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Plesionika longicauda (Rathbun, 1901) (Fig. 9) Material examined. Brazil, São Paulo: 1 ♀, CCDB 5778, R / V Soloncy Moura Expedition, st. 8, 89 m, colls. F. Zara et al., 18.viii.2015. Distribution. Western Atlantic—Gulf of Mexico, from Bahamas to the Antilles, and Brazil (Pará, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, São Paulo). Eastern Atlantic—from Madeira to off Congo (Coelho & Ramos 1972; Lemaitre & Gore 1988; Cruz & Fransen 2004; Viana 2005; Furlan 2010; Quaresma & Martinelli-Lemos 2020). Remarks Previous records from São Paulo state include Ubatuba from 11 to 16 m (Furlan 2010— 4 specimens were collected in Ubatumirim and Mar Virado Bays). Unfortunately, this material was not deposited in any museum collection (Furlan pers. com.). Sequence accession number (GenBank): CCDB 5778—16S (MF490227), COI (OM672401) (Mantelatto et al. 2018; present study)., Published as part of Mantelatto, Fernando L. & Al, Et, 2022, Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the São Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: V. Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata [Achelata, Astacidea, Axiidea, Caridea (Alpheoidea and Processoidea excluded), Gebiidea, Stenopodidea], pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5121 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5121.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6399728, {"references":["Rathbun, M. J. (1901) Investigations of the Aquatic Resources and Fisheries of Porto Rico by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1899. The Brachyura and Macrura of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 20, 1 - 127. [for 1900, preprint dated 1901, published in 1902]","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 ° N e 39 ° S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.5914 / tropocean. v 13 i 1.2555","Lemaitre, R. & Gore, R. (1988) Redescription, ecological observations and distribution of the caridean shrimp Plesionika escatilis (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda, Pandalidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101 (2), 382 - 390.","Cruz, N. & Fransen, C. (2004) Addition of three species of the genus Plesionika to the known Atlantic marine fauna of Colombia. Zoologische Mededelingen, 78 (6), 131 - 146.","Quaresma, M. C. & Martinelli-Lemos, J. M. (2020) Fauna de camaroes do Estado do Para, Amazonia Oriental: lista de especies. Biota Amazonia, 10 (3), 1 - 6.","Mantelatto, F. L., Terossi, M., Negri, M., Buranelli, R. C., Robles, R., Magalhaes, T., Tamburus, A. F., Rossi, N. & Miyazaki, M. J. (2018) DNA sequence database as a tool to identify decapod crustaceans on the Sao Paulo coastline. Mitochondrial DNA Part A: DNA Mapping, Sequencing and Analysis, 29 (5), 805 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 24701394.2017.1365848"]}

Small-scale shrimp trap fisheries, which have received very little attention in areas with limited potential for economic diversification, could offer a sustainable and socially beneficial option for profitable businesses in these regions. This study explores the effect of mesh size on selectivity of the commercially important narwal shrimp, Plesionika narval, in the Mediterranean Sea. Three different mesh sizes (8 × 8, 12 × 12 and 12 × 25 mm) were tested in fishing trials, with a theoretical Minimum Landing Size (MLS) using a defined maturity size of 12 mm to support interpretation of the results. Using the retention rates and the estimations on population fractions above and below MLS, we show that the use of the smallest- and largest-sized meshes would not support sustainable or efficient fishery. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in capture probability of undersized narwal shrimps with increased mesh size. The medium-sized mesh traps prove to be the best compromise for the fishery with high catch efficiency of commercial size shrimp and a low capture probability of undersized individuals. The results outlined in this article could be used to develop management plans for small-scale trap fisheries as a basis for developing viable enterprises in remote coastal communities.

Plesionika semilaevis, Spence Bate, 1888 (Fig. 1) Plesionika semilaevis: Spence Bate, 1888: 644, pl. 68 fig.3; Chace, 1985: 113, figs 51���54; Hanamura & Takeda 1987: 116, fig. 3c, d; Ohtomi & Hayashi 1995: 1035, fig. 1; Chan & Crosnier 1997: 213; Li & Komai 2003: 268; Kuberan et al.2017: 21, fig. 1. Plesionika martia var. semilaevis: De Man 1920:116, pl. 10: fig. 24 Plesionika martia: Suseelan 1985: 110, pl. 9: fig. 4���13 Material examined: India, Arabian Sea (AS): Kalamuku, Sakthikulangara, 2 male (CL: 16���20 mm), 2 female ovigerous (CL: 20 mm); Bay of Bengal (BOB): Tuticorin, 1 male (CL: 17 mm), 1 female ovigerous (CL: 20 mm), 1 female non ovigerous (CL: 18 mm); 200���350 m, 2014���2017. Characters of specimen from southern India Carapace smooth, rostrum long and slender, extending beyond the antennal scale, dorsally armed with 7���8 teeth, including 3 on carapace posterior to level of orbital margin, none with barbed tip, ventrally minutely serrate and armed with 35���44 teeth; eyes kidney shaped, maximum diameter 0.3 mm; stylocerite long bluntly acute, slightly overreaching dorsal arc of distal margin of 1 st annular segment; antennal scale less than 5 times as long as wide, distolateral tooth reaching at most to level of distal margin of blade; 3 rd maxilliped with epipod; abdomen is smooth, without a posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on any somite, none of abdominal pleura with distinct marginal tooth, 6 th somite about twice as long as maximum height; telson about as long as 6 th somite, with 4 pairs of dorsolateral spinules, including lateral pair of posterior spines. First four pereopods with epipods, 2 nd pair sub-equal, with 20 carpal articles, 3 rd pair extending beyond the antennal scale by lengths of dactylus, propodus,and carpus, none of the pereopods are extremely slender or thread-like. Maximum carapace length about 25 mm (modified Chace, 1985). Coloration: Most parts of the body were consistently reddish to rose red without longitudinal or transverse bands. The ventral part of the carapace and distal segments of the III maxilliped were deep red. Pereiopod I to V with anterior and posterior segments of the carpus, merus, and propodus are whitish except reddish dactyls. The pleopods and uropods are pale red. Eggs light green. Distribution: Philippines, Indonesia, South and East China Seas, Japan and Australia. Now distributed from the south-west and south-east coast of Indian EEZ. Depth range: 200���350 m Remarks: Plesionika martia (Milne-Edwards 1883), pl. 21 (type locality: Mediterranean); East Atlantic, 399���1198 m; French Polynesia, (Chan & Crosnier 1997) was earlier reported from India (Alcock 1901; Suseelan 1985) was considered to be an important catch in deep sea fishery in India (Chakraborthy 2013). The specimens were observed in three deep-sea fish landing center from the southern coast of India (AS: Kalamuku and Sakthikulangara & BOB: Tuticorin) is actually represented P. semilaevis without exception. The morphological record of P. semilaevis from the southwest coast of India was confirmed by (Kuberan et al. 2017) with a morphological description. The present specimen concur well with the identification key proposed by (Chace 1985; Li & Komai 2003; Spence Bate 1888). Apart from the rostral teeth difference in both the dorsal and ventral in the range (7���8 and 35���44) and antennal scale which is less than 5 times as long as wide. The anterior part of the postrostral carina elevated and distinctly far away from the carapace, orbital margin not vertical distinctly curved backward and stylocerite long which are an important morphological character in P. semilaevis which differentiates P. martia. On close examination, the present study confirmed that the species occurring in Indian waters is P. semilaevis and not P. martia. The sequence lengths are 600 bp and 700 bp for 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes respectively. Among the 16S rDNA (KX364190 & KX364191) sequences revealed a genetic distance of 0���0.02 % while COI (KX364192 & KX364193) sequence did not vary genetically (0%). In addition, only one sequence (16S rDNA) of P. semilaevis was available in NCBI database was retrieved (Accession no: KP725640) which revealed less genetic distance of 16.3% in comparison with COI (5.6 -17.8%: KP759500, JX681789, and JX681784). However, P. martia 16S rDNA (KP725638 and JN412688) exhibited 16.8���18.6% which was found to be lesser than COI (26.1%: JN412728). From Indian water, a sequence (COI: KU708836) of P. martia was retrieved from NCBI and compared with the genetic distance of the species P. semilaevis, the distance ranged high of about 27.7% and also compared with P. martia (JN412728) which showed high variation to about 25%., Published as part of Kuberan, G., Chakraborty, Rekha Devi & Maheswarudu, G., 2020, Misidentification and notes on Plesionika semilaevis, Spence Bate, 1888 (Crustacean: Decapoda: Caridea) from the southern coast of India, pp. 297-300 in Zootaxa 4861 (2) on page 298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4416192, {"references":["Bate, C. S. (1888) Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by the Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. \" Challenger \" during the years 1873 - 76, 24, i-xc + 1 - 942, pls. 1 - 157.","Chace, F. A. (1985) The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippines Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Part 3. Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, 411, 1 - 143, figs. 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411","Hanamura, Y. & Takeda, M. (1987) Family Pandalidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) Collected by the RV \" Soela \" from the Northwest Australian Shelf Family Pandalidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) Collected by the RV \" Soela \" from the Northwest Australian Shelf. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A, Zoology, 13 (3), 103 - 121.","Ohtomi, J. & Hayashi, K. I. (1995) Some Morphological Characters of the Deep-water Shrimp Plesionika semilaevis from Kagoshima Bay, Southern Japan (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea). Fisheries Science, 61, 1035 - 1036. https: // doi. org / 10.2331 / fishsci. 61.1035","Chan, T. & Crosnier, A. (1997) Crustacea Decapoda: Deep-sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. ln: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 18, pp. 187 - 234.","Li, X. & Komai, T. (2003) Padaloid shrimps from the Northern south China Sea, with description of a new species of Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 257 - 275.","Kuberan, G., Chakraborty, R. D., Purushothaman, P. & Maheswarudu, G. (2017) Distribution of Plesionika semilaevis along the southwest coast of India. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series, No 231, 21.","De Man, J. G. (1920) The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition, IV: Families Pasiphaeidae, Stylodactylidae, Hoplophoridae, Nematocarcinidae, Thalassocaridae, Pandalidae, Psalidopodidae, Gnathophyllidae, Processidae, Glyphocrangonidae and Crangonidae. Part 4. Book 87 of Monographie. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 318 pp., 25 pls.","Suseelan, C. (1985) Studies on the deep-sea prawns off south-west coast of India. Ph. D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 237 pp.","Milne-Edwards, A. (1883) Recueil de figures de Crustaces nouveaux ou peux connus. Backhuys Publishers, Paris, 44 pls.","Alcock, A. (1901) A descriptive Catalogue of the Indian deep-sea Crustacea, Decapoda, Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum. Being a Revised Account of the Deep-Sea Species Collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 286 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30840","Chakraborthy, R. (2013) Deep sea prawns. In: Jose, J. & Pillai, L. (Eds.), Training Programme on ' Taxonomy and identification of commercially important crustaceans of India'. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Publication, Kochi, pp. 107 - 131."]}

There is a growing number of methods to assess data-limited stocks. However, most of these methods require at least some basic data, such as commercial catches and life history information. Meanwhile, there are many commercial stocks with an even higher level of data limitation, for which the inference of stock status and the formulation of advice remain challenging. Here, we present a stepwise approach to achieve the best possible understanding of extremely data-limited stocks and facilitate their management. As a case study we use a stock of the shrimp Plesionika edwardsii (Decapoda, Pandalidae) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea, where the only available data was a sub-optimal sample of length frequencies coming from a small-scale trap fishery. We use a suite of different methods to explore and process the data, estimate the growth parameters, estimate the natural and fishing mortalities, and approximate the reference points, in order to provide a preliminary evaluation of stock status. We implement multiple methods for each step of this process, highlighting the strong and weak points of each one of them. Our approach illustrates the better insights that can be gained by applying ensembles of models, rather than a single ‘best’ model when working with limited data of poor quality. The stepwise approach we propose here is easily transferable to other extremely data-limited stocks to elucidate their status and inform their management.

Plesionika longicauda (Rathbun, 1901) Pandalus longicauda Rathbun, 1901: 117, fig. 24 [type locality Gulf of Mexico, 28°42’30”N 85°29’W, 88fms] Plesionika longicauda: Chan & Crosnier 1991: 425, figs 4a, 5a–b, d, f, 38, 39; Cruz & Fransen 2004: 138; Fransen 2014b: 182–183. Material examined. RMNH.CRUS.D.57267: 1 female (pocl. 6.7mm), 2 males (pocl. 8.6 and 7.3mm), Bonaire, 12°08'13"N, 068°17'09"W, depth 158 m, 31.v.2013, dive with submersible Curasub BON3, collected by L.E. Becking and H.W.G. Meesters. RMNH.CRUS.D.57268: 2 males (pocl. 7.3 and 7.2mm), 2 females (pocl. 7.4 and 7.0mm), Curaçao, 12°05’03”N, 68°53’54”W, depth 159m, 31.iii.2014, dive with submersible Curasub, from a rocky substrate, collected by Cessa Rauch. Distribution. Plesionika longicauda is known from the Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea to Suriname, but also from the Eastern Atlantic from south of Senegal to Angola. P. longicauda has a depth range of 55 to 500 meters (Chan & Crosnier 1991; Cruz & Fransen 2004). The present specimens fall within that range both geographically and in depth. Remarks. The present specimens agree well with the description by Chan & Crosnier (1991) in the following aspects: rostrum 1.7–2.1 times as long as carapace; 36 dorsal rostral teeth; 23 ventral rostral teeth, scaphocerite slightly shorter than carapace; 4 post-orbital rostral teeth; pleuron IV rounded and pleuron V sharp; no epipods on maxilliped 3 or pereiopods., Published as part of Olthof, Gabriël, Becking, Leontine E. & Fransen, Charles H. J. M., 2018, On a collection of deep-water shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Dutch Caribbean, with the description of a new species of Pseudocoutierea, pp. 533-548 in Zootaxa 4415 (3) on page 536, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1242209, {"references":["Chan, T. - Y. & Crosnier, A. (1991) Crustacea Decapoda: Studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae), with descriptions of six new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM Vol. 9. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 152, pp. 413 - 461.","Cruz, N. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2004) Addition of three species of the genus Plesionika (Crustacea: Caridea: Pandalidae) to the known Atlantic marine fauna of Colombia. Zoologische Mededelingen, 78, 131 - 146."]}

Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) Pandalus Guerinii Risso, 1844: 95. [nomen nudum] Pandalus (Pontophilus) Edwardsii Brandt, 1851: 122; nomen novum for Pandalus narval H. Milne Edwards, 1841 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1836–1844], nec Astacus Narval Fabricius, 1787. [Mediterranean, type locality designated by Chan & Yu, 1991] Pandalus (Parapandalus) longirostris Borradaile, 1900: 413; Plate 37, fig. 10a–h. [New Britain] Plesionika edwardsii; Chan & Crosnier 1997: 193 –194, fig. 23; Fransen 2014b: 176–177. Material examined. RMNH. CRUS.D.57269: 1 specimen, total length 18cm, Curaçao, depth 299m (980ft), 16.xii.2015, dive with submersible Curasub, collected by A. ‘Dutch’ Schrier. RMNH. CRUS.D.57270: 1 specimen, Curaçao, 12°05'03"N 68°53'55"W, depth 299m (980ft), 9.ii.2017, dive with submersible Curasub, collected by A. ‘Dutch’ Schrier & Gabriel Olthof. Distribution. Western Atlantic: South Carolina, USA, Bahamas, Cuba west to Gulf of Mexico, south to Suriname, including the Antilles. Eastern Atlantic: from northwest Spain south to Sierra Leone (some records as far south as Angola); Mediterranean, except the Adriatic and the Black Seas. Also recorded from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean and Indo-West Pacific, as far as Indonesia and the Philippines. Remarks. The present specimens fit the diagnoses given by Fransen (2014b)., Published as part of Olthof, Gabriël, Becking, Leontine E. & Fransen, Charles H. J. M., 2018, On a collection of deep-water shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Dutch Caribbean, with the description of a new species of Pseudocoutierea, pp. 533-548 in Zootaxa 4415 (3) on page 537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1242209, {"references":["Brandt, J. F. (1851) Krebse. In: Middendorff, A. T. von (Ed.), Reise in den aussersten Norden und osten Sibiriens wahrend der Jahre 1843 und 1844 mit allerhochter Genehmigung auf Veranstaltung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg ausgefuhrt und in Verbindung mit vielen Gelehrten herausgegeben, 2 (Theil 1), 77 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 53712","Chan, T. - Y. & Crosnier, A. (1991) Crustacea Decapoda: Studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae), with descriptions of six new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM Vol. 9. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 152, pp. 413 - 461.","Chan, T. - Y. & Crosnier, A. (1997) Crustacea Decapoda: Deep-sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Vol. 18. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A), 176, pp. 187 - 234."]}

Plesionika semilaevis Bate, 1888 (Fig. 3) Zoea I. Size: CL, 0.37 mm (0.32-0.39 mm); TL, 2.41 mm (2.30-2.46 mm). (n = 10) Carapace (Fig. 3A, B, D): Slightly dorsoventrally flattened; rostrum slightly curved and slender, shorter than antennular peduncle; dorsal anterior and posterior processes present; anteroventral margin bearing 1 strong pterygostomian spine and 3 denticles; eyes sessile. Antennule (Fig. 3E): Peduncle unsegmented, slender and bearing 1 small tubercle; endopod with 1 long, plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with 1 spatulate seta, 3 aesthetascs, 1 plumose seta. Antenna (Fig. 3F): Peduncle unsegmented with 1 sharp basal spine distally; endopod unsegmented, with 1 long plumose seta and 1 sharp, slender spine terminally; exopod 6-segmented, 9 plumose setae on inner margin, 1 seta on apex and 2 plumose setae on outer margin, 1 tubercle on first segment at proximal position in inner margin. Mandible (Fig. 3G): Palp absent; right and left slightly asymmetrical, right incisor with 3 terminal teeth; left incisor with 4 teeth (1 subterminal + 3 terminal) and lacinia mobilis. Maxillule (Fig. 3H): Coxal endite with 7 (2 simple subterminal + 5 terminal plumose) setae; basial endite with 2 strong, cuspidate setae and 3 simple setae; endopod unsegmented with 6 setae forming 3 groups: basal group with 1 small, simple seta and 2 sparsely plumose setae; median group with 2 sparsely plumose setae; distal group with only 1 long sparsely plumose seta; exopod absent. Maxilla (Fig. 3I): Coxal endite bilobed with 9 + 4 plumose setae; basial endite bilobed with 4 + 4 plumose setae; endopod with 9 (3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2) setae; scaphognathite margin with 5 plumose setae. First Maxilliped (Fig. 3J): Coxa with 4 plumose setae; basis with 12 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 4 (1+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Second Maxilliped (Fig. 3K): Coxa with 1 plumose seta; basis with 7 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 5 (1 outer + 4 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long plumose natatory setae. Third Maxilliped (Fig. 3L): Coxa without setae; basis with 4 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 2, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Fig. 3A, C): With 5 somites, no spines or setae. Pleopods: Absent. Uropod: Absent. Telson (Fig. 3A): Subtriangular, posterior margin with row of minute spinules as well as 7 + 7 plumose setae, outermost 2 pairs only plumose on inner margin., Published as part of Jiang, Guo-Chen, Landeira, José M., Shih, Tung-Wei & Chan, Tin-Yam, 2018, First zoeal stage of Plesionika crosnieri Chan & Yu, 1991, P. ortmanni Doflein, 1902, and P. semilaevis Bate, 1888, with remarks on the early larvae of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda), pp. 385-395 in Zootaxa 4532 (3) on pages 388-389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2615449, {"references":["Bate, C. S. (1888) Report of the Crustacea Macrura collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report of the scientific results or the Foyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 24, XC + 1 - 42."]}

Plesionika crosnieri Chan & Yu, 1991 (Fig. 1) Zoea I. Size: CL, 0.34 mm (0.27-0.48 mm); TL, 2.60 mm (2.44-2.97 mm). (n = 10) Carapace (Fig. 1A, B, D): Slightly dorsoventrally flattened; rostrum slightly curved and slender, longer than antennular peduncle; dorsal anterior and posterior processes present; anteroventral margin bearing 1 strong pterygostomian spine and 3 denticles; eyes sessile. Antennule (Fig. 1E): Peduncle unsegmented, slender, and bearing 1 small tubercle; endopod with 1 long, plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with 1 spatulate seta, 3 aesthetascs, 1 plumose seta. Antenna (Fig. 1F): Peduncle unsegmented with 1 sharp basal spine distally; endopod unsegmented, with 1 long plumose seta and 1 sharp, slender spine terminally; exopod 6-segmented, 9 plumose setae on inner margin, 1 seta on apex and 2 plumose setae on outer margin, 1 tubercle on the first segment at proximal position in the inner margin. Mandible (Fig. 1G): Palp absent; right and left slightly asymmetrical, right incisor with 3 terminal teeth; left incisor with 4 teeth (1 subterminal + 3 terminal) and lacinia mobilis. Maxillule (Fig. 1H): Coxal endite with 7 (2 subterminal + 5 terminal) plumose setae; basial endite with 2 strong, cuspidate setae and 3 simple setae; endopod unsegmented, with 6 setae forming 3 groups: basal group with 1 small, simple seta and 2 sparsely plumose setae; median group with 2 sparsely plumose setae; and distal group with only 1 long sparsely plumose seta; exopod absent. Maxilla (Fig. 1I): Coxal endite bilobed with 9 + 4 plumose setae; basial endite bilobed with 4 + 4 plumose setae; endopod with 9 (3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2) setae; scaphognathite margin with 5 plumose setae. First Maxilliped (Fig. 1J): Coxa with 3 plumose setae; basis with 12 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 4 (1+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Second Maxilliped (Fig. 1K): Coxa without setae; basis with 9 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 5 (1 outer + 4 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long plumose natatory setae. Third Maxilliped (Fig. 1L): Coxa without setae; basis with 4 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 2, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long plumose natatory setae. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Figs. 1A, C): With 5 somites, no spines or setae. Pleopods: Absent. Uropod: Absent. Telson (Fig. 1A): Subtriangular, posterior margin bearing row of minute spinules as well as 7 + 7 plumose setae, outermost 2 pairs only plumose on inner margin.

Plesionika ortmanni Doflein, 1902 (Fig. 2) Zoea I. Size: CL, 0.40 mm (0.35-0.44 mm); TL, 2.47 mm (2.23-2.63 mm). (n = 10) Carapace (Fig. 2A, B, D): Slightly dorsoventrally flattened; rostrum slightly curved and slender, shorter than antennular peduncle; dorsal anterior and posterior processes present; anteroventral margin bearing 1 strong pterygostomian spine and 1 denticle; eyes sessile. Antennule (Fig. 2E): Peduncle unsegmented, slender and bearing 1 small tubercle; endopod with 1 long, plumose seta; exopod unsegmented with 1 spatulate seta, 3 aesthetascs, 1 plumose seta. Antenna (Fig. 2F): Peduncle unsegmented with 1 sharp basal spine distally; endopod unsegmented, with 1 long plumose seta and 1 sharp, slender spine terminally; exopod 6-segmented, 9 plumose setae on inner margin, 1 seta on apex and 2 plumose setae on outer margin, 1 tubercle on first segment at proximal position in inner margin. Mandible (Fig. 2G): Palp absent; right and left slightly asymmetrical, right incisor with 3 terminal teeth; left incisor with 4 teeth (1 subterminal + 3 terminal) and lacinia mobilis. Maxillule (Fig. 2H): Coxal endite with 7 (2 simple subterminal + 5 terminal plumose) setae; basial endite with 2 strong, cuspidate setae and 3 simple setae; endopod unsegmented, with 6 setae forming 3 groups: basal group with 1 small, simple seta and 2 sparsely plumose setae; median group with 2 sparsely plumose setae; distal group with only 1 long sparsely plumose seta; exopod absent. Maxilla (Fig. 2I): Coxal endite bilobed with 9 + 4 plumose setae; basial endite bilobed with 4 + 4 plumose setae; endopod with 9 (3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2) setae; scaphognathite margin with 5 plumose setae. First Maxilliped (Fig. 2J): Coxa with 3 plumose setae; basis with 12 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 4 (1+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Second Maxilliped (Fig. 2K): Coxa with 1 plumose seta; basis with 9 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 3, 1, 2, 5 (1 outer + 4 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Third Maxilliped (Fig. 2L): Coxa without setae; basis with 4 plumose setae; endopod 4-segmented with 2, 1, 2, 4 (1 outer + 3 terminal) setae; exopod unsegmented, armed distally with 5 (2+3) long, plumose natatory setae. Pereiopods: Absent. Pleon (Fig. 2A, C): With 5 somites, no spines or setae. Pleopods: Absent. Uropod: Absent. Telson (Fig. 2A): Subtriangular, posterior margin with row of minute spinules as well as 7 + 7 plumose setae, outermost 2 pairs only plumose on inner margin., Published as part of Jiang, Guo-Chen, Landeira, José M., Shih, Tung-Wei & Chan, Tin-Yam, 2018, First zoeal stage of Plesionika crosnieri Chan & Yu, 1991, P. ortmanni Doflein, 1902, and P. semilaevis Bate, 1888, with remarks on the early larvae of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda), pp. 385-395 in Zootaxa 4532 (3) on pages 387-388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4532.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2615449, {"references":["Doflein, F. (1902) Ostasiatische Dekapoden. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munchen, 21, 613 - 670, pls. 1 - 6."]}

