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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) that affects approximately 4% of males and 1% of females in the United States. While causes of ASD are multi-factorial, single rare genetic variants contribute to around 20% of cases. Here, we report a case series of seven unrelated probands (6 males, 1 female) with ASD or another variable NDD phenotype attributed to de novo heterozygous loss of function or missense variants in the gene LARP1 (La ribonucleoprotein 1). LARP1 encodes an RNA-binding protein that post-transcriptionally regulates the stability and translation of thousands of mRNAs, including those regulating cellular metabolism and metabolic plasticity. Using lymphocytes collected and immortalized from an index proband who carries a truncating variant in one allele of LARP1, we demonstrated that lower cellular levels of LARP1 protein cause reduced rates of aerobic respiration and glycolysis. As expression of LARP1 increases during neurodevelopment, with higher levels in neurons and astrocytes, we propose that LARP1 haploinsufficiency contributes to ASD or related NDDs through attenuated metabolic activity in the developing fetal brain.

Organisms gain by anticipating future changes in the environment. Those environmental changes often follow stochastic trends. The steeper the slope of the trend, the more likely the trends momentum carries the future trend in the same direction. This article presents a simple biological circuit that measures the momentum, providing a prediction about future trend. The circuit calculates the momentum by the difference between a short-term and a long-term exponential moving average. The time lengths of the two moving averages can be adjusted by changing the decay rates of state variables. Different time lengths for those averages trade off between errors caused by noise and errors caused by lags in predicting a change in the direction of the trend. Prior studies have emphasized circuits that make similar calculations about trends. However, those prior studies embedded their analyses in the details of particular applications, obscuring the simple generality and wide applicability of the approach. The model here contributes to the topic by clarifying the great simplicity and generality of anticipation for stochastic trends. This article also notes that, in financial analysis, the difference between moving averages is widely used to predict future trends in asset prices. The financial measure is called the moving average convergence-divergence indicator. Connecting the biological problem to financial analysis opens the way for future studies in biology to exploit the variety of highly developed trend models in finance.

Tissue regeneration after damage is generally thought to involve the mobilization of adult stem cells that divide and differentiate into progressively specialized progeny. However, recent studies indicate that tissue regeneration can be accompanied by reversion to a fetal-like state. During this process, cells at the injury site reactivate programs that operate during fetal development but are typically absent in adult homeostasis. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular signals and epigenetic mediators that orchestrate "fetal-like reversion" during intestinal regeneration. We also explore evidence for this phenomenon in other organs and species and highlight open questions that merit future examination.

We present an overview of the Conference on Transformative Opportunities for Modeling in Neurorehabilitation held in March 2023. It was supported by the Disability and Rehabilitation Engineering (DARE) program from the National Science Foundations Engineering Biology and Health Cluster. The conference brought together experts and trainees from around the world to discuss critical questions, challenges, and opportunities at the intersection of computational modeling and neurorehabilitation to understand, optimize, and improve clinical translation of neurorehabilitation. We organized the conference around four key, relevant, and promising Focus Areas for modeling: Adaptation & Plasticity, Personalization, Human-Device Interactions, and Modeling In-the-Wild. We identified four common threads across the Focus Areas that, if addressed, can catalyze progress in the short, medium, and long terms. These were: (i) the need to capture and curate appropriate and useful data necessary to develop, validate, and deploy useful computational models (ii) the need to create multi-scale models that span the personalization spectrum from individuals to populations, and from cellular to behavioral levels (iii) the need for algorithms that extract as much information from available data, while requiring as little data as possible from each client (iv) the insistence on leveraging readily available sensors and data systems to push model-driven treatments from the lab, and into the clinic, home, workplace, and community. The conference archive can be found at (dare2023.usc.edu). These topics are also extended by three perspective papers prepared by trainees and junior faculty, clinician researchers, and federal funding agency representatives who attended the conference.

Scientific theories on the functioning and dysfunction of the human brain require an understanding of its development-before and after birth and through maturation to adulthood-and its evolution. Here we bring together several accounts of human brain evolution by focusing on the central role of oxygen and brain metabolism. We argue that evolutionary expansion of human transmodal association cortices exceeded the capacity of oxygen delivery by the vascular system, which led these brain tissues to rely on nonoxidative glycolysis for additional energy supply. We draw a link between the resulting lower oxygen tension and its effect on cytoarchitecture, which we posit as a key driver of genetic developmental programs for the human brain-favoring lower intracortical myelination and the presence of biosynthetic materials for synapse turnover. Across biological and temporal scales, this protracted capacity for neural plasticity sets the conditions for cognitive flexibility and ongoing learning, supporting complex group dynamics and intergenerational learning that in turn enabled improved nutrition to fuel the metabolic costs of further cortical expansion. Our proposed model delineates explicit mechanistic links among metabolism, molecular and cellular brain heterogeneity, and behavior, which may lead toward a clearer understanding of brain development and its disorders.

Experience-dependent gene expression reshapes neural circuits, permitting the learning of knowledge and skills. Most learning involves repetitive experiences during which neurons undergo multiple stages of functional and structural plasticity. Currently, the diversity of transcriptional responses underlying dynamic plasticity during repetition-based learning is poorly understood. To close this gap, we analyzed single-nucleus transcriptomes of L2/3 glutamatergic neurons of the primary motor cortex after 3 d motor skill training or home cage control in water-restricted male mice. Train and control neurons could be discriminated with high accuracy based on expression patterns of many genes, indicating that recent experience leaves a widespread transcriptional signature across L2/3 neurons. These discriminating genes exhibited divergent modes of coregulation, differentiating neurons into discrete clusters of transcriptional states. Several states showed gene expressions associated with activity-dependent plasticity. Some of these states were also prominent in the previously published reference, suggesting that they represent both spontaneous and task-related plasticity events. Markedly, however, two states were unique to our dataset. The first state, further enriched by motor training, showed gene expression suggestive of late-stage plasticity with repeated activation, which is suitable for expected emergent neuronal ensembles that stably retain motor learning. The second state, equally found in both train and control mice, showed elevated levels of metabolic pathways and norepinephrine sensitivity, suggesting a response to common experiences specific to our experimental conditions, such as water restriction or circadian rhythm. Together, we uncovered divergent transcriptional responses across L2/3 neurons, each potentially linked with distinct features of repetition-based motor learning such as plasticity, memory, and motivation.

