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Background Paracetamol (acetaminophen) toxicity is considered to be one of the major causes of drug-induced hepatic failure. Citraka (Plumbago rosea L. and Plumbago zeylanica L.) was mentioned in Ayurveda classics as a remedy in liver disorders. Objective(s) The aim of the study was to experimentally evaluate the comparative effect of hepatoprotective activity of detoxified root decoction of the two species of Citraka against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats. Materials and methods The hepatoprotective effect of Citraka decoction of two species was evaluated by the assessment of biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and serum creatinine. The study was also supported by histopathological assessment of liver sections. Results The results showed the elevated concentration of biochemical markers and histopathological degenerative changes in animals treated with paracetamol indicating severe hepatic damage; whereas, the treatment with decoction of both the species of Citraka showed significant reduction in the serum markers and regenerative changes in the histopathological specimens pointing towards its effectiveness as a hepatoprotective drug. Conclusion The present study showed Citraka’s effectiveness as a hepatoprotective drug and proved that the detoxified root decoction of P. rosea L. has a significant protective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity than P. zeylanica L.

Selection of elite accessions is important to get the maximum quantity of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. In this study, thirteen accessions of Plumbago zeylanica L., a medicinal herb, was studied for phytochemical and genetic diversity analysis. Phytochemical analysis showed that accession number IC-524441 contains the highest amount of flavonoids, phenolic, tannin and plumbagin content, it also possesses maximum antioxidant activity. Genetic diversity analysis showed that 15 SCoT (Start codon targeted) and 20 CBDP (CAAT Box Derived Polymorphism) primers produced 86 and 110 amplicons in total and average were 5.73 and 5.5 amplicons/primer respectively. PIC values ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 and average is 0.25/primer in the case of SCoT marker whereas, in the case of CBDP marker it was 0.15 to 0.59 with average of 0.26/primer. Cluster analysis showed that SCoT marker provides three clusters where cluster 1 and cluster 2 have only 2 accessions while cluster 3 contains nine accessions. Similarly, CBDP marker provides three clusters where cluster 1 contains only 1 accession and cluster 2 and cluster 3 contains six accessions in each. Further AMOVA analysis of SCoT marker possesses maximum variation of 8% among agro-ecological regions whereas in case of CBDP marker its 5%. From the present investigation, it was found that IC-524441 is an elite accession and contains highest amount of bioactive compound. Our results also demonstrate that both SCoT and CBDP markers are informative and can be utilized for evaluation of genetic relationships among Plumbago zeylanica L. accessions.

Mankind has from the time immemorial relied on plants and plant products for their health care requirements. As per the recent estimate, nearly 4.4 billion people comprising 80% of world’s total population rely on plants as their primary source for medicine. Citraka commonly known as Agni, a medicinal plant which has been used by the Ayurvedic physicians, for the management of various disease conditions. Acarya Śarangadhara considered Citraka as, best among the medicines that perform Dīpana-Pacana (Appetizer and Digestive). Root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. (Śveta Citraka) and Plumbago rosea Linn. (Rakta Citraka) of Plumbaginaceae family are used in Ayurveda as source plants of Citraka. The present review article has been designed to elucidate data on synonyms, properties, actions and various formulations of the drug from various Samhitas (Ayurvedic classics) and Nighantus (Ayurvedic drug lexicons).

The objective of present research work is, to develop an ethosome, as a carrier system for Plumbago root extract, its incorporation into gel formulations and to characterize the developed gel formulations by estimation of plumbagin content and study of antiacne activity. Roots of Plumbago zeylanica L (Plumbaginaceae) contains Plumbagin and is used for skin infections and intestinal worms. Topical therapy for acne includes comedolytic agents, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the increased resistance of acne-causing bacteria. In this research work, plumbago roots have been screened for their potential use for the treatment of acne and hydroalcoholic extract of the roots was found to be effective. Seven batches (EF1-EF7) of ethosomes were prepared using soya lecithin (1-3%) and ethanol (10-45%) and the hydroalcoholic extract. The range of entrapment efficiency varied from 17.12 to 80.82%. The ethosomes EF6 having highest entrapment efficiency was incorporated into gel formulation. Carbopol 934P (0.5 -2%) was used to prepare ethosomal gel and evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion characteristics. The pH of the gel was in the range of 6.87 to 7.03. Viscosity was between 5600 - 9800 centipoises. The % drug content was in the range of 95.91% to 100.7%. The ethosome, in their gel formulation, showed good physicochemical properties, drug content and diffusion pattern. The anti-acne activity of F3 showed good zones of inhibition comparable with standard Clindamycin. The present study suggested ethosomal gel as an efficient carrier for plumbago root extract for antiacne activity.

