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Diaeretellus nymphaealis sp. nov. TomanoviĆ, ČkrkiĆ and PetroviĆ Figures 1 and 2 Holotype. ♀, Lake of the Isles, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 12 July 2015, leg. M. Plećaš, reared from Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae on Nymphaea odorata. Paratypes: 10♀ 15♂, same data as holotype. Holotype and some paratypes (3♀ 1♂) dissected and slide mounted; rest of paratypes in 96% ethanol. All specimens deposited in the collection of the Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade. Diagnosis. Diaeretellus nymphaealis sp. nov. resembles D. palustris in having 13- segmented antennae, and in parasitising R. nymphaeae, but can easily be differentiated from it by a more elongate pterostigma (ratio of length to width of pterostigma 4.80–5.00 in D. nymphaealis sp. nov., while about 4.00 in D. palustris), and a distinctly elongated flagellomere 11 (F11) – length/width ratio in D. nymphaealis sp. nov. 3.4, while about 2 in D. palustris. Female Head (Figure 2 (a)). Eyes oval. Malar space equal to 0.4 longitudinal eye diameters. Clypeus oval with 5–6 long setae. Tentorial index (tentoriocular line/intertentorial line) about 0.5. Maxillary palps with 3 palpomeres, labial palps with 1 palpomere. Head width/mesoscutum width 1.3. Antennae 13-segmented, filiform, with semierect setae subequal to half of segment diameter (Figure 1 (a)). Flagellomere 1 (F1) and flagellomere 2 (F2) 2.5 (2.4–2.8) and 2 (1.9–2.1) times as long as wide, respectively; F1 sligthly longer than or equal to F2 (Figure 1 (b)). F1 without longitudinal placodes, F2 with 1–2. Flagellomere 11 (F11) very long, 3.5 times as long as wide, with 10–12 longitudinal placodes (Figure 1 (c)). Mesosoma. Mesoscutum with incomplete notaulices, visible only in the very beginning of the anterior part, and with two longitudinal rows of setae along the dorsal surface (Figure 2 (b)). Propodeum with a narrow central pentagonal areola (Figure 2 (c)). Upper and lower areola with 4–7 and 0–2 setae, respectively. Fore wing pterostigma narrow and elongate, 4.9 (4.8–5.0) times as long as wide. Distal abscissa of R1 (= metacarpus) subequal to pterostigma length; pterostigma length/R1 length ratio 1.2 (1.1–1.3). Vein M+m-cu visible in some specimens, not visible in others (Figure 2 (g)). Metasoma. Petiole 2.4 times as long as wide at spiracles, with 11–12 costulae on its anterolateral area and 1–2 long setae near the base on each side. Dorsal surface irregularly rugose (Figure 2 (d)). Ovipositor sheath short, length/width ratio 1.7 (1.6–1.8) (Figure 2 (e)). Colour. Head brown, mouthparts yellow. Antenna light brown, with a yellow ring at the base of F1. Mesoscutum and propodeum light brown to brown, legs and petiole light brown, metasoma and ovipositor sheaths brown. Body length. 2.2 mm. Male Head. Eyes oval. Malar space equal to 0.36 longitudinal eye diameters. Clypeus oval with 5–6 setae. Tentorial index (tentoriocular line/intertentorial line) about 0.5. Maxillary palps with 3 palpomeres, labial palps with 1 palpomere. Head width/mesoscutum width 1.15. Antennae 16-segmented, filiform, with semierect setae subequal to half of segment diameter. Flagellomere 1 (F1) and flagellomere 2 (F2) 2.2 and 2 times as long as wide, respectively; F1 length equal to F2. F1 and F2 both with 5–6 longitudinal placodes. Flagellomere 11 (F11) very long, 3.4 times as long as wide, with 3–4 longitudinal placodes. Mesosoma. Mesoscutum with incomplete notaulices, visible only in the very beginning of the anterior part, and with two longitudinal rows of setae. Propodeum with a narrow central pentagonal areola. Fore wing pterostigma narrow and elongate, 5 times as long as wide. Distal abscissa of R1 (= metacarpus) subequal to pterostigma length; pterostigma length/R1 length ratio 1.1. Vein M+m-cu visible in some specimens. Metasoma. Petiole with 11–12 costulae on its anterolateral area. Dorsal surface irregularly rugose. Genitalia shown in Figure 2 (f). Colour. Head brown, mouthparts yellow. Antenna light brown. Mesoscutum and propodeum light brown to brown, legs and petiole light brown, metasoma brown. Body length. 2 mm. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the host plant and host aphid. Key for the identification of Diaeretellus species based on females 1 Wings not developed (Figure 3 (a))... D. ephippium (Haliday, 1833) - Wings normally developed (some forms are micropterous).............................................. 2 2 Flagellomeres very short and stocky (Figure 3 (b)).......... D. heinzei (Mackauer, 1959) * - Flagellomeres elongated.................................................................................................................. 3 3 Antenna 14-segmented, F1 length/width ratio 3.3–3.4 (Figure 3 (c)); R1 length equal to pterostigma length (Figure 3 (d))...................................... D. macrocarpus Mackauer, 1961 - Antenna 12–13-segmented, F1 length/width ratio 2.17–2.8 (Figures 1 (a,b) and 4(a,b)); R1 shorter than pterostigma length (Figures 2 (g) and 4(d)).............................................. 