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La presente tesis doctoral constituye una aportación en el campo de la conservación preventiva del patrimonio arquitectónico a través del análisis del estado de conservación mediante inspecciones in situ y técnicas no destructivas (NDT) de las yeserías históricas y las policromías que decoran el Palacio de Pedro I (Real Alcázar de Sevilla). De este modo, se presenta una metodología de evaluación del estado de conservación y/o degradación de las yeserías históricas y sus policromías, mediante técnicas convencionales y NDT – medición de dureza superficial C-Shore, medición de la humedad superficial, detección de elementos metálicos de fijación, IRT, GPR, levantamientos fotogramétricos, seguimiento de las condiciones ambientales – que permiten una evaluación detallada de estos elementos decorativos. Esta metodología es replicable a cualquier caso de estudio de yeserías históricas y es fácilmente adaptable a otros materiales de revestimiento tradicionales como por ejemplo los alicatados y carpinterías de madera. Con objeto de facilitar la gestión y el mantenimiento preventivo se ha aplicado el método Fuzzy Building Service Life (FBSL) basado en lógica difusa, para realizar predicciones de funcionalidad de las estancias del Palacio de Pedro I, gestionando las vulnerabilidades y los riesgos que afectan a su rendimiento. Del mismo modo, se ha aplicado el modelo de degradación física basado en el cálculo del índice de degradación (Sw) para establecer una priorización en las intervenciones de mantenimiento y restauración a acometer a corto, medio y largo plazo. This doctoral dissertation contributes to the field of preventive conservation of architectural heritage through the analysis of the state of conservation through on-site inspections and non-destructive techniques (NDT) of the historic plasterwork and polychrome decoration of the Palace of Pedro I (Royal Alcazar of Seville). In this way, a methodology for evaluating the state of conservation and/or degradation of historic plasterwork and its polychromy is presented, using conventional techniques and NDT – measurement of C-Shore surface hardness, measurement of surface moisture, detection of metallic elements. fixing, IRT, GPR, photogrammetric surveys, monitoring of environmental conditions – which allow a detailed evaluation of these decorative elements. This methodology is replicable to any case study of historical plasterwork and is easily adaptable to other traditional cladding materials such as tiling and woodwork. In order to facilitate management and preventive maintenance, the Fuzzy Building Service Life (FBSL) method based on fuzzy logic has been applied to predict the functionality of the rooms in the Palace of Pedro I, managing vulnerabilities and risks that affect their performance. In the same way, the physical degradation model based on the calculation of the degradation index (Sw) has been applied to establish a prioritization in the maintenance and restoration interventions to be undertaken in the short, medium and long term.

This work focuses on the study of the polychrome decoration of the Patio de las Doncellas in thePalace of Pedro I (1356-1366), part of the Real Alcázar de Sevilla ensemble. The decoration ofthis space has undergone many interventions throughout its history to adapt to the fashionsof the time. Therefore, the current surfaces seen nowadays look nothing alike their originalappearance. With the aim of identifying the different polychromies and chronologically dating them, an exhaustive research on the plasterwork and wooden decoration (carved-alfarje and not carved-freeze) has been carried out based on documentary research, fieldwork and analytical studies., Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la policromía del Patio de las Doncellas en el Palacio de Pedro I (1356-1366), conjunto situado en el Real Alcázar de Sevilla. La decoración de este espacio ha tenido en su historia numerosas intervenciones, adaptándose a las modas y gustos de sus habitantes, lo que ha provocado un aspecto de las superficies actuales que difiere del original. Con el objetivo de identificar las diferentes policromías y de situarlas cronológicamente, a partir del análisis documental, trabajo de campo y estudio analítico, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación exhaustiva de las yeserías y el alfarje.&nbsp, Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da policromia do Patio de las Doncellas no Palácio de Pedro I(1356-1366), um complexo situado no Real Alcázar de Sevilha. A decoração deste espaço sofreu numerosas intervenções ao longo da sua história, adaptando-se à moda e aos gostos dos seus habitantes, o que levou a um aspecto actual das superfícies que difere do aspecto original. Com o objectivo de identificar as diferentes policromias e situá-las cronologicamente, foi realizadauma investigação exaustiva do reboco e do alfarje, com base na análise documental, trabalhode campo e estudo analítico.