Maturation of the forebrain involves transitions from higher to lower levels of synaptic plasticity. The timecourse of these changes likely differs between regions, with the stabilization of some networks scaffolding the development of others. To gain better insight into neuroplasticity changes associated with maturation to adulthood, we examined the distribution of two molecular markers for developmental plasticity. We conducted the examination on male and female degus (Octodon degus), a rodent species with a relatively long developmental timecourse that offers a promising model for studying both development and age-related neuropathology. Immunofluorescent staining was used to measure perineuronal nets (PNNs), an extracellular matrix structure that emerges during the closure of critical plasticity periods, as well as microglia, resident immune cells that play a crucial role in synapse remodeling during development. PNNs (putatively restricting plasticity) were found to be higher in non-juvenile (>3 month) degus, while levels of microglia (putatively mediating plasticity) decreased across ages more gradually, and with varying timecourses between regions. Degus also showed notable variation in PNN levels between cortical layers and hippocampal subdivisions that have not been previously reported in other species. These results offer a glimpse into neuroplasticity changes occurring during degu maturation and highlight adolescence as a unique phase of neuroplasticity, in which PNNs have been established but microglia remain relatively high.

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of a 6‐week intervention within a training environment that uses special lighting conditions targeted to slow down the visual processing speed of visual and visuomotor performance in professional soccer players. Twenty‐four soccer players (age = 21.8 ± 4.8 years, 50% women) from the under 18 and under 23 men's teams, and 1st Women's team of the Sunderland Association Football Club participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups, with the intervention group performing 2‐weekly 30‐min sessions of specific soccer tasks with specific lighting conditions using the Okkulo system (Okkulo™, okkulo.com), whereas the control group performed the same training under normal lighting conditions. The intervention group showed significant improvements in dynamic visual acuity (p < 0.001), recognition time (p = 0.002), sensory reaction time (p < 0.001), motor reaction time (p = 0.002) and peripheral identification accuracy (p < 0.001), whereas no significant effects were obtained for stereopsis (p = 0.05), peripheral identification speed (p = 0.17) and anticipation (p = 0.22). In conclusion, a 6‐week training intervention using the Okkulo system improved several visual and visuomotor skills in professional soccer players. Future studies will assess the transfer effects of using this technology to on‐field performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT When a species invades a novel environment, it must bridge the environment–phenotype mismatch in its new range to persist. Contemporary invasion biology research has focused on the role that trait variation and adaptation, and their underlying genomic factors, play in a species' adaptive potential, and thus facilitating invasion. Empirical studies have provided valuable insights into phenotypes that persist and arise in novel environments, coupled with ‘omics tools that further the understanding of the contributions of genomic architecture in species establishment. Particularly, the use of transcriptomics to explore the role of plasticity in the initial stages of an invasion is growing. Here, we assess the role of various mechanisms relating to regulation and functional adaptation (often measured via the transcriptome) that support trait‐specific plasticity in invasive species, allowing phenotypic variability without directly altering genomic diversity. First, we present a comprehensive review of the studies utilising transcriptomics in invasion biology. Second, we collate the evidence for and against the role of a range of regulatory processes in contributing to invasive species plasticity. Finally, we pose open questions in invasion biology where the use of transcriptome data may be valuable, as well as discuss the methodological limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contraction or expansion of a cylindrical cavity in an elastoplastic medium is usually analyzed from a continuum based approach with a plasticity constitutive model. However, localized deformations, which are rooted in the post‐failure softening response of geomaterials, are observed in the form of spiral‐shaped fractures in laboratory tests. An alternative approach based on dislocation theory is introduced in this paper for modeling cavity contraction or expansion. In this model, several equally spaced spiral‐shaped shear fractures initiate and propagate away from the cavity within the linearly elastic medium. The Mohr‐Coulomb criterion and a dilatancy rule are imposed on the shear fractures to constrain the stresses and the displacement jumps. The direction of fracture propagation is determined by minimizing plastic dissipation. The displacement discontinuity method is used to discretize the shear and normal displacement jumps along the fracture and solve the problem numerically. The calculated crack path follows a logarithmic‐like spiral, similar to the slip lines predicted by plasticity theory. The relationship between the pressure and radial displacement at the cavity boundary converge towards the classical elastoplastic solution as the number of fracture branches increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The TrkB receptor is known for its role in regulating excitatory neuronal plasticity. However, accumulating evidence over the past decade has highlighted the involvement of TrkB in regulating inhibitory synapse stability and plasticity, particularly through regulation of the inhibitory scaffold protein gephyrin, although with contradicting results. Methods: In this study, we extended on these findings by overexpressing rat TrkB mutants deficient in either Shc-or PLCγ-dependent signaling, as well as a kinase-dead mutant, to dissect the contributions of specific TrkB-dependent signaling pathways to gephyrin clustering. Results: Our results demonstrate that TrkB signaling is required for gephyrin clustering on the perisomatic area of granule cells in the dentate gyrus in vivo. To further investigate, we expressed TrkB wild-type and mutants in hippocampal neurons in vitro. Discussion: Under basal conditions, TrkB-Shc signaling was important for the reduction of gephyrin cluster size, while TrkB-PLCγ signaling accounts for gephyrin clustering specifically at synaptic sites. Concomitant, impaired PLCγ signaling was associated with disinhibition of transduced neurons. Moreover, chemically induced inhibitory long-term potentiation (chem iLTP) depended on TrkB signaling and the activation of both Shc and PLCγ pathways. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a complex, pathway-specific regulation of TrkB-dependent gephyrin clustering, both under basal conditions and during chem iLTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanisms that promote coexistence between functionally analogous non-native and native species that share similar prey is important for predicting the ecological consequences of their competitive interactions. Theory predicts that species coexistence is facilitated by stabilizing mechanisms that enhance inter-specific trophic niche partitioning, and/ or the equalizing mechanisms that reduce differences in the average fitness. Inter-specific niche partitioning, influenced by the ecological opportunity in prey resources, also affects intra-specific niche partitioning and individual niche expansion. These theories were tested using the non-native mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala and its congener native mud carp C. molitorella that coexist across the Pearl River basin, Southern China, with their trophic interactions analysed using DNA metabarcoding on fish gut contents sampled across the basin in both the dry and wet seasons of 2019 and 2021. The results revealed that the inter-specific trophic niche overlap was lower than their intra-specific trophic niche overlap, suggesting their coexistence was supported by stabilizing mechanisms. The ecological opportunity in prey resources was driving inter-specific niche partitioning and this partitioning then positively influenced intra-specific niche partitioning and individual niche expansion, especially in mrigal carp that had larger body sizes and occupied higher trophic positions at constricted individual niches. Fish body size also affected inter-specific niche partitioning and the relationship between inter- and intra-specific