A new spodumene-rich pegmatite was recently discovered on the north side of Plumbago Mountain, Oxford County, Western Maine. The site is about 1.5 km northwest of the famous Dunton gem tourmaline pegmatite. It is an albite-quartz-spodumene pegmatite containing gigantic crystals of spodumene and montebrasite. Some spodumene crystals are more than 11 m in length. The upper portions of the pegmatite contain up to 50 wt% spodumene, which makes it a potentially significant new lithium resource. Preliminary results indicate that Plumbago North Pegmatite contains about 10 Mt of ore with an average Li2O content of 4.68 wt% which is a higher average lithium content than any of the ten top spodumene-producing deposits in the world.

Background: Plumbagin is as an important bioactive secondary metabolite found in the roots of Plumbago spp. The only one species, Plumbago europaea L., grows wild in Iran. The therapeutic use of plumbagin is limited due to its insufficient supply from the natural sources as the plants grow slowly and take several years to produce quality roots. Objectives: To develop an efficient protocol for the establishment of callus and cell suspension cultures of P. europaea and to evaluate production of plumbagin in callus and cell suspension cultures of P. europaea for the first time. Material and Methods: Stems and leaves explants were cultured on agar solidified (7% w/v) MS media, supplemented with different combination of 2, 4-D and Kin or 6-Benzylaminopurin (BA) for callus induction. The rapid growing calli were cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) media in agitated condition for establishing cell suspension cultures of P. europaea. Moreover, the effects of light and dark conditions on the cell growth, cell viability and plumbagin production in cell suspension cultures of P. europaea were assessed. Results: Friable calli were successfully induced using stem segments of P. europaea in semisolid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg.L-1of kinetin (Kin). Optimal cell growth was obtained when the cells were grown in MS liquid media supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg.L-1 kinetin with an initial cell density of ~3×105 cellsper ml incubated in the dark at 25 ± 1 °C. Growth curve revealed that the maximum cell growth rate (14.83×105 cellsper ml) achieved on the day 18 and the highest plumbagin content (0.9 mg.g-1 Dry Cell Weight (DCW)) in the cells was obtained at the late exponential phase under dark condition which determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique. Based on the obtained results, cell viability remained around 82.73% during the 18 days of cell culture in darkness. These suspension cultures showed continuous and stable production of plumbagin. Conclusions: Our study suggests that cell suspension cultures of P. europaea represent an effective system for biosynthesis and production of plumbagin as a valuable bioactive compound.

Introduction: In almost all Samhitas Jvara chikitsa is described with single or compound herbal drugs.Dhatryadi Churna is one such polyherbal churna formulation indicated in jvarachikitsa. But no data isavailable to know about its efficacy.Aim and Objectives: To review Dhatryadi Churna w.s.r. to its antipyretic activity.Material and Method: Relevant references were reviewed with respect to Dhatryadi Churna describedin Samhitas and various Ayurveda texts such as Brihatrayee, Laghutrayee bhaishajyaratnavali etc. All thereferences were collected and reviewed thoroughly.Observation and Results: Total 7 references with the name Dhatryadi Churna and Amalkyadi churna arerecorded in various Samhitas and Ayurveda texts indicated in jvara chikitsa. Out of the total 5 ingredients,significant antipyretic activity in experimental animals in different dosages found in Emblica officinalis,Terminalia chebula, Piper longum and Plumbago zeylenica.Conclusion: Based onPharmacological properties and experimental studies conducted on individual drugsproved that Dhatryadi churna is a effective antipyretic formulation and can be used safely for treating Jvara.