Plesionika reflexa Chace, 1985 (Figs. 2, 3) Pandalus? ensis — Alcock & Anderson, 1899: 284. (non A. Milne-Edwards, 1881). Pandalus (Plesionika) ensis — Alcock 1901: 96. (non A. Milne-Edwards, 1881). Plesionika ensis — Suseelan & Mohamed 1969: 88, fig. 1. (non A. Milne-Edwards, 1881). Plesionika reflexa Chace, 1985: 108, fig. 49. (type locality: Philippines); Hayashi 1986: 137, fig. 88; Hanamura & Takeda 1987: 116; Kensley et al. 1987: 318; Takeda & Hanamura 1994: 23, fig. 10; Chan & Crosnier 1997: 194, figs. 3, 24; Fransen 2006: 77, fig. 23; Li 2006: 1290; De Grave & Fransen 2011: 450. Material examined. Sakthikulangara fishing port, Kollam district, Kerala, 200–300 m 23 Nov 2015, 1 ovig. female cl 15.0 mm (CMFRI); 250 m, 27 April 2017, 1 male cl 14.3 mm (CMFRI ED.2.4.3.8), 1 male cl 14.6 mm, 1 ovig. female cl 18.9 mm, 1 specimen sex undetermined cl 12.8 mm (NTOU M02081). Diagnosis. Rostrum long, about 2 times longer than carapace length and far overreaching scaphocerite, slightly curved downwards at basal part but slightly recurved upwards and nearly straight after passing middle of antennular peduncle; dorsal margin armed with 6 teeth at basal part as well as 1 subapical tooth, none with barbed tip, basal teeth restricted behind distal end of antennular peduncle and not forming crest, with 2–3 of them posterior to orbital margin and posterior 2–4 teeth bearing incomplete basal suture; ventral margin with 40–43 teeth. Postrostral ridge distinct but blunt, extending to about middle of carapace and not highly elevated. Carapace only with short, fainted hepatic grooves; antennal and pterygostomian spines similar and moderately large; orbital margin with upper part nearly vertically convex, lower part also convex. Eye with distinct ocellus. Stylocerite obtuse but distally pointed, laterally slightly folded upwards, just overreaching basal segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite slender, 4.6–5.0 times as long as maximum width, with distolateral tooth just exceeding distal margin of lamina, basicerite spine long and markedly overreaching proximal end of lateral margin of scaphocerite. Maxilliped III bearing well developed epipods, penultimate segment slightly shorter than terminal segment. Only anterior 3 pereiopods with epipods, those at pereiopods I and II well developed, epipod at pereiopod III small and delicate. Pereiopod II subequal and bearing 15–19 carpal articles. Pereiopod III exceeding scaphocerite by length of dactylus and a short portion of propodus, dactylus 0.41–0.47 times as long as propodus, accessory distal spine minute and little separated from base of terminal spine. Abdomen with tergite III bearing well-developed poteromesial spine, which more or less recurved upwards; pleuron IV posteroventrally rounded while pleuron V bearing distinct posteroventral denticle; somite VI 2.5–2.9 times longer than maximum height; telson 0.8 times as long as somite VI and bearing 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines (excluding pair adjacent to posterior margin of telson). Distribution. Widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific from Gulf of Aden to Japan and French Polynesia, at depths of 191– 910 m. Remarks. The “Diagnosis” given above was based on the present four Indian specimens; with only one of them (male cl 14. 8 mm) having intact rostrum and another one (male cl 14.3 mm) without any complete pereiopod III. Plesionka reflexa belongs to the “ P. ensis ” group, which currently includes only two recognized species (Chan & Crosnier 1997). Species of the “ P. ensis ” group are very characteristic in having a distinct posteromesial spine on the abdominal tergite III, rostrum long but with only a few dorsal teeth restricted to base and bearing numerous ventral teeth, posterior pereiopods rather robust and not particularly long. The two species in this group are assumed to have discrete distribution, with P. ensis occurring in the Atlantic while P. reflexa is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. The two species differ only in P. ensis having the posteromesial spine on the abdominal somite III straight and the pereiopod III with shorter dactylus. On the other hand, P. reflexa has the abdominal somite III posteromesial spine more or less recurved upwards and longer dactylus at the pereiopod III (see Chace 1985). However, as noticed by many workers (see Hanamura & Takeda 1987; Chan & Crosnier 1997; Fransen 2006), Indo-West Pacific material of this group has large variations in the curvature of the abdominal posteromesial spine from very straight to distinctly recurved though this spine is always straight in Atlantic specimens. The proportional length of the dactylus of the pereiopod III is also highly variable (from 0.09 to 0.46 as long as propodus) at various localities in both the Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific (see Chace 1985; Chan & Crosnier 1997; Fransen 2006). Nevertheless, the pereiopod III dactylus is shorter (0.11–0.25 as long as propodus) in the topotypic material of P. ensis in the western Atlantic (type locality: near Barbados) but longer (0.30–0.46 as long as propodus) in the topotypic material of P. reflexa in the Philippines. The present Indian specimens have the abdominal posteromesial spine from nearly straight (Fig. 2E) to distinctly recurved (Fig. 2D), and even slightly longer pereiopod III dactylus (Fig. 2C, 0.41–0.47 as long as propodus). As discussed in Chan & Crosnier (1997), the large variations in the curvature of the abdominal posteromesial spine, length of pereiopod III dactylus and rostrum in the material of P. ensis and P. reflexa may indicate that there are actually many more species in the “ P. ensis ” group similar to the situation in the “ P. martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) ” and “ P. narval (Fabricius, 1787) ” groups (Chace 1985; Chan & Crosnier 1991). The present Indian material further differs in the epipods at the pereiopods III and IV more reduced or even absent. The present specimens have the epipods of the pereiopods III half the size of those at preceding pereiopods and rather delicate. Moreover, the epipod is completely absent at the pereiopod IV in all specimens. The presence or absence of epipods at the pereiopods has often been considered as of specific value in Plesionika (Chace 1985; Li & Komai 2003). Fransen (2006) also reported that P. reflexa material in the western Arabian Sea and Burma from northern Indian Ocean differs from the typical form in having the epipods at the pereiopods III and IV reduced though a minute epipod is still present at the pereiopod IV. However, Suseelan & Mohamed (1968) mentioned that their SW Indian specimens carry well developed epipods at the anterior four pereiopods, and their fig. 1a showed that the dactylus of pereiopod III is about one fifth as long as the propodus. Genetic comparisons of the present Indian specimens (2 males, 1 ovig. female, CMFRI ED.2.4.3.8, NTOU M02081; GenBank nos. MG729438 -729440) with topotypic material of P. ensis (Fig. 3A from the Lesser Antilles: Guadeloupe, KARUBENTHOS 2015 stn DW 4609, MNHN IU- 2013-19054, GenBank no. MG729442, Poupin & Corbari 2016: fig. 6e, versus type locality Barbados) and P. reflexa (Fig. 3B from the Philippines: eastern Luzon, AURORA stn CP2695, NTOU M02080, GenBank no. MG729441, versus type locality S.E. Luzon) showed that there are high divergence in the barcoding gene COI amongst the specimens from different localities (9.3%, 10.3–10.7%, 14.2–14.5% divergences between material from Lesser Antilles/ Philippines, Philippines / India and Lesser Antilles/ India, respectively). However, there are only 0.0–0.3% genetic divergence amongst the Indian material including those with the abdominal posteromesial spine variably recurved (Fig. 2D, E). The high genetic difference of the Indian form from topotypic material of both P. ensis and P. reflexa, and the reduction or absence of epipods at the pereiopod III and IV may urge the separation of the Indian form as another species. As pointed out by Chakraborty et al. (2015), however, species delimitation using COI data alone is still rather controversial for Plesionika. For example, the COI sequence divergences amongst seven Plesionika species from Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean ranged from 2.5% to 18.3% (Matzen da Saliva et al. 2013) while that of P. quasigrandis Chace, 1985 materials from India and the Philippines can be as high as 5.8–8.4% (Chakraborty et al. 2015). In views that P. ensis / reflexa have a very wide geographical range with highly variable morphological characters (Chan & Crosnier 1997; Fransen 2006) but no coloration difference (Fig. 3A, B as compared to Kuberan et al. in press: fig. 1 and the color description of the Indian material provided by Suseelan & Mohamed 1968); and the recent finding of the development of the pereiopodal epipods can be rather variable in certain species of Plesionika (see Chan 2016), it may be more appropriate to erect further new species in the “ P. ensis ” group after a full revision on the group. For example, the recent review by Ahamed et al. (2017: tables 1, 2 and key) on Asian species of Plesionika included both P. ensis and P. reflexa. However, P. ensis was omitted in their systemic account. It is likely that all previous reports of P. ensis from India (e.g. Alcock & Anderson, 1899; Alcock, 1901; George 1966; Suseelan & Mohamed 1968; Suseelan 1974; Kurup et al. 2008; Rajool Shani s et al. 2012; Radhakrishnan et al. 2012; Samuel et al. 2016) represented the present form. Examination of more specimens from India, as well as the other parts of the Indian Ocean, will be necessary to fully understand the development of pereiopodal epipods and the variations in the length of the dactyli of the posterior pereiopods in the Indian Ocean material., Published as part of Chan, Tin-Yam, Chakraborty, Rekha Devi, Purushothaman, P., Kuberan, G. & Yang, Chien-Hui, 2018, On Plesionika persica (Kemp, 1925) and P. reflexa Chace, 1985 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from India, pp. 583-591 in Zootaxa 4382 (3) on pages 586-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1183236, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411","Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. (1899) Natural history notes from H. M. royal Indian marine survey ship \" Investigator, \" Commander T. H. Heming, R. N., Commanding. Series 3. Number 2. An account of the deep-sea Crustacea dredged during the surveying season of 1897 - 98. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 1 - 27, 278 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939908678071","Milne-Edwards, A. (1881) Description de quelques Crustaces Macroures provenant des grandes profondeurs de la mer des Antilles. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Series 6, 11 (4), l - 16.","Alcock, A. (1901) A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the Indian museum. Being a revised account of the deep-sea species collected by the Royal Indian marine survey ship \" Investigator \". Indian Museum, Calcutta, 286 pp., 3 pls.","Suseelan, C. & Mohamed, K. H. (1969) On the occurrence of Plesionika ensis (A. Milne Edwards) (Pandalidae, Crustacea) in the Arabian Sea with notes on its biology and fishery potentialities. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (l), 88 - 94.","Hayashi, K. I. (1986) Penaeoidea and Caridea. In: Baba, K., Hayashi, K. I. & Toriyama, M. (Eds.), Decapod Crustaceans from continental shelf and slope around Japan. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo, pp. 38 - 149, 232 - 279.","Hanamura, Y. & Takeda, M. (1987) Family Pandalidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) collected by the RV \" SOELA \" from the Northwest Australian Shelf. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, (A), 13 (3), 103 - 121.","Takeda, M. & Hanamura, Y. (1994) Deep-sea shrimps and lobsters from the Flores Sea collected by the RV HAKUHO-MARU duringKH- 85 - 1 cruise. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, (A), 20 (1), 1 - 37.","Chan, T. Y. & Crosnier, A. (1997) Crustacea Decapoda: Deep sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 18. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, 176, 187 - 234.","Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2006) Pandalidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the SONNE, VALDIVIA and METEOR expeditions 1977 - 1987 to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Senckenbergiana maritima, 36 (1), 51 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03043702","Li, X. Z. (2006) Report on some pandalid shrimps from the East China Sea (Decapoda Caridea). Crustaceana, 79 (11), 1281 - 1296. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854006779277303","De Grave, S. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2011) Carideorum catalogus: The recent species of the Dendrobranchiate, Stenopodidean Procarididean and Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen, 85 (9), 195 - 589.","Milne-Edwards, A. (1883) Recueil de figures de crustaces nouveaux oupeuconnus. Published by the Author, Paris, 3 pp., 44 pls.","Fabricius, J. C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adjectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Vol. 1. Christ. Gottl. Proft., Hafniae (t), xx + 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36471","Chan, T. Y. & Crosnier, A. (1991) Crustacea Decapoda: Studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae), with descriptions of six new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campangnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 9. Memories du Museum national Histoire naturelle, 152, 413 - 461.","Li, X. & Komai, T. (2003) Pandaloid shrimps from the northern South China Sea, with description of a new species of Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 257 - 275.","Poupin, J. & Corbari, L. (2016) A preliminary assessment of the deep-sea Decapoda collected during the KARUBENTHOS 2015 expedition to Guadeloupe Island. Zootaxa, 4190 (1), 1 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4190.1.1","Chakraborty, R. D., Chan, T. Y., Maheswarudu, G., Kuberan, G., Purushothaman, P., Chang, S. C. & Jomon, S. (2015) On Plesionika quasigrandis Chace, 1985 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from southwestern India. Crustaceana, 88 (7 - 8), 923 - 930. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003451","Chan, T. Y. (2016) New records of the rare pandalid shrimp Plesionika exigua (Rathbun, 1906) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in the western Pacific. Zootaxa, 4205 (1), 97 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4205.1.11","Ahamed, F., Cardoso, I. A., Ahmed, Z. F., Hossain, M. Y. & Ohtomi, J. (2017) An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters. Zootaxa, 4221 (5), 575 - 593. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4221.5.6","Suseelan, C. (1974) Observations on the deep-sea prawn fishery off the South-West coast of India with special references to pandalids. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 16 (2), 491 - 511.","Kurup, B. M., Rajasree, R. & Venu, S. (2008) Distribution of deep sea prawns off Kerala. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 50 (2), 122 - 126.","Radhakrishnan, E. V., Deshmukh, V. D., Maheswarudu, G., Josileen, J., Dineshababu, A. P., Philipose, K. K., Sarada, P. T., Pillai, S. L., Saleela, K. N., Chakraborty, R., Dash, G., Sajeev, C. K., Thirumilu, P., Sridhara, B., Muniuyappa, Y., Sawant, A. D., Vaidya, N. G., Johny, R. D., Verma, J. B., Baby, P. K., Unnikrishnan, C., Ramachandran, N. P., Vairamani, A., Palanichamy, A., Radhakrishnan, M. & Raju, B. (2012) Prawn fauna (Crustacea: Decapoda) of India - An annotated checklist of the penaeoid, segestoid, stenopodid and caridean prawns. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India, 54 (1), 50 - 72.","Samuel, V. K. D., Sreeraj, C. R., Krishnan, P., Parthiban, C., Sekar, V., Chamundeeswari, K., Immanuel, T., Shesdev, P., Purvaja, R. & Ramesh, R. (2016) An updated checklist of shrimps on the Indian coast. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 8 (7), 8977 - 8988. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 2628.8.7.8977 - 8988"]}

Plesionika persica (Kemp, 1925) (Fig. 1) Parapandalus persicus Kemp, 1925: 273, fig. 8. (type locality: Gulf of Oman) Parapandalus filipes Calman, 1939; 202, fig. 2. (type locality: Gulf of Oman, see Remarks) Plesionika filipes — Chace 1985: 46. Plesionika persica — Chace, 1985: 46; Tiefenbacher 1992: 120; Fransen 2006: 73, fig. 21; De Grave & Fransen 2011: 450. Material examined. India, Kalamuku, Cochin, 250-300 m, April 2017, 1 male cl 11.8 mm, 1 specimen sex undetermined cl 10.5 mm (NTOU); Kerala, Cochin, 250-300 m, April 2017, 4 males cl 10.0–12.0 mm, 5 females cl 10.0–12.0 mm (CMFRI ED.2.4.3.5). Diagnosis. Rostrum slightly shorter than carapace, curving downwards at basal region, slightly recurved upwards and nearly straight after passing antennular peduncle; with low rostral crest and bearing 6–8 dorsal teeth (including 3 teeth posterior to orbital margin and posteriormost tooth sometimes with incomplete basal suture) restricted to proximal half of rostrum and none with barbed tip; ventral margin armed with 5–7, rarely 3 teeth. Postrostral ridge blunt but strong, extending to about middle of carapace and not highly elevated. Carapace with fainted hepatic and branchial grooves; antennal and pterygostomian spines present and distinct, similar sized; orbital margin with upper part straight and dorsally inclined forwards, lower part slightly convex. Eyes without distinct ocellus. Stylocerite tapered anteriorly and not markedly folded upwards laterally, extending to about middle of second segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite slender, 4.6–4.8 times as long as maximum width, distolateral tooth just exceeding distal margin of lamina, basicerite spine moderately long and just exceeding proximal end of lateral margin of scaphocerite. Maxilliped III and pereiopods all lacking epipods. Pereiopod I overreaching scaphocerite by dactylus and half propodus, propodus about 0.41–0.43 times as long as carpus. Pereiopod II subequal, extending to tip of scaphocerite and bearing 14–20 carpal articles. Posterior 3 pereiopods very long, with pereiopods IV and V even thread like (see Remarks). Abdomen with tergite III without any spine, dorsal ridge or groove; pleuron IV posteroventrally rounded, while pleuron V with posteroventral angle somewhat pointed; somite VI 2.2–2.5 times longer than maximum height; telson as long as somite VI and bearing 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines (excluding pair adjacent to posterior margin of telson). Distribution. Arabian Sea and Red Sea, mesopelagic, at depths of 0–2500 m (see Tiefenbacher 1992; Fransen 2006). Remarks. Plesionika persica is characterized in having extremely long thread- like pereiopods IV and V. Only three described species in genus Plesionika have such overlong posterior pereiopods: P. persica (Kemp, 1925), P. filipes (Calman, 1939) and P. taiwanica Chan & Yu, 2000 (Chan & Yu 2000). Plesionika persica and P. filipes are very similar (Chace 1985) and have their type localities nearby. Although Calman (1939) mentioned that the holotype of P. filipes was collected from the “South Arabian Coast”, the exact position of the station (i.e., St. 76B) for the holotype is 24o13’54”–24o16’42’N/ 59o16’42”E / 59o03’30”E – 59o06’30”E (see Tiefenbacher 1992), which is actually at the entrance of Gulf of Oman and very near to the type locality of P. filipes (23o44’30”N, 58o52’15”E; Kemp 1925). Therefore, these two species are treated as synonyms by Tiefenbacher (1992) and followed in recent works (e.g., Fransen 2006; De Grave & Fransen 2011). Plesionika taiwanica is endemic to Taiwan and superficially rather similar to P. persica except for having a much longer rostrum that bearing numerous ventral rostral teeth. Nevertheless, detailed comparisons revealed many more differences between these two species. There are strap-like epipods on the maxilliped III and anterior four pereiopods in P. taiwanica but all these appendages lack epipods in P. persica. In P. taiwanica, there is no rostral crest (versus a low rostral crest in P. persica) and the upper part of the orbital margin is slightly convex (versus straight in P. persica). The stylocerite is obtuse and distinctly folded upwards laterally in P. taiwanica but tapered anteriorly and not particularly folded upwards laterally in P. persica. Moreover, the lateral carapace is smooth in P. taiwanica but bearing fainted hepatic and branchial grooves in P. persica. Therefore, more studies are necessary to determine if these two species with overlong pereiopods are really closely related and can be grouped together. For example, the presence or absence of epipods on the maxilliped III and anterior pereiopods have been considered by many workers as of generic importance (see Chace 1985; Holthuis 1993). The “Diagnosis” provided above is based on the Indian material except for the posterior three pereiopods that are all missing or very incomplete in the specimens examined. Nevertheless, the present material can still be satisfactorily identified as P. persica by the remaining characters especially by the shape of the rostrum (short and with low rostral crest, bearing few teeth on both dorsal and ventral borders and with dorsal teeth restricted to proximal half of rostrum), smooth abdominal tergite III and telson having 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines (see Kemp 1925; Calman 1939; Tiefenbacher 1992; Fransen 2006). Moreover, the male specimen deposited at NTOU has fewer ventral rostral teeth (only three) than other specimens reported for the species. Plesionika persica is recorded for the first time from India (off the Arabian coast), though this species appears to be rather common in the other parts of the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea (Calman 1939; Tiefenbacher 1992; Fransen 2006). Nevertheless, the coloration of this species is still unknown and with all known material preserved in formalin we are unable to work for genetic sequencing., Published as part of Chan, Tin-Yam, Chakraborty, Rekha Devi, Purushothaman, P., Kuberan, G. & Yang, Chien-Hui, 2018, On Plesionika persica (Kemp, 1925) and P. reflexa Chace, 1985 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from India, pp. 583-591 in Zootaxa 4382 (3) on pages 584-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1183236, {"references":["Kemp, S. (1925) Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian museum, XVII: On various Caridea. Records of the Indian Museum, 27 (4), 249 - 343.","Calman, W. T. (1939) Crustacea: Caridea. In: The John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34 Scientific Reports, 6 (4), 183 - 224.","Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411","Tiefenbacher, L. (1992) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Natantia des Arabischen Meeres und zu ihrer horizontalen und vertikalenVerbreitung unter Berucksichtigung der Sauerstoffminimum-Schicht. Spixiana, 15 (2), 113 - 136.","Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2006) Pandalidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the SONNE, VALDIVIA and METEOR expeditions 1977 - 1987 to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Senckenbergiana maritima, 36 (1), 51 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03043702","De Grave, S. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2011) Carideorum catalogus: The recent species of the Dendrobranchiate, Stenopodidean Procarididean and Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen, 85 (9), 195 - 589.","Chan, T. Y. & Yu, H. P. (2000) A new deep-sea shrimp of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from Taiwan. National Taiwan Museum Special Publication Series, 10, 119 - 127.","Holthuis, L. B. (1993) The Recent genera of the caridean and stenopodidean shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda), with an appendix on the order Amphionidacea. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, 328 pp."]}

The availability of Indian specimens of Plesionika persica (Kemp, 1925) and P. reflexa Chace, 1985 provided more information on the taxonomy around these two species. Moreover, it is the first record of P. persica to India. Although P. taiwanica Chan and Yu, 2000 is superficially rather similar to P. persica , there are many differences between them and probably it is inappropriate to establish a species group for these two species. It is likely that all previous records of P. ensis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1881) from India actually represent P. reflexa Chace, 1985. Nevertheless, the present Indian specimens of P. reflexa have more than 10% COI sequence divergence from the topotypic materials of both P. ensis and P. reflexa , and the epipods at the pereiopods III and IV reduced or absent. This data further highlights the confusing taxonomy in the “ P. ensis ” group.