niche partitioning, with positive effects on both in mrigal carp but negative effects on both in mud carp. The results thus provide a mechanistic explanation on how closely related non-native and native species coexist and highlight the importance of dietary plasticity in facilitating the invasion of non-native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporally variable climates are expected to drive the evolution of thermal physiological traits that enable performance across a wider range of temperatures (i.e. climate variability hypothesis, CVH). Spatial thermal variability, however, may mediate this relationship by providing ectotherms with the opportunity to behaviourally select preferred temperatures (i.e. the Bogert effect). These antagonistic forces on thermal physiological traits may explain the mixed support for the CVH within species despite strong support among species at larger geographical scales. Here, we test the CVH as it relates to plasticity in physiological upper thermal limits (critical thermal maximum—CTmax) among populations of coastal tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei). We targeted populations that inhabit spatially homogeneous environments, reducing the potentially confounding effects of behavioural thermoregulation. We found that populations experiencing greater temporal thermal variability exhibited greater plasticity in CTmax, supporting the CVH. Interestingly, we identified only one site with spatial temperature variability and tadpoles from this site demonstrated greater plasticity than expected, suggesting the opportunity for behavioural thermoregulation can reduce support for the CVH. Overall, our results demonstrate one role of climate variability in shaping thermal plasticity among populations and provide a baseline understanding of the impact of the CVH in spatially homogeneous thermal landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Significance Anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) is an effective treatment for drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), although language deficits may occur after both left and right ATLR. Functional reorganization of the language network has been observed in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres within 12 months after ATLR, but little is known of longer‐term plasticity effects. Our aim was to examine the plasticity of language functions up to a decade after ATLR, in relation to cognitive profiles.We examined 24 TLE patients (12 left [LTLE]) and 10 controls across four time points: pre‐surgery, 4 months, 12 months, and ~9 years post‐ATLR. Participants underwent standard neuropsychological assessments (naming, phonemic, and categorical fluency tests) and a verbal fluency functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task. Using a flexible factorial design, we analyzed longitudinal fMRI activations from 12 months to ~9 years post‐ATLR, relative to controls, with separate analyses for people with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Change in cognitive profiles was correlated with the long‐term change in fMRI activations to determine the “efficiency” of reorganized networks.LTLE patients had increased long‐term engagement of the left extra‐temporal and contralateral temporal regions, with better language performance linked to bilateral activation. Those with HS exhibited more widespread bilateral activations. RTLE patients showed plasticity in the left extra‐temporal regions, with better language outcomes associated with these areas. Both groups of patients achieved cognitive stability over 9 years, with more than 50% of LTLE patients improving. Older age, longer epilepsy duration, and lower pre‐operative cognitive reserve negatively affected long‐term language performance.Neuroplasticity continues for up to ~9 years post‐epilepsy surgery in LTLE and RTLE, with effective language recovery linked to bilateral engagement of temporal and extra‐temporal regions. This adaptive reorganization is associated with improved cognitive outcomes, challenging the traditional view of localized surgery effects. These findings emphasize the need for early intervention, tailored pre‐operative counseling, and the potential for continued cognitive gains with extended post‐ATLR rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective for 50-60% of those treatment-resistant depression, it is critical to identify predictors of response for optimal patient selection to improve therapy. Insomnia is a known symptom of depression that is both correlated with depression severity and associated with poor antidepressant response. Therefore, understanding this relationship may open new opportunities for the optimization of rTMS treatment. We aimed to explore whether baseline sleep quality, specifically insomnia, is associated with rTMS outcomes in a naturalistic sample of 975 patients (age 18-90; 63.9% F) receiving a standard course of rTMS treatment from two outpatient TMS clinics located within psychiatric hospitals in the United States. One site additionally collected information on concurrent medication use on 350 patients; among these, we examined whether pharmacological treatment of insomnia affected TMS treatment response. Methods: Depression was measured using the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomology Self Report (IDS-SR) in site one and an abbreviated 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomology (QIDS) derived from the IDS-SR in site two. Sleep disturbances were measured using three insomnia-related questions. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine whether baseline insomnia scores were associated with TMS treatment outcome. Upon dichotomous categorization of the sample by insomnia and sleep-medication use, depression and sleep scores were analyzed across time using mixed repeated measures ANOVA. Results: We found that sleep quality improves after TMS (p<.001) and correlates with improvement in non-insomnia related depression symptoms (r=.318, p<.001). We found that among those who had significant insomnia at baseline, those not using sleep medications had significantly worse post-treatment IDS-SR scores compared to those using sleep medications (p=. 021) despite no difference in final insomnia score. Discussion: Together, our results suggest that while baseline insomnia is not associated with TMS effectiveness, treating insomnia may affect the trajectory of TMS therapy. Future prospective studies are needed to examine the effect of insomnia treatment alongside TMS for depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caloric content and macronutrient ratio of diet consumed is a major source of phenotypic variation in most animal populations. While these nutritional effects have been well-documented for a variety of life-history and morphological traits, the effects of nutrition on male genitals are poorly understood but genitals are thought to be more canalised than general morphology and hence less susceptible to variation in nutrition. Even less is known about the effects of nutrition on female genital form, which to our knowledge, have never been investigated. Here we tested for effects of juvenile dietary macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) on larval survival, adult morphology, including genital size and shape in male and female flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). We found there was nutritionally induced plasticity in larval survival and morphology, although the latter effect was variable, with body size being most responsive to dietary macronutrients and genital size and shape being least responsive. Functionally equivalent morphological traits in the sexes responded similarly to nutrition. Previously, we showed that the genitalia of male and female T. castaneum are subject to strong stabilising sexual selection, and our current findings suggest that developmental mechanisms reduce the nutritional sensitivity of male and female genitals, possibly to ensure matching during mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the high-temperature deformation behaviour of the UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) alloy was investigated by means of deformability and microstructure evolution in the (1050–1200) °C temperature (T) range. The deformability of the UNS S32750 SDSS alloy was investigated by the up-setting method using a gravity-drop hammer, with the following deformation energy/impact energy ( E ∗ ): 545.2 J, 1021.5 J, 1480.6 J, and 1905.3 J. Data referring to deformation resistance ( σ c ′ ) and mechanical work ( A ∗ ) as a function of deformation temperature (T) and deformation energy/impact energy ( E ∗ ) were obtained and analysed. It was shown that increasing the deformation temperature leads to an increase in the obtained deformation degree (degree of reduction in height). By analysing