Plumbagin is a potent natural molecule that is found in several plants, especially in the genus of Plumbago. For centuries, plants containing this substance have been used therapeutically for various ailments according to the Indian traditional system of medicine. The aims of this study were, firstly, to compare the effectiveness of two different extraction methods for the isolation of plumbagin and, secondly, to compare the anti-proliferative effects of plumbagin in both field grown and in vitro grown plants of Plumbago indica L. and Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbagin was quantified from different parts, viz from the leaf, stem and root of both field and in vitro grown plants of Plumbago indica. Plumbagin was isolated using the serial maceration extraction method using methanol as solvent. Anti-proliferative activity of selected extracts was examined in both stomach cancer cell lines (AGS) and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231). Quantification of plumbagin was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The leaves, stem and roots of the in vitro grown Plumbago indica yielded 70.98 mg g−1, 22.45 mg g−1and 342.15 mg g−1of content, respectively. This was higher when compared to the field grown parts (28.87 mg g−1, 11.54 mg g-1 and 2687 mg g−1). We have demonstrated that different extraction methods have varied yield of plumbagin. The isolated compound was then tested for its anti-proliferative activity. Also, we have confirmed apoptotic medicated cell death by nucleus staining to detect cell death by the treatment of different type of extract of both Plumbago indica L. and Plumbago zeylanica L.

Special Issue The Plumbaginaceae (non-core Caryophyllales) is a family well known for species adapted to a wide range of arid and saline habitats. Of its salt-tolerant species, at least 45 are in the genus Limonium; two in each of Aegialitis, Limoniastrum and Myriolimon, and one each in Psylliostachys, Armeria, Ceratostigma, Goniolimon and Plumbago. All the halophytic members of the family have salt glands, which are also common in the closely related Tamaricaceae and Frankeniaceae. The halophytic species of the three families can secrete a range of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3 −, SO4 2-) and other elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Salt glands are, however, absent in salt-tolerant members of the sister family Polygonaceae. We describe the structure of the salt glands in the three families and consider whether glands might have arisen as a means to avoid the toxicity of Na+ and/or Cl− or to regulate Ca2+ concentrations within the leaves. We conclude that the establishment of lineages with salt glands took place after the split between the Polygonaceae and its sister group the Plumbaginaceae info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

—Among the most hopeful biomaterials, metallic nanoparticles with antibacterial and anticancer properties are expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent various cancer and infectious diseases. The aim of the current study was the biosynthesis of plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-AgNPs (P-AgNPs) using the endophytic fungus Fusarium solani isolated from an endangered medicinal plant Plumbago rosea. The fungus was identified according to its morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequence analysis. The synthesized P-AgNPs were initially noticed through visual color change from yellow to reddish brown and further confirmed by surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) band at 450 nm using UV-visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed amines and amides that are responsible for the stabilization of P-AgNPs. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) showed that P-AgNPs were well dispersed, spherical, and well within the range of 23.2, 33.2 and 33.7 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study revealed crystalline nature of P-AgNPs. These P-AgNPs displayed good antibacterial activity in dose dependant manner. The synthesized P-AgNPs exhibited dose-depended cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, the inhibitory IC50 were found to be 14.5 μg/mL. These nanoparticles were further studied for their anticancer activity and showed high selective toxicity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The anticancer activity also executed through inhibiting the cells at the phase DNA synthesis.

Plumbago rosea L. (Plumbaginaceae), is a medicinal shrub commercially exploited for its naphthoquinone principle, plumbagin, extracted from the roots especially for treating skin disorders. As the plant is exploited from the wild without being replenished, conservation of the species becomes inevitable. Synthetic seeds would provide for effective conservation, germplasm exchange and distribution of this species. A reliable protocol for synthetic seed production in Plumbago rosea has been developed encapsulating the axillary buds. The axillary buds from P. rosea cultures established and multiplied using the nodal explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Benzyl Adenine (BA) 1.5 mg/L and Indole 3-Acetic acid 1.0 mg/L, were used for synseed production. The plantlet conversion efficiency was the highest in synthetic seeds developed with sodium alginate 2.5% in modified MS with 0.4 M sucrose and CaCl2 100 mM. This combination gave the earliest bud initiation (9.19 ± 0.39 days) and maximum number of shoots per explant (2.31 ± 0.16 shoots). Microshoots from the culture, when inoculated on to MS medium supplemented with Naphthalene Acetic Acid 1.0 mg/L gave the best rooting response with 10.67 ± 0.94 roots per plant and 5.42 ± 0.29 cm root length. This is the first report of synthetic seed production in P. rosea using axillary buds as explant.