P. crosnieri Chan & Yu, 1991 Description. Rostrum curved downwards basally, then strongly curved upwards beyond antennular peduncle, and occasionally bending slightly downwards again near apex, far overreaching scaphocerite, 1.8���2.5 times as long as carapace, dorsal border armed with 16���29 teeth over entire length, anterior teeth closely set but posterior ones larger and spaced farther apart, ventral border bearing 30���43 closely packed teeth on upturned section; dorsal surface of abdominal 3rd somite slightly arched but not sharply angular; eye large and subspherical, with distinct ocellus; 3rd maxilliped with distal two segments subequal, bearing rudimentary epipod and extending to about distal margin of scaphocerite; 2nd pereiopods subequal with 19���27 carpal articles (Chan & Yu 1991). Distribution. Indo-west-Pacific and southern Ocean, Crozet Islands, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Japan; at depths of 80���350 m (Chan & Yu 1991)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on pages 581-582, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chan, T. Y. & Crosnier, A. (1991). Crustacea Decapoda: studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae) with description of six new species. In: A. Crosnier (ed.), Resultats Des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, 9. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, (A) 152, 413 - 461."]}

P. williamsi Forest, 1963 Description. Rostrum long, extending far beyond scaphocerite, about 1.5 times as long as carapace, curved downwards upto middle of antennular peduncle and thereafter gradually ascending, armed with 11 dorsal teeth arranged closely on basal crest, proximal 3 or 4 placed behind orbit, first tooth microscopic and movable, next 2 or 3 of smooth, ventral margin serrated with 11���15 teeth spaced more widely than dorsal; all abdominal segements non-carinate; eyes large with distinct ocellus; 3rd maxillipeds with well developed exopods, surpassing scaphocerite by whole length of utlimate and 1/4 of penultimate segments, ultimate segment shorter than penultimate, exopod reaching about middle of basal article, epipod small and terminating in a sickle-shaped hook and laterally bent spine; 2nd pereopods equal, longer and slender, reaching tip of rostrum, carpus divided into 27��� 30 joints, merus slightly more than half, the length of carpus (Suseelan 1990). Distribution. Indian Ocean, southwest coast of India, Japan and Taiwan; at depths of 300���455 m (Suseelan 1990; Komai et al. 2005)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Suseelan, C. (1990) Occurrence of Heterocarpus sibogae De Man and Plesionika williamsi Forest (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) in the Arabian Sea. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 37, 321 - 326.","Komai, T., Chan, T. Y., Hanamura, Y. & Abe, Y. (2005) First record of the deep - water shrimp, Plesionika williamsi Forest, 1964 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from Japan and Taiwan. Crustaceana, 78, 1001 - 1012."]}

Plesionika acinacifer Chace, 1985 Description. Rostrum typically falling short of or slightly overreaching level of distal end of antennal scale, armed dorsally with 5 teeth on basal crest, including 3 movable spines on carapace at or posterior to level of orbital margin, dorsal teeth absent from more than anterior half of rostrum and none of teeth with barbed tips, armed ventrally with 7���13 closely appressed serrations becoming obscure anteriorly; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye subpyriform, maximum diameter slightly more than one-fifth of carapace length, without true ocellus; 3rd maxilliped with epipod, penultimate segment subequal to terminal segment; 2nd pereopods subequal with epipod, bearing 27���30 carpal articles (Chace 1985). Distribution. Philippine and Malaysia; at depths of 518���790 m (Chace 1985)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on pages 579-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411"]}

Key to Asian species of Plesionika 1. Carapace armed with dorsal teeth in two thirds of its length........................... P. spinidorsalis (Rathbun, 1906) - Carapace without dorsal teeth in two thirds of its length.......................................................2 2. Rostrum with high basal crest............................................................................3 - Rostrum with low basal crest............................................................................ 6 3. Rostrum unarmed dorsally (excluding basal crest and subapical teeth) or armed with one or two teeth................. 4 - Rostrum armed dorsally (excluding basal crest and subapical teeth) with more than two teeth....... P. lophotes Chace, 1985 4. Rostrum unarmed dorsally (excluding basal crest and subapical teeth)............................................5 - Rostrum armed dorsally (excluding basal crest and subapical teeth) with one or two teeth...... P. rufomaculata Chan, 2004 5. Rostrum with two subapical teeth...................................................... P. hsuehyui Chan, 2004 - Rostrum without subapical teeth............................................. P. albocristata Chan & Chuang, 2002 6. Rostrum short, not reaching or slightly overreaching level of distal end of antennal scale.............................7 - Rostrum long, far overreaching level of distal end of antennal scale............................................. 12 7. Rostrum unarmed dorsally (excluding that teeth before orbital margin and the subapical teeth)........................8 - Rostrum armed dorsally (excluding that teeth before orbital margin and the subapical teeth)..........................9 8. Rostrum ventral margin with 7–9 evenly distributed teeth between level of eye and tip.................................................................................................... P. erythrocyclus Chan & Crosnier, 1997 - Rostrum ventral margin with about 10 obscure serrations near apex......................... P. brevirostris Bate, 1888 9. Rostrum ventral margin unarmed or with appressed serrations.................................................10 - Rostrum ventral margin armed with teeth.................................................................. 11 10. Rostrum ventral marginunarmed.................................................... P. hypanodon Doflein, 1902 - Rostrum ventral margin with 7–13 appressed serrations becoming obscure anteriorly........... P. acinacifer Chace, 1985 11. Rostrum ventral margin armed with 3–5 teeth in anterior half of rostrum....................... P. kensleyi Chace, 1985 - Rostrum ventral margin armed with 9–10 small teeth...................................... P. persica (Kemp, 1925) 12. Rostrum dorsally unarmed after antennular peduncle.........................................................13 - Rostrum dorsally armed with teeth after antennular peduncle.................................................. 23 13. Fourth pair of pereopods without epipods................................................................. 14 - Fourth pair of pereopods with epipods....................................................................15 14. With epipods on pereopods 1–3...................................................... P. intermedia Chace, 1985 - Without epipods on pereopods 1–3................................................... P. simulatrix Chace, 1985 15. Teeth on rostral crest with barbed tips..................................................... P. pumila Chace, 1985 - Teeth on rostral crest with sharp point....................................................................16 16. Abdominal somite 3 tergum with right angle or acute posterodorsal tooth........................................17 - Abdominal somite 3 tergum posterodorsally rounded and unarmed............................................. 19 17. Rostrum relatively short, about 1.7 carapace length........................................ P. williamsi Forest, 1963 - Rostrum relatively long, more than twice carapace length.....................................................18 18. Third abdominal somite not recurved dorsally; pereopod 3 dactyl usually less than 0.25 as long as propod............................................................................................ P. ensis (Milne-Edwards, 1881) - Third abdominal somite usually with posterodorsal tooth recurved dorsally; pereopod 3 dactyl usually less than 0.25 as long as propod............................................................................. P. reflexa Chace, 1985 19. Rostrum ventrally armed with few teeth (8–23)........................................ P. alcocki (Anderson, 1896) - Rostrum ventrally armed with many teeth (19–53)......................................................... 20 20. Eye kidney shaped.................................................................. P. semilaevis Bate, 1888 - Eye ovoid...........................................................................................21 21. Pereopod 5 propod thread like, extremely long, at least three times as long as carapace...... P. taiwanica Chan& Yu, 2000 - Pereopod 5 propod not thread like, long but less than three times as long as carapace...............................22 22. Telson subequal to abdominal somite 6................................................ P. orientalis Chace, 1985 - Telson longer than abdominal somite 6........................................... P. martia (Milne-Edwards, 1883) 23. Rostrum armed with numerous closely set teeth almost the entire length of both borders............................24 - Rostrum not armed with numerous closely set teeth almost the entire length of both borders......................... 29 24. Abdominal somite 5 pleura with posteroventral denticle......................................................25 - Abdominal somite 5 pleura without posteroventral denticle.................................................. 27 25. Pereopods 1–4 with epipods........................................................... P. indica De Man, 1917 - Pereopods 1–4 without epipods..........................................................................26 26. Posterior 10 ventral rostral teeth corresponding to 8 or fewer dorsal teeth, penultimate segment of maxilliped 3 usually less than 1.5 times as long as terminal segment............................................ P. quasigrandis Chace, 1985 - Posterior 10 ventral rostral teeth corresponding to more than 8 dorsal teeth, penultimate segment of maxilliped 3 more than 1.5 times as long as terminal segment..................................................... P. grandis Doflein, 1902 27. Epipod well developed at maxilliped 3................................................. P. narval (Fabricius, 1787) - Epipod absent or rudimentar at maxilliped 3.............................................................. 28 28. Maxilliped 3 without epipod, rostrum with posterior 10 ventral teeth corresponding to more than 7 dorsal teeth, pereopod 3 dactylus about 0.10 as long as propod............................................. P. longicauda (Rathbun, 1901) - Maxilliped 3 with rudimentary epipod, rostrum with posterior 10 ventral teeth corresponding to less than 8 dorsal teeth, pereo- pod 3 dactylus more than 0.20 as long as propod..................................... P. yui Chan & Crosnier, 1991 29. Rostrum armed dorsally with widely set teeth at basal region and closely set teeth at distal region.....................30 - Rostrum armed dorsally with widely set teeth along its entire length or with very few teeth (1–5) after antennular peduncle level.............................................................................................. 33 30. Pereopods 3–4 without epipods...................................................... P. adensameri (Balss, 1914) - Pereopods 3–4 with epipods reduced or well developed...................................................... 31 31. Pereopods 3–4 with well-developed epipods............................................. P. spinensis Chace, 1985 - Pereopods 3–4 with reduced epipods.................................................................... 32 32. Rostrum dorsally armed with one single fixed tooth before post-orbital margin leveland 16–29 teeth posterior to post-orbital margin level, ventrally armed with 30–43 teeth on ventral border......................... P. crosnieri Chan & Yu, 1991 - Rostrum dorsally armed with 2–4 movable teeth before post-orbital margin level and 27–36 teeth posterior to post-orbital mar- gin level, ventrally armed with 37–52 teeth on ventral border.............................. P. edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) 33. Rostrum armed ventrally with less than 10 teeth........................................................... 34 - Rostrum armed ventrally with more than 10 teeth.......................................................... 37 34. Rostrum armed dorsally with 5 teeth, anterior 3 with barbed tips..................... P. longidactylus Li & Komai, 2003 - Rostrum dorsal teeth not barbed.........................................................................35 35. Rostrum armed dorsally with 5–10 teeth (including that before post-orbital margin level).................................................................................................... P. bifurca Alcock & Anderson, 1894 - Rostrum armed dorsally with more than 10 teeth (including that before post-orbital margin level).................... 36 36. Pereopod 3 with very short dactyl 0.08 to 0.16 times as long as propod....................... P. sindoi (Rathbun, 1906) - Pereopod 3 with long dactyl 0.25 to 0.33 times as long as propod........................... P. fimbriata Chace, 1985 37. Rostrum armed ventrally with 10–15 teeth................................................................ 38 - Rostrum armed ventrally with more than 15 teeth.......................................................... 42 38. Pereopods 2 subequal.................................................................................39 - Peropods 2 unequal.................................................................................. 40 39. Rostrum dorsally armed throughout entire length with 17–18 teeth.......................... P. ortmanni Doflein, 1902 - Rostrum dorsally armed only until the end of scaphocerite level with 10–12 teeth............... P. carsini Crosnier, 1986 40. Rostrum armed dorsally with less than ten teeth......................................... P. assimilis De Man, 1917 - Rostrum armed dorsally with more than ten teeth........................................................... 41 41. Pereopod 2 left carpus with about 110 articles and right carpus with 27 or more articles........... P. binoculus (Bate, 1988) - Pereopod 2 left carpus with 50–94 articles and right carpus with 18–24 articles.................. P. izumiae Omori, 1971 42. Pereopods 2 subequal............................................................ P. parvimartia Chace, 1985 - Peropods 2 unequal.................................................................................. 43 43. Rostrum armed dorsally with 6–7 teeth before antennal peduncle margin level and one isolated tooth in anterior ¼ of rostrum................................................................................... P. unidens Bate, 1888 - Rostrum armed dorsally throughout entire length with 11 –13 teeth.............................................44 44. Rostrum armed dorsally with 11–13 teeth............................................ P. philippinensis Chace, 1985 - Rostrum armed dorsally with 15–23 teeth........................................... P. heterocarpus (Costa, 1871)

P. yui Chan & Crosnier, 1991 Description. Rostrum directed somewhat dorsad, 0.95–1.85 times as long as carapace and armed with 26–45 dorsal teeth and 18–40 ventral teeth, posterior 10 ventral teeth corresponding to 4–8 dorsal teeth; 3rd maxilliped with rudimentary epipod, penultimate segment 1.4–1.6 times longer than terminal segment, two segments combined slightly longer than carapace; 2nd pereiopods subequal with 21–38 carpal articles (Chan & Crosnier 1991). Distribution. Known only from Taiwan at depths of 130 m (Chan & Crosnier 1991).