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la policromía del Patio de las Doncellas en el Palacio de Pedro I (1356-1366), conjunto situado en el Real Alcázar de Sevilla. La decoración de este espacio ha tenido en su historia numerosas intervenciones, adaptándose a las modas y gustos de sus habitantes, lo que ha provocado un aspecto de las superficies actuales que difiere del original. Con el objetivo de identificar las diferentes policromías y de situarlas cronológicamente, a partir del análisis documental, trabajo de campo y estudio analítico, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación exhaustiva de las yeserías y el alfarje., Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da policromia do Patio de las Doncellas no Palácio de Pedro I (1356-1366), um complexo situado no Real Alcázar de Sevilha. A decoração deste espaço sofreu numerosas intervenções ao longo da sua história, adaptando-se à moda e aos gostos dos seus habitantes, o que levou a um aspecto actual das superfícies que difere do aspecto original. Com o objectivo de identificar as diferentes policromias e situá-las cronologicamente, foi realizada uma investigação exaustiva do reboco e do alfarje, com base na análise documental, trabalho de campo e estudo analítico., This work focuses on the study of the polychrome decoration of the Patio de las Doncellas in the Palace of Pedro I (1356-1366), part of the Real Alcázar de Sevilla ensemble. The decoration of this space has undergone many interventions throughout its history to adapt to the fashions of the time. Therefore, the current surfaces seen nowadays look nothing alike their original appearance. With the aim of identifying the different polychromies and chronologically dating them, an exhaustive research on the plasterwork and wooden decoration (carved-alfarje and not carved-freeze) has been carried out based on documentary research, fieldwork and analytical studies., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FEDER) (HAR2015-66139-P), Ministerio de Innovación y Ciencia (HAR 2011-27598), (PID2019-105706GB-100)

Industrialization of architectural components and technological advances have had a significant impact on how we design and build. These developments, resulting in mass-produced and panelized architectural components, have rationalized building construction. However, they often do not reveal the true potential of the inherent qualities of malleable materials. This research investigates the bespoke design potentials of combining a cementitious plaster, with a robotic spraying and forming process, and proposes an adaptive thin-layer additive manufacturing method for plasterwork. Research goals address an on-site construction system that is capable of performing continuous robotic plaster spraying on building elements. To support the understanding of the complex-to-simulate material behavior in this process, systematic studies and physical testing are proposed to be conducted to collect empirical knowledge and data. The goal is to explore bespoke surface qualities, with minimal waste, moving away from the modular and standardized form of the material. The paper presents the preliminary results and findings of the method that aims addressing the challenge of an adaptive construction system capable of performing continuous fabrication, for which mobile robots are proposed to be deployed.