Background: The genus Plumbago distributed in warm tropical regions throughout the world is the largest genus in Plumbaginaceae. Medicinal plants are characteristic to the genus Plumbago and are cultivated and utilized worldwide. Plumbago auriculata Lam. is common in South Africa and is often cultivated for its ornamental and medicinal uses throughout the world.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the genus Plumbago with focus on Plumbago auriculata was carried out and information was gathered using scientific publications, conference proceedings, the internet and books. Articles based on the morphology, pharmacological and medicinal uses of Plumbago auriculata was analysed thoroughly.Results: Plumbago auriculata plant parts posses a wide range of phytochemicals with plumbagin being the marker compound showing various pharmacological activities. Different plant parts are claimed to be used for the treatment of human and animal ailments, however they do exhibit toxic properties and need to be administered with caution. Salt secreting glands and trichomes are characteristic of Plumbaginaceae.Conclusion: This study reveals new insights on the genus Plumbago and the potential use of species in the genus as medicinal plants. Plumbago auriculata possess the bioactive compound plumbagin and secondary metabolites, thus, it is of high medicinal importance. P. auriculata is a poorly nor favourite studied species in the genus Plumbago and further research needs to be carried out to explore specific details of the species.Key words: Plumbago, salt glands, trichomes, pharmacological activities, plumbagin, micropropagation.

It is a herbaceous plant with glabrous, climbing, prostrate, or erect stems, that grows in the tropical climates of India and Australia. The root is powerfully poisonous and its internal use is attended with great risk. It increases digestive function and promotes appetite, stimulates nervous system in small doses, and in higher doses causes paralysis, leading to death. It causes abortion if used internally, but most commonly employed as local irritant to os uteri. In Ayurveda, roots are used to treat skin diseases, diarrhea, plague and leprosy, and Hindu physicians describe the plant as digestive, light, astringent, hot and appetizing, and use it for the treatment of dyspepsia, piles, leprosy, anasarca, worms, cough, phlegm, flatulence and biliousness. Muslim physicians in India described it as caustic, vesicant, abortifacient, an expellant of phlegmatic humours, and considered it useful in rheumatism and splenic and digestive disorders. Shitraj of Muslim physicians is regarded to be any species of Plumbago, and not necessarily the species zeylanica; however, P. rosea is more powerful and more vesicant. Root and its constituents are also credited with antiatherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties, and as a GIT flora normalizer. In the Philippines, pounded roots are used for blistering, and their decoction is used as antiscabies remedy, and the Ethiopians also use the root to treat skin disorders and a number of other diseases. Roots are reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, quinones, phenols, tannins, steroids and sugars. Both aqueous and alcohol root extracts, and plumbagin exhibit significant antioxidant potentials, and pretreatment of mice with alcoholic root extract protected against CP-genotoxicity and oxidative stress, and cisplatin-nephrotoxicity. Root paste made in water and applied topically exhibited anti-inflammatory activity.

Biosynthesis of plumbagin using hairy root cultures of Plumbago rosea L. can be made economical only by scaling-up cultures in suitable vessels under conditions optimal for maximum yield of biomass and plumbagin. However, the major limitation faced in the scaling-up of hairy roots is the development of appropriate culture vessels that will allow maximum growth of interconnected root mat with less shear stress. Design of economical and low energy requiring scaling-up culture system for hairy roots with emphasis on physical parameters like inoculum state, nutrient mixing, aeration, inoculum support etc., is very important for root cultures. A novel, culture vessel model using a Reaction kettle (2 L) was attempted for successful scaling-up of P. rosea hairy roots. The roots cultured in Murashige and Skoog basal liquid medium for 25 days in a Reaction kettle (2 L) customized with a polypropylene mesh for support and a fish tank aerator for aeration yielded maximum biomass and plumbagin. Twelve-fold increase in root biomass with highest plumbagin content of 1.5% dry weight (DW) was obtained in Reaction kettle whereas, shake flask cultures produced only five fold biomass enhancement with 1.1% DW plumbagin. The present experiments demonstrated the suitability of the customized Reaction kettle with adequate filtered air for the scaling-up of hairy root cultures for secondary metabolite production. This is the first report on exploiting a Reaction kettle for in vitro scaling-up of organ cultures.

