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1. Scattering makes a difference in circular dichroic angle-resolved photoemission

Author: Boban, Honey, Qahosh, Mohammed, Hou, Xiao, Sobol, Tomasz, Beyer, Edyta, Szczepanik, Magdalena, Baranowski, Daniel, Mearini, Simone, Feyer, Vitaliy, Mokrousov, Yuriy, Jin, Keda, Wichmann, Tobias, Martinez-Castro, Jose, Ternes, Markus, Tautz, F. Stefan, Lüpke, Felix, Schneider, Claus M., Henk, Jürgen, and Plucinski, Lukasz
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a steady progress towards blending 2D quantum materials into technology, with future applications often rooted in the electronic structure. Since crossings and inversions of electronic bands with different orbital characters determine intrinsic quantum transport properties, knowledge of the orbital character is essential. Here, we benchmark angle-resolved photoelectron emission spectroscopy (ARPES) as a tool to experimentally derive orbital characters. For this purpose we study the valence electronic structure of two technologically relevant quantum materials, graphene and WSe$_2$, and focus on circular dichroism that is believed to provide sensitivity to the orbital angular momentum. We analyze the contributions related to angular atomic photoionization profiles, interatomic interference, and multiple scattering. Regimes in which initial-state properties could be disentangled from the ARPES maps are critically discussed and the potential of using circular-dichroic ARPES as a tool to investigate the spin polarization of initial bands is explored. For the purpose of generalization, results from two additional materials, GdMn$_6$Sn$_6$ and PtTe$_2$ are presented in addition. This research demonstrates rich complexity of the underlying physics of circular-dichroic ARPES, providing new insights that will shape the interpretation of both past and future circular-dichroic ARPES studies., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2024

2. Identifying band structure changes of FePS3 across the antiferromagnetic phase transition

Author: Pestka, Benjamin, Strasdas, Jeff, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Budniak, Adam K., Liebmann, Marcus, Leuth, Niklas, Boban, Honey, Feyer, Vitaliy, Cojocariu, Iulia, Baranowski, Daniel, Mearini, Simone, Amouyal, Yaron, Waldecker, Lutz, Beschoten, Bernd, Stampfer, Christoph, Plucinski, Lukasz, Lifshitz, Efrat, Kratzer, Peter, and Morgenstern, Markus
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, J.2
Abstract: Magnetic 2D materials enable novel tuning options of magnetism. As an example, the van der Waals material FePS3, a zigzag-type intralayer antiferromagnet, exhibits very strong magnetoelastic coupling due to the different bond lengths along different ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling directions enabling elastic tuning of magnetic properties. The likely cause of the length change is the intricate competition between direct exchange of the Fe atoms and superexchange via the S and P atoms. To elucidate this interplay, we study the band structure of exfoliated FePS3 by mu m scale ARPES (Angular Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy), both, above and, for the first time, below the Neel temperature TN. We find three characteristic changes across TN. They involve S 3p-type bands, Fe 3d-type bands and P 3p-type bands, respectively, as attributed by comparison with density functional theory calculations (DFT+U). This highlights the involvement of all the atoms in the magnetic phase transition providing independent evidence for the intricate exchange paths.
Published: 2024

3. Single in situ Interface Characterization Composed of Niobium and a Selectively Grown (Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_x$)$_2$Te$_3$ Topological Insulator Nanoribbon

Author: Janßen, Kevin, Rüßmann, Philipp, Liberda, Sergej, Schleenvoigt, Michael, Hou, Xiao, Jalil, Abdur Rehman, Lentz, Florian, Trellenkamp, Stefan, Bennemann, Benjamin, Zimmermann, Erik, Mussler, Gregor, Schüffelgen, Peter, Schneider, Claus-Michael, Blügel, Stefan, Grützmacher, Detlev, Plucinski, Lukasz, and Schäpers, Thomas
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: With increasing attention in Majorana physics for possible quantum bit applications, a large interest has been developed to understand the properties of the interface between a $s$-type superconductor and a topological insulator. Up to this point the interface analysis was mainly focused on in situ prepared Josephson junctions, which consist of two coupled single interfaces or to ex-situ fabricated single interface devices. In our work we utilize a novel fabrication process, combining selective area growth and shadow evaporation which allows the characterization of a single in situ fabricated Nb/$\mathrm{(Bi_{0.15}Sb_{0.85})_2Te_3}$ nano interface. The resulting high interface transparency is apparent by a zero bias conductance increase by a factor of 1.7. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive differential conductance analysis of our single in situ interface for various magnetic fields, temperatures and gate voltages. Additionally, density functional theory calculations of the superconductor/topological insulator interface are performed in order to explain the peak-like shape of our differential conductance spectra and the origin of the observed smearing of conductance features., Comment: Main manuscript: 11 pages, 6 figures, Supplementary material: 10 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2023

4. The role of vasculature and angiogenesis in respiratory diseases

Author: Ackermann, Maximilian, Werlein, Christopher, Plucinski, Edith, Leypold, Sophie, Kühnel, Mark P., Verleden, Stijn E., Khalil, Hassan A., Länger, Florian, Welte, Tobias, Mentzer, Steven J., and Jonigk, Danny D.
Published: 2024
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5. Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of magnetically separated microalgae: effect of reaction conditions on bio-crude yield and composition

Author: Egesa, Dan, Chuck, Christopher J., and Plucinski, Pawel
Published: 2024
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6. On the origin of circular dichroism in angular resolved photoemission from graphene, graphite, and WSe$_2$ family of materials

Author: Plucinski, Lukasz
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: Circular dichroism in angle-resolved photoemission (CD-ARPES) is one of the promising techniques for obtaining experimental insight into topological properties of novel materials, in particular to the orbital angular momentum (OAM) in dispersive bands, which might be related, albeit certainly in a non-trivial way, to the momentum resolved Berry curvature of the bands. Therefore, it is important to understand how non-vanishing CD-ARPES signal arises in graphene, a material where Dirac bands are made from C $|2p_z\rangle$ orbitals that carry zero OAM, spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) can be neglected, and Berry curvature effectively vanishes. Dubs et al., Phys. Rev. B 32, 8389 (1985) have demonstrated non-vanishing cricular dichroism in angular distribution (CDAD) from an oriented $p_z$ orbital, and this process can be responsible for the experimentally observed CD-ARPES in graphene. In this paper, we derive the CD-ARPES from $p_z$ orbitals by elementary means, using only simple algebraic formulas and tabulated numerical values, and show that it leads to significant CD-ARPES signal over the entire vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray energy range, with an exception of the photon energy region near $h\nu \approx 40$ eV. We also demonstrate that another process, emerging from the finite electron inelastic mean free path, also leads to CD-ARPES of the potentially similar order of magnitude, as previously discussed by Moser, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 214, 29 (2017). We present calculated CDAD maps for selected orbitals and briefly discuss the consequences of the findings for CD-ARPES, focusing on graphene, graphite and WSe$_2$., Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2023

7. Electronic Band Structure Changes across the Antiferromagnetic Phase Transition of Exfoliated MnPS3 Flakes Probed by μ‑ARPES

Author: Strasdas, Jeff, Pestka, Benjamin, Rybak, Miłosz, Budniak, Adam K, Leuth, Niklas, Boban, Honey, Feyer, Vitaliy, Cojocariu, Iulia, Baranowski, Daniel, Avila, José, Dudin, Pavel, Bostwick, Aaron, Jozwiak, Chris, Rotenberg, Eli, Autieri, Carmine, Amouyal, Yaron, Plucinski, Lukasz, Lifshitz, Efrat, Birowska, Magdalena, and Morgenstern, Markus
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Chemical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, magnetic 2D materials, angular resolved photoelectronspectroscopy, layered magnetism, mu-ARPES, density functional theory, angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, μ-ARPES, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Abstract: Exfoliated magnetic 2D materials enable versatile tuning of magnetization, e.g., by gating or providing proximity-induced exchange interaction. However, their electronic band structure after exfoliation has not been probed, presumably due to their photochemical sensitivity. Here, we provide micrometer-scale angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the exfoliated intralayer antiferromagnet MnPS3 above and below the Néel temperature down to one monolayer. Favorable comparison with density functional theory calculations enables identifying the orbital character of the observed bands. Consistently, we find pronounced changes across the Néel temperature for bands consisting of Mn 3d and 3p levels of adjacent S atoms. The deduced orbital mixture indicates that the superexchange is relevant for the magnetic interaction. There are only minor changes between monolayer and thicker films, demonstrating the predominant 2D character of MnPS3. The novel access is transferable to other MPX3 materials (M: transition metal, P: phosphorus, X: chalcogenide), providing several antiferromagnetic arrangements.
Published: 2023

8. Photocurrents, inverse Faraday effect and photospin Hall effect in Mn$_2$Au

Author: Merte, M., Freimuth, F., Go, D., Adamantopoulos, T., Lux, F. R., Plucinski, L., Gomonay, O., Blügel, S., and Mokrousov, Y.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Among antiferromagnetic materials, Mn$_2$Au is one of the most intensively studied, and it serves as a very popular platform for testing various ideas related to antiferromagnetic magnetotransport and dynamics. Since recently, this material has also attracted considerable interest in the context of optical properties and optically-driven antiferromagnetic switching. In this work, we use first principles methods to explore the physics of charge photocurrents, spin photocurrents and inverse Faraday effect in antiferromagnetic Mn$_2$Au. We predict the symmetry and magnitude of these effects, and speculate that they can be used for tracking the dynamics of staggered moments during switching. Our calculations reveal the emergence of large photocurrents of spin in collinear Mn$_2$Au, whose properties can be understood as a result of a non-linear optical version of spin Hall effect $-$ which we refer to as the $\textit{photospin Hall effect}$ encoded into the relation between the driving charge and resulting spin photocurrents. Moreover, we suggest that even a very small canting in Mn$_2$Au can give rise to colossal spin photocurrents which are $\textit{chiral}$ in flavor. We conclude that the combination of staggered magnetization with the structural and electronic properties of this material results in a unique blend of prominent photocurrents, which makes Mn$_2$Au a unique platform for advanced optospintronics applications.
Published: 2023

9. Targeted and whole-genome sequencing reveal a north-south divide in P. falciparum drug resistance markers and genetic structure in Mozambique.