Hoşap Castle is located in Eastern Anatolia, Gürpınar town in Van, in Hoşap (Güzelsu) which is on Van-Hakkari highway. It has reached today in the form as it was built, according to the inscription in 1643 (H. 1052) by Mahmudi Seigniory affiliated to Ottoman Empire In this paper, plaster objects which were found at 2017 in Hoşap Castle Excavation will be analyzed. Most of the plaster objects that found previous seasons were excavated from harem part of the castle. But the stucco ornaments found in the summer season of 2017 have found buried under the ground west side of the castle, near the West tower. They must be removed from walls or were unused material. They consist of different compositions and techniques with geometric and floral motifs. Early and Classical Ottoman motifs were dominant yet late period motifs are also observed. Tulip, poppy, clover, straw (saz) leaves are some of these motifs. These compositions and motifs are composites and motifs that reminiscent of the Ottoman Westernization Period. They were made with a qualified labor in capital style rather than rural style. Although it is understood from the excavation that there were lots of different compositions but analysis of the compositions in the rooms could not be done due to inconveniences in excavation system. However niche arches and window parts were also found during excavations. It was observed that some of the findings were painted. ||| TR: Hoşap Kalesi, Doğu anadolu’da Van-Hakkari yolu üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Günümüze ulaşan kalenin büyük bölümü kitabeye göre 1643 (H. 1052) yılında, Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Mahmudi Beyliği tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Bu makalede de, Hoşap Kalesi Kazısı’nın 2017 kazı sezonunda bulunmuş süslemeli alçı buluntuları incelenmektedir. Daha önceki kazı sezonlarında bulunmuş olan alçı süslemelerin büyük bölümü, kalenin harem olarak adlandırılan bölümünde bulunmuştur. Ancak 2017 kazı sezonunda bulunan alçılar, kalenin batı burcunun yakınında gömülü olarak bulunmuşlardır. Bu buluntular farklı kompozisyonları içermektedirler. Hangi alçının, hangi odadan veya kale biriminden, batı burcuna taşındığı tespit edilememiştir. Ayrıca alçı parçalarının hepsinin tek bir sürece ait olmadıkları düşünülmektedir. Alçı parçaları üzerinde yazılı, geometrik, bitkisel, stilize süslemeler bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı Erken ve Klasik Dönem motifleri ve kompozisyonları görülse de çoğu Batılılaşma Dönemi’ne aittir. Kullanılan bitkisel motifler arasında, lale, haşhaş, saz yaprağı, hatayi gibi motifler bulunmaktadır. Bu alçı parçaları taşra üslubundan ziyade başkent üslubunda büyük emeklerle yapılmışlardır. Yapanların bu konuda usta kişiler oldukları açıkça gözlenmektedir. Çünkü buluntular, kalıp, aplike ve kazıma gibi farklı tekniklerle yapılmışlardır. Alçı buluntular arasında niş çerçeveleri, mukarnas parçaları, pencere korkuluğu parçaları, sütünce başlıkları da buluntular arasındadır. Bazı buluntular boyalıdır. Bazılarında tek renk, bazılarında birkaç renk kullanılmıştır.Yaklaşık olarak yirmi iki farklı kompozisyon olduğu düşünülmektedir. Parçalardan çoğu tek parça halinde ele geçirildikleri için çoğunun kompozisyonu oluşturulamamıştır.

The incorporation of new methods of heritage analysis belonging to other branches of science is currently providing very useful tools for the examination of preservation products. This paper outlines the use of spectral images as an alternative to traditional colorimetry measurements carried out with a spectrophotometer for the evaluation of color changes produced by consolidation treatments applied on polychromed plasterwork. Thus, for this investigation we used a total of 18 plaster test specimens which reproduce the techniques and materials present in plasterwork from the medieval era, on which a selection of six currently-used consolidants was applied. By doing this, we have proved that the use of this method over traditional colorimetry has several advantages, such as the analysis of spatial homogeneity or obtaining colorimetric data of the entire scanned surface.

Carrying out an intervention for the conservation and restoration of architectural heritage, focused on the preservation of decorative elements such as polychromed plasterwork, implies following a methodology to study the materials and techniques used in each case to establish an intervention proposal according to the circumstances. This work offers some methodological guidelines necessary to approach the conservation of plasterwork and its polychromies, applied in a recent case study according to the criteria established by the 14th General Assembly of ICOMOS in 2003, the Law 14/2007 of Andalusian Historical Heritage, the Law 16/1985 of the Spanish Historical Heritage, and indications contained in the ECCO Guidelines. The novelty of the paper is that it presents the conservation decisions on a real case from the beginning until the end — showing the entire process and validating the proposed methodology — by using current restoration techniques and digital tools for the reconstruction of plasterwork.

