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Plumarella (Verticillata) castellviae Zapata-Guardiola, López-González & Gili, 2013 Material examined: BBB 2016: St. 13. PD BB 2017: St. 14; St. 16 (MACN-In 43504). Distribution: At present, P. castellviae, is only known from Sub-Antarctic waters from Tierra del Fuego and the Malvinas Islands to Burdwood bank in the Scotia Sea, between 120–2044 m depth (Zapata-Guardiola et al. 2013). It is here reported off Staten Is. (608 m) and at the MPA Namuncurá II. Remarks: This is the first report of this species after its description (see Zapata-Guardiola et al. 2013). Our specimen was a yellowish, uniplanar, pinnate colony, with five polyps per whorl and eight marginal sclerites with strong terminal thorn., Published as part of Schejter, L., Genzano, G., Pérez, C. D., Acuña, F., Cordeiro, R. T. S., Silva, R. A., Garese, A. & Bremec, C. S., 2020, Checklist of Benthic Cnidaria in the SW Atlantic Ocean (54 ºS- 56 ºS), pp. 201-239 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4424884, {"references":["Zapata-Guardiola, R., Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. & Gili, J. M. (2013) A review of the genus Mirostenella Bayer, 1988 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) with a description of a new subgenus and species. Helgoland Marine Research, 67, 229 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 012 - 0318 - z"]}

During a 2013 cruise in the Southern Ocean we collected specimens of the octocoral Plumarella delicatissima between 800 and 950 m depth. Five new furanocembranoid diterpenes, keikipukalides A-E (1-5), the known diterpene pukalide aldehyde (6), and the known norditerpenoid ineleganolide (7) were isolated from the coral. These Plumarella terpenes lack mammalian cytotoxicity, while 2-7 display activity against Leishmania donovani between 1.9 and 12 μM. Structure elucidation was facilitated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and keikipukalides A and E were confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Genus Plumarella Gray, 1870 Plumarella Gray, 1870: 36.—K̹kenthal, 1919: 144–145 (key to species).—Bayer & Stefani, 1898: 454 (key to genus).— Cairns & Bayer, 2009: 3940, figs. 11K–S.— Cairns, 2011: 7 –9; 2016b: 51–52.— Cairns & Wirshing, 2018:1, 11. Type Species. Gorgonia penna Lamarck, 1815, by subsequent designation (Wright & Studer 1889: 73). Diagnosis. Colonies uniplanar, usually pinnately branched, but may be dichotomous. Polyps usually arranged in alternating biserial fashion or isolated (random order). Polyps covered with eight longitudinal rows of body wall scales, those on the adaxial side sometimes smaller and fewer in number. The eight marginal scales do not fold over the operculum and thus usually do not have a keel on inner surface. Distal margin of marginal scales straight, pointed, serrate, or spinose. Inner face of opercular scales usually smooth (not keeled). Discussion. Based on molecular evidence, Cairns & Wirshing (2018) recently elevated to genus level two of the four subgenera in Plumarella and collapsed the other two into one genus, Plumarella ss, which now has no subgenera and consists of 33 species. Distribution. Central, north, and western Pacific, Patagonia, New Zealand, northwestern Atlantic, 10–3182 m., Published as part of Cairns, Stephen D., 2018, Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) of the Okeanos Explorer expeditions (CAPSTONE) to the central Pacific, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 4532 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2614967, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1870) Catalogue of the Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 51 pp.","Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629","Cairns, S. D. (2011) A revision of the Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 634, 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.634","Cairns, S. D. & Wirshing, H. H. (2018) A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18 (66), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1182 - 5","Wright, E. P. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 31 (64), 1 - 314."]}

Plumarella circumoperculum Cairns, 2010 Fig. 1W Plumarella circumoperculum Cairns, 2010: 422 –425, figs. 1C, 6–7 (synonymy). Types and Type Locality. The holotype (USNM 1072129) and paratypes are deposited at the NMNH. Type Locality: 23˚14’24”N, 163˚31’21”W (Blank Bank, Northwest Hawaiian Islands), 1373 m. Material Examined. EX 1603-2-03, 23˚56’45”N, 166˚02’W (French Frigate Shoal, Northwest Hawaiian Is- lands), 1221 m, colony fragment, USNM 1424051. Remarks. This species was adequately described and figured in the original description (Cairns 2009) and thus will not be redescribed, discussed, or fully figured herein. The Okeanos site of collection is also just kilometers from previously collected specimens. The only addition to the knowledge of this species is by providing an in situ photograph of the living colony, which measures about 25 cm in width (Fig. 1W). Distribution. Northwest Hawaiian Islands between Brooks Bank and Blank Bank, 432–1373 m., Published as part of Cairns, Stephen D., 2018, Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) of the Okeanos Explorer expeditions (CAPSTONE) to the central Pacific, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 4532 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2614967, {"references":["Cairns, S. D. (2010) A review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai'i and adjacent seamounts, Part 3: The genera Thouarella, Plumarella, Callogorgia, Fanellia, and Parastenella. Pacific Science, 64 (3), 413 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 64.3.413"]}