Author: da Silva, Clemente, Boene, Simone, Datta, Debayan, Rovira-Vallbona, Eduard, Aranda-Díaz, Andrés, Cisteró, Pau, Hathaway, Nicholas, Tessema, Sofonias, Chidimatembue, Arlindo, Matambisso, Glória, Nhama, Abel, Macete, Eusebio, Pujol, Arnau, Nhamussua, Lidia, Galatas, Beatriz, Guinovart, Caterina, Enosse, Sónia, De Carvalho, Eva, Rogier, Eric, Plucinski, Mateusz M, Colborn, James, Zulliger, Rose, Saifodine, Abuchahama, Alonso, Pedro L, Candrinho, Baltazar, Greenhouse, Bryan, Aide, Pedro, Saute, Francisco, and Mayor, Alfredo
Subjects: Humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Malaria, Malaria, Falciparum, Antimalarials, Drug Resistance, Genetic Structures, Mozambique, Whole Genome Sequencing, Genetics, Vector-Borne Diseases, Rare Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Human Genome, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract: Mozambique is one of the four African countries which account for over half of all malaria deaths worldwide, yet little is known about the parasite genetic structure in that country. We performed P. falciparum amplicon and whole genome sequencing on 2251 malaria-infected blood samples collected in 2015 and 2018 in seven provinces of Mozambique to genotype antimalarial resistance markers and interrogate parasite population structure using genome-wide microhaplotyes. Here we show that the only resistance-associated markers observed at frequencies above 5% were pfmdr1-184F (59%), pfdhfr-51I/59 R/108 N (99%) and pfdhps-437G/540E (89%). The frequency of pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutants associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance increased from 80% in 2015 to 89% in 2018 (p
Published: 2023

10. Twist angle dependent interlayer transfer of valley polarization from excitons to free charge carriers in WSe$_2$/MoSe$_2$ heterobilayers

Author: Volmer, Frank, Ersfeld, Manfred, Junior, Paulo E. Faria, Waldecker, Lutz, Parashar, Bharti, Rathmann, Lars, Dubey, Sudipta, Cojocariu, Iulia, Feyer, Vitaliy, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Schneider, Claus M., Plucinski, Lukasz, Stampfer, Christoph, Fabian, Jaroslav, and Beschoten, Bernd
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: We identify an optical excitation mechanism that transfers a valley polarization from photo-excited electron-hole pairs to free charge carriers in twisted WSe$_2$/MoSe$_2$ heterobilayers. For small twist angles, the valley lifetimes of the charge carriers are surprisingly short, despite the occurrence of interlayer excitons with their presumably long recombination and polarization lifetimes. For large twist angles, we measure an increase in both the valley polarization and its respective lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude. Interestingly, in such heterobilayers we observe an interlayer transfer of valley polarization from the WSe$_2$ layer into the MoSe$_2$ layer. This mechanism enables the creation of a photo-induced valley polarization of free charge carriers in MoSe$_2$, which amplitude scales with the gate-induced charge carrier density. This is in contrast to monolayer MoSe$_2$, where such a gate-tunable valley polarization cannot be achieved. By combining time-resolved Kerr rotation, photoluminesence and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements with first principles calculations, we show that these findings can be explained by twist angle dependent interlayer scattering mechanisms involving the Q- and $\Gamma$-valleys., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2022
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11. Electronic band structure changes across the antiferromagnetic phase transition of exfoliated MnPS$_3$ probed by $\mu$-ARPES

Author: Strasdas, Jeff, Pestka, Benjamin, Rybak, Milosz, Budniak, Adam K., Leuth, Niklas, Boban, Honey, Feyer, Vitaliy, Cojocariu, Iulia, Baranowski, Daniel, Avila, José, Dudin, Pavel, Bostwick, Aaron, Jozwiak, Chris, Rotenberg, Eli, Autieri, Carmine, Amouyal, Yaron, Plucinski, Lukasz, Lifshitz, Efrat, Birowska, Magdalena, and Morgenstern, Markus
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, J.2
Abstract: Exfoliated magnetic 2D materials enable versatile tuning of magnetization, e.g., by gating or providing proximity-induced exchange interaction. However, their electronic band structure after exfoliation has not been probed, most likely due to their photochemical sensitivity. Here, we provide micron-scale angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the exfoliated intralayer antiferromagnet MnPS$_3$ above and below the N\'{e}el temperature down to one monolayer. The favorable comparison with density functional theory calculations enables to identify the orbital character of the observed bands. Consistently, we find pronounced changes across the N\'{e}el temperature for bands that consist of Mn 3d and 3p levels of adjacent S atoms. The deduced orbital mixture indicates that the superexchange is relevant for the magnetic interaction. There are only minor changes between monolayer and thicker films demonstrating the predominant 2D character of MnPS$_3$. The novel access is transferable to other MPX$_3$ materials (M: transition metal, P: phosphorus, X: chalcogenide) providing a multitude of antiferromagnetic arrangements., Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures
Published: 2022
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12. Geometry-induced spin-filtering in photoemission maps from WTe$_2$ surface states

Author: Heider, Tristan, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Schusser, Jakub, Reinert, Friedrich, Minár, Jan, Blügel, Stefan, Schneider, Claus M., and Plucinski, Lukasz
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: We demonstrate that an important quantum material WTe$_2$ exhibits a new type of geometry-induced spin-filtering effect in photoemission, stemming from low symmetry that is responsible for its exotic transport properties. Through the laser-driven spin-polarized angle-resolved photoemission Fermi surface mapping, we showcase highly asymmetric spin textures of electrons photoemitted from the surface states of WTe$_2$. Such asymmetries are not present in the initial state spin textures, which are bound by the time-reversal and crystal lattice mirror plane symmetries. The findings are reproduced qualitatively by theoretical modeling within the one-step model photoemission formalism. The effect could be understood within the free-electron final state model as an interference due to emission from different atomic sites. The observed effect is a manifestation of time-reversal symmetry breaking of the initial state in the photoemission process, and as such it cannot be eliminated, but only its magnitude influenced, by special experimental geometries., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2022
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13. Efficient extraction of lipids from magnetically separated microalgae using ionic liquids and their transesterification to biodiesel

Author: Egesa, Dan and Plucinski, Pawel
Published: 2024
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14. Photocurrents of charge and spin in single-layer Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$

Author: Merte, M., Freimuth, F., Adamantopoulos, T., Go, D., Saunderson, T. G., Kläui, M., Plucinski, L., Gomonay, O., Blügel, S., and Mokrousov, Y.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: In the realm of two-dimensional materials magnetic and transport properties of a unique representative $-$ Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ $-$ attract ever increasing attention. Here, we use a developed first-principles method for calculating laser-induced response to study the emergence of photo-induced currents of charge and spin in single-layer Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$, which are of second order in the electric field. We provide a symmetry analysis of the emergent photocurrents in the system finding it to be in excellent agreement with ab-initio calculations. We analyse the magnitude and behavior of the charge photocurrents with respect to disorder strength, frequency and band filling. Remarkably, not only do we find a large charge current response, but also predict that Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ can serve as a source of significant laser-induced spin-currents, which makes this material as a promising platform for various applications in optospintronics.
Published: 2021
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15. Twist angle dependent interlayer transfer of valley polarization from excitons to free charge carriers in WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers

Author: Volmer, Frank, Ersfeld, Manfred, Faria Junior, Paulo E., Waldecker, Lutz, Parashar, Bharti, Rathmann, Lars, Dubey, Sudipta, Cojocariu, Iulia, Feyer, Vitaliy, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Schneider, Claus M., Plucinski, Lukasz, Stampfer, Christoph, Fabian, Jaroslav, and Beschoten, Bernd
Published: 2023
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16. Orbital contributions in the element-resolved valence electronic structure of Bi2Se3

Author: Kuo, Cheng-Tai, Lin, Shih-Chieh, Rueff, Jean-Pascal, Chen, Zhesheng, Aguilera, Irene, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Plucinski, Lukasz, Graff, Ismael L., Conti, Giuseppina, Vartanyants, Ivan A., Schneider, Claus M., and Fadley, Charles S.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: In this work, we studied the bulk band structure of a topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 and determined the contributions of the Bi and Se orbital states to the valence bands using standing wave-excited hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (SW-HAXPES). This SW technique can provide the element-resolved information and extract individual Bi and Se contributions to the Bi2Se3 valence band. Comparisons with density functional theory (DFT) calculations (LDA and GW) reveal that the Bi 6s, Bi 6p, and Se 4p states are dominant in the Bi2Se3 HAXPES valence band. These findings pave a way for studying the element-resolved band structure and orbital contributions of this class of TIs., Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2021
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17. Inflammation and vascular remodeling in COVID-19 hearts