4 4 F1 length/width ratio 2.17–2.33; petiole length/width ratio 2.9, some forms are micropterous............................................ D. svalbardicum Chaubet and Tomanović, 2013 - F1 length/width ratio 2.5–2.8 (Figures 1 (b) and 4(b)); petiole length/width ratio 2–2.5 (Figures 2 (d) and 4(c))........................................................................................................................ 5 5 Pterostigma length/width ratio 4 (Figure 4 (d)); F11 length/width ratio 2 (Figure 4 (a))........................................................................................................................... D. palustris Starý, 1971 - Pterostigma length/width ratio 4.8–5 (Figure 2 (g)); F11 length/width ratio 3.5–3.6 (Figure 1 (c))................................................................................................ D. nymphaealis sp. nov. *Specimens of D. heinzei were not available for analysis; see Mackauer (1959) for a detailed description with figures., Published as part of Čkrkić, Jelisaveta, Kocić, Korana, Plećaš, Milan, Petrović, Andjeljko & Tomanović, Željko, 2022, Diaeretellus nymphaealis sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) - a new member of aphid parasitoid guilds associated with wetland habitats, with a key for identification of Diaeretellus species, pp. 423-434 in Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8) on pages 424-429, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2086501, http://zenodo.org/record/6758527, {"references":["Mackauer M. 1959. Ein entomophager Parasit der Mooslaus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) 3. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Aphidiinae. Deutsc Entomol Z. 6: 82 - 85. doi: 10.1002 / mmnd. 19590060108.","Mackauer M. 1961. Neue europaische Blattlaus-Schlupfwespen (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Bolletitino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria \" Filippo Silvestri \" di Portici. 19: 270 - 290.","Chaubet B, Derocles SAP, Hulle M, Le Ralec A, Outreman Y, Simon JC, Tomanovic Z. 2013. Two new species of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from the high Arctic (Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Zool Anz. 252: 34 - 40. doi: 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2012.03.001","Stary P. 1971. New aphid parasites from central Europe (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae). Acta Entomol Bohemoslov. 68: 310 - 318."]}

Megachile sculpturalis is the first non-native bee species established in Europe, originating from E-Asia. Since early detections in SW-Europe (2008���2010) its spreading resulted in a range currently spanning nearly 2,800 km x 1,100 km across the southern and central Europe. In SE-Europe establishment was confirmed since 2015 in NE-Hungary, followed by detection in N-Serbia (2017), and wider spreading across the eastern Pannonian Plain (2018���2019); eventually it was detected in NW-Bosnia & Herzegovina (2020). Accordingly, the repeated calls for monitoring of M. sculpturalis spread were voiced, aiming to address its potential invasiveness, but mostly lacking a more specific assessment protocol. A 'working concept' for a comprehensive monitoring of M. sculpturalis was proposed within the survey conducted in Belgrade (Serbia) during 2017���2019, based on quantitative assessment of bee population trends in relation to focal plant resources. There was a need to improve and broaden this initial framework, e.g., to allow for different spatio-temporal scales and various potential usage requirements. Therefore, in 2020 we considerably extended the research scope, defined at two spatial scales: LOCAL, for the Belgrade area ��� the continuation of protocol development, through a high-intensity assessment of M. sculpturalis abundance, bionomics, and distribution, in parallel with assessment of extended set of relevant plants (and potential bee-plant interactions); REGIONAL, a survey covering the bee spreading across Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, aiming to provide a reference time-section in expanding SE-European front, while also extending the knowledge of its environmental affinities. The study included the launching of a pioneering citizen science project, which enabled a remarkable geographic coverage despite modest return of positive reports. The Belgrade-scale survey yielded a modest increase in recorded locations, relative to 2019, but the recording efficiency was decreased, despite a much intensified surveying efforts and extended coverage. This corroborated the importance of inter-seasonal variation of key food resources, which affects both the population dynamics and detectability of this bee, through alternating concentration and dilution effects. We confirmed the strong association of detection success with availability and variability of