A comprehensive revision of the genus Thouarella is presented. Thirty-five holotypes of the 38 nominal Thouarella species, two varieties, and one form were examined. The number of original Thouarella species has been reduced to 25, mostly through synonymy or new genus combinations. In the process several new species have also been identified, one of which is described here as Thouarella parachilensis nov. sp. The genus is split into two groups based on polyp arrangement: Group 1 with isolated polyps and Group 2 with polyps in pairs or whorls. An illustrated dichotomous key and detailed character table of the 25 Thouarella species are presented alongside an up-to-date account of all species described in the 19th and 20th centuries and summaries of the few described from 2000 onwards. We propose that Thouarella longispinosa is synonymous with Dasystenella acanthina, T. versluysi with T. brucei, and, T. tenuisquamis, T. flabellata, and T. carinata are synonymous with T. laxa. Lastly, we propose that T. bayeri and T. undulata be placed in Plumarella and support recent suggestions that T. alternata, T. recta, T. superba, and T. diadema are also Plumarella.

The taxonomy of the primnoid genus Amphilaphis Studer and Wright in Studer, 1887 has been in a confused state for a long time and a revision of the species included in that genus has become a necessity. We have revised and redescribed the species previously included in the genus using up-to-date technology, such as polyp and sclerite images obtained with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result of this study, because the type species of Amphilaphis is actually a Thouarella species, we consider the genus Amphilaphis to be no longer valid. One of the species previously considered in Amphilaphis has a set of morphological characters that are not recognizable in any of the current primnoid genera. Primnocapsa n. gen. has a dichotomous branching pattern, polyps placed singly, in spirals around the branchlets, 8 opercular scales with the inner surface keeled and with 2 mounds basally and 8 marginal scales offset from the operculars. The new genus is described and illustrated. Moreover, one of the re-examined species has been included in a new subgenus, Faxiella n. subgen. of Plumarella Gray, 1870 because it has polyps placed in pairs. Finally, the remaining re-examined species have been included in the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870, one of the most specious primnoid genera.

12 pages, 11 figures, In the present study, the genus Mirostenella Bayer (Proc Biol Soc Wash 101:251–256, 1988) is revised. We add to knowledge of the type species of the genus M. articulata Bayer (Proc Biol Soc Wash 101:251–256, 1988) from newly collected material from the Antarctic cruise Polarstern ANT XIX/5, and an illustrated description of this species is included. Cairns and Bayer (Smithson Contrib Zool 629:1–79, 2009) included Dicholaphis delicatula Thomson and Rennet (Sci Rept C Zool Bot 9(3):1–46, 1931) in the genus Mirostenella but after the examination of the type material, it is proposed to include the species in the recently described Plumarella subgenus, Faxiella (Zapata-Guardiola and López-González in Sci Mar 76:357–380, 2012). In addition, a new species of Plumarella, Plumarella castellviae sp. nov. from SubAntarctic waters is also described and illustrated. The species has similarities to Mirostenella but differs from it in the absence of organic nodes at bifurcation points and the presence of a sympodial branching pattern. Moreover, a new subgenus, Verticillata, is also proposed to include Plumarella species with polyps arranged in whorls around branchlets, The authors would like to thank Stephen Cairns (USNM) for his assistance and comments on the family Primnoidae during a long stay in the National Museum of Natural History and for allowing us access to all Bayer’s material. We also acknowledge Emma Sherlock and the Zoology Department for access to the collection of NHMUK, and to Dr. Stephen Keable (Australian Museum) for lending, the type of Plumarella delicatula for examination. We are grateful to the officers and crew of the R/V Polarstern and many colleagues on board during the LAMPOS cruise for their support and help and also to Erika Mutschke and Carlos Rios (Universidad de Magallanes, Chile) for making available the material collected during the Polarstern cruise ANT XIII/4. We would also thank the editor of Helgoland Marine Research and give special thanks to the referees for their ideas and comments about the manuscript, which significantly improved it. Support for this study was provided by the Spanish CICYT projects—CLIMANT—POL2006-06399/CGL (ANT XXIII/8) and REN2001-4929-E/ANT (LAMPOS). Mr. Tony Krupa is thanked for reviewing the English version

Two new cytotoxic diterpenoids, plumarellide ( 1 ) and the ethyl ester of plumarellic acid ( 2 ), were isolated from the alcoholic extract of the gorgonian coral Plumarella sp. and their structures were established by NMR, EIMS, MALDI TOF MS, IR and UV spectroscopy.

Two new cytotoxic diterpenoids, plumarellide ( 1 ) and the ethyl ester of plumarellic acid ( 2 ), were isolated from the alcoholic extract of the gorgonian coral Plumarella sp. and their structures were established by NMR, EIMS, MALDI TOF MS, IR and UV spectroscopy.