Author: Werlein, Christopher, Ackermann, Maximilian, Stark, Helge, Shah, Harshit R., Tzankov, Alexandar, Haslbauer, Jasmin Dinonne, von Stillfried, Saskia, Bülow, Roman David, El-Armouche, Ali, Kuenzel, Stephan, Robertus, Jan Lukas, Reichardt, Marius, Haverich, Axel, Höfer, Anne, Neubert, Lavinia, Plucinski, Edith, Braubach, Peter, Verleden, Stijn, Salditt, Tim, Marx, Nikolaus, Welte, Tobias, Bauersachs, Johann, Kreipe, Hans-Heinrich, Mentzer, Steven J., Boor, Peter, Black, Stephen M., Länger, Florian, Kuehnel, Mark, and Jonigk, Danny
Published: 2023
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18. Twist angle dependent interlayer transfer of valley polarization from excitons to free charge carriers in WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers

Author: Frank Volmer, Manfred Ersfeld, Paulo E. Faria Junior, Lutz Waldecker, Bharti Parashar, Lars Rathmann, Sudipta Dubey, Iulia Cojocariu, Vitaliy Feyer, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Claus M. Schneider, Lukasz Plucinski, Christoph Stampfer, Jaroslav Fabian, and Bernd Beschoten
Subjects: Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted much attention in the fields of valley- and spintronics due to their property of forming valley-polarized excitons when illuminated by circularly polarized light. In TMD-heterostructures it was shown that these electron-hole pairs can scatter into valley-polarized interlayer exciton states, which exhibit long lifetimes and a twist-angle dependence. However, the question how to create a valley polarization of free charge carriers in these heterostructures after a valley selective optical excitation is unexplored, despite its relevance for opto-electronic devices. Here, we identify an interlayer transfer mechanism in twisted WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers that transfers the valley polarization from excitons in WSe2 to free charge carriers in MoSe2 with valley lifetimes of up to 12 ns. This mechanism is most efficient at large twist angles, whereas the valley lifetimes of free charge carriers are surprisingly short for small twist angles, despite the occurrence of interlayer excitons.
Published: 2023
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19. Targeted and whole-genome sequencing reveal a north-south divide in P. falciparum drug resistance markers and genetic structure in Mozambique

Author: Clemente da Silva, Simone Boene, Debayan Datta, Eduard Rovira-Vallbona, Andrés Aranda-Díaz, Pau Cisteró, Nicholas Hathaway, Sofonias Tessema, Arlindo Chidimatembue, Glória Matambisso, Abel Nhama, Eusebio Macete, Arnau Pujol, Lidia Nhamussua, Beatriz Galatas, Caterina Guinovart, Sónia Enosse, Eva De Carvalho, Eric Rogier, Mateusz M. Plucinski, James Colborn, Rose Zulliger, Abuchahama Saifodine, Pedro L. Alonso, Baltazar Candrinho, Bryan Greenhouse, Pedro Aide, Francisco Saute, and Alfredo Mayor
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Abstract Mozambique is one of the four African countries which account for over half of all malaria deaths worldwide, yet little is known about the parasite genetic structure in that country. We performed P. falciparum amplicon and whole genome sequencing on 2251 malaria-infected blood samples collected in 2015 and 2018 in seven provinces of Mozambique to genotype antimalarial resistance markers and interrogate parasite population structure using genome-wide microhaplotyes. Here we show that the only resistance-associated markers observed at frequencies above 5% were pfmdr1-184F (59%), pfdhfr-51I/59 R/108 N (99%) and pfdhps-437G/540E (89%). The frequency of pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutants associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance increased from 80% in 2015 to 89% in 2018 (p
Published: 2023
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20. Orbital Complexity in Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulators MnBi$_4$Te$_7$ and MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$

Author: Vidal, R. C., Bentmann, H., Facio, J. I., Heider, T., Kagerer, P., Fornari, C. I., Peixoto, T. R. F., Figgemeier, T., Jung, S., Cacho, C., Büchner, B., Brink, J. van den, Schneider, C. M., Plucinski, L., Schwier, E. F., Shimada, K., Richter, M., Isaeva, A., and Reinert, F.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), we investigate the surface electronic structure of the magnetic van der Waals compounds MnBi$_4$Te$_7$ and MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$, the $n=$~1 and 2 members of a modular (Bi$_2$Te$_3$)$_n$(MnBi$_2$Te$_4$) series, which have attracted recent interest as intrinsic magnetic topological insulators. Combining circular dichroic, spin-resolved and photon-energy-dependent ARPES measurements with calculations based on density functional theory, we unveil complex momentum-dependent orbital and spin textures in the surface electronic structure and disentangle topological from trivial surface bands. We find that the Dirac-cone dispersion of the topologial surface state is strongly perturbed by hybridization with valence-band states for Bi$_2$Te$_3$-terminated surfaces but remains preserved for MnBi$_2$Te$_4$-terminated surfaces. Our results firmly establish the topologically non-trivial nature of these magnetic van der Waals materials and indicate that the possibility of realizing a quantized anomalous Hall conductivity depends on surface termination.
Published: 2020
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21. Strong and Weak Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators Probed by Surface Science Methods

Author: Morgenstern, Markus, Pauly, Christian, Kellner, Jens, Liebmann, Marcus, Pratzer, Marco, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Eschbach, Markus, Plucinski, Lukacz, Otto, Sebastian, Rasche, Bertold, Ruck, Michael, Richter, Manuel, Just, Sven, Luepke, Felix, and Voigtlaender, Bert
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: We review the contributions of surface science methods to discover and improve 3D topological insulator materials, while illustrating with examples from our own work. In particular, we demonstrate that spin-polarized angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is instrumental to evidence the spin-helical surface Dirac cone, to tune its Dirac point energy towards the Fermi level, and to discover novel types of topological insulators such as dual ones or switchable ones in phase change materials. Moreover, we introduce procedures to spatially map potential fluctuations by scanning tunneling spectroscopy and to identify topological edge states in weak topological insulators., Comment: Review article, 37 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2020
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22. Observation of high-temperature quantum anomalous Hall regime in intrinsic MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/Bi$_2$Te$_3$ superlattice

Author: Deng, Haiming, Chen, Zhiyi, Wolos, Agnieszka, Konczykowski, Marcin, Sobczak, Kamil, Sitnicka, Joanna, Fedorchenko, Irina V., Borysiuk, Jolanta, Heider, Tristan, Plucinski, Lukasz, Park, Kyungwha, Georgescu, Alexandru B., Cano, Jennifer, and Krusin-Elbaum, Lia
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: The quantum anomalous Hall effect is a fundamental transport response of a topologically non-trivial system in zero magnetic field. Its physical origin relies on the intrinsically inverted electronic band structure and ferromagnetism, and its most consequential manifestation is the dissipation-free flow of chiral charge currents at the edges that can potentially transform future quantum electronics. Here we report a previously unknown Berry-curvature-driven anomalous Hall regime ('Q-window') at above-Kelvin temperatures in the magnetic topological bulk crystals where through growth Mn ions self-organize into a period-ordered MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/Bi$_2$Te$_3$ superlattice. Robust ferromagnetism of the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ monolayers opens a large surface gap, and anomalous Hall conductance reaches an $e^2/h$ quantization plateau when the Fermi level is tuned into this gap within a Q-window in which the anomalous Hall conductance from the bulk is to a high precision zero. The quantization in this new regime is not obstructed by the bulk conduction channels and thus should be present in a broad family of topological magnets.
Published: 2020
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23. Performance of antigen detection for HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in community surveys: Tanzania, July–November 2017

Author: Eric Rogier, Catherine Bakari, Celine I. Mandara, Mercy G. Chiduo, Mateusz Plucinski, Douglas Nace, Nastassia Battle, Franky Chacky, Susan F. Rumisha, Fabrizio Molteni, Renata Mandike, Sigsbert Mkude, Ritha Njau, Ally Mohamed, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, and Deus S. Ishengoma
Subjects: Tanzania, Malaria, Rapid diagnostic tests, Histidine-rich protein 2, Limit of detection Plasmodium falciparum, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on the detection of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) antigen are widely used for detection of active infection with this parasite and are the only practical malaria diagnostic test in some endemic settings. External validation of RDT results from field surveys can confirm appropriate RDT performance. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and November 2017 enrolling participants of all ages in households from 15 villages in four border regions of Tanzania: Geita, Kigoma, Mtwara and Ruvuma. All participants had an RDT performed in the field and provided a blood sample for later laboratory multiplex antigen detection of HRP2. In assessing the continuous HRP2 levels in participant blood versus RDT result, dose–response logistic regression provided quantitative estimates for HRP2 limit of detection (LOD). Results From the 15 study villages, 6941 persons were enrolled that had a RDT at time of enrollment and provided a DBS for later laboratory antigen detection. RDT positive prevalence for the HRP2 band by village ranged from 20.0 to 43.6%, but the magnitude of this prevalence did not have an effect on the estimated LOD of RDTs utilized in different villages. Overall, HRP2 single-target tests had a lower LOD at the 95% probability of positive RDT (4.3 ng/mL; 95% CI 3.4–5.4) when compared to pLDH/HRP2 dual target tests (5.4 ng/mL; 4.5–6.3), though this difference was not significant. With the exception of one village, all other 14 villages (93.3%) showed RDT LOD estimates at 90% probability of positive RDT between 0.5 and 12.0 ng/mL. Conclusions Both HRP2-only and pLDH/HRP2 combo RDTs utilized in a 2017 Tanzania cross-sectional survey of border regions generally performed well, and reliably detected HRP2 antigen in the low ng/mL range. Though single target tests had lower levels of HRP2 detection, both tests were within similar ranges among the 15 villages. Comparison of quantitative HRP2 detection limits among study sites can help interpret RDT testing results when generating population prevalence estimates for malaria infection.
Published: 2022
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24. Novel application of one-step pooled molecular testing and maximum likelihood approaches to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia among rapid diagnostic test negative samples in western Kenya

