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From the pragmatic to the symbolic, textiles play a prominent role in some of the most demanding yet ubiquitous scenarios, such as covering the complex and dynamic geometries of the human body. Textiles are made by repeated manipulations of slender fibers into structures with emergent properties. Today, these ancient metamaterials are being examined in a new light, propelled by the idea that their geometric structures can be leveraged to engineer functional soft materials. However, per their inherent softness, textiles and other compliant materials cannot typically withstand compressive forces. This limitation hinders the transfer of soft matter's rich shape-morphing capabilities to broader research areas that require load-bearing capabilities. Here we introduce \textit{beading} as a versatile platform that links centuries of human ingenuity encoded in the world of textiles with the current demand for smart, programmable materials. By incorporating discrete rigid units, i.e. \textit{beads}, into various fiber-based assemblies, beadwork adds tunable stiffness to otherwise flaccid fabrics, creating new opportunities for textiles to become load-bearing. We select a shell-like bead design as a model experimental system and thoroughly describe how its mechanics are captured by friction, the material properties of the constituent elements, and geometry. The fundamental characterization in this study demonstrates the range of complex behaviors possible with this class of material, inspiring the application of soft matter principles to fields that ultimately demand rigidity, such as robotics and architecture.

Conical surfaces pose an interesting challenge to crystal growth: a crystal growing on a cone can wrap around and meet itself at different radii. We use a disk-packing algorithm to investigate how this closure constraint can geometrically frustrate the growth of single crystals on cones with small opening angles. By varying the crystal seed orientation and cone angle, we find that -- except at special commensurate cone angles -- crystals typically form a seam that runs along the axial direction of the cone, while near the tip, a disordered particle packing forms. We show that the onset of disorder results from a finite-size effect that depends strongly on the circumference and not on the seed orientation or cone angle. This finite-size effect occurs also on cylinders, and we present evidence that on both cylinders and cones, the defect density increases exponentially as circumference decreases. We introduce a simple model for particle attachment at the seam that explains the dependence on the circumference. Our findings suggest that the growth of single crystals can become frustrated even very far from the tip when the cone has a small opening angle. These results may provide insights into the observed geometry of conical crystals in biological and materials applications., Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures

Obstructions influence the growth and expansion of bodies in a wide range of settings -- but isolating and understanding their impact can be difficult in complex environments. Here, we study obstructed growth/expansion in a model system accessible to experiments, simulations, and theory: hydrogels swelling around fixed cylindrical obstacles with varying geometries. When the obstacles are large and widely-spaced, hydrogels swell around them and remain intact. In contrast, our experiments reveal that when the obstacles are narrow and closely-spaced, hydrogels fracture as they swell. We use finite element simulations to map the magnitude and spatial distribution of stresses that build up during swelling at equilibrium in a 2D model, providing a route toward predicting when this phenomenon of self-fracturing is likely to arise. Applying lessons from indentation theory, poroelasticity, and nonlinear continuum mechanics, we also develop a theoretical framework for understanding how the maximum principal tensile and compressive stresses that develop during swelling are controlled by obstacle geometry and material parameters. These results thus help to shed light on the mechanical principles underlying growth/expansion in environments with obstructions., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures; SI: 16 pages, 14 figures

A puckered sheet is a freestanding crystalline membrane with an embedded array of bistable buckled units. Recent work has shown that the bistable units behave like spins in a two-dimensional compressible Ising antiferromagnet with, however, a coupling to flexural phonons. At finite temperature, this purely mechanical system displays Ising-like phase transitions, which drive anomalous thermal expansion. Here, we show that geometry can be used to control phase behavior: curvature produces a radius-dependent "external field" that encourages alignment between neighboring "spins," disrupting the ordered checkerboard ground state of antialigned neighbors. The effective field strength scales as the inverse of the radius of curvature. We identify this effective field theoretically with both a discrete real space model and a nonlinear continuum elastic model. We then present molecular dynamics simulations of puckered sheets in cylindrical geometries at zero and finite temperature, probing the influence of curvature on the stability of configurations and phase transitions. Our work demonstrates how curvature and temperature can be used to design and operate a responsive and tunable metamaterial at either the macroscale or nanoscale., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures

Ecological interactions among phytoplankton occur in a moving fluid environment. Oceanic flows can modulate the competition and coexistence between phytoplankton populations, which in turn can affect ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycling. We explore the impact of submesoscale velocity gradients on phytoplankton ecology using observations, simulations, and theory. Observations reveal that the relative abundance of Synechoccocus oligotypes varies on 1--10 km scales at an ocean front with submesoscale velocity gradients at the same scale. Simulations in realistic flow fields demonstrate that regions of divergence in the horizontal flow field can substantially modify ecological competition and dispersal on timescales of hours to days. Regions of positive (negative) divergence provide an advantage (disadvantage) to local populations, resulting in up to ~20% variation in community composition in our model. We propose that submesoscale divergence is a plausible contributor to observed taxonomic variability at oceanic fronts, and can lead to regional variability in community composition., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures; SI: 13 pages, 13 figures

Motivated by efforts to create thin nanoscale metamaterials and understand atomically thin binary monolayers, we study the finite temperature statistical mechanics of arrays of bistable buckled dilations embedded in free-standing two-dimensional crystalline membranes that are allowed to fluctuate in three dimensions. The buckled nodes behave like discrete, but highly compressible, Ising spins, leading to a phase transition at $T_c$ with singularities in the staggered "magnetization," susceptibility, and specific heat, studied via molecular dynamics simulations. Unlike conventional Ising models, we observe a striking divergence and sign change of the coefficient of thermal expansion near $T_c$ caused by the coupling of flexural phonons to the buckled spin texture. We argue that a phenomenological model coupling Ising degrees of freedom to the flexural phonons in a thin elastic sheet can explain this unusual response.

We study periodic arrays of impurities that create localized regions of expansion, embedded in two-dimensional crystalline membranes. These arrays provide a simple elastic model of shape memory. As the size of each dilational impurity increases (or the relative cost of bending to stretching decreases), it becomes energetically favorable for each of the $M$ impurities to buckle up or down into the third dimension, thus allowing for of order $2^M$ metastable surface configurations corresponding to different impurity "spin" configurations. With both discrete simulations and the nonlinear continuum theory of elastic plates, we explore the buckling of both isolated dilations and dilation arrays at zero temperature, guided by analogies with Ising antiferromagnets. We conjecture ground states for systems with triangular and square impurity superlattices, and comment briefly on the possible behaviors at finite temperatures., Comment: 23 pages, 25 figures

Marine species reproduce and compete while being advected by turbulent flows. It is largely unknown, both theoretically and experimentally, how population dynamics and genetics are changed by the presence of fluid flows. Discrete agent-based simulations in continuous space allow for accurate treatment of advection and number fluctuations, but can be computationally expensive for even modest organism densities. In this report, we propose an algorithm to overcome some of these challenges. We first provide a thorough validation of the algorithm in one and two dimensions without flow. Next, we focus on the case of weakly compressible flows in two dimensions. This models organisms such as phytoplankton living at a specific depth in the three-dimensional, incompressible ocean experiencing upwelling and/or downwelling events. We show that organisms born at sources in a two-dimensional time-independent flow experience an increase in fixation probability., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures

Global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities are investigated in a computationally tractable two-dimensional model of the solar tachocline. The model's differential rotation yields stability in the absence of a magnetic field, but if a magnetic field is present, a joint instability is observed. We analyze the nonlinear development of the instability via fully nonlinear direct numerical simulation, the generalized quasilinear approximation (GQL), and direct statistical simulation (DSS) based upon low-order expansion in equal-time cumulants. As the magnetic diffusivity is decreased, the nonlinear development of the instability becomes more complicated until eventually a set of parameters are identified that produce a previously unidentified long-term cycle in which energy is transformed from kinetic energy to magnetic energy and back. We find that the periodic transitions, which mimic some aspects of solar variability -- for example, the quasiperiodic seasonal exchange of energy between toroidal field and waves or eddies -- are unable to be reproduced when eddy-scattering processes are excluded from the model., Comment: 21 pages with 17 figure. Version accepted for publication in the Journal of Plasma Physics

Competition between biological species in marine environments is affected by the motion of the surrounding fluid. An effective 2D compressibility can arise, for example, from the convergence and divergence of water masses at the depth at which passively traveling photosynthetic organisms are restricted to live. In this report, we seek to quantitatively study genetics under flow. To this end, we couple an off-lattice agent-based simulation of two populations in 1D to a weakly compressible velocity field--first a sine wave and then a shell model of turbulence. We find for both cases that even in a regime where the overall population structure is approximately unaltered, the flow can significantly diminish the effect of a selective advantage on fixation probabilities. We understand this effect in terms of the enhanced survival of organisms born at sources in the flow and the influence of Fisher genetic waves., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures; SI: 9 pages, 3 figures