This paper reports the characteristics of decorative incised plaster works of New Delhi, from historic monuments belonging to 13th to 16th century C.E. Visual examination of the historic plasterwork depicts that these are made of two layers; a base coat which is coarser in appearance and a finer finishing coat, which is the incised plaster layer. For making the intricate patterns in the incised layer, a thick coat of plaster is applied first and patterns are carved out before the initial set of the mortar, which later hardens to form a very dense microstructure. In order to consolidate and restore the deteriorated portions of the existing plasterwork, the characterisation of the original plasterwork was essential. This was performed by a comprehensive methodology including physico-chemical and microanalytical tests, which revealed information on basic physical properties, mineralogical composition, characteristics of different phases, and porosity and pore size distribution of the mortar. The results indicate that the incised plaster is made of air lime binder and siliceous aggregates. The mortar is characterised by a very narrow range of pore sizes of about 600 nm. The use of organic fibres and inclusions from an older mortar are also evident in the analysis.

In a previous study, a layer of limewash was detected over the gypsum plasterworks used to decorate different spaces of the Real Alcázar of Seville such as interior rooms, patios and outdoor galleries. In this paper its use is analysed, namely whether it improves the properties of the plasterworks and provides a protective effect, through accelerated weathering tests designed specifically to reproduce real environmental conditions. Plaster specimens with similar composition and physical characteristics to those of the original plasterworks were prepared. After the cure of the specimens, the application of a layer of limewash was made. Samples were subjected to weathering tests that consist of water absorption cycles (by capillarity and immersion) and drying. The results showed that the application of limewash did not improve the durability of the plaster significantly, although seemed to have a more protective effect against weathering by capillarity tests in the specimens prepared with a higher water/plaster ratio. In fact, after the immersion tests a great part of the limewash layer became detached, while in the plasterworks of the Real Alcázar this behaviour has not been observed. So, capillarity tests seem to be more adequate to reproduce the real weathering conditions of these ornamental elements.

Esta investigación ha sido financiada por varios proyectos, entre ellos el de “Estudio científico y tratamientos de conservación de revestimientos arquitectónicos de época romana a medieval” (HAR2015-66139-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), así como el proyecto “Decoración arquitectónica de tradición islámica. materiales y técnicas de ejecución” (HAR 2011-27598) del Ministerio de Innovación y Ciencia. El yeso ha sido empleado frecuentemente a lo largo de la historia en la elaboración de revestimientos arquitectónicos. Entre estos últimos destacan, por su belleza, las yeserías medievales. Este tipo de decoraciones suelen presentar importantes alteraciones respecto a su estado original, debido a la presencia de repolicromías y/o encalados. que ocultan la policromía original. Esta alteración puede acompañarse de pérdidas de policromía. En la actualidad, a esta problemática de conservación de las yeserías se une la escasez de estudios sobre tratamientos de limpieza específicos para estas obras con esta problemática de conservación. El trabajo que se presenta constituye una revisión de los métodos de limpieza a emplear en este tipo de obras, tanto (físicos cómo químicos). Se hace referencia al empleo de herramientas como el bisturí, o a la aplicación de empacos y geles elaborados a partir de polisacáridos complejos, ácidos acrílicos o éteres de celulosa y se describen las correspondientes pruebas de tratamientos realizadas sobre probetas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten establecer que el uso de geles, preparados a partir polisacáridos complejos y de éteres de celulosa, aplicados con disolventes como agua desionizada, acetona y alcohol, son eficaces para la limpieza de repolicromías realizadas al temple de cola animal sobre revestimientos de yeso. Gypsum has been used in the elaboration of architectural plaster coatings frequently, among which stand out the medieval plasterwork. This kind of decorations present serious conservation problems such as repolychromed or whitewashed among others. These problems hide and damage the original polychromy causing the final loss of the original color. Currently, this is joined with the scarcity studies on specific cleaning treatments for these kinds of alterations. Therefore, this proyect presents a revision of treatments as many physicals methods as chemical methods, for instance the use of tools like scalpel, or the application of poultices and gels made of complex polysaccharides, acrylic acids or cellulose ethers, and the corresponding treatment tests on simulated material. The results obtained allow us to establish that the use of gels prepared from complex polysaccharides and cellulose ethers, applied them with solvents such as water, acetone and alcohol, they are effective for cleaning animal glue temper repoliychromed plaster coatings. O gesso tem sido usado com frequência ao longo da história no fabrico de revestimentos arquitetónicos. Entre estes, destaca-se o gesso medieval pela sua beleza. Este tipo de decoração costuma apresentar alterações importantes em relação ao seu estado original, devido à presença de repolicromias e/ou caiações que escondem a policromia original. Essa alteração pode ser acompanhada pela perda da policromia. Atualmente, esse problema de conservação de gesso é agravado pela escassez de estudos sobre tratamentos de limpeza específicos para essas obras com este problema de conservação. O trabalho que se apresenta constitui uma revisão dos métodos de limpeza a utilizar neste tipo de obras, tanto físicas como químicas. É feita referência ao uso de ferramentas como o bisturi, ou à aplicação de pachos e géis feitos de polissacarídeos complexos, ácidos acrílicos ou éteres de celulose, e são descritos os correspondentes testes de tratamento realizados em tubos de ensaio. Os resultados obtidos permitem estabelecer que o uso de géis, preparados a partir de polissacarídeos complexos e éteres de celulose, aplicados com solventes como água desionizada, acetona e álcool, são eficazes para a limpeza de repolicromias à base de têmpera de cola animal sobre revestimentos de gesso. (HAR2015-66139-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (HAR 2011-27598) del Ministerio de Innovación y Ciencia