Author: Monica P. Shah, Winnie Chebore, Robert H. Lyles, Kephas Otieno, Zhiyong Zhou, Mateusz Plucinski, Lance A. Waller, Wycliffe Odongo, Kim A. Lindblade, Simon Kariuki, Aaron M. Samuels, Meghna Desai, Rebecca M. Mitchell, and Ya Ping Shi
Subjects: Pooled testing, Group testing, Subpatent malaria parasitemia, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Detection of malaria parasitaemia in samples that are negative by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) requires resource-intensive molecular tools. While pooled testing using a two-step strategy provides a cost-saving alternative to the gold standard of individual sample testing, statistical adjustments are needed to improve accuracy of prevalence estimates for a single step pooled testing strategy. Methods A random sample of 4670 malaria RDT negative dried blood spot samples were selected from a mass testing and treatment trial in Asembo, Gem, and Karemo, western Kenya. Samples were tested for malaria individually and in pools of five, 934 pools, by one-step quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Maximum likelihood approaches were used to estimate subpatent parasitaemia (RDT-negative, qPCR-positive) prevalence by pooling, assuming poolwise sensitivity and specificity was either 100% (strategy A) or imperfect (strategy B). To improve and illustrate the practicality of this estimation approach, a validation study was constructed from pools allocated at random into main (734 pools) and validation (200 pools) subsets. Prevalence was estimated using strategies A and B and an inverse-variance weighted estimator and estimates were weighted to account for differential sampling rates by area. Results The prevalence of subpatent parasitaemia was 14.5% (95% CI 13.6–15.3%) by individual qPCR, 9.5% (95% CI (8.5–10.5%) by strategy A, and 13.9% (95% CI 12.6–15.2%) by strategy B. In the validation study, the prevalence by individual qPCR was 13.5% (95% CI 12.4–14.7%) in the main subset, 8.9% (95% CI 7.9–9.9%) by strategy A, 11.4% (95% CI 9.9–12.9%) by strategy B, and 12.8% (95% CI 11.2–14.3%) using inverse-variance weighted estimator from poolwise validation. Pooling, including a 20% validation subset, reduced costs by 52% compared to individual testing. Conclusions Compared to individual testing, a one-step pooled testing strategy with an internal validation subset can provide accurate prevalence estimates of PCR-positivity among RDT-negatives at a lower cost.
Published: 2022
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25. Photocurrents, inverse Faraday effect, and photospin Hall effect in Mn2Au

Author: M. Merte, F. Freimuth, D. Go, T. Adamantopoulos, F. R. Lux, L. Plucinski, O. Gomonay, S. Blügel, and Y. Mokrousov
Subjects: Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Among antiferromagnetic materials, Mn2Au is one of the most intensively studied, and it serves as a very popular platform for testing various ideas related to antiferromagnetic magnetotransport and dynamics. Since recently, this material has also attracted considerable interest in the context of optical properties and optically-driven antiferromagnetic switching. In this work, we use first principles methods to explore the physics of charge photocurrents, spin photocurrents, and the inverse Faraday effect in antiferromagnetic Mn2Au. We predict the symmetry and magnitude of these effects and speculate that they can be used for tracking the dynamics of staggered moments during switching. Our calculations reveal the emergence of large photocurrents of spin in collinear Mn2Au, whose properties can be understood as a result of a non-linear optical version of the spin Hall effect, which we refer to as the photospin Hall effect, encoded into the relation between the driving charge and resulting spin photocurrents. Moreover, we suggest that even a very small canting in Mn2Au can give rise to colossal spin photocurrents that are chiral in flavor. We conclude that the combination of staggered magnetization with the structural and electronic properties of this material results in a unique blend of prominent photocurrents, which makes Mn2Au a unique platform for advanced optospintronics applications.
Published: 2023
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26. Temperature-dependent spin-resolved electronic structure of EuO thin films

Author: Heider, Tristan, Gerber, Timm, Köksal, Okan, Eschbach, Markus, Młyńczak, Ewa, Lömker, Patrick, Gospodaric, Pika, Gehlmann, Mathias, Plötzing, Moritz, Pentcheva, Rossitza, Plucinski, Lukasz, Schneider, Claus M., and Müller, Martina
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract: The electronic structure of the ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO is investigated by means of spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES) and density functional theory. EuO exhibits unique properties of hosting both weakly-dispersive nearly fully polarized Eu $4f$ bands, as well as O $2p$ levels indirectly exchange-split by the interaction with Eu nearest neighbors. Our temperature-dependent spin-ARPES data directly demonstrates the exchange splitting in O $2p$ and its vanishing at the Curie temperature. Our calculations with a Hubbard $U$ term reveal a complex nature of the local exchange splitting on the oxygen site and in conduction bands. We discuss the mechanisms of the indirect exchange in the O 2p levels by analyzing orbital-resolved band characters in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. The directional effects due to spin-orbit coupling are predicted theoretically to be significant in particular in the Eu 4f band manifold. The analysis of the shape of spin-resolved spectra in the Eu $4f$ spectral region reveals signatures of hybridization with O $2p$, in agreement with the theoretical predictions. We also analyze spectral changes in the spin-integrated spectra throughout the Curie temperature and demonstrate they derive from both the magnetic phase transition and effects due to sample aging, unavoidable for this highly reactive material., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2018
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27. Kink far below the Fermi level reveals new electron-magnon scattering channel in Fe

Author: Młyńczak, E., Müller, M. C. T. D., Gospodarič, P., Heider, T., Aguilera, I., Bihlmayer, G., Gehlmann, M., Jugovac, M., Zamborlini, G., Tusche, C., Suga, S., Feyer, V., Plucinski, L., Friedrich, C., Blügel, S., and Schneider, C. M.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Many properties of real materials can be modeled using ab initio methods within a single-particle picture. However, for an accurate theoretical treatment of excited states, it is necessary to describe electron-electron correlations including interactions with bosons: phonons, plasmons, or magnons. In this work, by comparing spin- and momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements to many-body calculations carried out with a newly developed first-principles method, we show that a kink in the electronic band dispersion of a ferromagnetic material can occur at much deeper binding energies than expected (E_b=1.5 eV). We demonstrate that the observed spectral signature reflects the formation of a many-body state that includes a photohole bound to a coherent superposition of renormalized spin-flip excitations. The existence of such a many-body state sheds new light on the physics of the electron-magnon interaction which is essential in fields such as spintronics and Fe-based superconductivity., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures
Published: 2018
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28. Mixed topological semimetals driven by orbital complexity in two-dimensional ferromagnets

Author: Niu, Chengwang, Hanke, Jan-Philipp, Buhl, Patrick M., Zhang, Hongbin, Plucinski, Lukasz, Wortmann, Daniel, Blügel, Stefan, Bihlmayer, Gustav, and Mokrousov, Yuriy
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: The concepts of Weyl fermions and topological semimetals emerging in three-dimensional momentum space are extensively explored owing to the vast variety of exotic properties that they give rise to. On the other hand, very little is known about semimetallic states emerging in two-dimensional magnetic materials, which present the foundation for both present and future information technology. Here, we demonstrate that including the magnetization direction into the topological analysis allows for a natural classification of topological semimetallic states that manifest in two-dimensional ferromagnets as a result of the interplay between spin-orbit and exchange interactions. We explore the emergence and stability of such mixed topological semimetals in realistic materials, and point out the perspectives of mixed topological states for current-induced orbital magnetism and current-induced domain wall motion. Our findings pave the way to understanding, engineering and utilizing topological semimetallic states in two-dimensional spin-orbit ferromagnets.
Published: 2018
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29. Interface properties and built-in potential profile of a LaCrO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ superlattice determined by standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy

Author: Lin, Shih-Chieh, Kuo, Cheng-Tai, Comes, Ryan B., Rault, Julien E., Rueff, Jean-Pascal, Nemšák, Slavomir, Taleb, Amina, Kortright, Jeffrey B., Meyer-Ilse, Julia, Gullikson, Eric, Sushko, Peter V., Spurgeon, Steven R., Gehlmann, Mathias, Bowden, Mark E., Plucinski, Lukasz, Chambers, Scott A., and Fadley, Charles S.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: LaCrO$_3$ (LCO) / SrTiO$_3$ (STO) heterojunctions are intriguing due to a polar discontinuity along (001), two distinct and controllable interface structures [(LaO)$^+$/(TiO$_2$)$^0$ and (SrO)$^0$/(CrO$_2$)$^-$], and interface-induced polarization. In this study, we have used soft- and hard x-ray standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy (SW-XPS) to generate a quantitative determination of the elemental depth profiles and interface properties, band alignments, and the depth distribution of the interface-induced built-in potentials in the two constituent oxides. We observe an alternating charged interface configuration: a positively charged (LaO)$^+$/(TiO$_2$)$^0$ intermediate layer at the LCO$_\textbf{top}$/STO$_\textbf{bottom}$ interface and a negatively charged (SrO)$^0$/(CrO$_2$)$^-$ intermediate layer at the STO$_\textbf{top}$/LCO$_\textbf{bottom}$ interface. Using core-level SW data, we have determined the depth distribution of species, including through the interfaces, and these results are in excellent agreement with scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) mapping of local structure and composition. SW-XPS also enabled deconvolution of the LCO-contributed and STO- contributed matrix-element-weighted density of states (MEWDOSs) from the valence band (VB) spectra for the LCO/STO superlattice (SL). Monitoring the VB edges of the deconvoluted MEWDOS shifts with a change in probing profile, the alternating charge- induced built-in potentials are observed in both constituent oxides. Finally, using a two-step simulation approach involving first core-level binding energy shifts and then valence-band modeling, the built-in potential gradients across the SL are resolved in detail and represented by the depth distribution of VB edges., Comment: Main text: 29 pages, 5 figures; Supplementary Information: 20 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2018
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30. Element- and momentum-resolved electronic structure of the dilute magnetic semiconductor manganese doped gallium arsenide