blooming Styphnolobium, at both scales, indicating the highest relevance of inclusion of this plant into monitoring assessment protocols. The established phenological extent of M. sculpturalis activity (>70 days) also closely corresponded with the phenology of Styphnolobium blooming; yet it does not represent the entire phenological span for the region. Almost no record came from surveying other plants. The regional expansion of M. sculpturalis during 2017���2020 is documented from 19 wider locations (16 added in 2020). It is particularly well established in the Pannonian, and to a lesser extent in peri-Pannonian area of Serbia and B&H, while the approximated range extent was likely doubled during 2019���2020. Further south records were scarce, indicating the slower expansion across the hilly-mountainous part of the Balkans. Records largely came from urban or other settlements, only about a third from semi-natural or agricultural environments., {"references":["Aguado, O., Hernández-Castellano, C., Bassols, E., Miralles, M., Navarro, D., Stefanescu, C., & Vicens, N. (2018). Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): a new exotic species in the Iberian Peninsula, and some notes about its biology. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, 82, 157-162. Aizen, M. A., Arbetman, M. P., Chacoff, N. P., Chalcoff, V. R., Feinsinger, P., Garibaldi, L. A., Harder, L. D., Morales, C. L., Sáez, A., & Vanbergen, A. J. (2020). Invasive bees and their impact on agriculture. [Chapter 2] In Bohan, D. A. & Vanbergen, A. J. (Eds.), The future of agricultural landscapes, Part I. Advances in Ecological Research, 63, 49-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.001 Aizen, M. A., Morales, C. L., Vázquez, D. P., Garibaldi, L. A., Sáez, A., & Harder, L. D. (2014). When mutualism goes bad: density-dependent impacts of introduced bees on plant reproduction. New Phytologist, 204(2), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12924 Amiet, F. (2012). Kurzbeitrag Die Blattschneiderbiene Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) nun auch in der Schweiz. Entomo Helvetica, 5, 157-159. Andrieu-Ponel, V., Ponel, P., Le Féon, V., Geslin, B., & Duvallet, G. (2018). À propos du comportement de butinage de Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853, en France méditerranéenne (Nîmes et Montpellier) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 123(1), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.32475/bsef_1984 Ascher, J. S., & Pickering, J. (2020). Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853. In: Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Retrieved from: https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Megachile+sculpturalis#Hosts [Accessed on: April 2021]. Batra, S. W. T. (1998). Biology of the giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, a conspicuous new immigrant in Maryland. Maryland Naturalist, 42(1-2), 1-3. Bertelsmeier, C., & Keller, L. (2018). Bridgehead effects and role of adaptive evolution in invasive populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33(7), 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.014 Bila Dubaić, J., & Lanner, J. (2021). Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): a valuable study organism for invasive pollinators and the role of beekeepers in ongoing monitoring programs. 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The paper presents the possibilities of using different types of preparations prepared from certain types of medicinal plants, which can be used in plant nutrition and protection, as well as in the composting process for the needs of plant cultivation in urban agriculture. The trend of importance of urban agriculture, both in terms of food safety and innovative practices, is increasingly present in highly developed countries as well as developing countries. This type of agriculture can play an important role in justice and fairness in terms of food distribution, but also in improving air quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this regard, the application of preparations based on medicinal plants introduces innovative methods of urban agriculture that can be considered a tool to ensure future food safety. U radu se prikazuju mogućnosti upotrebe različitih vrsta pripravaka pripremljenih od pojedinih vrsta lekovitog bilja, a koji se mogu primenjivati u ishrani i zaštiti bilja, kao i u procesu kompostiranja za potrebe gajenja bilja u urbanoj poljoprivredi. Trend značaja urbane poljoprivrede kako u pogledu bezbednosti hrane, tako i u inovativnim praksama je sve više prisutan kako u visokorazvijenim, tako i državama u razvoju. Ova vrsta poljoprivrede može igrati važnu ulogu u pravdi i pravičnosti u pogledu hrane, ali i unapređenju kvaliteta vazduha, biodiverziteta i eko-sistemskih usluga. S tim u vezi, primenom pripravaka na bazi lekovitog bilja uvode se inovativne metode urbane poljoprivrede koje se mogu smatrati alatom za osiguravanje buduće sigurnosti hrane.

