family are: The genus Festuca (33 species), Poa (19), and Bromus (11). In turn, ten genera are represented by only one species per genus. A good representative of groups of grasses occur in xerothermic grasslands, and other smaller groups can be found in forests, mountains, or dunes. CWR species from the Poaceae family have the potential for different uses in terms of the ecosystem services benefit. They can impart for humans, animals, and the environment, including fodder, edibles, biomass grasses (fuels and raw material), and amenity grasses, and are used for ecological purposes. In the central Polish gene bank in Radzików (NCPGR), all accessions are represented by approximately 30% of grasses germplasm, 10% of which are CWR grasses. In the case of CWR grasses, 56% are stored in the NCPGR gene bank, and approximately 80% in botanical gardens, but frequently in a single accessions. Together, crop gene banks and botanical gardens can maintain a large range of ex situ collections useful for the preservation, breeding, and research of crop wild relatives along with the necessary information for plant breeders.

Poaceae Barnh. is a large angiosperm taxon. It includes over 10000 species, belonging to 700 genera and 41 tribes. Basic chromosome numbers (BCNs) in species of 372 genera from 37 Poaceae tribes are compared in this paper. Although BCNs broadly vary in the family ( x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13), this trait is conservative. Species within a particular genus have, as a rule, identical BCNs. In most genera, x = 10 (31.9%) or 7 (29.5%). Twenty-five tribes show no BCN differences among their genera: x = 13 in 1 tribe; 7, in 2; 11, in 3; 10, in 4, and 12, in 5. Other tribes have several BCNs each. The Poeae tribe is the most variable in this trait: x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13. A similarity of genetic maps in species belonging not only to different tribes but even to different Poaceae subfamilies has been established by using Restriction Fabric Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Expressed Sequence Tag-Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR) markers. There is also experimental evidence that the diversity in BCN in the Poaceae family was caused by repeated hybridization followed by polyploidization and dysploidization of ancestral species with few chromosomes. Studies of chromosome numbers and molecular mapping of Poaceae species with RFLP and EST-SSR markers indicate that the evolutionary transformations of haploid genomes and, as a consequence, their BCNs, via polyploidization and dysploidization were completed in general in ancestral species of the presently existing genera. The present BCN diversity in the family stems from the fact that the ancestors of different genera underwent different degrees of polyploidization and dysploidization. Phylogenetically, species of different genera should be regarded as parallel series descending from crosses of related species with few chromosomes rather than descendants of a single ancestor with a polyploid genome. It is suggested that further transformation of haploid genomes in ancestors by polyploidization and dysploidization was arrested by the transition of Poaceae to the stable sporophytic phase of the life cycle. Probably, the main factor responsible for this arrest was a significant modification of the cell nucleus architectonics associated with the transition to the stable diplophase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Poaceae is the second most abundant family among crop wild relatives in Poland, representing 147 taxa. From these species, 135 are native taxa, and 11 are archeophytes. In addition, one taxon is now considered to be extinct. Among the 147 taxa, 8 are endemic species. Central Europe, including Poland, does not have many endemic species. Only a few dozen endemic species have been identified in this paper, mainly in the Carpathians and the adjacent uplands, e.g., the Polish Jura in southern Poland. The most numerous genera among the 32 present in the crop wild relatives (CWR) of Poaceae family are: The genus Festuca (33 species), Poa (19), and Bromus (11). In turn, ten genera are represented by only one species per genus. A good representative of groups of grasses occur in xerothermic grasslands, and other smaller groups can be found in forests, mountains, or dunes. CWR species from the Poaceae family have the potential for different uses in terms of the ecosystem services benefit. They can impart for humans, animals, and the environment, including fodder, edibles, biomass grasses (fuels and raw material), and amenity grasses, and are used for ecological purposes. In the central Polish gene bank in Radzików (NCPGR), all accessions are represented by approximately 30% of grasses germplasm, 10% of which are CWR grasses. In the case of CWR grasses, 56% are stored in the NCPGR gene bank, and approximately 80% in botanical gardens, but frequently in a single accessions. Together, crop gene banks and botanical gardens can maintain a large range of ex situ collections useful for the preservation, breeding, and research of crop wild relatives along with the necessary information for plant breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]