the rate of increase in the deformation degree as a function of the applied impact energy, it was shown that the rate of increase in the deformation degree rises with the increase in the applied impact energy. Also, it was observed that the evolution of the deformation resistance ( σ c ′ ) as a function of temperature (T) shows a decreasing tendency while increasing the deformation temperature for all impact energies and that the evolution of the mechanical work ( A ∗ ) as a function of temperature (T) shows a decreasing tendency while increasing the deformation temperature for all impact energies. The microstructure evolution of the UNS S32750 SDSS alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Backscatter Diffraction (SEM-EBSD) techniques. It was observed that, in all cases, the microstructure shows intensely deformed grains, strongly elongated in the rolling direction in both ferrite (δ) and austenite (γ) intensely deformed grains. The intensity of grain deformation is increasing with the increase in the applied deformation degree. Also, it was observed that increasing the deformation temperature leads to a strong increase in the weight fraction of the dynamically recrystallised (DRX) ferrite (δ) grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in the size and shape of the eye have been observed in many species of fish. As eye size is positively related to visual acuity, larger eyes should favour foraging and detection of predators.However, few studies have examined the variation in eye morphology in relation to the complexity of lake conditions, including environmental perturbation and spatial variation in predation and competition. Such tests are especially important as the degrading of the visual climate is expected due to climate change, where browning, turbidity and variations in structural complexity should set different demands for visual acuity of foraging fish under predation risk.In this study, we tested the variation of the eye size among 667 individuals of an aquatic predator perch, Perca fluviatilis, from littoral and pelagic habitats of 14 lakes. We used Secchi depth to assess the effects of the visual climate of our lake systems, as fish foraging is highly related to visual conditions, and studied eye size variation in relation to the contribution of the pelagic resources to an individual's diet and the risk of predation.Secchi depth, the pelagic contribution to the diet and the percentage of piscivores had significant effects on eye size.These variable outcomes suggest that the lake environment in terms of visual climate, predation landscape and diet are major factors of eye size variation in this generalist predator. As many fish species trade off foraging against predation risk, future studies will show whether the complexity of intra‐ and interspecific interactions contribute to the variation in eye size in freshwater fish. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal personality traits and individual behavioral plasticity can lead to individual differences in ecosystem roles and biotic interactions. The ecosystem-level consequences of individual variation are likely particularly important for large, apex predators who can strongly influence community interactions, yet are understudied. Human activities may favor certain traits within populations and the displacement or loss of certain phenotypes may alter the structure of food webs and reduce ecosystem resilience. We provide a framework for identifying these traits and individual plasticity in wild predators. The outcomes should allow for an exploration of how behavioral diversity can translate to individualized ecosystem roles. Individual behavioral plasticity enables animals to adjust to different scenarios. Yet, personality traits limit this flexibility, leading to consistent interindividual differences in behavior. These individual behavioral traits have the potential to govern community interactions, although testing this is difficult in complex natural systems. For large predators who often exert strong effects on ecosystem functioning, this behavioral diversity may be especially important and lead to individualized ecosystem roles. We present a framework for quantifying individual behavioral plasticity and personality traits of large wild predators, revealing the extent to which certain natural behaviors are governed by these latent traits. The outcomes will reveal how the innate characteristics of wildlife can scale up to affect community interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal signaling cells (MSC) hold promise for regenerative medicine due to their ability to repair damaged tissues. However, their effectiveness can be affected by how long they are cultured in the lab. This study investigated how passage number influences key properties for regenerative medicine of pig bone marrow MSC. The medicinal signiling cells derived from pig bone marrow (BM-MSC) were cultured in D-MEM High Glucose supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum until the 25th passage and assessed their growth, viability, ability to differentiate into different cell types (plasticity), and cell cycle activity. Our findings showed that while the cells remained viable until the 25th passage, their ability to grow and differentiate declined after the 5th passage. Additionally, cells in later passages spent more time in a resting phase, suggesting reduced activity. In conclusion, the number of passages is a critical factor for maintaining ideal MSC characteristics. From the 9th passage BM-MSC exhibit decline in proliferation, differentiation potential, and cell cycle activity. Given this, it is possible to suggest that the use of 5th passage cells is the most suitable for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article brings Catherine Malabou's philosophy of the plasticity of biological life into dialogue with Anne Dufourmantelle's concept of gentleness, theorizing gentle biologies at the intersections of both thinkers. It explores how, for both Malabou and Dufourmantelle, gentleness is not an innately occurring power or characteristic predetermined within biological life, but rather a force that must be plastically shaped, honed, practised. Further, if Dufourmantelle argues in Power of Gentleness (2018 [2013]) that gentleness can constitute a formidable resource for both transformation and resistance, this gentleness will be seen to resonate with conceptualizations of plasticity across Malabou's oeuvre as a similarly revolutionary potentiality. The article finishes by turning to engage with interdisciplinary work on gentleness in healthcare, arguing that such contexts constitute sites in which new modes of care towards Malabou's and Dufourmantelle's gentle biologies can be imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relation between politics and biology in Catherine Malabou's work, traces the origin of her recent anarchist turn, and seeks to explain how the latter influences the concept of plasticity. Whereas the relation between plasticity, neuroscience and epigenetics reflected a certain affinity with Marxism in her earlier work, Malabou's recent claim that biology and ontology are anarchist remains opaque as to its grounding in her own thought and scientific developments alike. The article argues that the origin of the metamorphosis of plasticity from a Marxist to an anarchist notion gives rise to a new metaphysics of biology that is based on the assumption that society needs to be brain-like, reflecting the networked structure of synaptic plasticity. The article also proposes a new reading of Malabou's three plasticities (negative, positive and the plasticity of the concept) in temporal terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental observations have revealed a change in the concavity of the resultant force-displacement plot in the extension test for pantographic sheets. In this paper, we aim to relate these macroscopically observed mechanical properties with the microscale properties of the hinges (or pivots) connecting the pantographic fibers. The material constituting the hinges is modeled at the microscale as an isotropic elastoplastic 3D Cauchy continuum. The elastic regime is assumed to be linear, while the plastic regime exhibits either saturating or non-saturating hardening. In the case of circular homogeneous cylindrical hinges, monotonic loading is considered to derive a mesoscale constitutive relation linking the torsional angle to the total applied torque. It is demonstrated that (non-)saturating hardening at the microscale results in (non-)saturating hardening of the twist angle/torque plot at the mesoscale, which itself is responsible for the change of concavity in bias extensional test of pantographic sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superfamily of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is