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Flooding is expected to increase due to climate change, urbanisation, and land use change. To address this issue, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are often adopted as innovative and sustainable flood risk management methods. Besides the flood risk reduction benefits, NBSs offer co-benefits for the environment and society. However, these co-benefits are rarely considered in flood risk management due to the inherent complexities of incorporating them into economic assessments. This research addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive methodology that integrates the monetary analysis of co-benefits with flood risk reduction in economic assessments. In doing so, it aspires to provide a more holistic view of the impact of NBS in flood risk management. The assessment employs a framework based on life-cycle cost-benefit analysis, offering a systematic and transparent assessment of both costs and benefits over time supported by key indicators like net present value and benefit cost ratio. The methodology has been applied to the Tamnava basin in Serbia, where significant flooding occurred in 2014 and 2020. The methodology offers valuable insights for practitioners, researchers, and planners seeking to assess the co-benefits of NBS and integrate them into economic assessments. The results show that when considering flood risk reduction alone, all considered measures have higher costs than the benefits derived from avoiding flood damage. However, when incorporating co-benefits, several NBS have a net positive economic impact, including afforestation/reforestation and retention ponds with cost-benefit ratios of 3.5 and 5.6 respectively. This suggests that incorporating co-benefits into economic assessments can significantly increase the overall economic efficiency and viability of NBS., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

The escalating impacts of climate change trigger the necessity to deal with hydro-meteorological hazards. Nature-based solutions (NBSs) seem to be a suitable response, integrating the hydrology, geomorphology, hydraulic, and ecological dynamics. While there are some methods and tools for suitability mapping of small-scale NBSs, literature concerning the spatial allocation of large-scale NBSs is still lacking. The present work aims to develop new toolboxes and enhance an existing methodology by developing spatial analysis tools within a geographic information system (GIS) environment to allocate large-scale NBSs based on a multi-criteria algorithm. The methodologies combine machine learning spatial data processing techniques and hydrodynamic modelling for allocation of large-scale NBSs. The case studies concern selected areas in the Netherlands, Serbia, and Bolivia, focusing on three large-scale NBS: rainwater harvesting, wetland restoration, and natural riverbank stabilisation. Information available from the EC H2020 RECONECT project as well as other available data for the specific study areas was used. The research highlights the significance of incorporating machine learning, GIS, and remote sensing techniques for the suitable allocation of large-scale NBSs. The findings may offer new insights for decision-makers and other stakeholders involved in future sustainable environmental planning and climate change adaptation.

U ovom radu se razmatra primena prirodom inspirisanih rešenja na slivu reke Likodre uzvodno od Krupnja radi ublažavanja ugroženosti od bujičnih poplava i erozije na slivu. Razmatrane mere uključuju čeone retenzije, buji-čne pregrade, konzervaciju zemljišta, pošumljavanje sliva i melioraciju postojećih šuma. Uticaj navedenih mera je ispitan kroz hidrološki model sliva formiran pomoću programa HEC-HMS. Poređenje rezultata dobijenih sa merama i bez njih pokazalo je da svaka od mera ima pozitivne efekte na smanjenje ugroženosti od poplava i erozije na slivu, pri čemu su najefikasnije čeone retenzije i melioracija šuma.

One of the paths to CO2 emissions reduction in the concrete industry is to use low-clinker cements, providing at the same time the performance of concrete that is adequate for application in concrete structures. This paper explores the impact of the clinker replacement with high amounts of limestone powder (21–70% in the powder phase) on concrete carbonation resistance. To quantify this impact, the empirical relationship between the carbonation resistance and the compressive strength of the high-volume limestone powder concrete (HVLPC) was established. For that pur-pose, the regression analysis was applied on the experimental results collected from the published research. The service life analysis based on the full probabilistic approach was performed using the fib Model Code 2010 prediction model and proposed empirical relationship. The first-order relia-bility method (FORM) was applied to solve the limit state function of reinforcement depassivation with a reliability index equal to 1.3. The obtained minimum concrete cover depths were 40–110% higher compared to those prescribed in the current European standard EN 1992-1-1:2004 for in-dicative strength classes. Based on the full probabilistic analysis, recommended cover depths are given for all carbonation exposure classes, commonly applied concrete strength classes, and service lives of 50 and 100 years.

