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6. Changes in sick notes associated with COVID-19 from 2020 to 2022: a cohort study in 24 million primary care patients in OpenSAFELY-TPP

Author

Andrew Steptoe, John Macleod, Daniel McCartney, Aziz Sheikh, Annie Herbert, Ben Goldacre, David Evans, Louise Jones, Sam Harper, Michael Green, Nicholas Timpson, John Wright, Liam Smeeth, Laurie A Tomlinson, Sinead Brophy, Kate Tilling, Andy Gibson, Paola Zaninotto, Stefan Neubauer, Yinghui Wei, Betty Raman, Chloe Park, Alun Hughes, Jonathan Sterne, Elena Lukaschuk, Stefan Piechnik, Angela Wood, Mark Green, Agnieszka Lemanska, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Kathryn Willan, Elsie Horne, Hannah Woodward, Ian Douglas, Andrew Wong, Andy Boyd, Harriet Forbes, Sinéad Langan, Nishi Chaturvedi, Tom Palmer, Kathryn Mansfield, Rachel Denholm, Emily Herrett, Kevin Wang, Bo Hou, Felix Greaves, Laura Sheard, Praveetha Patalay, Kishan Patel, Jessica Morley, Bang Zheng, Charlotte Booth, Spiros Denaxas, Brian MacKenna, Ruth E Costello, Jonathan Kennedy, William Hulme, Michael Parker, Geneviève Cezard, Syed A Shah, Amir Mehrkar, Peter Inglesby, Jonathan Cockburn, Laurie Tomlinson, John Parry, Frank Hester, Eoin McElroy, Amelia Green, Gillian Santorelli, Alisia Carnemolla, Richard Shaw, Samantha Ip, Venexia Walker, Emma L Turner, Richard Thomas, Rebecca Rhead, Archie Campbell, Ellen Thompson, Ruth Bowyer, Jane Maddock, Helen Curtis, Alex Walker, Olivia Hamilton, Rosie McEachan, Ellena Badrick, Stephen Smith, Richard Dobson, Stela McLachlan, Vanessa Ferreira, Vittal Katikireddi, Scott Walker, Lucy Teece, Simon Davy, John Tazare, Bettina Moltrecht, Theocharis Kromydas, Giorgio Di Gessa, Gareth Griffith, Viyaasan Mahalingasivam, Elizabeth Tunnicliffe, George Hickman, Tom Ward, Rebecca M Smith, Sam Parsons, Callum Stewart, Amos Folarin, Daniel Kopasker, Claire Steves, Louis Fisher, Sebastian C J Bacon, Lisa Hopcroft, Robin Y Park, Jon Massey, Iain Dillingham, Steven Maude, Wels Jacques, Linda Nab, Christopher Bates, Milan Wiedemann, Ruth Mitchell, Chao Fang, Fatima Almaghrabi, Jingmin Zhu, Lucy Bridges, Kurt Taylor, Colm Andrews, Jean Stafford, Nathan Cheetham, Sebastian CJ Bacon, Alicja Rapala, Robin Flaig, Andrea L Schaffer, Benjamin FC Butler-Cole, Liam Hart Ben Goldacre, Thomas O’Dwyer, Dylan Williams, Anika Knueppel, Katharine M Evans, Samantha Berman, Matthew Crane, Rebecca Whitehorn, Jacqui Oakley, Diane Foster, Kirsteen C Campbell, Alex Kwong, Ana Goncalves Soares, Renin Toms, Lizzie Huntley, Laura Fox, Rochelle Knight, Northstone Kate, Kanagaratnam Arun, Teri North, Marwa AL Arab, Jose IC Coronado, Arun S Karthikeyan, Ploubidis George, Bozena Wielgoszewska, Charis Bridger-Staatz, Paz Garcia, Maxim Freydin, Amy Roberts, Alex Walker Ben Goldacre, Jess Morley, Anoop Shah Richard Silverwood, Thomas Cowling, Kate Mansfield, Tiffany Yang, Tom Bolton, Alexia Sampri, Elena Rafeti, Robert Willans, Fiona Glen, Steve Sharp, Lee Hamill Howes, Lidia Nigrelli, Fintan McArdle, Chelsea Beckford, Yatharth Ranjan, Jd Carpentieri, Sarah Baz, John Kellas, Laura C Saunders, James M Wild, Peter Jezzard, Zeena-Britt Sanders, Lucy Finnigan, Milla Kibble, Francisco Perez-Reche, Dominik Piehlmaier, and Edward Parker