composed of heme-thiolate-containing monooxygenase enzymes, which play crucial roles in the biosynthesis, bioactivation, and detoxification of a variety of organic compounds, both endogenic and exogenic. Majority of CYP monooxygenase systems are multi-component and contain various redox partners, cofactors and auxiliary proteins, which contribute to their diversity in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recent progress in bioinformatics and computational biology approaches make it possible to undertake whole-genome and phylogenetic analyses of CYPomes of a variety of organisms. Considerable variations in sequences within and between CYP families and high similarity in secondary and tertiary structures between all CYPs along with dramatic conformational changes in secondary structure elements of a substrate binding site during catalysis have been reported. This provides structural plasticity and substrate promiscuity, which underlie functional diversity of CYPs. Gene duplication and mutation events underlie CYP evolutionary diversity and emergence of novel selectable functions, which provide the involvement of CYPs in high adaptability to changing environmental conditions and dietary restrictions. In our review, we discuss the recent advancements and challenges in the elucidating the evolutionary origin and mechanisms underlying the CYP monooxygenase system diversity and plasticity. Our review is in the view of hypothesis that diversity of CYP monooxygenase systems is translated into the broad metabolic profiles, and this has been acquired during the long evolutionary time to provide structural plasticity leading to high adaptative capabilities to environmental stress conditions. • CYPs have acquired functions of monooxygenases during the evolution. • Diversity of CYP monooxygenase systems underlies high stress adaptability. • Conformational changes in ligand binding cavity provide substrate promiscuity. • Structural plasticity of CYPs contributes to adaptation to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental studies show that initial fabric and its evolution under different stress paths greatly influences soil behaviour. Even though different sample preparation methods create different inherent anisotropies and cause different material responses, the same initial fabric structure under different stress paths also results in different material behaviours. In this paper, a simple state-dependent, bounding surface-based elastoplastic constitutive model, which can simulate the anisotropic nature of sands including the effect of principal stress rotation, is described. The model is developed based on a semi-micromechanical concept within the multilaminate framework and, to include the inherent anisotropy of sand, a deviatoric fabric tensor describing the initial microstructure is introduced. In addition, a fabric evolution rule compatible with anisotropic critical state theory is employed to describe the evolving fabric structure and induced anisotropy towards the critical state. In contrast to the classical strain-driven formulation for fabric evolution, a micro-level evolution rule is proposed. This paper presents concise theoretical aspects of the multilaminate framework and the anisotropic elastoplastic constitutive formulation. The model's capability under drained and undrained monotonic loading conditions at different stress states, relative densities and principal stress orientations is demonstrated by simulating experimental data for Toyoura sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rigorous analytical solution is developed for undrained cavity expansion problems in non-associated Mohr–Coulomb soil, based on a novel graphical analysis approach and on the Lagrangian description through tracking only the responses of a soil particle at the cavity surface. The mathematical difficulties involved with the flow rate calculation when the stress state lies on the corner/edge of two adjacent (Mohr–Coulomb) yield surfaces, for both cylindrical and spherical cases, are tackled by using the generalised Koiter theory for non-associated plasticity. In particular, through the unique geometrical formulation, the effective stress path pertaining to the cylindrical cavity problem can be very conveniently directly determined, and is found to consist of simple, piecewise straight lines in the deviatoric stress plane with the orientations dependent of the relative magnitude of Poisson's ratio and the friction angle. This thus renders possible the removal of the stringent intermediacy assumption for the vertical stress that is commonly adopted in previous formulations, and hence the development of a complete cylindrical cavity expansion solution in Mohr–Coulomb soil under undrained loading conditions. The stress and deformation responses of the cavity, including the typical pressure–expansion curves and limiting cavity pressure, are finally analytically obtained along with the Lagrangian form of the radial equilibrium equation in completely explicit forms. The closed-form solution provided in this paper is the first rigorous one of its kind, thus completing the analytical analysis of the cavity expansion problem with the classical Mohr–Coulomb model; this is deemed to be essential for the interpretation of in situ test results pertaining to cohesive-frictional soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate how to achieve volume plastic flow and what kind of deformation mechanism in the Vickers indentation of a magnesium oxide single crystal, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded. Significant crystal plane deviation was observed in the contact area between the sample and the indenter, while there was almost no deviation in other plastic zones. It was found that the deflecting lattice interface was realized by dislocation accumulation, and incoherent in the interface is coordinated by mismatch and multi-atom layer stacking. Some narrow holes in which both ends connected to boundaries were observed, and formation of the narrow holes is due to fracture and then re-bonding under high stress. There exists an amorphous trend in the area next to the indenter, which is generated by high stress extrusion. These mechanisms together enable plastic deformation of magnesium oxide single crystals in indentation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can the study of epigenetics, physiology, and cognitive science contribute to the investigation and understanding of social-cultural systems while respecting the autonomy of social research? I present a developmental system theory (DST) approach, which takes the unit of analysis to be the system of self-sustaining interactions among multiple biological, psychological, and social resources. On this view, the cybernetic architecture of the networks that constitute the system channels development so that different trajectories lead to convergent end states, accounting for the system's developmental stability as well as shedding light on the conditions that lead to departures from typical outcomes. Based on previous work, which is extended here, I suggest that Waddington's epigenetic landscape metaphor, which was built to illustrate the relationship between genetic networks and embryological development, is a useful tool for thinking about the temporal dynamics of social systems, capturing some important features of social stability and change at different scales and levels of social organization. I discuss five social systems using the landscape metaphor and explore the implications of this DST approach for investigating the relations between sociocultural development and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the early presence of amyloid‐β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. Identifying the neuropathological changes preceding cognitive decline is crucial for early intervention. Axon initial segment (AIS) maintains the orderly structure of the axon and is responsible for initiating action potentials (APs). To investigate the role of AIS in early stages of AD pathogenesis, we focused on alterations in the AIS of neurons from APP/PS1 mouse models harboring familial AD mutations. AIS length and electrophysiological properties were assessed in neurons using immunostaining and patch‐clamp techniques. The expression and function of ankyrin G (AnkG) isoforms were evaluated by western blot and rescue experiments. We observed a significant shortening of AIS in APP/PS1 mice, which correlated with impaired action potential propagation. Furthermore, a decrease in the 480 kDa isoform of AnkG was observed. Rescue of this isoform restored AIS plasticity and improved long‐term potentiation in APP/PS1 neurons. Our study implicates AIS plasticity alterations and AnkG dysregulation as early events in AD. The restoration of AIS integrity by the 480 kDa AnkG isoform