Ideja ovoga rada je da prikaže osnovne rezultate sprovedene sveobuhvatne analize malih voda Save i Drine u zoni ušća Drine. U radu se prikazuju kvantitativne karakteristike malih voda koje se najčešće koriste kao podloga pri projektovanju većine vodoprivrednih i hidrotehničkih objekata. Posebno je detaljno analizirana dužina malovodnih perioda ispod repernih protoka - protoka određenih za izabrana trajanja sa krivih trajanja srednjih dnevnih protoka. Primenjen je novi pristup koji, pored klasične probabilističke analize minimalnih godišnjih i minimalnih srednjih mesečnih protoka, obuhvata i analizu dužina neprekidnih malovodnih perioda sa protocima manjim od protoka karakterističih trajanja, njihovu unutargodišnju raspodelu i zastupljenost. Bazni podaci koji su korišćeni za proračun malih voda su zvanični podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Hrvatske iz Zagreba (DHMZ) i Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda Srbije iz Beograda (RHMZ) na hidrološkim stanicama (HS) Županja i Sremska Mitrovica na reci Savi i Radalj na reci Drini.

Changes in the hydrological regime are widely investigated using a variety of approaches. In this study, we assess changes in annual and seasonal flow characteristics based on a probabilistic representation of the seasonal runoff regime at the daily time scale. The probabilistic seasonal runoff pattern is constructed by determining quantiles from marginal distributions of daily flows for each day within the year. By applying Fourier transformation on the statistics of the daily flow partial series, we obtain smooth periodical functions of distribution parameters over the year and consequently of the quantiles. The main findings are based on the comparison of the dry, average, and wet hydrologic condition zones as defined by the daily flow quantiles of selected probabilities. This analysis was conducted for ten catchments in Serbia by considering changes between two 30-year nonoverlapping periods, 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. It was found that the relative change in runoff volume is the most pronounced in the extreme dry condition zone in the winter season (−33% to 34%). The annual time shift is the largest in the dry and average condition zones, ranging from −11 to 12 days. The applied methodology is not only applicable to the detection of hydrologic change, but could also be used in operational hydrology and extreme flow studies via drought indices such as the Standardized Streamflow Index.

U ovom radu je shematski i fragmentarno prikazan niz najvažnijih analiza i faza kod projektovanja sistema za kanalisanje kišnih voda u gradskim uslovima, na osnovu više od 40 godina iskustva članova Instituta za hidrotehniku i vodno ekološko inženjerstvo Građevinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu: istraživačkog – laboratorijskog, terenskog i studijskog, te niza projekata i izvođačkog iskustva, što je započelo projektom za Zrenjanin 1979-80. godine. Početni korak je analiza jakih kiša različitih trajanja, kao osnovnim podlogama iako se podaci o merodavnim kišama najčešće „prenose“ sa bliskih lokacija, daje se pregled potrebnih podloga za analizu i modeliranje oticaja kišnih voda, potom prikazuju vrste merenja u kanalizacionim sistemima, diskutuju i drugi aspekti u skladu sa konceptom i zadatim stepenom zaštite od kišnih voda – prihvatljivim rizikom od poplava – na bazi projektnog zadatka za formiranje tehničkog rešenja. Bitno je da projektom treba osigurati i bezbedno odvijanje pešačkog i motornog saobraćaja na ulicama, na prelazima i kolovozima, kao i zaštitu okoline od zagađenja kišnim oticajem koji, šta više, može da se koristi. Opisani su aspekti i efekti kanalisanja i ispuštanja kišnih voda, koje su do 70-ih godina smatrane „čistim“, na životnu sredinu, prvenstveno na recipijente - vodotoke, dok se poslednjih 20-ak godina koriste kao izvori voda za razne namene., The paper presents schematic and fragmentary approach to rain water in urban conditions, according to the basic stages od design project procedure that is based on more than 40 years of experience of members of the Institute of Hydraulic and Water Ecological Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Belgrade, including research, laboratory and field works, preliminary and main designs and execution works experience. As first and important step is analysis of short duration high intensity rainfall usually based on near by gauge data through required analysis of background information for modelling of rainfall runoff, together with measurements in drainage systems, based on Terms of references, that includes concept and protection level from rain water – acceptable risk of flood, and finaly development of technical solution. The solution also needs to ensure safe pedestrian and motor traffic on streets, at crossings and on pavements. Before the 70-ies the effects of collecting and discharge of rainfall runoff was considered not poluted on the environment, primarily on the recipients – watercourses, what was found being wrong. Yet, during last two decades after treatment rainfall runoff being used as water sources.