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Objectives Long-term sickness absence from employment has negative consequences for the economy and can lead to widened health inequalities. Sick notes (also called ‘fit notes’) are issued by general practitioners when a person cannot work for health reasons for more than 7 days. We quantified the sick note rate in people with evidence of COVID-19 in 2020, 2021 and 2022, as an indication of the burden for people recovering from COVID-19.Design Cohort study.Setting With National Health Service (NHS) England approval, we used routine clinical data (primary care, hospital and COVID-19 testing records) within the OpenSAFELY-TPP database.Participants People 18–64 years with a recorded positive test or diagnosis of COVID-19 in 2020 (n=365 421), 2021 (n=1 206 555) or 2022 (n=1 321 313); general population matched in age, sex and region in 2019 (n=3 140 326), 2020 (n=3 439 534), 2021 (n=4 571 469) and 2022 (n=4 818 870); people hospitalised with pneumonia in 2019 (n=29 673).Primary outcome measure Receipt of a sick note in primary care.Results Among people with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or COVID-19 diagnosis, the sick note rate was 4.88 per 100 person-months (95% CI 4.83 to 4.93) in 2020, 2.66 (95% CI 2.64 to 2.67) in 2021 and 1.73 (95% CI 1.72 to 1.73) in 2022. Compared with the age, sex and region-matched general population, the adjusted HR for receipt of a sick note over the entire follow-up period (up to 10 months) was 4.07 (95% CI 4.02 to 4.12) in 2020 decreasing to 1.57 (95% CI 1.56 to 1.58) in 2022. The HR was highest in the first 30 days postdiagnosis in all years. Among people hospitalised with COVID-19, after adjustment, the sick note rate was lower than in people hospitalised with pneumonia.Conclusions Given the under-recording of postacute COVID-19-related symptoms, these findings contribute a valuable perspective on the long-term effects of COVID-19. Despite likely underestimation of the sick note rate, sick notes were issued more frequently to people with COVID-19 compared with those without, even in an era when most people are vaccinated. Most sick notes occurred in the first 30 days postdiagnosis, but the increased risk several months postdiagnosis may provide further evidence of the long-term impact.

Published
2024
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7. Incidence of diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in England and the implications of COVID-19 vaccination: a retrospective cohort study of 16 million people

Author

Al Arab, Marwa, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Andrews, Colm, Badrick, Ellena, Baz, Sarah, Beckford, Chelsea, Berman, Samantha, Bolton, Tom, Booth, Charlotte, Bowyer, Ruth, Boyd, Andy, Bridger-Staatz, Charis, Brophy, Sinead, Campbell, Archie, Campbell, Kirsteen C, Carnemolla, Alisia, Carpentieri, Jd, Cezard, Genevieve, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Cheetham, Nathan, Costello, Ruth, Cowling, Thomas, Crane, Matthew, Cuitun Coronado, Jose Ignacio, Curtis, Helen, Denaxas, Spiros, Denholm, Rachel, Di Gessa, Giorgio, Dobson, Richard, Douglas, Ian, Evans, Katharine M, Fang, Chao, Ferreira, Vanessa, Finnigan, Lucy, Fisher, Louis, Flaig, Robin, Folarin, Amos, Forbes, Harriet, Foster, Diane, Fox, Laura, Freydin, Maxim, Garcia, Paz, Gibson, Andy, Glen, Fiona, Goldacre, Ben, Goncalves Soares, Ana, Greaves, Felix, Green, Amelia, Green, Mark, Green, Michael, Griffith, Gareth, Hamill Howes, Lee, Hamilton, Olivia, Herbet, Annie, Herrett, Emily, Hopcroft, Lisa, Horne, Elsie, Hou, Bo, Hughes, Alun, Hulme, William, Huntley, Lizzie, Ip, Samantha, Jacques, Wels, Jezzard, Peter, Jones, Louise, Kanagaratnam, Arun, Karthikeyan Suseeladevi, Arun, Katikireddi, Vittal, Kellas, John, Kennedy, Jonathan I, Kibble, Milla, Knight, Rochelle, Knueppel, Anika, Kopasker, Daniel, Kromydas, Theocharis, Kwong, Alex, Langan, Sinead, Lemanska, Agnieszka, Lukaschuk, Elena, Mackenna, Brain, Macleod, John, Maddock, Jane, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Mansfield, Kathryn, McArdle, Fintan, McCartney, Daniel, McEachan, Rosie, McElroy, Eoin, McLachlan, Stela, Mitchell, Ruth, Moltrecht, Bettina, Morley, Jess, Nab, Linda, Neubauer, Stefan, Nigrelli, Lidia, North, Teri, Northstone, Kate, Oakley, Jacqui, Palmer, Tom, Park, Chloe, Parker, Michael, Parsons, Sam, Patalay, Praveetha, Patel, Kishan, Perez-Reche, Francisco, Piechnik, Stefan, Piehlmaier, Dominik, Ploubidis, George, Rafeti, Elena, Raman, Betty, Ranjan, Yatharth, Rapala, Alicja, Rhead, Rebecca, Roberts, Amy, Sampri, Alexia, Sanders, Zeena-Britt, Santorelli, Gillian, Saunders, Laura C, Shah, Anoop, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Sharp, Steve, Shaw, Richard, Sheard, Laura, Sheikh, Aziz, Silverwood, Richard, Smeeth, Liam, Smith, Stephen, Stafford, Jean, Steptoe, Andrew, Sterne, Jonathan, Steves, Claire, Stewart, Callum, Taylor, Kurt, Tazare, John, Teece, Lucy, Thomas, Richard, Thompson, Ellen, Tilling, Kate, Timpson, Nicholas, Tomlinson, Laurie, Toms, Renin, Tunnicliffe, Elizabeth, Turner, Emma L, Walker, Alex, Walker, Venexia, Walter, Scott, Wang, Kevin, Wei, Yinghui, Whitehorn, Rebecca, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, Wild, James M, Willan, Kathryn, Willans, Robert, Williams, Dylan, Wong, Andrew, Wood, Angela, Woodward, Hannah, Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany, Zaninotto, Paola, Zheng, Bang, Zhu, Jingmin, Eastwood, Sophie, Horne, Elsie M F, Massey, Jon, Hopcroft, Lisa E M, Cuitun Coronado, Jose, Davy, Simon, Dillingham, Iain, Morton, Caroline, and Sterne, Jonathan A C