Three plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied as substrate drenches; paclobutrazol (1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/pot), flurprimidol (0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/pot), or ethephon (125, 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1), plus an untreated control, to determine the efficacy of controlling excessive growth of ‘Imperial Dark Blue’ plumbago (Plumbago auriculata). No delay in flowering occurred with any of the PGR drenches, as compared with the untreated control. Plumbagos were responsive to both paclobutrazol and flurprimidol drenches. Concentrations of paclobutrazol and flurprimidol ≥1 mg/pot resulted in shorter plant heights than the untreated control. For producers desiring a moderate to high degree of control, 1 mg/pot drenches of either PGR could be suitable. All flurprimidol and paclobutrazol concentrations greater than 1 mg/pot resulted in excessive stunting and should be avoided. All ethephon drench concentrations were more consistent in controlling diameter, and increasing branching and flowering than paclobutrazol or flurprimidol. Based on the results of this study, the growth suppression of ethephon drenches was gradual, limiting overdose risks. Although plant diameters were not as small as plants treated with paclobutrazol or flurprimidol, diameter control was still adequate, and plants treated with ethephon drenches had a higher aesthetic appeal due to a more full appearance and increased flowering. With the use of an ethephon drench at 125 to 250 mg·L−1, plumbago producers have another PGR available to control excessive stem elongation and improve the flowering of plumbago.

In this study, secondary metabolite production was enhanced by inducing rhizogenesis in cell cultures leading to root culture of Plumbago rosea. Auxins favored rhizogenesis from the cell aggregates, which enhanced the plumbagin production. Combinations of indole-3-butyric acid (1.5 mg.L–1) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.0 mg.L–1) induced the highest root production (40.0 ± 0.78). Highest biomass and plumbagin (1.33%DW) were obtained when harvested in 40 d.

Plant-based medicines have been playing a pivotal role in the primary health care needs of humans since thousands of years. For the pharmaceutical industry, natural products serve as the best sources of therapeutic agents and drug leads. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a phytoconstituent that was originally found in the plant genus Plumbago but is also present in Aristea, Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera, Nepenthes, Drosophyllum, Dioncophyllum, Triphyophyllum, Ancistrocaldus, Ceratostigma, Diospyros, Juglans and others belonging to families like Iridaceae, Juglandaceae, Droseraceae, Nepenthaceae, Drosophyllaceae, Dioncophyllaceae, Anicistrocladaceae, Plumbaginaceae and Ebenaceae. It is noteworthy that the roots of Plumbago zeylanica have been used in Indian traditional medicine since more than 2500 years for the treatment of various diseases. In plants, plumbagin is biosynthesized as an acetogenic secondary metabolite. Several researchers successfully developed tissue culture methods for enhancing plumbagin production from the root and leaf culture of different species. Although synthetic chemists synthesized plumbagin via retro Diels-Alder and Diels-Alder reactions, a one-pot synthesis method may be used preferably for the large-scale synthesis of plumbagin. The bioavailability of plumbagin via oral route in rats was found to be 38.7 ± 5%. Due to greater lipophilicity, plumbagin shows extensive distribution into the body tissues with slow elimination rate. Plumbagin exhibits neuroprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-leishmanial and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities. Moreover, it showed promising results in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers like lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, and prostate cancer. The anticancer effects of plumbagin are associated with modulation of various intracellular signaling pathways such as NF-kB, and AKT/mTOR, which play a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, several laboratories have been engaged in exploring the therapeutic potential of plumbagin. While limited novel delivery strategies were adopted for plumbagin, there is a huge scope for the further development of novel formulations to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. This chapter covers the phytochemical, biotechnological and pharmaceutical aspects of plumbagin, which defiantly lighten the path of researcher aiming to work on this promising phytoconstituent.

Adventitious root cultures of medicinal plants are considered as a source of raw material for pharmaceutical industries. The roots of Plumbago rosea are used in various ayurvedic preparations for treating several diseases. Plumbagin is the major bioactive compound in the roots and it possesses activities against HIV and different types of cancers. Direct adventitious root initials were initiated on leaf explants of P. rosea, in Murashige and Skoog semisolid media supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and was used to establish root suspension cultures. Culture parameter optimization experiments showed that 3/4th strength MS liquid media with 30% sucrose and 2 g L−1 (FW) root inoculum was optimum for maximum biomass production. Without elicitation, maximum plumbagin production was obtained in media containing 0.5 mg L−1 IBA and 0.1 mg L−1 GA3. The study suggests that fast growing and high yielding adventitious roots could be established from leaf explants by optimizing the culture conditions for root induction and growth. Elicitation with different concentrations of elicitors such as jasmonic acid, yeast extract and sodium salicylate showed that 50 μM jasmonic acid for three days significantly increased plumbagin content in roots to 1.23% DW. The results reveal that elicitation is a good strategy for enhancing the plumbagin content in adventitious root cultures.