Sveobuhvatna analiza malih voda, koje se prikazuju u ovom radu, preuzete su iz nove monografije „Prosečni proticaji i male vode na srednjim i malim slivovima Srbije”, čija je izrada u toku, a koju zajednički realizuju Institut za vodoprivredu „Jaroslav Černi“ i Republički hidrometeorološki zavod Srbije uz učešće Građevinskog fakulteta iz Beograda i Građevinsko-arhitektonskog fakulteta iz Niša. Bazni podaci koji su korišćeni su zvanični podaci Republičkog hidrometeorološkog zavoda sa 82 profila hidroloških stanica na srednjim i malim slivovima na teritoriji Srbije, južno od Save i Dunava. Pri tome su korišćene sve raspoložive vremenske serije srednjednevnih i minimalnih godišnjih protoka. Periodi obrade su bili od početka rada određene hidrološke stanice do zaključno sa 2018. godinom.

Adverse effects of climate change are increasing around the world and the floods are posing significant challenges for water managers. With climate projections showing increased risks of storms and extreme precipitation, the use of traditional measures alone is no longer an option. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) offer a suitable alternative to reduce the risk of flooding and provide multiple benefits. However, planning such interventions requires careful consideration of various factors and local contexts. The present paper provides contribution in this direction and it proposes a methodology for allocation of large-scale NBS using suitability mapping. The methodology was implemented within the toolboxes of ESRI ArcMap software in order to map suitability for four types of NBS interventions: floodplain restoration, detention basins, retention ponds, and river widening. The toolboxes developed were applied to the case study area in Serbia, i.e., the Tamnava River basin. Flood maps were used to determine the volume of floodwater that needs to be stored for reducing flood risk in the basin and subsequent downstream areas. The suitability maps produced indicate the potential of the new methodology and its application as a decision-support tool for selection and allocation of large-scale NBS., Water Resources

Од хидролошких модела се очекује да што реалније репродукују хидролошке процесе на сливу те да су довољно робусни за употребу у различитим климатским подручјима. Робусан хидролошки модел би требао бити трансферабилан на различите климатске услове и имати добру ефикасност, без обзира на одабрани калибрациони и валидациони период. У овој докторској дисертацији анализирају се мјесечни билансни хидролошки модели (МБХМ) и њихова примјена у условима промјенљиве климе. Ови модели имају широку практичну примјену, али су ријетко анализирани у овом контексту. Досадашња истраживања показују да тренутне генерације хидролошких модела не могу ефикасно симулирати отицаје у периодима са различитим хидроклиматским карактеристикама. Ту је најчешће проблем симулација модела у сушном периоду ако је модел калибрисан у водном, и обрнуто. У потрази за робусним моделима, исте је неопходно истражити у овом контексту. У том циљу дефинисана је методологија за ригорозно тестирање МБХМ‐а у условима промјенљиве климе. Предложеним евалуационим оквиром тестира се сљедеће: (1) конзистентност ефикасности модела преко уобичајених статистичких показатеља и показатеља формираних преко грешака у репродуковању хидролошких потписа, (2) конзистентност оцјене параметара у калибрационим периодима као и (3) симулираних компоненти водног биланса. Разматрана су два приступа моделирању, у погледу избора периода за калибрацију и валидацију модела, који се сматрају адекватним за примјену модела у климатски промјенљивим условима. У оба приступа, шест МБХМ‐а (abcd, Budyko, GR2M, WASMOD, WatBal и Xinanjiang) различитих структура су калибрисани једнокритеријумском оптимизацијом, на три слива различитих карактеристика. Ови приступи моделирању су комбиновани са избором броја и врсте циљних функција да би се добиле различите калибрационе стратегије а у циљу добијања одговора како одређена калибрациона стратегија утиче на ефикасност модела. Испитивање утицаја калибрације са једном или више циљних функција извршено је на п, Hydrological models are expected to reproduce catchment processes realistically and to be robust so that they can be applied to different conditions. A robust model is supposed to be transferable across different climatic conditions and it should perform well regardless of the selection of calibration and validation periods. In this doctoral dissertation, monthly water balance models (MWBM) and their application to changing climate conditions are anlaysed. These models are commonly used in practice but rarely analysed with this respect. Up to date research show that present generations of hydrological models are not able to efficiently simulate runoff in periods with contrasted climate conditions. Problem is usually with model simulations in dry periods if calibrated in wet ones, and vice versa. In order to identify robust hydrological models, they need to be tested with this respect. To that end, robust methodology for MWBM evaluation in changing climate conditions is defined. In this evaluation framework, (1) consistency in model efiiciency quantified with the common statistical indicators as well as indicators formed as errors of simulated hydrological signatures compared with the observed ones, (2) consistency in model parameter estimates in calibration periods and (3) consistency of simulated water balance components are tested. Two modelling approaches are considered, with regard to the calibration and validation period selection, which are deemed to be adequate for application in changing climate conditions. In both approaches, six MWBMs of various structures (abcd, Budyko, GR2M, WASMOD, WatBal and Xinanjiang) are calibrated in single‐criteria optimization on three catchments with different hydroclimatic characteristics and evaluated within the evaluation framework. These approaches are combined with the choice of number and type of objective functions in order to obtain different calibration strategies that will help to answer the research question how a par