Published
2024
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11. Psychometric Properties and Optimizing of the Bracken School Readiness Assessment

Author

De Almeida Maia, Denise, Pohl, Steffi, Okuda, Paola Matiko Martins, Liu, Ting, Puglisi, Marina Leite, Ploubidis, George, Eid, Michael, and Cogo-Moreira, Hugo

Abstract

The Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA) has been used in large studies such as the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). Important conclusions might be done regarding its reliability for the prediction of children's school readiness taking advantage of such large-scale evaluation. Although BSRA has being largely used, few are the studies at item-level under latent approach investigating its psychometric features. Using data from 14,899 2-3-year olds who participated in the MCS, we used Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis to examine multidimensionality of the subtests of the BSRA and their consistencies, specificities, and reliabilities. We found clear indications of multidimensionality. From the 88 items, 10 showed low reliability. Future research may consider excluding these low reliability items to improve the psychometric properties of the BSRA and its use as multidimensional measurement tool.

Published
2022
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16. Ethnic differences in the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical monitoring and hospitalisations for non-COVID conditions in England: a population-based, observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Author

Chaturvedi, Nishi, Park, Chloe, Carnemolla, Alisia, Williams, Dylan, Knueppel, Anika, Boyd, Andy, Turner, Emma L., Evans, Katharine M., Thomas, Richard, Berman, Samantha, McLachlan, Stela, Crane, Matthew, Whitehorn, Rebecca, Oakley, Jacqui, Foster, Diane, Woodward, Hannah, Campbell, Kirsteen C., Timpson, Nicholas, Kwong, Alex, Soares, Ana Goncalves, Griffith, Gareth, Toms, Renin, Jones, Louise, Annie, Herbert, Mitchell, Ruth, Palmer, Tom, Sterne, Jonathan, Walker, Venexia, Huntley, Lizzie, Fox, Laura, Denholm, Rachel, Knight, Rochelle, Northstone, Kate, Kanagaratnam, Arun, Horne, Elsie, Forbes, Harriet, North, Teri, Taylor, Kurt, Arab, Marwa A.L., Walker, Scott, Coronado, Jose I.C., Karthikeyan, Arun S., Ploubidis, George, Moltrecht, Bettina, Booth, Charlotte, Parsons, Sam, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, Bridger-Staatz, Charis, Steves, Claire, Thompson, Ellen, Garcia, Paz, Cheetham, Nathan, Bowyer, Ruth, Freydin, Maxim, Roberts, Amy, Goldacre, Ben, Walker, Alex, Morley, Jess, Hulme, William, Nab, Linda, Fisher, Louis, MacKenna, Brian, Andrews, Colm, Curtis, Helen, Hopcroft, Lisa, Green, Amelia, Patalay, Praveetha, Maddock, Jane, Patel, Kishan, Stafford, Jean, Jacques, Wels, Tilling, Kate, Macleod, John, McElroy, Eoin, Shah, Anoop, Silverwood, Richard, Denaxas, Spiros, Flaig, Robin, McCartney, Daniel, Campbell, Archie, Tomlinson, Laurie, Tazare, John, Zheng, Bang, Smeeth, Liam, Herrett, Emily, Cowling, Thomas, Mansfield, Kate, Costello, Ruth E., Wang, Kevin, Mansfield, Kathryn, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Douglas, Ian, Langan, Sinead, Brophy, Sinead, Parker, Michael, Kennedy, Jonathan, McEachan, Rosie, Wright, John, Willan, Kathryn, Badrick, Ellena, Santorelli, Gillian, Yang, Tiffany, Hou, Bo, Steptoe, Andrew, Giorgio, Di Gessa, Zhu, Jingmin, Zaninotto, Paola, Wood, Angela, Cezard, Genevieve, Ip, Samantha, Bolton, Tom, Sampri, Alexia, Rafeti, Elena, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Sheikh, Aziz, Shah, Syed A., Katikireddi, Vittal, Shaw, Richard, Hamilton, Olivia, Green, Michael, Kromydas, Theocharis, Kopasker, Daniel, Greaves, Felix, Willans, Robert, Glen, Fiona, Sharp, Steve, Hughes, Alun, Wong, Andrew, Howes, Lee Hamill, Rapala, Alicja, Nigrelli, Lidia, McArdle, Fintan, Beckford, Chelsea, Raman, Betty, Dobson, Richard, Folarin, Amos, Stewart, Callum, Ranjan, Yatharth, Carpentieri, Jd, Sheard, Laura, Fang, Chao, Baz, Sarah, Gibson, Andy, Kellas, John, Neubauer, Stefan, Piechnik, Stefan, Lukaschuk, Elena, Saunders, Laura C., Wild, James M., Smith, Stephen, Jezzard, Peter, Tunnicliffe, Elizabeth, Sanders, Zeena-Britt, Finnigan, Lucy, Ferreira, Vanessa, Green, Mark, Rhead, Rebecca, Kibble, Milla, Wei, Yinghui, Lemanska, Agnieszka, Perez-Reche, Francisco, Piehlmaier, Dominik, Teece, Lucy, Parker, Edward, Walker, Alex J., Inglesby, Peter, Curtis, Helen J., Morton, Caroline E., Morley, Jessica, Mehrkar, Amir, Bacon, Sebastian C.J., Hickman, George, Croker, Richard, Evans, David, Ward, Tom, DeVito, Nicholas J., Green, Amelia C.A., Massey, Jon, Smith, Rebecca M., Hulme, William J., Davy, Simon, Andrews, Colm D., Hopcroft, Lisa E.M., Drysdale, Henry, Dillingham, Iain, Park, Robin Y., Higgins, Rose, Cunningham, Christine, Wiedemann, Milan, Maude, Steven, Macdonald, Orla, Butler-Cole, Ben F.C., O'Dwyer, Thomas, Stables, Catherine L., Wood, Christopher, Brown, Andrew D., Speed, Victoria, Bridges, Lucy, Schaffer, Andrea L., Walters, Caroline E., Rentsch, Christopher T., Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Schultze, Anna, Williamson, Elizabeth J., McDonald, Helen I., Tomlinson, Laurie A., Mathur, Rohini, Eggo, Rosalind M., Wing, Kevin, Wong, Angel Y.S., Grieve, Richard, Grint, Daniel J., Mansfield, Kathryn E., Douglas, Ian J., Evans, Stephen J.W., Walker, Jemma L., Cowling, Thomas E., Herrett, Emily L., Parker, Edward P.K., Bates, Christopher, Cockburn, Jonathan, Parry, John, Hester, Frank, Harper, Sam, O'Hanlon, Shaun, Eavis, Alex, Jarvis, Richard, Avramov, Dima, Griffiths, Paul, Fowles, Aaron, Parkes, Nasreen, Nicholson, Brian, Perera, Rafael, Harrison, David, Khunti, Kamlesh, Sterne, Jonathan AC., Quint, Jennifer, Henderson, Alasdair D., Carreira, Helena, Bidulka, Patrick, Warren-Gash, Charlotte, Hayes, Joseph F., Quint, Jennifer K., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Langan, Sinéad M.