P. intermedia Chace, 1985 Description. Rostrum far overreaching antennal scale, armed dorsally on basal crest with 6 or 7 teeth, including 3 on carapace posterior to level of orbital margin, 1 or more posteriormost teeth with faint, incomplete basal sutures but none movable or with barbed tips, armed ventrally with 34���43 teeth; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye considerably broader than long, maximum diameter fully 1/5 carapace length, ocellus represented by tapering, subtruncate lobe, broadening rather than constricted at base; 3rd maxilliped with epipod, penultimate segment nearly 1.2 times as long as terminal segment; 2nd pereopods subequal with 19 or 20 carpal articles (Chace 1985). Distribution. Known only from the Philippines at depths of 472���574 m (Chace 1985)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411"]}

P. brevirostris Bate, 1888 Description. Rostrum reaching level of distal end of antennal scale, armed dorsally with 6 teeth on dorsal crest, including 2 on carapace posterior to or in line with orbital margin, and obscure serrations near tip of rostrum, none of teeth movable or with barbed tips, armed ventrally with about 10 obscure serrations near apex; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye apparently quite broad, about one-fourth carapace length, ocellus not expanded beyond juncture with cornea; 3rd maxilliped with penultimate segment nearly 9/10 as long as terminal one; 2nd pereopods subequal and not extremely slender or thread-like (Chace 1985). Distribution. Western central Pacific: between Philippines and Borneo at depths of 457 m (Chace 1985)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411"]}

P. carsini Crosnier, 1986 Description. Rostrum 1.28���1.61 times length of carapace, only slightly recurved, overreaching the scaphocerite by half or 2/5 of its length, armed with 3���5 dorsal and 11���14 ventral fixed teeth; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye sub-pyriform, maximum diameter about 1/5 carapace length, ocellus very clear; 3rd maxilliped bearing epipod, with penultimate segment as long as distal one; 2nd pereiopods subequal with 19���21 carpal articles (Chan & Crosnier 1997). Distribution. Known only from Taiwan at depths of 300 m (Chan & Crosnier 1997)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chan, T. Y. & Crosnier, A. (1997) Crustacea Decapoda: deep - sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. In: A. Crosnier (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, 18. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, (A) 176, 187 - 234."]}

P. parvimartia Chace, 1985 Description. Rostrum far overreaching antennal scale, armed dorsally, on posterior section only, with 6���9 teeth, including 2 or 3 on carapace posterior to level of orbital margin, none with distinct basal sutures or barbed tips, armed ventrally with 25���50 teeth; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye somewhat kidney-shaped, maximum diameter from more than l/4 to 1/3 carapace length, ocellus represented by ungulate lobe, slightly broadening rather than constricted at junctiure with cornea; 3rd maxilliped with epipod, penultimate segment from 9/8 to more than 4/3 times as long as terminal segment; 2nd pereopods subequal with epipod, bearing 18���25 carpal articles (Chace 1985). Distribution. Known only from the Philippine at depths of 176���366 m (Chace 1985)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411"]}

P. bifurca Alcock & Anderson, 1894 Description. Rostrum from half to two-thirds the length of the rest of the carapace, it is armed almost all its extent both dorsally with 8 or 9 teeth and ventrally with 3 to 5 teeth, all being fixed; the 3rd abdominal tergum has the posterior border convex, but not acutely produced; the ocellus is quite indistinct; the external maxillipeds are stouter and very much longer than the first pair of pereopods, the 1st pair of pereopods are the shortest of all, and the left pereopod of 2nd pair is the longest of all, reaching far beyond the end of the external maxillipeds and being as long as the carapace and rostrum and first 4 abdominal somites combined (Alcock 1901). Distribution. Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Philippines, South and East China seas and Japan; at depths of 220���1412 m (Li & Komai 2003)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Alcock, A. (1901) A descriptive catalogue of Indian deep - sea Crustacea, Decapoda, Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum., Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, India, 286 pp.","Li, X. & Komai, T. (2003) Pandaloid shrimps from the northern South China Sea, with description of a new species of Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 257 - 275."]}

P. kensleyi Chace, 1985 Description. Rostrum not overreaching antennal scale, armed dorsally throughout length with 9���13 teeth, including 2���4 on carapace posterior to level of orbital margin, 2 or 3 posteriormost teeth with basal sutures but none with barbed tips, armed ventrally with 3���5 teeth in anterior half of rostrum; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye subpyriform, maximum diameter about one-fourth carapace length, ocellus prominent, only slightly constricted at juncture with cornea; 3rd maxilliped with epipod, penultimate segment 1.4���1.5 times as long as terminal segment; 2nd pereopods subequal with well-developed epipods, bearing 18���23 carpal articles (Chace 1985). Distribution. South China Sea and Philippines; at depths of 118���333 m (Li 2006a)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411","Li, X. (2006 a) Additional Pandalid shrimps from the South China Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea), with description of a new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 54, 361 - 372."]}

P. persica (Kemp, 1925) Description. Rostrum is slightly shorter than the carapace and reaching just to the end of the antennal scale, downwards in its proximal half but the distal half is straight or slightly inclined upwards, dorsal margin with 7���8 fixed teeth, 3 of which are placed on the carapace behind the orbit, ventral margin bears 9���10 small teeth; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal cariana on 3rd somite; eye broadly subpyriform, maximum diameter fifth of carapace length; 3rd maxilliped with slender exopod, penultimate segment 4/3 times as long as the ultimate segment; 2nd pereopods are equal and reached almost to the end of the scale, the merus is composed of 2 segments of which the distal is about 3 times as long as the proximal (Kemp 1910; Fransen 2006). Distribution. Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, South Arabian Coast and Gulf of Aden; at depths of 25���955 m (Fransen 2006; De Grave & Fransen 2011)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Kemp, S. (1910) Notes on the photophores of decapod crustacean. Journal of Zoology, 80, 639 - 651.","Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2006) Pandalidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the SONNE, FALDIFIA and METEOR expedition 1977 - 1987 to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Marine Biodiversity, 36, 51 - 82.","DeGrave, S. & Fransen C. H. J. M. (2011) Carideorum Catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 89, 195 - 589."]}

Plesionika assimilis De Man, 1917 Description. Rostrum overreaching antennal scale, it is armed dorsally with 5���7 teeth on basal crest, including 4 or 5 on carapace posterior to level of orbital margin, and 3 or 4 subapical teeth, 4 or 5 posterior most teeth with distinct basal sutures but none with barbed tips, armed ventrally with 10���12 teeth; abdomen without posteromesial tooth or median dorsal carina on 3rd somite; eye broadly subpyriform, maximum diameter about l/4 carapace length, ocellus longitudinally oval, constricted at juncture with cornea; 3rd maxilliped with penultimate segment about 7/10 as long as terminal one; 2nd pereopods unequal with epipod and extremely slender or thread-like (Chace 1985) Distribution. Known only from Indonesia at depths of 54���90 m (Chace 1985), Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The caridean shrimps (Crustcea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411"]}

P. martia (Milne-Edwards, 1883) Description. Rostrum nearly 1.6 to 2.0 times as long as carapace, basal portion armed dorsally with 5 to 8 teeth, of which 5 or 6 form a series that gradually increase in size from behind forwards while the anterior two are usually somewhat isolated, ventrally it is very closely finely and evenly serrated, the teeth being a good deal concealed in a short fringe of cilia, all the teeth are fixed; the posterior border of the 3rd abdominal tergum though convex, is not acutely produced; the ocellus is distinct but not independent; the external maxillipeds with well-developed exopodite, which are a little longer and stouter than the 1st pair of pereopods, reach a short way beyond the tip of the antennal scale (Alcock 1901). Distribution. Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea; at depths of 180���400 m (Alcock 1901)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Alcock, A. (1901) A descriptive catalogue of Indian deep - sea Crustacea, Decapoda, Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum., Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, India, 286 pp."]}

P. izumiae Omori, 1971 Description. Rostrum noticeably curving dorsally, 1.5���1.7 times as long as carapace, dorsal margin with 11���13 teeth, including 4 on carapace, 5���7 posteriormost teeth movable, ventral margin with 13���14 teeth; abdomen rounded dorsally, pleura of fourth and fifth somites with posteroventral tooth, sixth somite 1.7 times as long as maximum height; eye moderately large, maximum diameter about 0.2 carapace length; 3rd maxilliped overreaching antennal scale by half of ultimate segment, penultimate segment 0.7 as long as ultimate segment, with epipod; 2nd pereopods very unequal with prominent epipod and not extremely slender or threadlike (Omori 1971). Distribution. Japan, Korea, South and East China seas and Philippines; at depths of 17���300m (Kim et al. 2012)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Omori, M. (1971) Taxonomy and some notes on the biology of a new caridean shrimp, Plesionika izumiae (Decapoda, Pandalidae). Crustaceana, 20, 241 - 256.","Kim, J. N., Choi, J. H., Lee, J. H. & Kim, J. I. (2012) Six Pandalid Shrimps of the genus Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 28, 105 - 116."]}

P. ortmanni Doflein, 1902 Description. Rostrum rather curving dorsally, 1.5���1.6 times as long as carapace, dorsal margin with 17���18 teeth including 3���4 on carapace, all teeth with partial or complete basal sutures, ventral margin with 6���9 teeth; abdomen without carina or projection dorsally, pleuron of fifth somite with posteroventral tooth, sixth somite 1.5 times as long as maximum height; eye subpyriform, maximum diameter barely 0.2 carapace length; 3rd maxilliped overreaching distal margin of antennal scale by entire ultimate segment and anterior 0.2 of penultimate segment, with epipod, penultimate segment 1.4 as long as ultimate segment; 2nd pereopods subequal with prominent epipod, not extremely slender or thread-like, bearing 28���33 carpal articles (Kim et al. 2012). Distribution. Korea, Japan, East and South China Seas, Philippines and Indonesia; at depths of 29���400 m (Kim et al. 2012)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Doflein, F. (1902) Ostasiatische Dekapoden. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munchen, 21, 613 - 670.","Kim, J. N., Choi, J. H., Lee, J. H. & Kim, J. I. (2012) Six Pandalid Shrimps of the genus Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in Korea. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 28, 105 - 116."]}

P. albocristata Chan & Chuang, 2002 Description. Rostrum overreaching scaphocerite and 1.2���1.4 times as long as carapace, anterodorsal carapace and basal part of rostrum above orbit strongly elevated and crest-like, basal rostral crest beainng 2 large lamellate fixed teeth and rather horizontal row of 7 or 8 densely packed small movable teeth, all movable teeth situated posterior to orbital margin, other part of dorsal border of rostrum generally devoid of tooth, ventral border of rostrum evenly distributed with 9���13 teeth, those near tip sometimes small and indistinct; eye subglobular and bearing distinct ocellus; 3rd maxilliped bearing well developed epipod and long strip-like exopod, penultimate segment 0.8���0.9 times as long as distal segment, overreaching scaphocerite by half to nearly entire length of distal segment; 2nd pereiopods subequal with 19���24 carpal articles, exceeding scaphocerite by 0.2 to very short length of carpus and entire chela (Chan & Chuang 2002). Distribution. Known only from eastern Taiwan at depths of 350���423 m (Chan & Chuang 2002)., Published as part of Ahamed, Ferdous, Cardoso, Irene A., Ahmed, Zoarder F., Hossain, Md. Y. & Ohtomi, Jun, 2017, An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters, pp. 575-593 in Zootaxa 4221 (5) on page 580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/253575, {"references":["Chan, T. Y. & Chuang, S. C. (2002) A new shrimp species of Plesionika Bate, 1888 with high basal rostral crest (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from Taiwan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 611 - 615."]}

The larvae of the deep-sea pandalid shrimp Plesionika grandis Doflein, 1902 were successfully reared in the laboratory for the first time. The larvae reached the eighth zoeal stage in 36 days, both of which are longest records for the genus. Early larval stages of P. grandis bear the general characters of pandalid shrimps and differ from the other two species of Plesionika with larval morphology known in the number of spines on the anteroventral margin of carapace, number of tubercles on antennule, endopod segmentation in antenna, and third maxilliped setation. Although members in Plesionika are often separated into species groups, members of the same species group do not necessarily have similar early larval morphology. Since the zoea VIII of P. grandis still lacks pleopods and fifth pereiopod, this shrimp likely has at least 12 zoeal stages and a larval development of 120 days.

Plesionika martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) (Figure 8) Pandalus martius A. Milne-Edwards, 188, pl 21. Plesionika martia — Crosnier and Forest, 1973: 112, figs. 63d, 64, 66 (see for extensive synonym). Material examined. One specimen (TL 114.8 mm, CL 31.6 mm), MOUFPE 17899, São Pedro e São Paulo Archipelago (0°54.560’ N e 29°21.895’ W), 340 m, 25 August 2015. Diagnosis. Carapace without lateral carinae; rostrum smooth dorsally for most of its length with few teeth (6– 9 dorsal rostral teeth) at base, none movable. Posterior margin of third abdominal somite straight and not armed; no subapical tooth. Second maxilliped with terminal segment broader than long, applied as strip to distal margin of penultimate segment. Pereopod 2 equal in length. Strap-like epipods present in at least 2 anterior pairs of pereopods. Pereopod 4 with epipod. Telson longer than sixth abdominal somite, with 3 pairs of dorsolateral spines, including pair adjacent to lateral pair of posterior spines (Ahamed et al., 2017). Distribution. West Atlantic: off South Carolina to Florida and off Bermuda; NE and SW Gulf of Mexico. Eastern Atlantic, Azores: off SW Ireland, Bay of Biscay, throughout Mediterranean, Gulf of Guinea, and Cape of Good Hope. Asian waters: Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea; at depths of 180–400 m (Pequegnat, 1970; Chace, 1985; Ahamed et al., 2017). Remarks. Chace (1985) states that the proportional size of the rostrum cannot be used to distinguish P. martia from other species such as De Man (1920) and others have attempted to do. In this sense, the size and shape of the eye (orbit configuration) appear to be the characteristic that differ from P. martia of the Indo-Pacific species (e.g. Plesionika orientalis). Another important feature is the length and proportion of the distal segments of the three posterior pairs of pereopods. However, these appendages are extremely fragile and are usually absent in the samples (Chace, 1985; Ahamed et al., 2017)., Published as part of Souza-Filho, Jesser Fidelis De, 2017, Deep sea decapod crustaceans of São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Equatorial Atlantic, Brazil, pp. 331-347 in Zootaxa 4324 (2) on page 342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/997786, {"references":["Crosnier, A. & Forest, J. (1973) Les crevettes profondes de l'Atlantique oriental tropical. Faune Tropicale, 19, 1 - 409.","Ahamed, F., Cardoso, I. A., Ahmed, Z. F., Hossain, MD. Y. & Ohtomi, J. (2017) An overview of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) in Asian waters. Zootaxa, 4221 (5), 575 - 593. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4221.5.6","Pequegnat, L. H. (1970) Deep-sea caridean shrimps with descriptions of six new species. In: Pequegnat, W. E. & Chace, F. A. Jr (Eds.), Contributions on the biology of the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Publishing, Houston, pp. 59 - 123.","Chace, F. A. (1985) The Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocaridae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 152."]}