Author: Nemšák, Slavomír, Gehlmann, Mathias, Kuo, Cheng-Tai, Lin, Shih-Chieh, Schlueter, Christoph, Mlynczak, Ewa, Lee, Tien-Lin, Plucinski, Lukasz, Ebert, Hubert, Di Marco, Igor, Minár, Ján, Schneider, Claus M., and Fadley, Charles S.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: The dilute magnetic semiconductors have promise in spin-based electronics applications due to their potential for ferromagnetic order at room temperature, and various unique switching and spin-dependent conductivity properties. However, the precise mechanism by which the transition-metal doping produces ferromagnetism has been controversial. Here we have studied a dilute magnetic semiconductor (5% manganese-doped gallium arsenide) with Bragg-reflection standing-wave hard X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and resolved its electronic structure into element- and momentum- resolved components. The measured valence band intensities have been projected into element-resolved components using analogous energy scans of Ga 3d, Mn 2p, and As 3d core levels, with results in excellent agreement with element-projected Bloch spectral functions and clarification of the electronic structure of this prototypical material. This technique should be broadly applicable to other multi-element materials.
Published: 2018
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31. Electronic Structure of the Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor $Ga_{1-x}Mn_xP$ from Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Hard X-ray Angle-Resolved Photoemission

Author: Keqi, Armela, Gehlmann, Mathias, Conti, Giuseppina, Nemšák, Slavomir, Rattanachata, Arunothai, Minár, Jan, Plucinski, Lukasz, Rault, Julien E, Rueff, Jean-Pascal, Scarpulla, Mike, Hategan, Mihael, Pálsson, Gunnar K, Conlon, Catherine, Eiteneer, Daria, Saw, Alexander Y, Gray, Alexander X, Kobayashi, Keisuke, Ueda, Shigenori, Dubon, Oscar D, Schneider, Claus M, and Fadley, Charles S
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: We have investigated the electronic structure of the dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) $Ga_{0.98}Mn_{0.02}P$ and compared it to that of an undoped $GaP$ reference sample, using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HXPS) and hard X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (HARPES) at energies of about 3 keV. We present experimental data, as well as theoretical calculations, in order to understand the role of the Mn dopant in the emergence of ferromagnetism in this material. Both core-level spectra and angle-resolved or angle-integrated valence spectra are discussed. In particular, the HARPES experimental data are compared to free-electron final-state model calculations and to more accurate one-step photoemission theory. The experimental results show differences between $Ga_{0.98}Mn_{0.02}P$ and $GaP$ in both angle-resolved and angle-integrated valence spectra. The $Ga_{0.98}Mn_{0.02}P$ bands are broadened due to the presence of Mn impurities that disturb the long-range translational order of the host $GaP$ crystal. Mn-induced changes of the electronic structure are observed over the entire valence band range, including the presence of a distinct impurity band close to the valence-band maximum of the DMS. These experimental results are in good agreement with the one-step photoemission calculations, and a prior HARPES study of $Ga_{0.97}Mn_{0.03}As$ and $GaAs$ (Gray et al. Nature Materials 11, 957 (2012)), demonstrating the strong similarity between these two materials. The Mn 2p and 3s core-level spectra also reveal an essentially identical state in doping both $GaAs$ and $GaP$., Comment: 37 pages (double spaced) 10 figures
Published: 2018
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32. Investigation of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions and performance of a rapid diagnostic test for identifying asymptomatic malaria infection in northern Ethiopia, 2015

Author: Leonard, Colleen M., Assefa, Ashenafi, McCaffery, Jessica N., Herman, Camelia, Plucinski, Mateusz, Sime, Heven, Mohammed, Hussein, Kebede, Amha, Solomon, Hiwot, Haile, Mebrahtom, Murphy, Matt, Hwang, Jimee, and Rogier, Eric
Published: 2022
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33. STARTER checklist for antimalarial therapeutic efficacy reporting

Author: Plucinski, Mateusz M., Ashley, Elizabeth A., Bassat, Quique, Venkatesan, Meera, Rosenthal, Philip J., and Halsey, Eric S.
Published: 2022
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34. Novel application of one-step pooled molecular testing and maximum likelihood approaches to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia among rapid diagnostic test negative samples in western Kenya

Author: Shah, Monica P., Chebore, Winnie, Lyles, Robert H., Otieno, Kephas, Zhou, Zhiyong, Plucinski, Mateusz, Waller, Lance A., Odongo, Wycliffe, Lindblade, Kim A., Kariuki, Simon, Samuels, Aaron M., Desai, Meghna, Mitchell, Rebecca M., and Shi, Ya Ping
Published: 2022
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35. Performance of antigen detection for HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in community surveys: Tanzania, July–November 2017

Author: Rogier, Eric, Bakari, Catherine, Mandara, Celine I., Chiduo, Mercy G., Plucinski, Mateusz, Nace, Douglas, Battle, Nastassia, Chacky, Franky, Rumisha, Susan F., Molteni, Fabrizio, Mandike, Renata, Mkude, Sigsbert, Njau, Ritha, Mohamed, Ally, Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam, and Ishengoma, Deus S.
Published: 2022
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36. Investigation of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions and performance of a rapid diagnostic test for identifying asymptomatic malaria infection in northern Ethiopia, 2015

Author: Colleen M. Leonard, Ashenafi Assefa, Jessica N. McCaffery, Camelia Herman, Mateusz Plucinski, Heven Sime, Hussein Mohammed, Amha Kebede, Hiwot Solomon, Mebrahtom Haile, Matt Murphy, Jimee Hwang, and Eric Rogier
Subjects: Malaria, Antigenemia, HRP2, pLDH, RDT, HRP3, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for malaria diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Although RDTs are a reliable and practical diagnostic tool, the sensitivity of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based RDTs can be reduced if pfhrp2 or pfhrp3 (pfhrp2/3) gene deletions exist in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite population. This study evaluated dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected from a national household survey to investigate the presence of pfhrp2/3 deletions and the performance of the RDT used in the cross-sectional survey in a low transmission setting. Methods The 2015 Ethiopia Malaria Indicator Survey tested household members by RDT and collected DBS samples. DBS (n = 2648) from three regions in northern Ethiopia were tested by multiplex bead-based antigen detection assay after completion of the survey. The multiplex assay detected pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pAldolase, and HRP2 antigens in samples. Samples suspected for pfhrp2/3 gene deletions (pLDH and/or pAldolase positive but low or absent HRP2) were further investigated by molecular assays for gene deletions. Antigen results were also compared to each individual’s RDT results. Dose–response logistic regression models were fit to estimate RDT level of detection (LOD) antigen concentrations at which 50, 75, 90, and 95% of the RDTs returned a positive result during this survey. Results Out of 2,648 samples assayed, 29 were positive for pLDH or pAldolase antigens but low or absent for HRP2 signal, and 15 of these samples (51.7%) were successfully genotyped for pfhrp2/3. Of these 15 P. falciparum infections, eight showed single deletions in pfhrp3, one showed a single pfhrp2 deletion, and six were pfhrp2/3 double-deletions. Six pfhrp2 deletions were observed in Tigray and one in Amhara. Twenty-five were positive for HRP2 by the survey RDT while the more sensitive bead assay detected 30 HRP2-positive samples. A lower concentration of HRP2 antigen generated a positive test result by RDT compared to pLDH (95% LOD: 16.9 ng/mL vs. 319.2 ng/mL, respectively). Conclusions There is evidence of dual pfhrp2/3 gene deletions in the Tigray and Amhara regions of Ethiopia in 2015. As the prevalence of malaria was very low (
Published: 2022
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37. Localized segregation of gold in ultra-thin Fe films on Au(001)

Author: Gospodaric, Pika, Mlynczak, Ewa, Eschbach, Markus, Gehlmann, Mathias, Zamborlini, Giovanni, Feyer, Vitaly, Plucinski, Lukasz, and Schneider, Claus M.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: The growth of up to 10 monolayer-thick Fe films on a Au(001) surface was investigated during deposition at room temperature and during annealing using low-energy electron diffraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy as well as locally with low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy. The growth proceeds with a submonolayer of Au segregating to the surface of Fe, which is in agreement with previous studies. Annealing was found to be critical for the presence of Au on the Fe surface. Our findings show that Au segregation proceeds by the formation of cracks in the Fe film, starting at the annealing temperature of 190 {\deg}C, through which Au diffuses towards the surface. We explain the localized Au segregation with a shadowing effect due to the oblique deposition geometry. As a result, an Fe film with significantly improved roughness, but covered with a Au overlayer, is obtained. This study shows the necessity to employ spatially-resolved techniques to fully understand the growth modes of the layered epitaxial systems.
Published: 2017
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38. Electrical resistance of individual defects at a topological insulator surface

Author: Lüpke, Felix, Eschbach, Markus, Heider, Tristan, Lanius, Martin, Schüffelgen, Peter, Rosenbach, Daniel, Driesch, Nils von den, Cherepanov, Vasily, Mussler, Gregor, Plucinski, Lukasz, Grützmacher, Detlev, Schneider, Claus M., and Voigtländer, Bert
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Three-dimensional topological insulators host surface states with linear dispersion, which manifest as a Dirac cone. Nanoscale transport measurements provide direct access to the transport properties of the Dirac cone in real space and allow the detailed investigation of charge carrier scattering. Here, we use scanning tunnelling potentiometry to analyse the resistance of different kinds of defects at the surface of a (Bi0.53Sb0.47)2Te3 topological insulator thin film. The largest localized voltage drop we find to be located at domain boundaries in the topological insulator film, with a resistivity about four times higher than that of a step edge. Furthermore, we resolve resistivity dipoles located around nanoscale voids in the sample surface. The influence of such defects on the resistance of the topological surface state is analysed by means of a resistor network model. The effect resulting from the voids is found to be small compared to the other defects.
Published: 2017
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39. Direct observation of the band gap transition in atomically thin ReS$_2$