Published
2023
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18. The Relationship between Child Behaviour Problems at School Entrance and Teenage Vocabulary Acquisition: A Comparison of Two Generations of British Children Born 30 Years Apart

Author

Parsons, Sam, Sullivan, Alice, Moulton, Vanessa, Fitzsimons, Emla, and Ploubidis, George B.

Abstract

Behaviour problems in early childhood have a lasting impact on cognitive development and education attainment in later adolescence and into adulthood. Here we address the relationship conduct and hyperactivity problems at school entrance, and vocabulary acquisition in adolescence. We compare performance in identical assessments across two generations of British children born 30 years apart in 1970 (n = 15,676) and 2000/2 (n = 16,628) and find that both conduct and hyperactivity problems have a negative association with later vocabulary in both generations. We take advantage of rich longitudinal birth cohort data and establish that these relationships hold once family socioeconomic status and a child's personal characteristics and earlier vocabulary acquisition are taken into account. We also find that teenagers today achieved substantively lower scores in the vocabulary assessment compared to their counterparts born 30 years earlier, and that this holds across all categories within each of the family and individual characteristics considered in this article. As vocabulary and language skills are key prerequisites for wider learning, we discuss implications the findings have for education policies.

Published
2021
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19. Education and Psychological Distress in Adolescence and Mid-Life: Do Private Schools Make a Difference?

Author

Sullivan, Alice, Parsons, Samantha, Ploubidis, George, Wiggins, Richard D., and Green, Francis

Abstract

This article extends the evidence base on childhood circumstances, education and psychological distress. We examine the link between childhood advantage and disadvantage, the type of school attended during adolescence and psychological distress at ages 16 and 42. The analysis uses a large, population-based birth cohort study, the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) (n = 17,198) using a structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. More advantaged young people were more likely to attend private schools, but we find no evidence for an effect of private schooling on psychological distress for men, and for women there was an association between private schooling and raised psychological distress at age 16. Having a university degree was associated with a modest reduction in psychological distress in mid-life. We establish that maternal psychological distress at age 10 was a risk factor for the offspring's psychological distress both in adolescence and in mid-life, and adolescent psychological distress predicts psychological distress in mid-life. We conclude that schools which are academically successful do not necessarily provide wider benefits in terms of mental health.