We reviewed the distribution of the two Asian species of the genus Sceliphron Klug, introduced into Europe in the late 1970s to early 1980s: S. (Hensenia) curvatum (Smith) and S. (Hensenia) deforme (Smith). Both species are routinely considered as invasive in Europe, but the status and effects of their (eventual) invasiveness are yet to be documented and evaluated. We had a focus on two areas, the Balkan Peninsula and European Russia, based principally on the study of specimens collected over the last 15 years, but we also reviewed the extensive published evidence (including some very important internet-based records), and for S. curvatum we provided a concise overview of the entire European range. We confirmed that the latter recorded species, S. deforme, has been introduced into Europe at least twice, first in the central part of European Russia, and then in the SW Balkans, and we established that these introductions originated from different source populations, belonging to a geographically widely separated Asian subspecies. Based on the most recent evidence, we confirmed successful establishment of S. deforme in both areas, and documented its ongoing spreading: from central European Russia southwards/southeastwards, and most probably from the Balkans eastwards. We rectified several erroneous country records for S. deforme (France, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, “central Europe”), which have been extensively perpetuated in several important publications about the invasive species in Europe in the last three years (n.b. – for Greece, we have positively documented its presence only now). For S. curvatum, we added a new country record (Georgia/Abkhazia), and provided a few important earlier records from the Balkans (Serbia, Greece, Croatia, Bulgaria), which shift the timing of the previously published “first appearance” dates in the area (for two years for N Serbia and C Greece), or otherwise modify the knowledge of its history of spread. Since the most recent evidence suggests the rapid eastward advancing of both introduced species towards their respective westernmost/northernmost native range limits in western to central Asia, we considered it important to briefly review the state of knowledge about their possible coexistence in that area. We also provided detailed maps of their allochtonous ranges in Europe (currently exceeding the longitudinal span of 4,000 km) and westernmost part of their native ranges in Asia. Finally, we very briefly commented on some ecological aspects of their existence within the allochtonous range (parasitism, sex ratio, phenology).

Azijska pčela smolarica (Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853) je prva alohtona vrsta pčele koja je uspešno kolonizovala Evropu. U ovoj studiji analizirani su procesi njene introdukcije i obrasci ekspanzije u regionu jugoistočnе Evropе, u periodu 2015–2021. godine, sa evaluacijom karaktera njenih trofičkih interakcija i stanišnih preferencija. Studija je zasnovana na terenskom istraživanju autora, na podacima prikupljenim kroz projekat građanske nauke, kroz međunarodnu naučnu saradnju, kao i kroz sveobuhvatno kompiliranje i evaluaciju podataka iz publikacija i internet izvora. Rezultati ukazuju na postojanje dva glavna žarišta ekspanzije u istraživanom regionu: istočno-panonskog (sa širenjem prema jugu-jugozapadu) i severno- italijanskog (preko Slovenije duž jadranske obale na jugoistok Balkana). Podaci sa većih nadmorskih visina su retki, što potvrđuje značaj većih planinskih masiva kao prirodne barijere frontalnoj ekspanziji. Projekat građanske nauke i prikupljanje podataka iz različitih internet izvora pružilo je ključne informacije za rekonstrukciju rane istorije kolonizacije u regionu i višestruko povećalo geografski opseg istraženog područja. Sa druge strane, sistematska/ciljana istraživanja su omogućila uvid u detalje dinamike populacije, što je osnova za procenu eventualne invazivnosti ove pčele. Na lokalnoj skali detaljno je analiziran obrazac detektabilnosti u odnosu distribuciju raspoloživih floralnih resursa. Sofora je potvrđena kao pojedinačno najvažnija biljka hraniteljka, ključna za efikasno detektovanje i praćenje, pogotovu tokom rane faze kolonizacije. Suprotno čestom određenju azijske smolarice kao "široko polilektične" vrste, u ovoj studiji utvrđeno je da ona ima mnogo uži opseg koriščenja biljaka za ishranu larvi. Sculptured resin bee (Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853) is the first non-native bee species that