presents a potential therapeutic strategy for AD, underscoring the importance of targeting AIS stability in neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic mulches, fertilizers and pesticides have been extensively employed in agriculture to increase crop yields, though it has also led to the inadvertent accumulation of them over time. These accumulations have the potential to disrupt the soil ecological process and subsequently impact the plant community composition. Alien plants always benefit from environmental variability, thus whether the accumulation of fertilizer, plastic, and pesticide in soil promotes the dominance of alien plants in an invaded community. Here, five aliens and co-occurring natives were selected as study materials, and a full factorial experiment was conducted to answer this question. Our study found that microplastics promote the biomass production of native plants at higher nutrient availability while having marginal influence on growth of alien plants. Alien plants exhibited a lower root mass fraction (RMF) with increased nutrient availability and a higher specific leaf area (SLA) in response to the addition of nutrients and microplastics. Pesticide residues in the soil also significantly decreased the root mass fraction of three species, but there was no significant difference between the effects on alien and native species. Overall, our results revealed that alien species adjusted their functional traits more quickly, but native species gained more growth advantages in response to fertilization and microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work constitutes a generalization of the hydrodynamic model used to predict the pressures and the rolling speeds during the hot rolling of aluminum and copper strips. The hydrodynamic model with a linear behavior (Newton viscous) of the materials shows good predictions in the literature but its applicability is questionable in non-linear cases, when the materials exhibit viscoplastic or plastic behavior. This work extends the model to accommodate non-linear cases commonly encountered in rolling models (viscoplastic and plastic behaviors). The obtained results are in good agreement with experimental data from the literature. The validated model can, therefore, be considered an enhanced hydrodynamic model for predicting pressures and velocities during both hot and cold rolling of thin strips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human primary visual cortex (V1) development is pivotal to understanding cortical maturation and neuroplasticity. Theories on V1 development range from early maturation models, which emphasize the early peak of synapses in infancy, to those suggesting an extended developmental timeline where key plasticity mechanisms continue to mature well into adulthood. Classic histological approaches have supported early development, while recent molecular studies highlight prolonged or multiple windows of plasticity, indicating that V1 remains susceptible to experience-dependent modifications beyond childhood. This review consolidates findings from both anatomical and molecular studies, tracing the development of V1 from prenatal stages through aging. The evidence reveals that human V1 develops across multiple timescales, with some aspects maturing early and others gradually changing across the lifespan. Reflecting on Cajal’s early work, this review underscores the importance of methodological advancements in revealing the intricate details of V1’s development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community trait variability can arise from the species, genotypic, or individual plastic level. Trait changes on these levels can occur simultaneously, interact, and potentially translate to community functioning. Thus, they are crucial to realistically predict community functional changes. Using a phytoplankton model community comprising a diatom and a coccolithophore each with nine genotypes varying in cell size, we conducted a selection experiment over 130 generations towards nutrient availability. According to our expectations, mean community cell size and total biomass increased with increasing nutrient availability. Interspecifically, these community level changes were driven by shifts in species composition towards the larger diatom. Changes caused by intraspecific shifts did not result from sorting according to genotypes' standing variation in cell size in the first place. Instead, intraspecific changes likely resulted from the selection for a highly plastic diatom genotype, which led to a phenotypic distribution with larger cells in high and smaller cells in lower nutrient concentrations. We suggest that besides interspecific species sorting, the evolution of size plasticity through genotype selection represented an intraspecific contribution to mean community size increase with increasing nutrient availability that ultimately translated to increased total biomass. Our results demonstrate that all three levels on which trait changes can occur, regulate phytoplankton community‐level functional changes and thus should be considered when predicting community change on ecological time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T helper (Th) 17 cells, a distinct subset of Th lymphocytes, are known for their prominent interleukin (IL)-17 production and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, allowing them to exhibit different phenotypes in the cancer microenvironment. This adaptability enables Th17 cells to promote tumor progression by immunosuppressive activities and angiogenesis, but also mediate anti-tumor immune responses through employing immune cells in tumor setting or even by directly converting toward Th1 phenotype and producing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). This dual role of Th17 cells in cancer makes it a double-edged sword in encountering cancer. In this review, we aim to elucidate the complexities of Th17 cell function in cancer by summarizing recent studies and, ultimately, to design novel therapeutic strategies, especially targeting Th17 cells in the tumor milieu, which could pave the way for more effective cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile male hamsters exposed to chronic social stress eat more, gain weight, and have larger fat pads. The purpose of the present study was to address possible changes in food hoarding and orexin/hypocretin innervation in response to social stress. Male hamsters in early adolescence were exposed to a resident‐intruder social stress paradigm or control condition daily for 2 weeks. Metabolism‐related physiological measures and behaviors were tracked, and brains were immunocytochemically labeled for orexin‐A. Our data confirm our previous observations on appetite, weight gain, and obesity, and showed a strong trend toward enhanced food hoarding as in prior studies. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in orexin innervation in any brain area analyzed. However, unique correlation patterns were observed between orexin innervation and appetite or metabolic outcome. In particular, opposite correlations were observed between groups within the dorsal raphe nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. These opposite patterns of correlations suggest chronic social stress causes site‐specific alterations in synaptic activity in relation with these behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GH4169 is a precipitation‐strengthened nickel‐based high‐temperature alloy, and its mechanical behavior at different temperatures is of significant importance for practical applications. Here, an in situ study on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the GH4169 alloy at different temperatures was conducted using scanning electron microscopy in combination with digital image correlation. The results demonstrate the existence of a linear relationship between the local average strain and the macroscopic strain. At temperatures of 20 °C, 100 °C, 180 °C, and 260 °C, the local average strain is 1.96, 2.13, 2.26, and 2.30 times the macroscopic strain, respectively, which shows a clear trend. This indicates that the temperature has a significant influence on the plasticity of the alloy. Additionally, the strain is concentrated below the notch, whereby at a macroscopic strain of 1.7 % at 20 °C and 260 °C, the local maximum strain at the notch is 52 % and 83 %, respectively. Furthermore, when the macroscopic strain reaches 2.12 %, the local maximum strain at the notch is 72 % and 103 %, respectively. At this point, cracks start to initiate and gradually propagate. In situ observations show that at the beginning of the tensile plasticity stage, the plastic strain rate in the grains is twice the rate at the grain boundaries; subsequently, both rates tend to stabilize, and a high‐strain zone appears inside the grains and is coordinately