Published
2021
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22. Psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction following COVID-19 infection: evidence from 11 UK longitudinal population studies

Author

Thompson, Ellen J, Stafford, Jean, Moltrecht, Bettina, Huggins, Charlotte F, Kwong, Alex S F, Shaw, Richard J, Zaninotto, Paola, Patel, Kishan, Silverwood, Richard J, McElroy, Eoin, Pierce, Matthias, Green, Michael J, Bowyer, Ruth C E, Maddock, Jane, Tilling, Kate, Katikireddi, S Vittal, Ploubidis, George B, Porteous, David J, Timpson, Nic, Chaturvedi, Nish, Steves, Claire J, and Patalay, Praveetha

Published
2022
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23. Mental and social wellbeing and the UK coronavirus job retention scheme: Evidence from nine longitudinal studies

Author

Jacques Wels, Booth, Charlotte, Wielgoszewska, Bożena, Green, Michael J., Di Gessa, Giorgio, Huggins, Charlotte F., Griffith, Gareth J., Kwong, Alex S.F., Bowyer, Ruth C.E., Maddock, Jane, Patalay, Praveetha, Silverwood, Richard J., Fitzsimons, Emla, Shaw, Richard, Thompson, Ellen J., Steptoe, Andrew, Hughes, Alun, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Steves, Claire J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George B.

Published
2022
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24. Parental Wealth and Children's Cognitive Ability, Mental, and Physical Health: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Author

Moulton, Vanessa, Goodman, Alissa, Nasim, Bilal, Ploubidis, George B., and Gambaro, Ludovica

Abstract

This article investigates the influence of wealth, a frequently neglected aspect of the economic circumstances of families, on children's development. Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study, it explores whether parental wealth (net total wealth, net housing wealth, net financial wealth, and house value) is associated with children's cognitive ability, mental, and physical health at age 11 (N = 8,645), over and above parental socioeconomic status and economic resources, in particular permanent income. Housing wealth was associated with fewer emotional and behavioral problems, independent of the full set of controls. Children's verbal cognition and general health were more strongly associated with family permanent income and socioeconomic characteristics than with wealth.

Published
2021
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25. The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and smoking, alcohol consumption and vaping during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from eight longitudinal population surveys

Author

Green, Michael J., Maddock, Jane, Di Gessa, Giorgio, Wielgoszewska, Bożena, Parsons, Sam, Griffith, Gareth J., Croft, Jazz, Stevenson, Anna J., Huggins, Charlotte F., Booth, Charlotte, Wels, Jacques, Silverwood, Richard J., Patalay, Praveetha, Hughes, Alun D., Chaturvedi, Nishi, Howe, Laura D., Fitzsimons, Emla, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George B.

Published
2022
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26. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records

Author

Thompson, Ellen J., Williams, Dylan M., Walker, Alex J., Mitchell, Ruth E., Niedzwiedz, Claire L., Yang, Tiffany C., Huggins, Charlotte F., Kwong, Alex S. F., Silverwood, Richard J., Di Gessa, Giorgio, Bowyer, Ruth C. E., Northstone, Kate, Hou, Bo, Green, Michael J., Dodgeon, Brian, Doores, Katie J., Duncan, Emma L., Williams, Frances M. K., Steptoe, Andrew, Porteous, David J., McEachan, Rosemary R. C., Tomlinson, Laurie, Goldacre, Ben, Patalay, Praveetha, Ploubidis, George B., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Tilling, Kate, Rentsch, Christopher T., Timpson, Nicholas J., Chaturvedi, Nishi, and Steves, Claire J.

Published
2022
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27. Correction: The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and diet, physical activity, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from eight longitudinal population surveys

Author

Wielgoszewska, Bożena, Maddock, Jane, Green, Michael J., Di Gessa, Giorgio, Parsons, Sam, Griffith, Gareth J., Croft, Jazz, Stevenson, Anna J., Booth, Charlotte, Silverwood, Richard J., Bann, David, Patalay, Praveetha, Hughes, Alun D., Chaturvedi, Nishi, Howe, Laura D., Fitzsimons, Emla, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George B.

Published
2022
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29. The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and diet, physical activity, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from eight longitudinal population surveys

Author

Wielgoszewska, Bożena, Maddock, Jane, Green, Michael J., Di Gessa, Giorgio, Parsons, Sam, Griffith, Gareth J., Croft, Jazz, Stevenson, Anna J., Booth, Charlotte, Silverwood, Richard J., Bann, David, Patalay, Praveetha, Hughes, Alun D., Chaturvedi, Nishi, Howe, Laura D., Fitzsimons, Emla, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George B.