successfully colonized Europe. Process of its introduction and patterns of expansion in Southeast Europe, in the period 2015–2021, were analyzed in this study, with an evaluation of its trophic interactions and habitat preferences. The study is based on the author's field research, data collected through a citizen science project, international scientific collaboration, as well as a comprehensive compilation and evaluation of data from publications and internet sources. The results indicate presence of two main centers of expansion in the study region: Eastern Pannonian (with expansion towards the south-southwest) and Northern Italian (through Slovenia along the Adriatic coast to the southeast of the Balkans). Data from higher altitudes are rare, which confirms the importance of larger mountain massifs as a natural barrier to frontal expansion. The citizen science project and data collected from various Internet sources provided key information for the reconstruction of the early history of colonization in the region and increased the geographical scope of the study area. On the other hand, systematic/targeted research provided details of population dynamics, as a basis for invasiveness assessment of this bee. Pattern of detectability in relation to the distribution of available floral resources was analyzed in detail on a local scale. Sophora has been confirmed as the single most important host plant, crucial for effective detection and monitoring, especially during the early stages of colonization. Contrary to the previous portrayal of Sculptured resin bee as a "broadly polylectic" species, this study found that it has a much narrow range of larval food plant sources.

Studija predstavlja sveobuhvatnu analizu podataka dobijenih monitoringom populacije beloglavog supa (Gyps fulvus) u periodu 1985–2018. godine, kao i procenu uticaja hranilišta, kao mere zaštite, na populaciju. Nalazi obeleženih ptica dali su uvid u kretanja ptica. Videomonitoringom je dobijen uvid u sezonsku dinamiku korišćenja hranilišta, dok je satelitsko praćenje dalo uvid u veličinu područja pretraživanja, areal aktivnosti, osnovna i centralna područja. Dobijen je i uvid u polnu strukturu populacije. Sa porastom količine hrane na hranilištu ispitani parametri su rasli, dok su reproduktivni parametri sve vreme bili visoki. Prikupljeno je 2846 nalaza ptica, kao i 423 nalaza beloglavih supova sa stranim oznakama, dok je samo kamera tokom 142 dana na hranilištu zabeležila 1066 nalaza naših i 198 nalaza supova sa stranim oznakama. Analizom podataka satelitskog praćenja utvrđene su razlike u veličini svih analiziranih parametara tokom godina i između sezona, sa većim opsezima tokom proleća i leta, bez značajne razlike između gnezdeće i negnezdeće sezone. Ukupna površina područja pretraživanja je 11654,34 km2. Beležene su kratke dnevne razdaljine, sa najvećom distancom od 122,4 km. Odnos polova mužjaka i ženki bio je 32:39. Rezultati studije ukazuju na pozitivan efekat hranilišta na brojnost populacije. Pored hranilišta, tradicionalna područja stočarstva predstavljaju važne oblasti za supove. Uvid u godišnje i sezonsku dinamiku kretanja jedinki, veličinu područja koje koriste i informacije o migratornim putevima, važni su za dalje konzervacione korake. Kamera je omogućila dobijanje preciznijih podataka. Odstupanje od očekivanog odnosa polova 1:1 nije veliko, te su rezultati u saglasnosti sa očekivanim odnosom polova. Rezultati ove studije mogu poslužiti kao osnova za unapređenje očuvanja i upravljanja vrstom, kao i za planiranje programa reintrodukcije. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of data obtained by monitoring of the population of the Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) in the 1985–2018 period, as well as an assessment of the effects of feeding sites, as a conservation measure, on the population. Findings of marked birds provided insight into the birds movements. Insight into the seasonal dynamics of the feeding site usage was obtained through video monitoring, while satellite tracking provided insight into the size of the foraging area, home range, basic, and core areas. An insight into the sex ratio structure of the population was also obtained. With the increase in the amount of food on the feeding site, the examined parameters increased, while the reproductive parameters were high during whole time. 2846 findings of birds were collected, as well as 423 findings of the Griffon vultures with foreign tags, while the camera at the feeding site, just