Hydro-meteorological risks are a growing issue for societies, economies and environments around the world. An effective, sustainable response to such risks and their future uncertainty requires a paradigm shift in our research and practical efforts. In this respect, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) offer the potential to achieve a more effective and flexible response to hydro-meteorological risks while also enhancing human well-being and biodiversity. The present paper describes a new methodology that incorporates stakeholders’ preferences into a multi-criteria analysis framework, as part of a tool for selecting risk mitigation measures. The methodology has been applied to Tamnava river basin in Serbia and Nangang river basin in Taiwan within the EC-funded RECONECT project. The results highlight the importance of involving stakeholders in the early stages of projects in order to achieve successful implementation of NBSs. The methodology can assist decision-makers in formulating desirable benefits and co-benefits and can enable a systematic and transparent NBSs planning process.

One of the indicators of water potential and water resources is specific runoff. Specific runoff for the whole territory of Serbia was obtained using the exponential relation between depth of runoff Y (mm) and precipitation P (mm). This relation is obtained on the basis of the mean annual amount of precipitation and annual water discharge, namely the depth of the runoff for 69 basins for the period 1961–2010. Coefficient of determination (R²) of relation between the depth of runoff and precipitation is 0.72. The differences between measured and modeled values of specific runoff vary from basin to basin, but at the level of the whole Serbia it is 3.5%. More precisely, the measured specific runoff amounts 5.6 l/s/km2, and the modeled specific runoff is 5.7 l/s/km2. The verification was done by applying the model to 11 large river basins in Serbia. Spatial distribution of the modeled specific runoff is presented by a digital map of specific runoff with pixel resolution 100 × 100 m which enables the estimation of mean annual water discharge in any ungauged basin in Serbia.

Hydro-meteorological risks are a growing issue for societies, economies and environments around the world. An effective, sustainable response to such risks and their future uncertainty requires a paradigm shift in our research and practical efforts. In this respect, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) offer the potential to achieve a more effective and flexible response to hydro-meteorological risks while also enhancing human well-being and biodiversity. The present paper describes a new methodology that incorporates stakeholders’ preferences into a multi-criteria analysis framework, as part of a tool for selecting risk mitigation measures. The methodology has been applied to Tamnava river basin in Serbia and Nangang river basin in Taiwan within the EC-funded RECONECT project. The results highlight the importance of involving stakeholders in the early stages of projects in order to achieve successful implementation of NBSs. The methodology can assist decision-makers in formulating desirable benefits and co-benefits and can enable a systematic and transparent NBSs planning process., Water Resources, Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering

Image velocimetry has proven to be a promising technique for monitoring river flows using remotely operated platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). However, the application of various image velocimetry algorithms has not been extensively assessed. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted on five different image velocimetry algorithms including Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV), Large-Scale Particle Tracking Velocimetry (LSPTV), Kanade–Lucas Tomasi Image Velocimetry (KLT-IV or KLT), Optical Tracking Velocimetry (OTV) and Surface Structure Image Velocimetry (SSIV), during low river flow conditions (average surface velocities of 0.12–0.14 m s−1, Q60) on the River Kolubara, Central Serbia. A DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAS was used to collect two 30-second videos of the surface flow. Artificial seeding material was distributed homogeneously across the rivers surface, to enhance the conditions for image velocimetry techniques. The sensitivity analysis was performed on comparable parameters between the different algorithms, including the particle identification area parameters (such as Interrogation Area (LSPIV, LSPTV and SSIV), Block Size (KLT-IV) and Trajectory Length (OTV)) and the feature extraction rate. Results highlighted that KLT and SSIV were sensitive to changing the feature extraction rate; however, changing the particle identification area did not affect the surface velocity results significantly. OTV and LSPTV, on the other hand, highlighted that changing the particle identification area presented higher variability in the results, while changing the feature extraction rate did not affect the surface velocity outputs. LSPIV proved to be sensitive to changing both the feature extraction rate and the particle identification area. This analysis has led to the conclusions that for surface velocities of approximately 0.12 m s−1 image velocimetry techniques can provide results comparable to traditional techniques such as ADCPs. However, LSPI

Floods cause considerable damages worldwide and mitigation of their adverse effects through effective protection measures is needed. Along with the commonly applied “grey” infrastructure, “green” measures that can offer additional benefits, such as ecosystem services, are increasingly being considered lately. While the recent research tendencies are focused on the effectiveness and the value of green measures in urban areas, this paper presents a comprehensive financial evaluation of green and grey flood mitigation scenarios for a smaller rural watershed. A micro-scale damage model that builds on the hydrodynamic modeling of hazard, detailed asset identification, and damage assessment is presented and applied for evaluation of benefits from various flood mitigation measures in the Tamnava watershed in Serbia. Four scenarios are considered: (1) existing flood protection system; (2) green scenario involving new detention basins; (3) grey infrastructure enhancement by rising of the existing levees and diverting flood discharges; and (4) green-grey scenario that combines scenarios (2) and (3). The benefits (loss reduction) are the greatest with the green scenario and marginally higher with the combined green-grey scenario. The results suggest that for small rural watersheds, a holistic, integrative approach that includes both types of infrastructure can provide the most effective flood risk mitigation.

Monthly water balance models (MWBMs) are often used for making flow projections under climate change. As such, these models should provide accurate flow simulations; however, they are seldom evaluated in this regard. This paper presents a comprehensive framework intended for the evaluation of the applicability of MWBMs under changing climatic conditions. The framework consists of analyses of consistency in model performance, parameter estimates and simulated water balance components, and a subjective assessment of model transferability. Four MWBMs – abcd, Budyko, GR2M and WASMOD – are used to simulate runoff in the Wimmera catchment affected by the Millennium drought. Although abcd and Budyko slightly outperformed GR2M and WASMOD, none of the models performed well in transfer to the driest period. The greatest variability is detected in simulated groundwater storage and baseflow; thus, these model components should be improved and/or enhanced calibration strategies should be employed to advance the transferability of MWBMs under changing climate.

Monthly water balance models (MWBMs) are often used for making flow projections under climate change. As such, these models should provide accurate flow simulations; however, they are seldom evaluated in this regard. This paper presents a comprehensive framework intended for the evaluation of the applicability of MWBMs under changing climatic conditions. The framework consists of analyses of consistency in model performance, parameter estimates and simulated water balance components, and a subjective assessment of model transferability. Four MWBMs – abcd, Budyko, GR2M and WASMOD – are used to simulate runoff in the Wimmera catchment affected by the Millennium drought. Although abcd and Budyko slightly outperformed GR2M and WASMOD, none of the models performed well in transfer to the driest period. The greatest variability is detected in simulated groundwater storage and baseflow; thus, these model components should be improved and/or enhanced calibration strategies should be employed to advance the transferability of MWBMs under changing climate., M22; in press