Published
2022
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31. Validating short versions of psychometric measures

Author

Emla Fitzsimons, Harris, Lasana, Ploubidis, George, Haselden, Lucy, Adali, Tugba, and Lantos, Dorottya

Subjects
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

This project aims to identify the most optimal, concise, and valid assessments of several individual difference variables. These include one's experiences with eating disorders, body dysmorphia, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, grit, and emotion regulation. We will rely on two steps to achieve our aim: 1.) Use statistical analyses to explore whether it is possible to shorten existing scales in a manner that does not compromise their validity and reliability. 2.) Compare the psychometric properties of various existing measures developed to identify the same construct, as well the correlations among these, in order to better understand which of the existing scales may prove most useful among the general (rather than clinical) population.

Published
2025
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32. Cohort Differences in Physical Health and Disability in the United States and Europe.

Author

Gimeno, Laura, Goisis, Alice, Dowd, Jennifer B, and Ploubidis, George B

Subjects
PEOPLE with disabilities -- United States, SELF-evaluation, HEALTH status indicators, RESEARCH funding, FUNCTIONAL status, CHRONIC diseases, QUALITY of life, PEOPLE with disabilities
Abstract

Objectives Declines in mortality have historically been associated with improvements in physical health across generations. While life expectancy in most high-income countries continues to increase, there is evidence that younger generations, particularly in the United States, are less healthy than previous generations at the same age. We compared generational trends in physical health in the United States, England, and continental Europe to explore whether other regions have experienced a similar pattern of worsening health across cohorts. Methods Using data from nationally representative studies of adults aged ≥50 years from the United States (Health and Retirement Study, n = 26,939), England (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, n = 14,992) and 11 continental European countries (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, n = 72,595), we estimated differences in the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported chronic disease and disability and observer-measured health indicators across pseudo-birth cohorts (born <1925, 1925–1935, 1936–1945, 1946–1954, 1955–1959). Results Age-adjusted prevalence of doctor-diagnosed chronic disease increased across successive cohorts in all regions. Trends in disability prevalence were more regionally varied. Still, in both the United States and Europe, we observed a structural break in disability trends, with declines observed in prewar cohorts slowing, stalling, or reversing for cohorts born since 1945. Discussion In all regions, we found evidence for worsening health across cohorts, particularly for those born since 1945. While more chronic disease in younger cohorts need not necessarily translate to worse quality of life or higher rates of functional limitation, there is some suggestion that worsening chronic disease morbidity may be spilling over into worsening disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. Lifelong Socio-economic Position and Later Life Health Related Behaviour: A Formal Mediation Approach

Author

Ploubidis, George B., Benova, Lenka, De Stavola, Bianca, Grundy, Emily, Abu-Laban, Baha, Advisory Editor, Birkin, Mark, Advisory Editor, Poston Jr., Dudley L., Advisory Editor, Stillwell, John, Advisory Editor, Wahl, Hans-Werner, Advisory Editor, Deeg, D. J. H., Advisory Editor, Ploubidis, George B., Pongiglione, Benedetta, De Stavola, Bianca, Daniel, Rhian, Benova, Lenka, Grundy, Emily, and Read, Sanna

Published
2019
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36. Self-rated Health Over the Life Course: Evidence from the 1958 and 1970 British Birth Cohorts

Author

Ploubidis, George B., Pongiglione, Benedetta, Abu-Laban, Baha, Advisory Editor, Birkin, Mark, Advisory Editor, Poston Jr., Dudley L., Advisory Editor, Stillwell, John, Advisory Editor, Wahl, Hans-Werner, Advisory Editor, Deeg, D. J. H., Advisory Editor, Ploubidis, George B., Pongiglione, Benedetta, De Stavola, Bianca, Daniel, Rhian, Benova, Lenka, Grundy, Emily, and Read, Sanna

Published
2019
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44. Home working and social and mental wellbeing at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: Evidence from 7 longitudinal population surveys

Author

Wels, Jacques, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, Moltrecht, Bettina, Booth, Charlotte, Green, Michael J., Hamilton, Olivia KL, Demou, Evangelia, Di Gessa, Giorgio, Huggins, Charlotte, Zhu, Jingmin, Santorelli, Gillian, Silverwood, Richard J., Kopasker, Daniel, Shaw, Richard J., Hughes, Alun, Patalay, Praveetha, Steves, Claire, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Porteous, David J., Rhead, Rebecca, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, and Ploubidis, George B.