Plesionika exigua (Rathbun, 1906) (Figs. 1, 2) Pandalus exiguous Rathbun, 1906: 916, fig. 66, pl. 21-fig. 2 (type locality: Hawaii). Plesionika exigua ��� Chace, 1985: 47; De Grave & Fransen, 2011: 448; Li & Chan, 2013: 140, fig. 2H. Material examined. Hawaii, ��� Albatross ���: stn 3982, vicinity of Kauai, 233���40 fathoms, 10.06.1902, 1 male cl 4.7 mm, 1 ovig. female holotype cl 4.6 mm (USNM 30549); stn 4062, northeast coast, 83���113 fathoms, 1 male cl 4.1 mm (USNM 30676); stn 4064, northeast coast, 63���107 fathoms, 1 male 3.9 mm (USNM 30677).��� New Caledonia, VOLSMAR- HUNTER, stn DW 41, 22o17.7���S, 168o41.2��� E, 250 m, 0 8.06.1989, 2 males cl 6.0 and 6.7 mm, 2 ovig. females cl both 4.9 mm (MNHN IU-2014-8775).��� Vanuatu, SANTO, stn AT 77, 15o39.2���S, 167o03.2��� E, 142���171 m, 10.10.2006, 1 ovig. female cl 4.9 mm (MNHN IU- 2014-8776).��� Philippines, PANGAO 2005, stn DW 2374, 8o43.7���N, 123o14.0��� E, 101��� 109 m, 28.05.2005, 1 damaged spec. cl about 4.9 mm (NTOU M01615).��� Ryukyu Islands, Kume Island, KUMEJIMA, stn T 73, 26o35.692���N, 126o68.87��� E, 96.4���186 m, 19.11.2009, 1 male cl 4.1 mm (NTOU M02026). Description. Rostrum long and far exceeding scaphocerite, 1.5���2.0 times as long as carapace; curving downwards basally but recurved slightly upwards after passing eyes; armed dorsally only at basal crest and near tip; subapical teeth 2���3; basal crest distinct but low, bearing 6���7 teeth with bluntly barbed tips, teeth on basal crest progressively smaller posteriorly and with posterior most tooth often minute, posterior 4���5 teeth behind orbital margin (including tooth just above orbit) and movable, distal 1���3 teeth anterior to orbital margin and with distal tooth fixed while distal second and third tooth, if present, either fixed or movable; ventral border bearing 8���13 teeth along entire margin except near tip. Eyes kidney shaped and with large ocellus. Orbital margin regularly concave with ventral end truncate and steep. Antennal spine strong and elongated, pterygostomian spine smaller and not elongated. Stylocerite sharply pointed and reaching from near distal margin of eye to distal margin of basal antennular segment. Scaphocerite with distolateral tooth more or less reaching distal margin of lamella. Maxilliped III with epipod, distal segment 1.4���1.8 times as long as penultimate segment. Pereiopods with well-developed epipods on 2 anterior pairs, occasionally minute thread like epipods also present on pereiopod III. Pereiopod I microscopically chelate. Pereiopod II greatly unequal and with left side much longer, carpus of left side composed of 42���45 articles while that of right side composed of 11���14 articles. Posterior 3 pereiopods similar, pereiopod III overreaching scaphocerite by dactylus and about half propodus; dactylus 0.14���0.17 times as long as propodus, accessory spine slightly shorter than and abutting terminal spines, flexor margin armed with 3���4 distinct movable spines. Abdomen with somite III moderately arched dorsally and without posterior spine; pleura IV and V generally terminated posteroventrally into sharp tooth; somite VI 2.1���2.5 times as long as maximum height. Telson nearly as long as abdominal somite VI and armed with 4 pairs of dorsolateral spines and 2 pairs of posterior spines (outer pair larger). Eggs small and numerous, 0.3���0.5 mm in diameter and becoming about 0.5 X 0.7 mm in diameter when near hatching (i.e., eyed eggs). Coloration. Body semi-translucent and scattered with fine red dots, dots on anterior carapace denser. Rostrum reddish with distal 1/4 whitish or having 2 broad white bands at tip and at area slightly anterior to level of tip of scaphocerite. Eyes dark brown. Posterior carapace, anterior abdominal somites and lateral surfaces of peduncles of pleopods with some white dots. Rows of iridescent yellowish green dots present on maxilliped III, abdominal tergites V to telson, tips of uropods and somewhat also at base of rostral crest and lateral margin of scaphocerite. Ovigerous females with broad reddish oblique strips on abdominal pleura I to IV. Eggs whitish. Distribution. Western Pacific from Hawaii, Ryukyu Islands, the Philippines, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. At depths of 73��� 426 m. Remarks. The present material sampled at different localities is essentially similar. The holotype female from Hawaii (USNM 30549), nevertheless, has the left abdominal pleuron IV and right abdominal pleuron V not terminated into a distinct posteroventral tooth. As commented by Li & Chan (2013), the remaining parts of the badly damaged specimen from the Philippines fit well with the characteristics of P. exigua. Although Plesionika is a very large genus with 93 species known to date, only four species have the teeth on the rostral crest bluntly barbed terminally. These four species are very likely most closely related (i.e., the ��� P. exigua ��� species group). Plesionika exigua is generally considered to be rather different from the other three species in lacking epipod at the pereiopod III as well as having more postrostral teeth (4���5 versus 1���3; Fig. 1 A���C) and the dactyli of posterior pereiopods bearing posterior spines (3���4 versus 0; Fig. 1F). Instead of it, a small epipod is present on both pereiopods III in the Vanuatu specimen examined. Thus, the presence or absence of epipods on the pereiopods is not so constant as previous thought for the species of this group (Chace 1985; Li & Komai 2003). As P. longidactylus is extremely similar to P. pumila (and occur at similar localities) except for lacking epipod on the pereiopod IV, more detailed studies will be needed to determine if these two species are really valid., Published as part of Chan, Tin-Yam, 2016, New records of the rare pandalid shrimp Plesionika exigua (Rathbun, 1906) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in the western Pacific, pp. 97-100 in Zootaxa 4205 (1) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/192571, {"references":["Rathbun, M. J. (1906) The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 827 - 930.","Chace, F. A. Jr. (1985) The Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910, Part 3: Families Thalassocarididae and Pandalidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 411, 1 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.411","De Grave, S. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2011) Carideorum Catalogus: The Recent Species of the Dendrobranchiate, Stenopodidean Procarididean and Caridean Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen, 85 (9), 195 - 589.","Li, X. & Chan, T. Y. (2013) Pandalid shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) collected from the Philippines PANGLAO 2005 deepsea expedition. In: Ahyong, S. T., Chan, T. Y., Corbari, L. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), Tropical Deep-sea Benthos. Vol. 27. Memories du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 204, 129 - 154.","Li, X. & Komai, T. (2003) Pandaloid shrimps from the northern South China Sea, with description of a new Species of Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 257 - 275."]}

Plesionika unicolor n. sp. (Fig. 2���5) Material examined. Holotype: RV ���Natsushima���, NT 10-13 cruise, ROV ���Hyper-Dolphin���, dive # 1165, Northeast Nikko Seamount, 23 ��06.787���N, 142 �� 21.936 ���E, 564 m, 31 July 2010, slurp gun, ovigerous female (pcl 13.0 mm), NSMT-Cr 22719. Non-type: same dive, collecting point not specified, 1 juvenile (pcl 5.8 mm), JAMSTEC 1100023729. Description. Holotype. Body (Fig. 2) moderately stout for genus; integument firm. Rostrum (Fig. 3 A, B) gently upturned, distinctly overreaching antennal scale, slightly shorter than carapace (approximately 0.9 of carapace length); dorsal margin armed with moderately strong 11 teeth (including 8 postrostral), 3 on proximal half of rostrum widely spaced, fixed, but 7 of 8 postrostral series basally articulated; none of dorsal rostral series barbed at tip; 7 basally articulated teeth closely set, decreasing in size posteriorly, posteriormost one located at about 0.4 of carapace length; no subterminal teeth on dorsal rostral margin; ventral margin with widely spaced 6 small teeth decreasing in length distally; lateral surface with sharp carina extending to distal 0.3, merging into orbital margin. Carapace (Figs. 2, 3 A, B) with low but distinct postrostral crest extending to midlength, with peak at posteriormost dorsal spine; dorsal surface with scattered microscopic setae and tegmental scales; orbital margin nearly vertical in lateral view, with row of stiff setae; suborbital lobe not clearly delineated; antennal tooth broadly triangular, sharply pointed; branchiostegal tooth also small, not exceeding antennal tooth. Pleon (Fig. 2) rounded, unarmed dorsally. First and second pleomeres each with distinct transverse groove concealed by row of setae on dorsal surface (Fig. 3 C). Third pleomere with slightly produced posterodorsal margin. First to third pleura rounded, fourth and fifth each with small posteroventral tooth. Six pleomere 1.7 times as long as fifth, 1.8 times longer than high, with small posteroventral tooth and acutely pointed posterolateral process. Telson damaged. Eye (Fig. 3 A, B) large, subspherical; corneal width about 0.2 of carapace length; ocellus distinct, not constricted at base. Eyestalk short, cup-shaped. Antennular peduncle (Fig. 3 A, B) slightly overreaching midlength of antennal scale. First segment longer than distal 2 segments combined; dorsodistal margin elevated, with several stiff setae; ventromesial ridge with tiny tooth; stylocerite acuminate, reaching distal margin of first segment, bearing distinct protuberance proximolaterally. Second segment with 4 or 5 minute spinules on dorsodistal margin. Outer flagellum exceeding 3 times as long as carapace, aesthetasc-bearing portion about 0.8 of carapace length. Antennal peduncle (Fig. 3 B, D) with stout basicerite bearing moderately strong ventrolateral tooth. Carpocerite reaching midlength of antennal scale. Antennal scale about 0.6 times as long as carapace, 3.8 times as long as wide; lateral margin slightly convex; distolateral tooth just reaching roundly truncate distal lamella. Third maxilliped (Fig. 4 A) slender, overreaching antennal scale by half length of penultimate segment (carpus). Ultimate segment subequal in length to penultimate segment, both with scattered long setae on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces, and with slender terminal spine. Antepenultimate segment subequal in length to distal two segments combined. Coxa with rounded lateral pate bearing strap-like epipod. Exopod reaching beyond midlength of antepenultimate segment. Strap-like epipods on first to fourth pereopod and corresponding setobranchs on second and third pereopods; epipod on fourth pereopod smaller than others, no corresponding setobranch on fourth pereopod. First pereopod (Fig. 4 B) slender, elongate, microscopically chelate, overreaching antennal scale by half length of carpus. Propodus tapering distally, 0.6 times as long as carpus, bearing grooming setae on proximal 0.3 of mesial surface ventrally. Carpus with scattered long setae. Merus-ischium combined slightly shorter than propodus-carpus combined; ischium with row of 7 minute spinules on mesial surface adjacent to ventral margin (Fig. 3 F). Second pereopods (Fig. 4 C, D) subequal in length, overreaching antennal scale by length of chela. Chela slightly less than 0.2 length of carpus; dactylus subequal in length to palm; carpus divided into 16 (right) or 19 (left) articles, distalmost article longest and bearing 2 prominent tufts of setae. Merus slightly shorter than ischium, without annulation; ischium with row of curved stiff setae in proximal 0.6. Third to fifth pereopods elongate, slender, similar in shape, bearing sparse long setae on each segment, fifth slightly shorter than third and fourth. Third pereopod (Fig. 4 E) overreaching antennal scale by 0.1 length of merus; dactylus (Fig. 3 G, H) less than 0.1 length of propodus, terminating in clearly demarcated unguis, bearing 2 accessory spinules on distal half of flexor margin, ultimate accessory spinule less than half length of unguis; propodus (Fig. 3 H) 0.8 times as long as carpus, with spinules arranged in 2 irregular rows on flexor margin; carpus with 7 small spines on lateral surface adjacent to flexor margin; merus subequal in length to propodus-carpus combined, about 1.4 times as long as carapace, armed with 12 lateral spines and 6 ventromesial spines; ischium with 2 ventral spines. Fourth pereopod (Fig. 4 F) just reaching antennal scale by tip of merus; carpus with 2 small spines; merus about 1.4 times as long as carapace, shorter than propodus-carpus combined, armed with 12 lateral spines and 9 ventromesial spines; ischium with 1 ventral spine. Fifth pereopod (Fig. 4 G) reaching midlength of antennal scale by tip of merus; merus 1.1 times as long as carapace, with 10 lateral spines; ischium unarmed ventrally. Pleopods and uropod without distinctive features. Eggs small, about 0.4 x 0.6 mm. Non-type (juvenile). Generally similar to holotype. Rostrum just reaching distal margin of antennal scale, 0.7 of carapace length; dorsal margin armed with 12 teeth, including 4 on rostrum proper and 8 postrostral (of them posterior 7 teeth basally articulated); ventral margin with 5 teeth. Telson (Fig. 3 I) slightly falling short of posterior margin of uropodal rami, terminating in acute posteromedian projection, with 4 pairs of dorsolateral spines; posteromedian projection armed with 3 pairs of spines (second pair longest). Antennular peduncle with stylocerite reaching only midlength of first segment. Epipods on first and second pereopods normally developed, that on third pereopod rudimentary, no epipod on fourth pereopod. Carpi of second pereopods each divided in 17 articles. Meri of third to fifth pereopod with 9, 8, 8 lateral spines and 8, 7, 1 ventral or ventromesial spines, respectively. Coloration. Body and appendages generally orange. Cornea brown, with reflective pigment. Propodi and carpi of posterior 3 pairs of pereopods whitish. See Fig. 5. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Northeast Nikko Seamount, 564 m. Remarks. Plesionika Spence Bate, 1888 is the most species-rich genus in the caridean family Pandalidae, currently represented by about 90 species worldwide (De Grave & Fransen 2011; Cardoso 2011; Li & Chan, 2013). Identities of several species are still confusing in spite of recent revisionary studies (e.g., Chan & Crosnier 1991; 1997; Chan 2004; Fransen 2006). The present new species appears closest to P. picta Chan & Crosnier, 1997, presently known only from French Polynesia. Shared diagnostic characters include: rostrum relatively short, with proportional ratio against carapace length included within range of 0.8 ���1.0; most of postrostral teeth basally articulated; orbital margin nearly vertical posteriorly in lateral view, with a row of stiff setae; antennal tooth of carapace broadly triangular, not spiniform; telson with 4 pairs of dorsolateral spines; second pereopods subequal in length; dactyli of the third to fifth pereopods about 0.1 times as long as propodi. Morphologically, P. unicolor n. sp. can be distinguished from P. picta by some minor or subtle differences. The postrostral crest appears to be more distinct in P. unicolor n. sp. than in P. picta (cf. Fig. 3 B and Chan & Crosnier 2004: Fig. 20 a, e). Basally articulated teeth on the postrostral crest are distinctly longer in P. unicolor n. sp. (Fig. 3 B) than in P. picta (cf. Chan & Crosnier 2004: Fig. 20 a, e). The antennal tooth of the carapace is acuminate in P. unicolor n. sp., rather than blunt or at most subacute in P. picta (cf. Chan & Crosnier 2004: Fig. 20 a, e). The ultimate accessory spinules on the third pereopod dactylus is distinctly less than half length of the unguis in P. unicolor n. sp. (Fig. 3 G), whereas it is only shorter than the unguis in P. p i c t a, making the dactylus distally biunguiculate (Chan & Crosnier 2004: Fig. 20 d). In addition, the epipod on the fourth pereopod is prominent on either side in the adult holotype of P. unicolor n. sp., whereas in P. picta, the fourth pereopod is normally devoid of epipod (Chan & Crosnier 1997). As noted below, however, variation will discount the diagnostic significance of this character, but still may be useful. The color in life is quite different between the two species. As shown by previous studies, coloration is a very useful character in distinguishing species in Plesionika (e.g., Chan & Crosnier 1991; 1997; Chan 2004). In P. unicolor n. sp., the body is entirely orange without conspicuous markings. In contrast, in P. picta, the carapace is generally red with a whitish posterior margin; the abdomen is alternated with red and white bands. It is remarkable that the development of pereopodal epipods is different between the adult and juvenile in P. unicolor n. sp. As described above, the adult holotype bears epipods on the anterior four pereopods. On the other hand, the juvenile has normally developed epipods only on the first and second pereopods; epipod on the third pereopod is rudimentary; and no epipod is present on the fourth pereopod. It is likely that epipods on the third and fourth pereopods develop with growth. Intraspecific variation in the development of the epipod on the fourth pereopod is also known in the closely related P. picta (cf. Chan & Crosnier 1997). Etymology. Named after the uniformly orange color of the body. Used as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Komai, Tomoyuki & Tsuchida, Shinji, 2014, Deep-Sea decapod crustaceans (Caridea, Polychelida, Anomura and Brachyura) collected from the Nikko Seamounts, Mariana Arc, using a remotely operated vehicle " Hyper-Dolphin ", pp. 279-316 in Zootaxa 3764 (3) on pages 280-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/252580, {"references":["Spence Bate, C. (1888) Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by the Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. \" Challenger \" during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 24, i - xc, 1 - 942, pls. 1 - 157.","De Grave, S. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2011) Carideorum Catalogus: The Recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 85, 195 - 589.","Cardoso, I. A. (2011) New species of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) from southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 3089, 51 - 59.","Li, X. & Chan, T. - Y. (2013) Pandalid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) collected from the Philippines \" Panglao 2005 \" Deep-sea Expedition. In: Ahyong, S. T., Chan, T. - Y., Corbari, L. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos. Vol. 27. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 204, pp. 129 - 154.","Chan, T. - Y. & Crosnier, A. (1991) Crustacea Decapoda: Studies of the Plesionika narval (Fabricius, 1787) group (Pandalidae) with descriptions of six new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 9. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A) Zoologie, 152, pp. 413 - 461.","Chan, T. - Y. & Crosnier, A. (1997) Crustacea Decapoda: Deep-sea shrimps of the genus Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Pandalidae) from French Polynesia, with descriptions of five new species. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 18. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 176, pp. 187 - 234.","Chan, T. - Y. (2004) The \" Plesionika rostricrescentis (Bate, 1888) \" and \" P. lophotes Chace, 1985 \" species groups of Plesionika Bate, 1888, with descriptions of five new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae). In: Marshall, B. & Richer de Forges, B. (Eds.), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos. Vol. 23. Memoires du Mseum national d'Histoire Naturelle, 191, pp. 293 - 318.","Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2006) Pandalidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the SONNE, VALDIVIA and METEOR Expeditions 1977 - 1987 to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 36, 51 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043702"]}