transferred to the surrounding grains through the grain boundaries. The final stage of damage of the alloy consists of perforation fracture, and the presence of a large number of cracked carbides at the fracture results in specimen cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage polarization is an important phenomenon that underlies various physiological mechanisms protective to the host and pathological mechanisms manipulated by microbes, thus we need to come to terms with this phenomenon and understand it at the molecular level. This paper highlights various aspects of macrophage activation and polarization starting from the discovery of macrophages to the latest advancements like using algorithms to determine polarization in a marker-free manner. We have covered macrophage polarization in response to various stimuli and also how this is affected in various disease conditions. Macrophage polarization in many neurodegenerative diseases has also been covered in this review. Various methods used for detecting and quantifying this phenomenon have been discussed below. It has been noted that our understanding of this phenomenon may lead to many novel therapeutic approaches in dealing with a varied set of disease pathologies making it extremely valuable for clinical practice. Newer technological advancements in the field have the potential to act as diagnostic tools for various diseases. In this paper, we have tried to summarize the existing information on macrophage polarization and activation to understand the progress we have made in understanding this phenomenon. Highlights: History of macrophage activation and polarization have been discussed. Various metabolic pathways that underline the functions of polarized macrophages has been discussed. Macrophage polarization in response to various stimuli in the microenvironment has been discussed including the newer discovered M4 macrophage state. Macrophage polarization in response to various disease pathologies like neurodegenerative diseases, mycobacterial diseases, plaque, HIV and other disease has been highlighted. Different methods for describing macrophage polarization have been discussed including newer methods using algorithms and machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenological mismatch has been highlighted as a reason why climate change is causing declines of migratory populations. The likelihood of declines due to phenological mismatch might depend on what cues trigger migration. Migrants that use environmental cues (e.g. temperature, resource availability) to trigger migration are often considered to be less vulnerable than migrants that use temporal information (e.g. photoperiod). We developed a proof‐of‐concept model that demonstrates that which cue type performs better in the context of phenological change can depend on differences in seasonal amplitude between the habitats used by a migrant. Environmental cues perform better than temporal cues when the habitat that undergoes a phenological change has a larger seasonal amplitude. This result aligns with observations that populations of short‐distance migrants that use environmental cues are less likely to decline as a consequence of phenological mismatch than long‐distance avian migrants that use temporal cues. Temporal cues perform better than environmental cues when the habitat that undergoes a phenological change has a smaller seasonal amplitude. This result may correspond to empirical scenarios where the more seasonal habitat is associated with variation in precipitation patterns or human actions that are not changing in phenology. In addition to these results, we offer distinctions that will help clarify future work on phenological mismatch. First, we highlight the difference between the cue accuracy (difference between the timing of migration using the cue and optimal migration timing) and the cue efficacy (the difference between the fitness using the cue and the fitness using optimal migration). Second, we recommend considering both how the benefits available from migrating and the benefits that are captured by migrants change with phenological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many animals share a lifelong capacity to adapt their growth rates and body sizes to changing environmental food supplies. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying this plasticity remains only poorly understood. We therefore studied how the sea anemones Nematostella vectensis and Aiptasia (Exaiptasia pallida) respond to feeding and starvation. Combining quantifications of body size and cell numbers with mathematical modelling, we observed that growth and shrinkage rates in Nematostella are exponential, stereotypic and accompanied by dramatic changes in cell numbers. Notably, shrinkage rates, but not growth rates, are independent of body size. In the facultatively symbiotic Aiptasia, we show that growth and cell proliferation rates are dependent on the symbiotic state. On a cellular level, we found that >7% of all cells in Nematostella juveniles reversibly shift between S/G2/M and G1/G0 cell cycle phases when fed or starved, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that polyp growth and cell proliferation are dependent on TOR signalling during feeding. Altogether, we provide a benchmark and resource for further investigating the nutritional regulation of body plasticity on multiple scales using the genetic toolkit available for Nematostella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms cope with environmental fluctuations and maintain fitness in part via reversible phenotypic changes (acclimation). Aquatic animals are subject to dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water salinity, which affect osmolarity of their cells and consequently cellular function. Mechanosensory lateral line hair cells detect water motion for swimming behavior and are especially susceptible to salinity changes due to their direct contact with the environment. To maintain hair cell function when salinity decreases, neuromast (Nm)-associated ionocytes differentiate and invade lateral line neuromasts. The signals that trigger the adaptive differentiation of Nm ionocytes are unknown. We demonstrate that new Nm ionocytes are rapidly specified and selectively triggered to proliferate by low Ca2+ and Na+/Cl- levels. We further show that Nm ionocyte recruitment and induction is affected by hair cell activity. Once specified, Nm ionocyte differentiation and survival are associated with sequential activation of different Notch pathway components, a process different from other tissue-specific ionocytes. In summary, we show how environmental changes activate a signaling cascade that leads to physiological adaptation. This may prove essential for survival not only in seasonal changing environments but also in changing climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed elements increasingly recognized for their roles in regulating gene expression. Thus far, however, we have little understanding of how lncRNAs contribute to evolution and adaptation. Here, we show that a conserved lncRNA, ivory, is an important color patterning gene in the buckeye butterfly Junonia coenia. ivory overlaps with cortex, a locus linked to multiple cases of crypsis and mimicry in Lepidoptera. Along with a companion paper by Livraghi et al., we argue that ivory, not cortex, is the color pattern gene of interest at this locus. In J. coenia, a cluster of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in the first intron of ivory are genetically associated with natural variation in seasonal color pattern plasticity, and targeted deletions of these CREs phenocopy seasonal phenotypes. Deletions of different ivory CREs produce other distinct phenotypes as well, including loss of melanic eyespot rings, and positive and negative changes in overall wing pigmentation. We show that the color pattern transcription factors Spineless, Bric-a-brac, and Ftz-f1 bind to the ivory promoter during wing pattern development, suggesting that they directly regulate ivory. This case study demonstrates how cis-regulation of a single noncoding RNA can exert diverse and nuanced effects on the evolution and development of color patterns, including modulating seasonally plastic color patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine the effects of motor performance improvements produced by practice on corticospinal tract excitability during motor imagery (MI) of identical movements. Participants performed a motor task with no guidelines displayed on the monitor (performance test); the participants only imagined performing the task without performing the movement (MI test), and the participants performed the power output and then adjusted it (exercise). The output force conditions were 20, 40, and 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction, and