Subjects
Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Home working has increased since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's onset with concerns that it may have adverse health implications. We assessed the association between home working and social and mental wellbeing among the employed population aged 16 to 66 through harmonised analyses of 7 UK longitudinal studies. Methods and findings We estimated associations between home working and measures of psychological distress, low life satisfaction, poor self-rated health, low social contact, and loneliness across 3 different stages of the pandemic (T1 = April to June 2020 -first lockdown, T2 = July to October 2020 -eased restrictions, T3 = November 2020 to March 2021 -second lockdown) using modified Poisson regression and meta-analyses to pool results across studies. We successively adjusted the model for sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex), job characteristics (e.g., sector of activity, pre-pandemic home working propensities), and pre-pandemic health. Among respectively 10,367, 11,585, and 12,179 participants at T1, T2, and T3, we found higher rates of home working at T1 and T3 compared with T2, reflecting lockdown periods. Home working was not associated with psychological distress at T1 (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.08) or T2 (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.88 to 1.11), but a detrimental association was found with psychological distress at T3 (RR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.30). Study limitations include the fact that pre-pandemic home working propensities were derived from external sources, no information was collected on home working dosage and possible reverse association between change in wellbeing and home working likelihood. Conclusions No clear evidence of an association between home working and mental wellbeing was found, apart from greater risk of psychological distress during the second lockdown, but differences across subgroups (e.g., by sex or level of education) may exist. Longer term shifts to home working might not have adverse impacts on population wellbeing in the absence of pandemic restrictions but further monitoring of health inequalities is required., Author(s): Jacques Wels 1,2,*, Bozena Wielgoszewska 3, Bettina Moltrecht 3, Charlotte Booth 3, Michael J. Green 4, Olivia KL Hamilton 4, Evangelia Demou 4, Giorgio Di Gessa 5, Charlotte Huggins [...]

Published
2023
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45. Long-term psychological distress trajectories and the COVID-19 pandemic in three British birth cohorts: A multi-cohort study

Author

Moreno-Agostino, Darío, Fisher, Helen L., Goodman, Alissa, Hatch, Stephani L., Morgan, Craig, Richards, Marcus, Das-Munshi, Jayati, and Ploubidis, George B.

Subjects
Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Growing evidence suggests that population mental health outcomes have worsened since the pandemic started. The extent that these changes have altered common age-related trends in psychological distress, where distress typically rises until midlife and then falls after midlife in both sexes, is unknown. We aimed to analyse whether long-term pre-pandemic psychological distress trajectories were disrupted during the pandemic, and whether these changes have been different across cohorts and by sex. Methods and findings We used data from three nationally representative birth cohorts comprising all people born in Great Britain in a single week of 1946 (National Survey of Health and Development, NSHD), 1958 (National Child Development Study, NCDS), or 1970 (British Cohort Study, BCS70). The follow-up data used spanned 39 years in NSHD (1982 to 2021), 40 years in NCDS (1981 to 2001), and 25 years in BCS70 (1996 to 2021). We used psychological distress factor scores, as measured by validated self-reported questionnaires (NSHD: Present State Examination, Psychiatric Symptoms Frequency, and 28- and 12-item versions of General Health Questionnaire; NCDS and BCS70: Malaise Inventory; all: 2-item versions of Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and Patient Health Questionnaire). We used a multilevel growth curve modelling approach to model the trajectories of distress across cohorts and sexes and obtained estimates of the differences between the distress levels observed during the pandemic and those observed at the most recent pre-pandemic assessment and at the peak in the cohort-specific pre-pandemic distress trajectory, located at midlife. We further analysed whether pre-existing cohort and sex inequalities had changed with the pandemic onset using a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach. The analytic sample included 16,389 participants. By September/October 2020, distress levels had reached or exceeded the levels of the peak in the pre-pandemic life-course trajectories, with larger increases in younger cohorts (standardised mean differences [SMD] and 95% confidence intervals of SMD.sub.NSHD,pre-peak = -0.02 [-0.07, 0.04], SMD.sub.NCDS,pre-peak = 0.05 [0.02, 0.07], and SMD.sub.BCS70,pre-peak = 0.09 [0.07, 0.12] for the 1946, 1958, and 1970 birth cohorts, respectively). Increases in distress were larger among women than men, widening pre-existing sex inequalities (DiD and 95% confidence intervals of DiD.sub.NSHD,sex,pre-peak = 0.17 [0.06, 0.28], DiD.sub.NCDS,sex,pre-peak = 0.11 [0.07, 0.16], and DiD.sub.BCS70,sex,pre-peak = 0.11 [0.05, 0.16] when comparing sex inequalities in the pre-pandemic peak in midlife to those observed by September/October 2020). As expected in cohort designs, our study suffered from high proportions of attrition with respect to the original samples. Although we used non-response weights to restore sample representativeness to the target populations (those born in the United Kingdom in 1946, 1958, and 1970, alive and residing in the UK), results may not be generalisable to other sections within the UK population (e.g., migrants and ethnic minority groups) and countries different than the UK. Conclusions Pre-existing long-term psychological distress trajectories of adults born between 1946 and 1970 were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women, who reached the highest levels ever recorded in up to 40 years of follow-up data. This may impact future trends of morbidity, disability, and mortality due to common mental health problems., Author(s): Darío Moreno-Agostino 1,2,*, Helen L. Fisher 2,3, Alissa Goodman 1, Stephani L. Hatch 2,4, Craig Morgan 2,5, Marcus Richards 6, Jayati Das-Munshi 2,4,7, George B. Ploubidis 1,2 Introduction Mental [...]