The Paradise Garden is a constant feature in the Islamic world. As a result of its survival under Christian domain is its representation through the Mudejar plaster-works, especially in the court spaces nourished as a "qubba", where the tree of Paradise and an endless number of leaves and fruits invade the paraments, showing bright colours -golden, red, blue and black-., El Jardín del Paraíso es una constante en el mundo islámico. Fruto de su pervivencia bajo dominio cristiano es su representación a través de las yeserías mudéjares, especialmente en los espacios áulicos concebidos a modo de “qubba”, donde el árbol del Paraíso y un sinfín de hojas y frutos invaden los paramentos, luciendo brillantes colores –dorado, rojo, azul y negro-.

Hoşap Castle is located in Eastern Anatolia, Gürpınar town in Van, in Hoşap (Güzelsu) which is on Van-Hakkari highway. It has reached today in the form as it was built, according to the inscription in 1643 (H. 1052) by Mahmudi Seigniory affiliated to Ottoman Empire In this paper, plaster objects which were found at 2017 in Hoşap Castle Excavation will be analyzed. Most of the plaster objects that found previous seasons were excavated from harem part of the castle. But the stucco ornaments found in the summer season of 2017 have found buried under the ground west side of the castle, near the West tower. They must be removed from walls or were unused material. They consist of different compositions and techniques with geometric and floral motifs. Early and Classical Ottoman motifs were dominant yet late period motifs are also observed. Tulip, poppy, clover, straw (saz) leaves are some of these motifs. These compositions and motifs are composites and motifs that reminiscent of the Ottoman Westernization Period. They were made with a qualified labor in capital style rather than rural style. Although it is understood from the excavation that there were lots of different compositions but analysis of the compositions in the rooms could not be done due to inconveniences in excavation system. However niche arches and window parts were also found during excavations. It was observed that some of the findings were painted.

The application of performance-based fire safety engineering has enabled the conservation of a heritage building in New Zealand. McDougall House is a two-story heritage building which suffered extensive damages during the Canterbury earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. The scope of repair work carried out included the preservation and restoration of the building external facade, the restoration of the ornamental plasterwork ceiling within the Ballroom, the reconstruction of all damaged internal wall linings, the adaptation of the fireplace, and the reconstruction of the damaged chimney. The fire safety design adopted is the Verification Method C/VM2 with As Nearly As is Reasonably Practicable consideration for the heritage fabrics of the building. The combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses, including smoke and egress modelling, assessment of allowable unprotected areas in external wall for horizontal fire spread, and benefit versus sacrifice analysis on the heritage fabrics have demonstrated compliance with the ten design scenarios of C/VM2, retaining the majority of the cultural heritage values, and also improving the level of fire safety of the building.