13 pages, 3 figures, A clear link between the distribution of intermediate nepheloid layer detachments on the Northwestern Mediterranean continental margin and the population structure of five congeneric megafaunal species of deep-water benthic shrimps inhabiting different depth ranges between 100 and 1100m was found. The results of the multidisciplinary approach presented in this study provide evidence for the ecological conditions that affect the spatial distribution of juveniles and females of a deep-water fishery resource. The significantly higher occurrence of juveniles and females in regions where intermediate nepheloid layers detach from the seabed allows us to define these areas as potential deep-water nursery habitats. The spatial recognition of these habitats could contribute to the management of the stocks concerned and afford a basis for protecting these vulnerable habitats from fishing pressure. Overall, our findings furnish support for the hypothesis that deep-water benthic biological processes are linked to pelagic processes, suggesting that the detachments of intermediate nepheloid layers serve as one of the physical links between these two environments. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd, This work was supported by the European Commission (projects MED 92/008 to F. Sardà and MAS2-CT93-0053 and MAS3-CT95-0037 to A. Palanques) and by the Spanish Interdepartmental Commission for Science and Technology (CICYT) (projects MAR90-0757 to F. Sardà and MAR96-1781-CO-01 to A. Palanques). P. Puig and J.B. Company were supported by grants from the Generalitat of Catalonia and from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture, respectively

Despite the high number of species and ecological diversity of pandalid shrimps,there has been no previous attempt to resolve evolutionary relationships of sev-eral genera using molecular tools. Although mitochondrial DNA cytochromeoxidase I (COI) is widely used in barcoding studies to delimit species bound-aries, additional insights into phylogenetic affinities can be obtained, especiallywhen used in combination with data from additional genes. The knowledge ofmolecular diversity is essential to understand phylogenetic relationships and willhelp systematic clarifications. Based on partial fragments of the 16S and COIgenes, we have focused specifically on addressing the systematic relationships ofthe economically and ecologically important shrimp genus Plesionika within aframework of five genera from within the Pandalidae. Our results showed thatspecies within Plesionika are substantially divergent when compared with othergenera, exhibiting the highest average nucleotide divergence, with 0.1123 and0.0846 in COI and 16S genes, respectively. In addition, sequence divergence wasfound to vary greatly within the genus Plesionika (COI/16S): 0.0247/0.0016between Plesionika antigai and Plesionika heterocarpus and 0.1616/0.098 betweenPlesionika heterocarpus and Plesionika edwardsii. We did not find amino acidsequence divergence between P. heterocarpus and P. antigai compared withP. heterocarpus and P. edwardsii (8.10%, K2P distance). Three species ofPlesionika (P. antigai, P. heterocarpus and Plesionika scopifera) appear well sepa-rated from other Plesionika species in both maximum likelihood and Bayesiananalyses. The present study confirms the utility of COI over 16S as a geneticmarker to resolve relationships between different species of Plesionika from theNortheast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, in addition to species delimitation.The findings highlight the need to further review paraphyly within Plesionika inan attempt to recognize a concordance in the evolutionary history of Plesionikawith major ecological and geological events.IntroductionMost systematic studies of the marine shrimps, Pandali-dae, have been based solely on morphology; moleculartools have been rarely applied to solve questions ofspecies status or to determine lower level phylogeneticrelationships. Although previous studies exist on phyloge-netic relationships within major taxa of the infra-order

Plesionika mexicana Chace, 1937 (Fig. 26E, F) Plesionika mexicana Chace, 1937: 112, fig.1. — Wicksten 1978b: 85; 1983b: 21. — Méndez 1981: 103, figs. 314–315. — Hendrickx & Wicksten 1989: 78, fig. 6. — Wicksten & Hendrickx 2003: 69. Diagnosis. Rostrum twice as long as carapace, slightly ascending. Five spines at base of rostrum, 4 or 5 teeth on dorsal surface of rostrum proper; apex trifid; 10–14 ventral teeth. Eye large and globular. Stylocerite of first antennae slightly exceeding first segment. Length of flagella of first antennae about 1.5 times length of rostrum. Scaphocerite narrow, exceeded bilateral tooth. Length of antennal flagella about twice body length. Third maxillipeds with exopods. Pereopod 1 microscopically chelate. Pereopods 2 unequal, right shorter, with 20 carpal articles; left longer than rostrum, with about 100 carpal articles. Posterior pereopods long, slender, with simple dactyls and 5 or 6 meral spines. Abdomen smooth, without carina. Pleura of somites rounded except for points on posterolateral angles of somites 4, 5. Length of somite 6, 1.6 times as long as length of somite 5. Telson with 3 pairs dorsolateral, 3 pairs terminal spines. Total length 50–60 mm. Color in life. Translucent white with short scarlet longitudinal stripes. Antennae, pereopods barred with scarlet, white. Eyes greenish (Chace 1937). Habitat and depth. Mud, sand or shell bottoms, 4–258 m but usually at 50–150 m. Range. Redondo Beach, California to Mancora Bank, Peru, but usually from Gulf of California southward. Type locality Arena Bank, off Baja California, Mexico., Published as part of Wicksten, Mary K., 2012, Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces 3371, pp. 1-307 in Zootaxa 3371 on pages 104-105, {"references":["Chace, F. A. Jr. (1937) The Templeton Crocker Expedition. VII. Caridean decapod Crustacea from the Gulf of California and the west coast of Lower California. Zoologica, 22, 109 - 138.","Wicksten, M. K. (1978 b) The species of Plesionika from California and western Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 77, 84 - 87.","Wicksten, M. K. (1983 b) A monograph on the shallow-water caridean shrimp from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 13, 1 - 59.","Mendez, M. (1981) Claves de identificacion y distribucion de los langostinos y camarones (Crustacea: Decapoda) del mar y rios de la costa del Peru. Boletin del Instituto del Mar Peru (Callao), 5, 1 - 170.","Hendrickx, M. E. & Wicksten, M. K. (1989) Los Pandalidae (Crustacea: Caridea) del Pacifico mexicano, con una clave para su identificacion. Caldasia, 16, 71 - 86.","Wicksten, M. K. & Hendrickx, M. E. (2003) An updated checklist of benthic marine and brackish water shrimps (Decapoda: Penaeoidea, Stenopodidea, Caridea) from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In: Hendrickx, M. (Ed.) Contributions to the Study of East Pacific Crustaceans Vol. 2. Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F., pp. 49 - 76."]}

Plesionika revizeei n. sp. (Figs. 1���3) Material examined. E-0541, 21 o 13 ���S / 40 o 14 ���W, 573 m, holotype: ovigerous female (16), MNRJ 14663; E-0541, 21 o 13 ���S / 40 o 14 ���W, 573 m, paratypes: 7 males (14.4���19), 2 ovigerous females (16.6���17.6), MNRJ 21509. E-0543, 21 o 23 ���S / 40 o 11 ���W, 666 m, paratypes: 15 males (15.2���18.9), 6 ovigerous females (16���18), MNRJ 14669; E-0541, 21 o 13 ���S / 40 o 14 ���W, 573 m, paratype: 1 ovigerous female (16.8), MNHN 16975; E-0543, 21 o 23 ���S / 40 o 11 ���W, 666 m, paratypes: 3 ovigerous females (15.8���17.2), 5 males (16.6���20.5), MZUSP 18891; R01, st.28, 33o 35 ���S / 50 o 43 ���W, 533 m, 1 female (16.6), FURG 3247; R07, st.14, 34o 15 ���S / 51 o 37 ���W, 408 m, 5 males (13.2���15.1), 15 females (12.6��� 13.8), FURG 3248; R01, st.27, 33o 33 ���S / 50 o 43 ���W, 330 m, 2 females (13.3, 14.2), FURG 3249; R07, st.19, 33o 35 ���S / 50 o 45 ���W, 440 m, 7 males (11.4���15.4), 1 ovigerous female (17.7), 35 females (10.2���17.4), FURG 3250; DPA II, lance 12, 26o 11 ���S / 45 o 49 ���W, 501 m, 9 males (14.1���17.3), 3 females (14.1���15.3), FURG 3651. Comparative material of Plesionika willisi (Pequegnat, 1970): Alaminos, 29 o27,6��N /0,86o46,5��W, 384 m, allotype: 1 male (14.5), USNM 128803; Alaminos, 29 o27,6��N /0,86o46,5��W, 384 m, paratypes: 2 males (10.6���10.7), 2 ovigerous females (12.5���13.6), USNM 128804; Gulf of Mexico, 29 ��11,30��N /0,88��12,36��W, 311 m, 2 males (8.2��� 10.1), USNM 282665; Gulf of Mexico, 29 ��29,54��N /0,86��53,42��W, 378 m 2 males (9.3 ��� 9.2), 4 females (8.7���9.6), USNM 282664; Gulf of Mexico, 26 �� 17��N /0,96�� 18��W, 274 m, 1 female (11), USNM 282666. Diagnosis. Rostrum relatively long 1.48���2.29 (mean 1.87, n= 12) times as long as carapace, far overreaching antennal scale, slightly curved dorsally; armed dorsally throughout length with 9���13 widely spaced teeth; one postrostral tooth at proximal sixth of carapace; ventral margin, with 17���30 teeth, basal third unarmed, second third with closely spaced teeth and distal third with widely spaced teeth; carapace without postrostral ridge; antennal spine small; orbital margin slightly concave; lower part of branchiostegite not membranous. Well developed epipods on maxilliped 3 to pereopod 1, pereopods 2���4 each with reduced epipods. Second pereopods subequal, each carpus divided in 19���27 articles. Tergite of abdominal somite 3 rounded, posterodorsal margin unarmed; fourth pleura rounded and fifth pointed at posteroventral angle. Telson 0.79���1.26 (mean 0.92, n= 12) times as long as abdominal somite 6, with three pairs of dorsolateral, and three pairs of distal spines. Pereopod 3 overreaching antennal scale by length of distal three segments; dactyl long and slender with a tuft of simple setae on apex. Description. Rostrum relatively long 1.48���2.29 (mean 1.87, n= 12) times as long as carapace; overreaching distal margin of antennal scale by one fourth to one third of its length, slightly curved dorsally; dorsal margin with 9���13 widely spaced teeth distributed on all rostrum length; one postrostral tooth; ventral margin with 17���30 teeth, basal third unarmed, second third with closely spaced teeth and distal third with widely spaced teeth. Carapace without postrostral ridge; small antennal and pterygostomian spines; no lateral carinae; orbital margin slightly concave (Fig. 1 A). Abdomen with dorsal surface and posterodorsal margin of somite 3 rounded (Fig. 2 A); pleura of somite 3 and 4 rounded, of somite 5 pointed (Fig. 2 B). Telson 0.79���1.26 (mean 0.92, n= 12) times as long as abdominal somite 6, shallowly sulcate in dorsal midline, with three pairs of dorsolateral spines, and three pairs of distal spines (Fig. 3 A). Eye kidney-shaped, without ocellus. Antennular peduncle not reaching mid-length of antennal scale; stylocerite not reaching distal margin of first antennular peduncle article, outer margin concave, inner margin convex (Fig. 1 B). Antennal scale 0.74���1.33 (mean 1.07, n= 15) as long as carapace, distolateral tooth overreaching the distal margin of antennal scale. Well developed epipods on maxilliped 1 to 3. Epipod on maxilliped 3 elongated to posterior region, more robust, but similar in shape to that of pereopods (Fig. 1 D). Maxilliped 3 penultimate segment 1.38���1.73 (mean 1.56, n= 13) times terminal segment; exopod reduced, 0.12 times as long as ischium-merus length. Pereopod 1 not overreaching antennal scale, with well developed epipod, elongated to the posterior region, bearing a terminal hook (Fig. 2 D). Pereopods 2���4 with epipods reduced, decreasing in size, but with similar shape to that of pereopod 1, without terminal hook (Fig. 1 D). Pereopod 2, reaching distal eight of carpus of pereopod 1, subequal in length (Fig. 2 C, D), carpus with 19���27 (mean 22.2, n= 16) articles; merus without annulations. Pereopod 3 overreaching antennal scale by length of distal three segments; propod 1.61���2.05 (mean 1.83, n= 4) times as long as carapace; 10.4 (n= 1) times longer than dactyl (Fig. 2 E), dactyl long and slender with a tuft of simple setae on apex (Fig. 2 F). Male pleopod 1, endopod posterior margin with short simple setae, anterior margin with short stout setae, distal margin with a cluster of hook setae, distal lobe not well developed (Fig. 3 B). Male pleopod 2 with appendix interna as long as appendix masculina, with hook setae; appendix masculina with strong and long acute simple setae on distal and anterior margins (Fig. 3 C). Female pleopod 1 with endopod leaf like bearing plumose setae in all margins (Fig. 3 D). Female pleopod 2 appendix interna with blunt apex bearing a cluster of hook setae (Fig. 3 E). Uropod exopod much longer than endopod, with a complete diaresis and a stout seta on its distal seventh (Fig. 3 A). Color in life. Body somewhat transparent to light pink (especially on carapace) with tip of rostrum, base of pereopods and telson reddish. Abdomen with red markings on inter-segmental area. Type locality. 21 o 13 ���S / 40 o 14 ���W, 573m, Brazil, off Rio de Janeiro state. Distribution. Southwestern Atlantic: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Esp��rito Santo states) in depths from 533 to 666 m. Remarks. The closest related species to Plesionika revizeei n. sp. is P. willisi, described as Parapandalus by Pequegnat (1970) to the Gulf of Mexico. A careful analysis of the type series deposited at NMNH showed that these two species are really distinct. The main feature that distinguish them is the epipods on pereopods 1���4. In P. revizeei n. sp. the pereopod 1 presents a well developed epipod and pereopods 2���4 present a reduced epipod (clearly defined, but small). In all examined material (13 specimens) of P. willisi the epipods were absent. Pequegnat (1970) didn��t mention about epipods in its original description, but in the key presented to genera of Pandalidae the feature leading to Parapandalus is the absence of epipods on pereopods. After the original description of P. willisi (Pequegnat, 1970) few works reported this species, being the most important that of Cruz and Fransen (2004) which mention some features missing in the original description, as the absence of epipods on pereopods. A comparison between some diagnostic features of these two species is shown at Table 1. The rostrum length and the rostral formula are overlapping in some aspects but P. revizeei n. sp. generally presents fewer dorsal teeth than P. willisi (Fig. 4 A). The rostral teeth distribution is similar in the two species (with the basal third unarmed, second third with closely spaced teeth and distal third with widely spaced teeth) (Figs. 1 A, 4 A). In P. willisi there is a postrostral ridge that continues to the middle of the carapace (Pequegnat 1970) this feature was also observed in the material examined at NMNH (Fig. 4 A), while in P. revizeei n. sp. none postrostral ridge was observed. The abdominal somite 3 posterodorsal surface and the pleura of abdominal somites 3 and 4 are similar in both species (Figs. 2 A, 4 D). The pleura of somite 5 however, is pointed in P. re v i z e e i n. sp. and rounded in the material of P. willisi examined at NMNH (Figs. 2 B, 4 E). Pequegnat (1970) didn��t observe this feature, but Cruz and Fransen (2004) observed a pointed pleura in Colombian material. The relative size of telson and abdominal somite 6 is slightly distinct between the two species (Table 1) the telson of both species has three pairs of dorsolateral spines, and three pairs of distal spines (Figs. 3 A, 4 F). The antennular peduncle and the antennal scale are similar in both species (Figs. 1 B, 4 B and 1 C, 4 C). According Pequegnat (1970) and Cruz and Fransen (2004) the carpus of pereopod 2 from P. willisi shows a tendency to present a lower number of articles (17���19) than P. revizeei n. sp. (19���27) with a slight overlapping. Considering the examined material of P. willisi (NMNH) the range of articles in this species becomes wider (16��� 20) but this tendency remains. The material of P. willisi examined by Cruz and Fransen (2004) and examined at NMNH present the orbital margin strongly convex in ventral part and almost straight in dorsal half, distinct from P. revizeei n. sp. that presents an uniform, slightly concave orbital margin. Plesionika willisi Plesionika willisi Plesionika revizeei n. sp. literature material examined Regarding the remaining Plesionika Atlantic species P. revizeei n. sp. is related with a group of species presenting epipods on at least pereopods 1���2, second pereopods equal, rostrum dorsal margin armed in all length and rostrum more than 1.5 (mean) times as long as carapace (Cruz & Fransen 2004 and present key) that includes only P. e d w a rd s i i and P. longipes. The rostral formula easily distinguish these two species from P. revizeei n.sp.. The presence of well developed epipods on pereopods 3���4 in P. longipes is also a distinctive feature that can helps identification. Besides that, regarding rostrum morphology (rostrum dorsal margin armed in all length with widely spaced teeth) P. revizeei n. sp. is closely related also with Plesionika miles A. Milne Edwards, 1883. Distinctive features between P. revizeei sp. nov. and P. m i l e s are the post rostral teeth (five in P. miles versus one in P. revizeei n. sp.) and the epipods on pereopods 2���4 (well developed in P. m i l e s versus reduced in P. revizeei n. sp.). Etymology. In honor of the Brazilian oceanographic Program named REVIZEE. This Program intended to make a fauna survey of the Brazilian continental shelf and slope, sampling a scientific valuable material and contributing to the South Atlantic deep sea knowledge., Published as part of Cardoso, Irene A., 2011, New species of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) from Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 51-59 in Zootaxa 3089 on pages 52-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206633, {"references":["Pequegnat, L. (1970) Deep-sea caridean shrimps with description of six new species. In W. Pequegnat & F. Chace (eds.), Contributions on the Biology of the Gulf of Mexico. Texas A & M University Oceanographic Studies, 1, 59 - 123.","Cruz, N. & Fransen, C. H. J. M. (2004) Addition of three species of the genus Plesionika (Crustacea: Caridea: Pandalidae) to the known Atlantic marine fauna of Colombia. Zoologische Mededelingen, 78, 131 - 146."]}