To evaluate the effects of 12 biotic and abiotic elicitors for increasing the production of plumbagin in Plumbago indica root cultures.Most elicitors showed minimal effects on the root dry weight, except for 250 mg chitosan l(-1) and 10 mM L-alanine that markedly decreased root biomass by about 40 % compared to the untreated root cultures (5 g l(-1)). Treatments with 100 µM AgNO3 significantly increased intracellular plumbagin production by up to 7.6 mg g(-1) DW that was 4-fold more than the untreated root cultures (1.9 mg g(-1) DW). In contrast, treatments with 150 mg chitosan l(-1), 5 mM L-alanine, and 50 µM 1-naphthol significantly enhanced the extracellular secretion of plumbagin by up to 10.6, 6.9, and 5.7 mg g(-1) DW, respectively, and increased the overall production of plumbagin by up to 12.5, 12.5, and 9.4 mg g(-1) DW, respectively.Chitosan (150 mg l(-1)), L-alanine (5 mM), and 1-naphthol (50 µM) were the best elicitors to enhance plumbagin production in P. indica root cultures.

Plumbago zeylanicais one such important medicinal plant which is being used the world over in the traditional system of medicines. The plant is being used extensively in commercial preparations of medicines. The plumbagin present in different parts of Plumbago zeylanica as active constituent and it imparts wide range of biological activities. In the present study we planned to check the concentration of plumbagin present in aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica. The petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from the aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica by successive extraction method. The phytochemical investigation of Plumbago zeylanica exhibited maximum phytoconstituents along flavonoids and polyphenol present in ethanol and aqueous extracts. While the petroleum ether extract of aerial and root contains steroid. The Plumbagin content in ethanol extract of aerial and root of Plumbago zeylanica was estimated from the calibration graph plotted from pure plumbagin. The findings of study indicate that concentration of plumbagin in aerial part of Plumbago zeylanica is maximum compared to root.

Case report A 2-year-old male Airedale Terrier was presented with an acute and painful, predominantly ventral, vesicular skin eruption following putative dermal contact with Plumbago auriculata (Sky Flower, Leadwort). Prompt dermal decontamination and supportive therapy brought about a rapid recovery in the patient. Conclusion Contact with botanical triggers is an important consideration for causes of acute vesicular skin conditions in dogs.

Dionaea muscipula llamada "venus atrapamoscas", es la única especie del género Dionaea perteneciente al grupo de las "plantas carnívoras" que además de su atractivo ornamental, hoy es estudiada para el aislamiento de metabolitos secundarios, habiéndose encontrado diversos compuestos con actividad directa en diferentes enfermedades. La plumbagina (2-metil- 5-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona) ha sido reportada en diferentes especies de géneros como Plumbago (Plumbaginaceae), Drosera y Dionaea (Droseraceae) y Diospyros (Ebenaceae) describiéndose actividades como antiespasmódica, antibacteriana, antifúngica antiparasitaria, antidolor reumático y anticancerígena. El objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar un método fiable por cromatografía HPLC UV para la determinación de plumbagina. El método presentó una la linealidad r2 = 0.997569 para concentraciones entre 10 y 50 µg/ml, con límites de detección (LOD) y de cuantificación (LOQ) de 0.09 µg/ml y de 0,3 µg/ml, respectivamente. La precisión de los resultados fue expresada como un %RSD de 1,34 para el análisis intradiario y de 5,76 para el análisis interdiario. En la exactitud se obtuvo una recuperación máxima de plumbagina de 94,71 %. Se concluye que el método propuesto es simple, exacto y preciso y puede ser ensayado para la determinación rápida de plumbagina Background: Dionaea muscipula called "venus flytrap" is the only species of the genus Dionaea belonging to the group of "carnivorous plants" that besides its ornamental appeal nowadays is studied for the isolation of secondary metabolites, having finding various compounds with direct activity in different diseases. Plumbagin (2-methyl-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), has been reported in different genres such as Plumbago species (Plumbaginaceae), Drosera and Dionaea (Droseraceae) and Diospyros (Ebenaceae) describing activities like antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiparasitic antifungal, anti-rheumatic pain and anti-cancer. The aim of this study is to develop a method by HPLC UV reliable for the determination of plumbagina. The method presented a linearity r2 = 0.997569 for concentrations between 10 and 50 ug / ml, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of 0.09 g / ml and 0.3 ug/ ml respectively. The accuracy of the results was expressed as a% RSD of 1.34 to 5.76 intra diary and inter diary for analysis. The accuracy in maximum recovery of 94.71% plumbagina was obtained. It is concluded that the proposed method is simple, accurate and precise and can be tested for the rapid determination of plumbagina