Santa María La Blanca, a medieval Church in Sevilla, was renovated in the XVII century. At that time a unique ornamentation program was developed in light of the brief pontifical in 1661about the immaculate conception of Mary. The restoration in 2015 of its plasterwork and wall paintings has allowed the recovery of the images and texts of its program, an iconographic message about Marian praise and eucharistic cult that is analyzed in this study. KEYWORDS: Justino de Neve; Murillo; Faux Plasterwork; Litanies; Baroque Festivity. RESUMEN: La iglesia medieval de Santa María la Blanca de Sevilla fue renovada durante el siglo XVII, desarrollándose su ornamentación tras el Breve Pontificio de 1661 sobre la concepción inmaculada de María. La restauración en 2015 de las yeserías y pinturas murales de su interior ha permitido recuperar las imágenes y textos del programa de exaltación mariana que, junto al culto eucarístico, integran su mensaje iconográfico. PALABRAS CLAVES: Justino de Neve; Murillo; yeserías fingidas; letanías; fiesta barroca.

La construcción de la iglesia del Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso concluyó en su estructura básica en 1510. Pero las capillas laterales y las yeserías que decoran el templo empezaron a realizarse desde entonces. Las yeserías, especialmente, han sido estudiadas en varias ocasiones, pero hasta ahora ningún estudio había profundizado en las fuentes documentales de su realización. El presente artículo ofrece una novedosa perspectiva de dichos trabajos atendiendo a lo ya conocido y a la recogida, análisis e interpretación de los datos procedentes de esas fuentes.

State of conservation studies carried out before rehabilitation and restoration interventions constitute solid support to make decisions about architectural heritage. In this way, the study of historical plasterwork has been performed through non-destructive tests by measuring environmental conditions and surface properties, taking thermographic images, mapping risks by indicating cavities, cracks and metal fixings -among others- and checking the stability of the present polychrome. This method was applied in the plasterwork of the upper frieze of the Toledanos Room, in the Royal Alcazar of Seville, due to the relevance of the building and its decorative coatings, and established parameters to assess the state of conservation of both, the Royal Alcazar of Seville plasterwork and other heritage buildings with similar coatings. The compilation and analysis of all the results presented in this paper show a positive assessment of the stability and conservation of the frieze plasterwork. Thermohygrometric conditions and physical-mechanical properties are acceptable, vertical cracks – sometimes of large dimensions and also great depth-are stabilized and apparently do not affect the structural integrity and polychromies studied are mostly unstable and re-chromatics were widely used in previously inpainting to imitate reliefs inadequately.

This paper presents a study of the gypsum plasterwork of the Courtyard of the Maidens, in the Royal Alcazar of Seville, focusing the attention in the knowledge of its original polychrome decorations. The Courtyard of the Maidens is one of the constructions made by Pedro I (13561366) within the monumental complex Alcazar of Seville. The importance of the palatial city determined its inclusion in the World Heritage List of UNESCO in 1987, along with the Cathedral and the India’s Archive. His status as permanent residence of the Spanish monarchs has allowed its preservation over the time. However, it has been intervened several times since its construction. This succession of interventions is especially noticeable in the plasterwork of said courtyard, where successive pictorial layers and lime layers hide the delicacy of the relief and the remains of the original polychrome, which currently shows a greyish aspect quite different from the original aspect of the plasterwork back in the 14th century, in which colour prevailed. After an exhaustive revision of the bibliographical documentation and a thorough field study, the method continued with the collection of microsamples for their analysis with instrumental techniques for Cultural Heritage -among which we could highlight the stereoscopic microscopy, the polarizing optical microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the gas chromatography (GC-MS). These techniques made it possible to identify the mortar composition, the characteristics of the pictorial layer and the binding media used; thus determining the existence of remains from the original polychrome, as well as the procedures for its execution.