Key to Southwestern Atlantic species of Plesionika 1. Rostrum relatively short, maximum length 1.5 (mean) times carapace............................................ 2 - Rostrum relatively long, more than 1.5 (mean) times carapace.................................................. 4 2. Rostrum dorsal margin distally unarmed............................................... P. macropoda Chace 1939 - Rostrum dorsal margin with teeth in all length............................................................... 3 3. Rostrum from once to 1.5 times carapace length.......................................... P. gigliolii (Senna 1903) - Rostrum less than once to once carapace length....................................... P. acanthonotus (Smith 1882) 4. Epipods absent or reduced in at least two pereopods.......................................................... 5 - Epipods on pereopods 1���4 well developed................................................................. 7 5. Epipods absent on all pereopods................................................... P. longicauda (Rathbun 1901) - Epipods reduced on pereopods 3 and 4.................................................................... 6 6. Rostrum dorsal margin with 9���11 teeth and ventral margin with 23���25 teeth........................... P. revizeei n. sp. - Rostrum dorsal margin with 28���34 teeth and ventral margin with 33���50 teeth................ P. edwardsii (Brandt 1851) 7. Rostrum dorsal margin armed only on basal region........................................................... 8 - Rostrum dorsal margin armed on all length................................................................. 9 8. Rostrum around twice carapace length, dorsal basal teeth closely settled.............. P. martia (A. Milne Edwards 1881) - Rostrum more than twice times carapace length, dorsal basal teeth widely settled......... P. ensis (A. Milne Edwards 1881) 9. Rostrum dorsal teeth widely settled.............................................. P. miles A. Milne Edwards 1883 - Rostrum dorsal teeth closely settled on distal third............................... P. longipes (A. Milne Edwards 1881), Published as part of Cardoso, Irene A., 2011, New species of Plesionika Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pandalidae) from Southwestern Atlantic, pp. 51-59 in Zootaxa 3089 on page 58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206633

Plesionika miles (A. Milne Edwards, 1883) (Figs. 5, 6) Material examined: REVIZEE ��� Fishery: E-0533, 19 o 42 ���S, 39 o 26 ���W, 239m, 4 ovigerous females (8���9mm), 2 males (7, 9mm), MNRJ 14661; E-0542, 21 o 25 'S, 40 o 13 'W, 259m, 2 ovigerous females (11, 12mm), 2 females (8.5, 9.5mm), 2 males (10.5, 10.5mm), MNRJ 14670; E-0504, 14 o 28 'S, 38 o 54 'W, 278m, 1 male (9mm), MNRJ 14672. UFPE: Akaroa, 5 B, 0 9 o 05`S, 36 o 51 W, 46m, 1 male (5.3 mm), UFPE 9564. Description: Rostrum long, curved downwards in proximal region, and slightly upwards beyond antennular peduncle; far overreaching scaphocerite, 2.1���2.7 (avg. 2.5, n= 5) times as long as carapace; ventral margin with 28���35 (avg. 31, n= 5) teeth, anterior teeth closely disposed, distal teeth well spaced; dorsal margin with 13���16 (avg. 14, n= 5) teeth, anterior teeth well spaced, distal teeth closely disposed, two to three postrostral teeth the proximal one variably movable; eye very large, subspherical, pear like, with ocellus; small antennal and strong pterygostomian spines present; carapace smooth (Fig. 5 A). Stylocerite outer margin straight, inner margin convex, apex triangular, almost reaching the distal margin of first antennular peduncle article (Fig. 5 B). Scaphocerite 0.78���1.11 (avg. 0.99, n= 12) as long as carapace, with blunt apex, distal tooth strongly overreaching blade (Fig. 5 C). Maxilliped III with epipod, penultimate segment 0.90���1.34 (avg. 1.02, n= 9) times longer than terminal segment. Pereopods 1���3 with epipod, pereopod 4 with reduced epipod, pereopod 5 without epipod. Pereopod 2 chelate, equal in size (Fig. 5 D, E), carpus with 15���19 (avg. 17, n= 11) articles. Pereopod 3 overreaching scaphocerite with carpus distal 1 / 8 ��� 1 / 10; propod 0.52���0.68 (avg. 0.6, n= 5) times as long as carapace; 2.69���3.55 (avg. 3, n= 5) times longer than dactyl (Fig. 6 A), dactyl long, slender, with one distal stout setae (Fig. 6 B). Dorsal surface of abdominal somite 3 rounded and pronounced; pleura of somites 3 and 4 rounded, pleura of somite 5 triangular and acute, margin inferior strongly concave (Fig. 6 C). Telson 0.72���0.90 (avg. 0.8, n= 9) times as long as abdominal somite 6; sulcate on dorsal midline, with three pairs of dorsolateral stout setae, and two pairs of stout distal setae (Fig. 6 D). Distribution: Western Atlantic: Martinique, Dominique, Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Esp��rito Santo and Rio de Janeiro). Adults living in depths from 54 to 700 m (modified from Crosnier & Forest, 1968; 1973). Remarks: Based on a material from Western Atlantic collected by ���Blake��� expedition, A. Milne Edwards (1883) figured Plesionika miles (as Pandalus miles) from Martinique Island for the first time. According to the new edition (Forest & Holthuis, 1997) of the study done by A. Milne Edwards in 1883, the Museum of Comparative Zoology no longer has any of the specimens of P. miles figured originally. There are two lots, however, in the Mus��um National d��Historie Naturelle (MNHN), Paris (Na 2024, Na 2025) collected by ���Blake���, they are from Dominica and one has the indication ��� Type ���. Forest & Holthuis (1997) also considered the possibility that the indications in legend of the original figure may be incorrect, or that the Paris Museum material are possible syntypes of P miles. Crosnier & Forest (1968; 1973) examined and figured the P. m i l e s material from MNHN, in order to compare it with one species that they described (Plesionika brevipes Crosnier & Forest, 1968). Plesionika brevipes was found in the Eastern Atlantic and according to Crosnier & Forest (1968; 1973) it is very closely related with P. m i l e s, mainly in carapace and rostrum morphology. The features cited by Crosnier & Forest (1968; 1973) to distinguish P. brevipes from P. m i l e s and the comparison with Brazilian material features are presented in Table 1. The Brazilian material fits in all the main features cited by them as distinctive to P. m i l e s. Other species close related with P. m i l e s is Plesionika willisi described by Pequegnat (1970) with material from the Gulf of Mexico. The author (Pequegnat, 1970) pointed as the main differences between these species, the number of rostrum ventral teeth, 18���22 in P. willisi and 34���35 in P. m i l e s (avg. 31 in Brazilian P. miles), and the pereopods that are considerably longer in P. willisi. Cruz & Fransen (2004) pointed that P. willisi presents the telson about 0.7 length of abdominal somite 6 (avg. 0.8 in Brazilian P. miles), carpus of pereopod 2 with 17���19 articles (15���19 in Brazilian P. m i l e s) and the pereopod 3 overreaching sacphocerite by distal part of merus (overreaching by carpus distal 1 / 8 ��� 1 / 10 in Brazilian P. miles). A striking question about P. m i l e s is regarding the presence of epipods on pereopods. De Man (1920) commented that the presence of epipods on pereopods of four Parapandalus species (P. m i l e s, P. escatilis, P. longicauda and P. stylopus) was unknown. Crosnier & Forest (1968) affirms that the epipods are absent in the pereopods of P. brevipes but no comments were done about the epipods in P. miles. Cruz & Fransen (2004) included P. m i l e s in the key to Atlantic species of Plesionika in a group that lacks epipods on pereopods, but no comments were done. The Brazilian material of P. miles presents epipods in pereopods 1���4 and probably the syntype series of this species also has these structures which have been overlooked for all these years., Published as part of Cardoso, Irene, 2009, Report on some Plesionika Bate, 1888 and first record of Stylopandalus Couti��re, 1905 (Caridea, Pandalidae) from Brazilian waters, pp. 53-68 in Zootaxa 2120 on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188076, {"references":["Milne-Edwards, A. (1883) Recueil de figures de crustaces nouveaux ou peu connus, 1 - 3, 44 plates. Paris.","Crosnier, A. & Forest, J. (1968) Note preliminaire sur les carides recueillis par l'Ombango au large du plateau continental, du Gabon a l'Angola (Crustacea Decapoda Natantia). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, ser. 2, 39 (6), 1123 - 1147.","Crosnier, A. & Forest, J. (1973) Les crevettes profondes de l'Atlantique oriental tropical. Faune Tropicale, 19, 1 - 409.","Forest, J. & Holthuis, L. B. (1997) Milne Edwards, A., 1883: Recueil de figures de Crustaces nouveaux ou peu connus. Nouvelle edition en fac-simile avec des commentaires et annotations / New facsimile edition with comments and annotations par / by Jacques Forest et L. B. Holthuis: 1 - 128. Leiden.","Pequegnat, L. H. (1970) Deep Sea Caridean shrimps with description of six new species, In L. Pequegnat & F. Chace (eds.) Contributions on the biology of the Gulf of Mexico. Texas A & M University Oceanographic Studies, 1, 59 - 123.","Cruz, N. & Fransen, C. (2004) Addition of three species of the genus Plesionika to the known Atlantic marine fauna of Colombia. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 78 (6), 131 - 146.","De Man, J. G. (1920) The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition, IV: Families Pasiphaeidae, Stylodactilidae, Hoplophoridae, Nematocarcinidae, Thalassocaridae, Pandalidae, Psalidopodidae, Gnathophylidae, Processidae, Glyphocrangonidae, and Crangonidae. Siboga - Expeditie, 39 a (3), 1 - 318."]}