Purpose In the Ayurvedic system of medicine Plumbago zeylanica is one of the important medicinal plants which possess several pharmaceutical activities such as antiplasmodial anti microbial antitumour hepatoprotective antifungal anti inflammatory and anticancer activity It contains several active constituents and the most important bioactive compound is plumbagin which is a naphthoquinone Recently nanoparticles have gained its significance in the medical fields due to its higher surface area to volume ratio In this study silver nanoparticles were synthesised from the in vitro grown accession of Plumbago zeylanica Materials and Methods Aqueous extract of aerial part of Plumbago zeylanica accession number was analyzed for the presence of steroid reducing sugar flavonoids alkaloids tannin terpenoids and saponins Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing the aqueous and silver nitrate solution for hrs Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy UV Vis was used to detect the formation of silver nanoparticles and scanning electron microscopy SEM was used to check the shape of the synthesized nanoparticles Results Present investigation deals with the qualitative analysis of phytocompounds present in the Plumbago zeylanica accession number was done using aqueous extract of the aerial part It showed positive results for reducing sugar terpenoid steroid flavonoid glycoside and alkaloid Further silver nanoparticles synthesis was done and synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV VIS spectroscopy and SEM Conclusion This is the first report on rapid and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the in vitro grown accession of Plumbago zeylanica It can be concluded that aerial part of Plumbago zeylanica can be a good source for the silver nanoparticles synthesis

82. Plumbago rosea L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 215. 1762 [cited in Nat. Hist. II(7): 522. 1777]. = Plumbago indica L., Amboin.: 24. 1754. Notes. ��� A specimen in the Ceylon herbarium is in G-PREL [G00818069]. A corresponding specimen is in the Thunberg herbarium (UPS-THUNB n�� 4373)., Published as part of Wijnands, Dirk Onno, Heniger, Johannes, Veldkamp, Jan Frederik, Fumeaux, Nicolas & Callmander, Martin W., 2017, The botanical legacy of Martinus Houttuyn (1720 - 1798) in Geneva, pp. 155-198 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5721887

Plumbago (Plumbaginaceae) is a genus of 10-20 species of flowering plants used in traditional Indian medicine, native to warm temperature to tropical regions of the world. The roots of Plumbago europaea, the Iraqi species of Plumbago, have been used for the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and dysmenorrhea. The main active constituents from dried powdered leaves and roots of Plumbago europaea were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus using ethyl acetate, the main active constituent was characterized by spectroscopic analysis (IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) as plumbagin. Quantitative and qualitative study of plumbagin in the roots and leaves extracts was carried out by HPLC technique using analytical column (Eurospher 100, C18, 5 µm, 250 x 4.6 mm) with 10% solvent (B) isocratic elution of methanol (solvent A) and water (solvent B) at flow rate 0.75 ml/min and detection wave length of 270 nm. The percentage of plumbagin in the root and leaf extracts was recorded to be (1.9 %) and (1.5 %) respectively. Keywords: Plumbago europaea, plumbagin, HPLC

Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a bicyclic naphthoquinone naturally distributed among Plumbago species, has been reported to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. In this study, plumbagin was examined for its combinatory antimicrobial effect with tetracycline or oxacillin against nine strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including its methicillin- and multidrug-resistant strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined through the broth microdilution method, whereas the combinatory effect was evaluated according to the sum of fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) indices. Additive interactions were obtained for both combinations against most of the strains tested. Synergy was obtained for combination with oxacillin against two out of seven strains (ΣFIC range 0.273–0.281), both were methicillin resistant. Our results proved plumbagin as a compound suitable for anti-Staphylococcal combinatory testing. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of plumbagin synergy with oxacillin against S. aureus strains, including its resistant forms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.