Author: Gehlmann, Mathias, Aguilera, Irene, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Nemšák, Slavomír, Nagler, Philipp, Gospodarič, Pika, Zamborlini, Giovanni, Eschbach, Markus, Feyer, Vitaliy, Kronast, Florian, Młyńczak, Ewa, Korn, Tobias, Plucinski, Lukasz, Schüller, Christian, Blügel, Stefan, and Schneider, Claus M.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: ReS$_2$ is considered as a promising candidate for novel electronic and sensor applications. The low crystal symmetry of the van der Waals compound ReS$_2$ leads to a highly anisotropic optical, vibrational, and transport behavior. However, the details of the electronic band structure of this fascinating material are still largely unexplored. We present a momentum-resolved study of the electronic structure of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk ReS$_2$ using k-space photoemission microscopy in combination with first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that the valence electrons in bulk ReS$_2$ are - contrary to assumptions in recent literature - significantly delocalized across the van der Waals gap. Furthermore, we directly observe the evolution of the valence band dispersion as a function of the number of layers, revealing a significantly increased effective electron mass in single-layer crystals. We also find that only bilayer ReS$_2$ has a direct band gap. Our results establish bilayer ReS$_2$ as a advantageous building block for two-dimensional devices and van der Waals heterostructures.
Published: 2017
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40. Erratum to: Search for single top-quark production via flavour-changing neutral currents at 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Author: G. Aad, B. Abbott, J. Abdallah, O. Abdinov, R. Aben, M. Abolins, O. S. AbouZeid, H. Abramowicz, H. Abreu, R. Abreu, Y. Abulaiti, B. S. Acharya, L. Adamczyk, D. L. Adams, J. Adelman, S. Adomeit, T. Adye, A. A. Affolder, T. Agatonovic-Jovin, J. Agricola, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, S. P. Ahlen, F. Ahmadov, G. Aielli, H. Akerstedt, T. P. A. Åkesson, A. V. Akimov, G. L. Alberghi, J. Albert, S. Albrand, M. J. Alconada Verzini, M. Aleksa, I. N. Aleksandrov, C. Alexa, G. Alexander, T. Alexopoulos, M. Alhroob, G. Alimonti, L. Alio, J. Alison, S. P. Alkire, B. M. M. Allbrooke, P. P. Allport, A. Aloisio, A. Alonso, F. Alonso, C. Alpigiani, A. Altheimer, B. Alvarez Gonzalez, D. Álvarez Piqueras, M. G. Alviggi, B. T. Amadio, K. Amako, Y. Amaral Coutinho, C. Amelung, D. Amidei, S. P. Amor Dos Santos, A. Amorim, S. Amoroso, N. Amram, G. Amundsen, C. Anastopoulos, L. S. Ancu, N. Andari, T. Andeen, C. F. Anders, G. Anders, J. K. Anders, K. J. Anderson, A. Andreazza, V. Andrei, S. Angelidakis, I. Angelozzi, P. Anger, A. Angerami, F. Anghinolfi, A. V. Anisenkov, N. Anjos, A. Annovi, M. Antonelli, A. Antonov, J. Antos, F. Anulli, M. Aoki, L. Aperio Bella, G. Arabidze, Y. Arai, J. P. Araque, A. T. H. Arce, F. A. Arduh, J-F. Arguin, S. Argyropoulos, M. Arik, A. J. Armbruster, O. Arnaez, V. Arnal, H. Arnold, M. Arratia, O. Arslan, A. Artamonov, G. Artoni, S. Asai, N. Asbah, A. Ashkenazi, B. Åsman, L. Asquith, K. Assamagan, R. Astalos, M. Atkinson, N. B. Atlay, K. Augsten, M. Aurousseau, G. Avolio, B. Axen, M. K. Ayoub, G. Azuelos, M. A. Baak, A. E. Baas, M. J. Baca, C. Bacci, H. Bachacou, K. Bachas, M. Backes, M. Backhaus, P. Bagiacchi, P. Bagnaia, Y. Bai, T. Bain, J. T. Baines, O. K. Baker, E. M. Baldin, P. Balek, T. Balestri, F. Balli, E. Banas, Sw. Banerjee, A. A. E. Bannoura, H. S. Bansil, L. Barak, E. L. Barberio, D. Barberis, M. Barbero, T. Barillari, M. Barisonzi, T. Barklow, N. Barlow, S. L. Barnes, B. M. Barnett, R. M. Barnett, Z. Barnovska, A. Baroncelli, G. Barone, A. J. Barr, F. Barreiro, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, R. Bartoldus, A. E. Barton, P. Bartos, A. Basalaev, A. Bassalat, A. Basye, R. L. Bates, S. J. Batista, J. R. Batley, M. Battaglia, M. Bauce, F. Bauer, H. S. Bawa, J. B. Beacham, M. D. Beattie, T. Beau, P. H. Beauchemin, R. Beccherle, P. Bechtle, H. P. Beck, K. Becker, M. Becker, M. Beckingham, C. Becot, A. J. Beddall, A. Beddall, V. A. Bednyakov, C. P. Bee, L. J. Beemster, T. A. Beermann, M. Begel, J. K. Behr, C. Belanger-Champagne, W. H. Bell, G. Bella, L. Bellagamba, A. Bellerive, M. Bellomo, K. Belotskiy, O. Beltramello, O. Benary, D. Benchekroun, M. Bender, K. Bendtz, N. Benekos, Y. Benhammou, E. Benhar Noccioli, J. A. Benitez Garcia, D. P. Benjamin, J. R. Bensinger, S. Bentvelsen, L. Beresford, M. Beretta, D. Berge, E. Bergeaas Kuutmann, N. Berger, F. Berghaus, J. Beringer, C. Bernard, N. R. Bernard, C. Bernius, F. U. Bernlochner, T. Berry, P. Berta, C. Bertella, G. Bertoli, F. Bertolucci, C. Bertsche, D. Bertsche, M. I. 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Spangenberg, F. Spanò, W. R. Spearman, D. Sperlich, F. Spettel, R. Spighi, G. Spigo, L. A. Spiller, M. Spousta, T. Spreitzer, R. D. St. Denis, A. Stabile, S. Staerz, J. Stahlman, R. Stamen, S. Stamm, E. Stanecka, C. Stanescu, M. Stanescu-Bellu, M. M. Stanitzki, S. Stapnes, E. A. Starchenko, J. Stark, P. Staroba, P. Starovoitov, R. Staszewski, P. Steinberg, B. Stelzer, H. J. Stelzer, O. Stelzer-Chilton, H. Stenzel, G. A. Stewart, J. A. Stillings, M. C. Stockton, M. Stoebe, G. Stoicea, P. Stolte, S. Stonjek, A. R. Stradling, A. Straessner, M. E. Stramaglia, J. Strandberg, S. Strandberg, A. Strandlie, E. Strauss, M. Strauss, P. Strizenec, R. Ströhmer, D. M. Strom, R. Stroynowski, A. Strubig, S. A. Stucci, B. Stugu, N. A. Styles, D. Su, J. Su, R. Subramaniam, A. Succurro, Y. Sugaya, M. Suk, V. V. Sulin, S. Sultansoy, T. Sumida, S. Sun, X. Sun, J. E. Sundermann, K. Suruliz, G. Susinno, M. R. Sutton, S. Suzuki, M. Svatos, M. Swiatlowski, I. Sykora, T. Sykora, D. Ta, C. Taccini, K. Tackmann, J. Taenzer, A. Taffard, R. Tafirout, N. Taiblum, H. Takai, R. Takashima, H. Takeda, T. Takeshita, Y. Takubo, M. Talby, A. A. Talyshev, J. Y. C. Tam, K. G. Tan, J. Tanaka, R. Tanaka, S. Tanaka, B. B. Tannenwald, N. Tannoury, S. Tapprogge, S. Tarem, F. Tarrade, G. F. Tartarelli, P. Tas, M. Tasevsky, T. Tashiro, E. Tassi, A. Tavares Delgado, Y. Tayalati, F. E. Taylor, G. N. Taylor, W. Taylor, F. A. Teischinger, M. Teixeira Dias Castanheira, P. Teixeira-Dias, K. K. Temming, D. Temple, H. Ten Kate, P. K. Teng, J. J. Teoh, F. Tepel, S. Terada, K. Terashi, J. Terron, S. Terzo, M. Testa, R. J. Teuscher, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer, J. P. Thomas, J. Thomas-Wilsker, E. N. Thompson, P. D. Thompson, R. J. Thompson, A. S. Thompson, L. A. Thomsen, E. Thomson, M. Thomson, R. P. Thun, M. J. Tibbetts, R. E. Ticse Torres, V. O. Tikhomirov, Yu. A. Tikhonov, S. Timoshenko, E. Tiouchichine, P. Tipton, S. Tisserant, K. Todome, T. Todorov, S. Todorova-Nova, J. Tojo, S. Tokár, K. Tokushuku, K. Tollefson, E. Tolley, L. Tomlinson, M. Tomoto, L. Tompkins, K. Toms, E. Torrence, H. Torres, E. Torró Pastor, J. Toth, F. Touchard, D. R. Tovey, T. Trefzger, L. Tremblet, A. Tricoli, I. M. Trigger, S. Trincaz-Duvoid, M. F. Tripiana, W. Trischuk, B. Trocmé, C. Troncon, M. Trottier-McDonald, M. Trovatelli, P. True, L. Truong, M. Trzebinski, A. Trzupek, C. Tsarouchas, J. C-L. Tseng, P. V. Tsiareshka, D. Tsionou, G. Tsipolitis, N. Tsirintanis, S. Tsiskaridze, V. Tsiskaridze, E. G. Tskhadadze, I. I. Tsukerman, V. Tsulaia, S. Tsuno, D. Tsybychev, A. Tudorache, V. Tudorache, A. N. Tuna, S. A. Tupputi, S. Turchikhin, D. Turecek, R. Turra, A. J. Turvey, P. M. Tuts, A. Tykhonov, M. Tylmad, M. Tyndel, I. Ueda, R. Ueno, M. Ughetto, M. Ugland, F. Ukegawa, G. Unal, A. Undrus, G. Unel, F. C. Ungaro, Y. Unno, C. Unverdorben, J. Urban, P. Urquijo, P. Urrejola, G. Usai, A. Usanova, L. Vacavant, V. Vacek, B. Vachon, C. Valderanis, N. Valencic, S. Valentinetti, A. Valero, L. Valery, S. Valkar, E. Valladolid Gallego, S. Vallecorsa, J. A. Valls Ferrer, W. Van Den Wollenberg, P. C. Van Der Deijl, R. van der Geer, H. van der Graaf, N. van Eldik, P. van Gemmeren, J. Van Nieuwkoop, I. van Vulpen, M. C. van Woerden, M. Vanadia, W. Vandelli, R. Vanguri, A. Vaniachine, F. Vannucci, G. Vardanyan, R. Vari, E. W. Varnes, T. Varol, D. Varouchas, A. Vartapetian, K. E. Varvell, F. Vazeille, T. Vazquez Schroeder, J. Veatch, L. M. Veloce, F. Veloso, T. Velz, S. Veneziano, A. Ventura, D. Ventura, M. Venturi, N. Venturi, A. Venturini, V. Vercesi, M. Verducci, W. Verkerke, J. C. Vermeulen, A. Vest, M. C. Vetterli, O. Viazlo, I. Vichou, T. Vickey, O. E. Vickey Boeriu, G. H. A. Viehhauser, S. Viel, R. Vigne, M. Villa, M. Villaplana Perez, E. Vilucchi, M. G. Vincter, V. B. Vinogradov, I. Vivarelli, F. Vives Vaque, S. Vlachos, D. Vladoiu, M. Vlasak, M. Vogel, P. Vokac, G. Volpi, M. Volpi, H. von der Schmitt, H. von Radziewski, E. von Toerne, V. Vorobel, K. Vorobev, M. Vos, R. Voss, J. H. Vossebeld, N. Vranjes, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic, V. Vrba, M. Vreeswijk, R. Vuillermet, I. Vukotic, Z. Vykydal, P. Wagner, W. Wagner, H. Wahlberg, S. Wahrmund, J. Wakabayashi, J. Walder, R. Walker, W. Walkowiak, C. Wang, F. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, K. Wang, R. Wang, S. M. Wang, T. Wang, X. Wang, C. Wanotayaroj, A. Warburton, C. P. Ward, D. R. Wardrope, A. Washbrook, C. Wasicki, P. M. Watkins, A. T. Watson, I. J. Watson, M. F. Watson, G. Watts, S. Watts, B. M. Waugh, S. Webb, M. S. Weber, S. W. Weber, J. S. Webster, A. R. Weidberg, B. Weinert, J. Weingarten, C. Weiser, H. Weits, P. S. Wells, T. Wenaus, T. Wengler, S. Wenig, N. Wermes, M. Werner, P. Werner, M. Wessels, J. Wetter, K. Whalen, A. M. Wharton, A. White, M. J. White, R. White, S. White, D. Whiteson, F. J. Wickens, W. Wiedenmann, M. Wielers, P. Wienemann, C. Wiglesworth, L. A. M. Wiik-Fuchs, A. Wildauer, H. G. Wilkens, H. H. Williams, S. Williams, C. Willis, S. Willocq, A. Wilson, J. A. Wilson, I. Wingerter-Seez, F. Winklmeier, B. T. Winter, M. Wittgen, J. Wittkowski, S. J. Wollstadt, M. W. Wolter, H. Wolters, B. K. Wosiek, J. Wotschack, M. J. Woudstra, K. W. Wozniak, M. Wu, S. L. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, T. R. Wyatt, B. M. Wynne, S. Xella, D. Xu, L. Xu, B. Yabsley, S. Yacoob, R. Yakabe, M. Yamada, D. Yamaguchi, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamamoto, S. Yamamoto, T. Yamanaka, K. Yamauchi, Y. Yamazaki, Z. Yan, H. Yang, Y. Yang, W-M. Yao, Y. Yasu, E. Yatsenko, K. H. Yau Wong, J. Ye, S. Ye, I. Yeletskikh, A. L. Yen, E. Yildirim, K. Yorita, R. Yoshida, K. Yoshihara, C. Young, C. J. S. Young, S. Youssef, D. R. Yu, J. Yu, J. M. Yu, L. Yuan, S. P. Y. Yuen, A. Yurkewicz, I. Yusuff, B. Zabinski, R. Zaidan, A. M. Zaitsev, J. Zalieckas, A. Zaman, S. Zambito, L. Zanello, D. Zanzi, C. Zeitnitz, M. Zeman, A. Zemla, Q. Zeng, K. Zengel, O. Zenin, T. Ženiš, D. Zerwas, D. Zhang, F. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Z. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, J. Zhong, B. Zhou, C. Zhou, L. Zhou, M. Zhou, N. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zhu, X. Zhuang, K. Zhukov, A. Zibell, D. Zieminska, N. I. Zimine, C. Zimmermann, S. Zimmermann, Z. Zinonos, M. Zinser, M. Ziolkowski, L. Živković, G. Zobernig, A. Zoccoli, M. zur Nedden, G. Zurzolo, L. Zwalinski, and ATLAS Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published: 2022
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41. Interface properties and built-in potential profile of a LaCr O3/SrTi O3 superlattice determined by standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy

Author: Lin, SC, Kuo, CT, Comes, RB, Rault, JE, Rueff, JP, Nemšák, S, Taleb, A, Kortright, JB, Meyer-Ilse, J, Gullikson, E, Sushko, PV, Spurgeon, SR, Gehlmann, M, Bowden, ME, Plucinski, L, Chambers, SA, and Fadley, CS
Subjects: cond-mat.mtrl-sci
Abstract: LaCrO3(LCO)/SrTiO3(STO) heterojunctions are intriguing due to a polar discontinuity along [001], exhibiting two distinct and controllable charged interface structures [(LaO)+/(TiO2)0 and (SrO)0/(CrO2)-] with induced polarization, and a resulting depth-dependent potential. In this study, we have used soft- and hard-x-ray standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy (SW-XPS) to quantitatively determine the elemental depth profile, interface properties, and depth distribution of the polarization-induced built-in potentials. We observe an alternating charged interface configuration: a positively charged (LaO)+/(TiO2)0 intermediate layer at the LCOtop/STObottom interface and a negatively charged (SrO)0/(CrO2)- intermediate layer at the STOtop/LCObottom interface. Using core-level SW data, we have determined the depth distribution of species, including through the interfaces, and these results are in excellent agreement with scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy mapping of local structure and composition. SW-XPS also enabled deconvolution of the LCO and STO contributions to the valence-band (VB) spectra. Using a two-step analytical approach involving first SW-induced core-level binding-energy shifts and then VB modeling, the variation in potential across the complete superlattice is determined in detail. This potential is in excellent agreement with density functional theory models, confirming this method as a generally useful tool for interface studies.
Published: 2018

42. Interface properties and built-in potential profile of a LaCrO3/SrTiO3 superlattice determined by standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy

Author: Lin, S-C, Kuo, C-T, Comes, RB, Rault, JE, Rueff, J-P, Nemšák, S, Taleb, A, Kortright, JB, Meyer-Ilse, J, Gullikson, E, Sushko, PV, Spurgeon, SR, Gehlmann, M, Bowden, ME, Plucinski, L, Chambers, SA, and Fadley, CS
Subjects: Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Physical Chemistry, cond-mat.mtrl-sci, Chemical sciences, Engineering, Physical sciences
Abstract: LaCrO3(LCO)/SrTiO3(STO) heterojunctions are intriguing due to a polar discontinuity along [001], exhibiting two distinct and controllable charged interface structures [(LaO)+/(TiO2)0 and (SrO)0/(CrO2)-] with induced polarization, and a resulting depth-dependent potential. In this study, we have used soft- and hard-x-ray standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy (SW-XPS) to quantitatively determine the elemental depth profile, interface properties, and depth distribution of the polarization-induced built-in potentials. We observe an alternating charged interface configuration: a positively charged (LaO)+/(TiO2)0 intermediate layer at the LCOtop/STObottom interface and a negatively charged (SrO)0/(CrO2)- intermediate layer at the STOtop/LCObottom interface. Using core-level SW data, we have determined the depth distribution of species, including through the interfaces, and these results are in excellent agreement with scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy mapping of local structure and composition. SW-XPS also enabled deconvolution of the LCO and STO contributions to the valence-band (VB) spectra. Using a two-step analytical approach involving first SW-induced core-level binding-energy shifts and then VB modeling, the variation in potential across the complete superlattice is determined in detail. This potential is in excellent agreement with density functional theory models, confirming this method as a generally useful tool for interface studies.
Published: 2018