alone recorded 1,066 findings of ours and 198 findings of vultures with foreign tags, during the period of 142 days. The analysis of satellite tracking data revealed differences in the size of all analyzed parameters during the years and between seasons, with larger ranges during spring and summer, without significant differences between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The total foraging area was 11654.34 km2. Short distances were recorded, with the longest distance of 122.4 km. The sex ratio of males and females was 32:39. The results of the study indicate a positive effect of feeding sites on the population. Gaining insight into the annual and seasonal dynamics of the birds movement, the size and ranges of the areas they use, as well as information on migratory routes, is crucial for further conservation steps. The camera enabled to get more accurate data. In addition to feeding sites, traditional livestock areas are important areas for vultures. The deviation from the expected sex ratio of 1: 1 is not big, so the results are in accordance with the expected sex ratio for the species. The results of this study can be used as a basis for improving the conservation and management of the species, as well as for planning reintroduction program

izolaciju populacija u refugijumima za vreme glacijalnih maksimuma, i nakon toga rekolonizaciju šireg dela Evropskog kontinenta za vreme povlačenja lednika. Da bi se ova paradigma testirala, analizirani su filogenetski obrasci unutar tri šumske vrste ptica (Phylloscopus collybita, Prunella modularis i Certhia familiaris) koje su rasprostranjene širom Evroazije. Obrasci geografske varijacije jednog mitohondrijalnog i jednog nuklearnog gena su analizirani kod običnog zviždka (P. collybita). Kod običnog popića (P. modularis) u istraživanjima je korišćen jedan mitohondrijalni gen i 10 nuklearnih gena, dok kod kratkokljunog puzića (C. familiaris) tri mitohondrijalna i tri nuklearna gena. Analiza mitohondrijalnog gena kod običnog zviždka je pokazala postojanje šest filogenetskih linija koje odgovaraju postojećim podvrstama. Kod običnog popića, analize mitohondrijalnog gena, kao i analize nuklearnih gena i razgraničavanja podvrsta su ukazale na postojanje tri odvojene evolutivne linije: jedna je rasprostranjena na prostoru Pirinejskog poluostrva, druga na području Kavkaza i treća na području Apeninskog, Balkanskog poluostrva i ostatka Evrope. Kratkokljuni puzić se sastoji od dve filogenetske linije koje su se razdvojile u srednjem Pleistocenu: jedna paleoendemična koja ima alopatričko rasprostranjenje ograničeno na ostrvo Korzika i region Kavkaza i drugu, mlađu i široko rasprostranjenu, koja je prisutna u većem delu Evroazije i severnog dela Kine. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju naglašavaju značaj glacijacija u oblikovanju evolucione istorije sve tri istraživane vrste ptica na prostoru Evroazije. Hewitt’s paradigm for effects of Pleistocene glaciations on European populations assumes their isolation in peninsular refugia during glacial maxima, followed by recolonization of broader Europe during interstadials. To test this paradigm, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within three forest bird species (Phylloscopus collybita, Prunella modularis and Certhia familiaris) which ranges includes parts of Eurasia. For Common Chiffchaff (P. collybita) the patterns of intraspecific geographic variation in one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene were analyzed, for Dunnock (P. modularis) one mitochondrial and 10 nuclear genes and for Eurasian Treecreeper (C. familiaris) three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. Common Chiffchaff subspecies were differentiated in their mtDNA, and formed six distinct mtDNA lineages. Regarding Dunnock, mtDNA gene tree, multilocus species tree and species delimitation analyses indicate the presence of three distinct lineages: one in the Iberian refugium, one in the Caucasus refugium, and one comprising the Italian and Balkan refugia and broader Europe. Eurasian Treecreeper comprises of two lineages that diverged during the mid-Pleistocene: one palaeoendemic lineage has an allopatric range nowadays restricted to the Corsica Island and the Caucasus region whereas the second one, more recent and widespread, is distributed over most of Eurasia and in northern China. Results obtained in this study highlight the importance of glaciations in shaping the evolutionary history of these three forest bird species in Eurasia.