Published
2023
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48. Incidence of diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in England and the implications of COVID-19 vaccination: a retrospective cohort study of 16 million people

Author

Taylor, Kurt, Eastwood, Sophie, Walker, Venexia, Cezard, Genevieve, Knight, Rochelle, Al Arab, Marwa, Wei, Yinghui, Horne, Elsie M F, Teece, Lucy, Forbes, Harriet, Walker, Alex, Fisher, Louis, Massey, Jon, Hopcroft, Lisa E M, Palmer, Tom, Cuitun Coronado, Jose, Ip, Samantha, Davy, Simon, Dillingham, Iain, Morton, Caroline, Greaves, Felix, Macleod, John, Goldacre, Ben, Wood, Angela, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Sterne, Jonathan A C, Denholm, Rachel, Al Arab, Marwa, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Andrews, Colm, Badrick, Ellena, Baz, Sarah, Beckford, Chelsea, Berman, Samantha, Bolton, Tom, Booth, Charlotte, Bowyer, Ruth, Boyd, Andy, Bridger-Staatz, Charis, Brophy, Sinead, Campbell, Archie, Campbell, Kirsteen C, Carnemolla, Alisia, Carpentieri, Jd, Cezard, Genevieve, Chaturvedi, Nishi, Cheetham, Nathan, Costello, Ruth, Cowling, Thomas, Crane, Matthew, Cuitun Coronado, Jose Ignacio, Curtis, Helen, Denaxas, Spiros, Denholm, Rachel, Di Gessa, Giorgio, Dobson, Richard, Douglas, Ian, Evans, Katharine M, Fang, Chao, Ferreira, Vanessa, Finnigan, Lucy, Fisher, Louis, Flaig, Robin, Folarin, Amos, Forbes, Harriet, Foster, Diane, Fox, Laura, Freydin, Maxim, Garcia, Paz, Gibson, Andy, Glen, Fiona, Goldacre, Ben, Goncalves Soares, Ana, Greaves, Felix, Green, Amelia, Green, Mark, Green, Michael, Griffith, Gareth, Hamill Howes, Lee, Hamilton, Olivia, Herbet, Annie, Herrett, Emily, Hopcroft, Lisa, Horne, Elsie, Hou, Bo, Hughes, Alun, Hulme, William, Huntley, Lizzie, Ip, Samantha, Jacques, Wels, Jezzard, Peter, Jones, Louise, Kanagaratnam, Arun, Karthikeyan Suseeladevi, Arun, Katikireddi, Vittal, Kellas, John, Kennedy, Jonathan I, Kibble, Milla, Knight, Rochelle, Knueppel, Anika, Kopasker, Daniel, Kromydas, Theocharis, Kwong, Alex, Langan, Sinead, Lemanska, Agnieszka, Lukaschuk, Elena, Mackenna, Brain, Macleod, John, Maddock, Jane, Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan, Mansfield, Kathryn, McArdle, Fintan, McCartney, Daniel, McEachan, Rosie, McElroy, Eoin, McLachlan, Stela, Mitchell, Ruth, Moltrecht, Bettina, Morley, Jess, Nab, Linda, Neubauer, Stefan, Nigrelli, Lidia, North, Teri, Northstone, Kate, Oakley, Jacqui, Palmer, Tom, Park, Chloe, Parker, Michael, Parsons, Sam, Patalay, Praveetha, Patel, Kishan, Perez-Reche, Francisco, Piechnik, Stefan, Piehlmaier, Dominik, Ploubidis, George, Rafeti, Elena, Raman, Betty, Ranjan, Yatharth, Rapala, Alicja, Rhead, Rebecca, Roberts, Amy, Sampri, Alexia, Sanders, Zeena-Britt, Santorelli, Gillian, Saunders, Laura C, Shah, Anoop, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Sharp, Steve, Shaw, Richard, Sheard, Laura, Sheikh, Aziz, Silverwood, Richard, Smeeth, Liam, Smith, Stephen, Stafford, Jean, Steptoe, Andrew, Sterne, Jonathan, Steves, Claire, Stewart, Callum, Taylor, Kurt, Tazare, John, Teece, Lucy, Thomas, Richard, Thompson, Ellen, Tilling, Kate, Timpson, Nicholas, Tomlinson, Laurie, Toms, Renin, Tunnicliffe, Elizabeth, Turner, Emma L, Walker, Alex, Walker, Venexia, Walter, Scott, Wang, Kevin, Wei, Yinghui, Whitehorn, Rebecca, Wielgoszewska, Bozena, Wild, James M, Willan, Kathryn, Willans, Robert, Williams, Dylan, Wong, Andrew, Wood, Angela, Woodward, Hannah, Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany, Zaninotto, Paola, Zheng, Bang, and Zhu, Jingmin

Abstract

Some studies have shown that the incidence of type 2 diabetes increases after a diagnosis of COVID-19, although the evidence is not conclusive. However, the effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on this association, or the effect on other diabetes subtypes, are not clear. We aimed to investigate the association between COVID-19 and incidence of type 2, type 1, gestational and non-specific diabetes, and the effect of COVID- 19 vaccination, up to 52 weeks after diagnosis.

Published
2024
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