43. STARTER checklist for antimalarial therapeutic efficacy reporting

Author: Mateusz M. Plucinski, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Quique Bassat, Meera Venkatesan, Philip J. Rosenthal, and Eric S. Halsey
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published: 2022
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44. Model-based estimation of transmissibility and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant

Author: Renato Mendes Coutinho, Flavia Maria Darcie Marquitti, Leonardo Souto Ferreira, Marcelo Eduardo Borges, Rafael Lopes Paixão da Silva, Otavio Canton, Tatiana P. Portella, Silas Poloni, Caroline Franco, Mateusz M. Plucinski, Fernanda C. Lessa, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Roberto Andre Kraenkel, Maria Amélia de Sousa Mascena Veras, and Paulo Inácio Prado
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Coutinho et al. use genomic and epidemiological data from Manaus, Brazil, to estimate the transmissibility and potential for reinfection with the SARS-CoV-2 variant-of-concern P.1 (gamma). Using mathematical modelling, the authors estimate that P.1 is 2.6 times more transmissible than previous SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Manaus and underlies a large proportion of reinfections in Manaus.
Published: 2021
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45. Fermi surface manipulation by external magnetic field demonstrated for a prototypical ferromagnet

Author: Młyńczak, E., Eschbach, M., Borek, S., Minár, J., Braun, J., Aguilera, I., Bihlmayer, G., Döring, S., Gehlmann, M., Gospodarič, P., Suga, S., Plucinski, L., Blügel, S., Ebert, H., and Schneider, C. M.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: We consider the details of the near-surface electronic band structure of a prototypical ferromagnet, Fe(001). Using high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we demonstrate openings of the spin-orbit induced electronic band gaps near the Fermi level. The band gaps and thus the Fermi surface can be manipulated by changing the remanent magnetization direction. The effect is of the order of $\Delta$E = 100 meV and $\Delta \text {k} = 0.1\,\text{\AA}^{-1}$. We show that the observed dispersions are dominated by the bulk band structure. First-principles calculations and one-step photoemission calculations suggest that the effect is related to changes in the electronic ground state, rather than caused by the photoemission process itself. The symmetry of the effect indicates that the observed electronic bulk states are influenced by the presence of the surface, which might be understood as related to a Rashba-type effect. By pinpointing the regions in the electronic band structure where the switchable band gaps occur, we demonstrate the significance of spin-orbit interaction even for elements as light as 3d ferromagnets.
Published: 2016
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46. $\mbox{Bi}_{1}\mbox{Te}_{1}$: a dual topological insulator

Author: Eschbach, Markus, Lanius, Martin, Niu, Chengwang, Młyńczak, Ewa, Gospodarič, Pika, Kellner, Jens, Schüffelgen, Peter, Gehlmann, Mathias, Döring, Sven, Neumann, Elmar, Luysberg, Martina, Mussler, Gregor, Plucinski, Lukasz, Morgenstern, Markus, Grützmacher, Detlev, Bihlmayer, Gustav, Blügel, Stefan, and Schneider, Claus M.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract: A combined theoretical and experimental study reveals evidence for the dual topological insulating character of the stoichiometric natural superlattice phase $\mathrm{Bi_{1}Te_{1}}=\mathrm{[Bi_{2}]_{1}[Bi_{2}Te_{3}]_{2}}$, being a stack of alternating Bi bilayers and two quintuple layers of $\mathrm{Bi_{2}Te_{3}}$. We identify $\mathrm{Bi_{1}Te_{1}}$ by density functional theory to exhibit a non trivial time-reversal symmetry-driven character of $\mathbb{Z}_{2}=(0;001)$ and additionally a mirror-symmetry induced mirror Chern number of $n_{{\cal M}}=-2$, which indicates that $\mathrm{Bi_{1}Te_{1}}$ is both a weak topological insulator and a topological crystalline insulator. The coexistence of the two phenomena preordains distinct crystal planes to host topological surface states that are protected by the respective symmetries. The surface perpendicular to the stacking direction is the 'dark' surface of the weak topological insulator, while hosting mirror-symmetry protected surface states along the $\bar{\Gamma\mathrm{M}}$ direction at non-time-reversal invariant momenta points. We confirm the stacking sequence of our MBE-grown $\mathrm{Bi_{1}Te_{1}}$ thin films by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and find indications of the topological crystalline and weak topological character in the surface electronic spin structure by spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, which nicely match the results from density functional theory.
Published: 2016
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47. Photon Drag Effect in (Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_{x}$)$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ Three Dimensional Topological Insulators

Author: Plank, H., Golub, L. E., Bauer, S., Bel'kov, V. V., Herrmann, T., Olbrich, P., Eschbach, M., Plucinski, L., Kampmeier, J., Lanius, M., Mussler, G., Grützmacher, D., and Ganichev, S. D.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: We report on the observation of a terahertz radiation induced photon drag effect in epitaxially grown $n$- and $p$-type (Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_{x}$)$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ three dimensional topological insulators with different antimony concentrations $x$ varying from 0 to 1. We demonstrate that the excitation with polarized terahertz radiation results in a $dc$ electric photocurrent. While at normal incidence a current arises due to the photogalvanic effect in the surface states, at oblique incidence it is outweighed by the trigonal photon drag effect. The developed microscopic model and theory show that the photon drag photocurrent is due to the dynamical momentum alignment by time and space dependent radiation electric field and implies the radiation induced asymmetric scattering in the electron momentum space., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures
Published: 2015
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48. Phase-Selective Epitaxy of Trigonal and Orthorhombic Bismuth Thin Films on Si (111)

Author: Abdur Rehman Jalil, Xiao Hou, Peter Schüffelgen, Jin Hee Bae, Elmar Neumann, Gregor Mussler, Lukasz Plucinski, and Detlev Grützmacher
Subjects: topological thin films, phase-change materials, structural transformation, phase-selective growth, molecular beam epitaxy, neuromorphic platform, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Over the past three decades, the growth of Bi thin films has been extensively explored due to their potential applications in various fields such as thermoelectrics, ferroelectrics, and recently for topological and neuromorphic applications, too. Despite significant research efforts in these areas, achieving reliable and controllable growth of high-quality Bi thin-film allotropes has remained a challenge. Previous studies have reported the growth of trigonal and orthorhombic phases on various substrates yielding low-quality epilayers characterized by surface morphology. In this study, we present a systematic growth investigation, enabling the high-quality growth of Bi epilayers on Bi-terminated Si (111) 1 × 1 surfaces using molecular beam epitaxy. Our work yields a phase map that demonstrates the realization of trigonal, orthorhombic, and pseudocubic thin-film allotropes of Bi. In-depth characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of phase segregation, phase stability, phase transformation, and phase-dependent thickness limitations in various Bi thin-film allotropes. Our study provides recipes for the realization of high-quality Bi thin films with desired phases, offering opportunities for the scalable refinement of Bi into quantum and neuromorphic devices and for revisiting technological proposals for this versatile material platform from the past 30 years.
Published: 2023
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49. Quasi-distributed network of low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot sensors with cavity length-based addressing

Author: Katarzyna Karpienko, Marcin J. Marzejon, Adam Mazikowski, and Jerzy Plucinski
Subjects: fabry–pérot interferometer, sensors network, fiber-optics sensor, interferometry, Technology
Abstract: Distributed measurement often relies on sensor networks. In this paper, we present the construction of low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot sensors connected into a quasi-distributed network. We discuss the mechanism of spectrum modulation in this type of sensor and the constraints of assembly of such sensors in the network. Particular attention was paid to separate the signals from individual sensors which can be achieved by cavity length-based addressing. We designed and built a laboratory model of a temperature sensors network. The employed sensors are low-coherence Fabry–Pérot interferometric sensors in a fiberoptics configuration. The extrinsic sensor cavity utilizes the thermal expansion of ceramics, and the sensors are addressed by the different lengths of the cavities. The obtained test results showthat the signal components from each sensor can be successfully separated, and the number of sensors could be expanded depending on the FWHM of the light source.
Published: 2021
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50. Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018

Author: Sarah E. Schmedes, Dhruviben Patel, Simran Dhal, Julia Kelley, Samaly S. Svigel, Pedro Rafael Dimbu, Adicatou-Laï Adeothy, Gauthier Mesia Kahunu, Papy Mandoko Nkoli, Abdoul Habib Beavogui, Simon Kariuki, Don P. Mathanga, Ousmane Koita, Deus Ishengoma, Ally Mohamad, Moonga Hawela, Leah F. Moriarty, Aaron M. Samuels, Julie Gutman, Mateusz M. Plucinski, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Zhiyong Zhou, Naomi W. Lucchi, Meera Venkatesan, Eric S. Halsey, and Eldin Talundzic
Subjects: Pfk13 mutations, Plasmodium falciparum, kelch 13, artemisinin resistance, molecular surveillance, Africa, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: The spread of drug resistance to antimalarial treatments poses a serious public health risk globally. To combat this risk, molecular surveillance of drug resistance is imperative. We report the prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 propeller domain associated with partial artemisinin resistance, which we determined by using Sanger sequencing samples from patients enrolled in therapeutic efficacy studies from 9 sub-Saharan countries during 2014–2018. Of the 2,865 samples successfully sequenced before treatment (day of enrollment) and on the day of treatment failure, 29 (1.0%) samples contained 11 unique nonsynonymous mutations and 83 (2.9%) samples contained 27 unique synonymous mutations. Two samples from Kenya contained the S522C mutation, which has been associated with delayed parasite clearance; however, no samples contained validated or candidate artemisinin-resistance mutations.
Published: 2021
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