the objective was for 21 participants to learn each output force condition. The outcome of the performance test was calculated as the difference between the actual motor output and the target. During the MI test, we applied a single transcranial magnetic stimulation during imagery, assessed the corticospinal tract excitability of the right first dorsal interosseous by motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, and recorded the vividness of the MI in each trial. We evaluated performance and MI before practice (Pre-test), after 150 practice sessions (Post-test 1), and after another 150 practice sessions (Post-test 2). The MEP amplitude was significantly reduced at Post-test 2 compared to Pre-test. The vividness of the MI improved with practice. Corticospinal tract excitability during MI decreased as motor performance improved. Thus, actual motor practice was also reflected in the MI of the exercise. Performance improvement was accompanied by a decrease in redundant activity, enhancing the efficiency and appropriateness of the exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual selection predicts that males invest in sperm competition when females mate with multiple males. Because group residency facilitates access to mates, we hypothesized that variation in within-group mate competition influences investment in sperm competition. Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) live in both single and multimale groups, allowing us to test the effect of within-group sperm competition on testes size. We predicted that dominant males living in multimale groups have larger testes than males in single-male groups. We also predicted that within multimale sifaka groups, dominant males have larger testes than subordinate males, due to either reproductive suppression or alternative mating tactics. We collected testes size and body mass from 23 adult male sifaka across 56 captures at the Ankoatsifaka Research Station in Kirindy Mitea National Park in western Madagascar from 2006 to 2019. Consistent with our predictions, we found that dominant males in multimale groups had significantly larger estimated testes mass than males in single-male groups. Within multimale groups, dominant males had significantly larger estimated testes mass than subordinate males. Males observed living in both conditions (multimale and single-male groups) exhibited larger estimated testes mass when they were dominant males in multimale groups than when in single-male groups. Sperm competition is typically examined via interspecific comparisons of testes size and mating system. Our study shows a similar pattern within the same species and a single population of wild primates. Our results show that (1) males flexibly respond to the current level of within-group sperm competition, and (2) within-group contest competition impacts male investment in sperm competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophils, which originate from the bone marrow and are characterized by a segmented nucleus and a brief lifespan, have a crucial role in the body's defense against infections and acute inflammation. Recent research has uncovered the complex roles of neutrophils as regulators in tumorigenesis, during which neutrophils exhibit a dualistic nature that promotes or inhibits tumor progression. This adaptability is pivotal within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we provide a comprehensive characterization of neutrophil plasticity and heterogeneity, aiming to illuminate current research findings and discuss potential therapeutic avenues. By delineating the intricate interplay of neutrophils in the TME, this review further underscores the urgent need to understand the dual functions of neutrophils with particular emphasis on the anti-tumor effects to facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of nutrients to the brain is provided by a 600 km network of capillaries and microvessels. Indeed, the brain is highly energy demanding and, among a total amount of 100 billion neurons, each neuron is located just 10–20 μm from a capillary. This vascular network also forms part of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which maintains the brain's stable environment by regulating chemical balance, immune cell transport, and blocking toxins. Typically, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) have low turnover, indicating a stable cerebrovascular structure. However, this structure can adapt significantly due to development, aging, injury, or disease. Temporary neural activity changes are managed by the expansion or contraction of arterioles and capillaries. Hypoxia leads to significant remodeling of the cerebrovascular architecture and pathological changes have been documented in aging and in vascular and neurodegenerative conditions. These changes often involve BMEC proliferation and the remodeling of capillary segments, often linked with local neuronal changes and cognitive function. Cerebrovascular plasticity, especially in arterioles, capillaries, and venules, varies over different time scales in development, health, aging, and diseases. Rapid changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) occur within seconds due to increased neural activity. Prolonged changes in vascular structure, influenced by consistent environmental factors, take weeks. Development and aging bring changes over months to years, with aging-associated plasticity often improved by exercise. Injuries cause rapid damage but can be repaired over weeks to months, while neurodegenerative diseases cause slow, varied changes over months to years. In addition, if animal models may provide useful and dynamic in vivo information about vascular plasticity, humans are more complex to investigate and the hypothesis of glymphatic system together with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques could provide useful clues in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear stress levels on reverse faults are anticipated to be several times higher than on normal faults with the same pore pressure ratio. In addition, ruptures on normal faults release gravitational potential energy, whereas earthquakes on reverse faults expend work in uplifting rocks. In this study, I investigate the significance of these differences for earthquake cycles and I question whether the source of energy driving earthquakes is the same on reverse and normal faults. Based on the assumption that normal and reverse faults have the same background frictional properties and pore pressure states, I use numerical simulations with a two‐dimensional dynamic elastic‐plastic model to show that due to stress differences, earthquakes on reverse faults tend to occur less frequently, produce more coseismic slip and stress drop and involve higher slip rates than ruptures on normal faults with equivalent dimensions. The analysis also shows differences in the energy changes associated with earthquake cycles on reverse and normal faults. However, the earthquakes on both fault types result from abrupt release of elastic strain energy, which proceed and essentially drive variations in gravitational potential energy. Thus, ruptures on both normal and reverse faults are consistent with elastic rebound theory. Plain Language Summary: Normal faults found in regions experiencing extension are normally thought to have lower stress levels than reverse faults in zones of convergence. In addition, whereas the action of normal faulting causes mostly subsidence and is therefore assisted by gravity, reverse faulting tends to uplift topography, which requires that work be done against gravity. This study uses numerical modeling to address whether there are significant differences in the earthquakes on reverse and normal faults, assuming that they have identical pore pressures and frictional properties. The results show that ruptures on reverse faults are larger, more energetic and less frequent than earthquakes on normal faults. These differences are due to the higher stress levels on reverse faults than normal faults with the same dimension. The results also show than although earthquakes on normal faults are assisted by gravity, they result from an abrupt drop in elastic energy in the same way as ruptures on reverse faults. Thus, the results do not support claims that earthquakes on normal faults have a different energy source and require an explanation other than elastic rebound. Key Points: Model earthquakes on reverse faults involve higher slip rates, more slip, and larger stress drop and occur less frequently than on normal faultsModel earthquakes on both fault types involve abrupt release of elastic strain energy, much of which is dissipated plasticallyDespite differences in energetics, model earthquakes on both fault types are consistent with elastic rebound theory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]