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The majority of conventional osteoarthritis (OA) treatments are based on molecular adjustment of certain signaling pathways associated with osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, however there is a significant need to search for more effective and safe treatments. This study centers around formulating Aceclofenac (ACF) with high bioavailability in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen. The optimal concentrations of Citronellol oil/D-Limonene oil, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were determined using a pseudoternary phase diagram. The formulated nanoemulsions were studied for thermophysical stability. Thermodynamically stable formula were analyzed for droplet size, zeta potential, and in-vitro permeation. Then, collagen based nanoemulsion were prepared to capitalize on its efficacy in reducing osteoarthritis side effects and characterized for nano size properties. Formulae F10 and F10C were chosen as optimum nanosize formula. Hense, they were prepared and characterized as nanoemulgel dosage form. The nanoemulgel formulae F10NEG1 and F10CNEG1 showed reasonable viscosity and spreadability, with complete drug release after 4 h. These formulae were chosen for further In vivo anti-OA study. Collagen based ACF/citronellol emugel were able to modulate HMGB-1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway, mitigating the production of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. They were also able to modulate Klotho and miR-499, reducing serum CTXII and COMP, by reducing the cartilage destruction. Histological investigations validated the efficacy, safety, and superiority of Aceclofenac in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen (F10CNEG1) over solo the treated group (F10NEG1 and blank). Hence, the findings of the current work encourage the use of this promising combined formula in treatment of OA patients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of substituting a crude palm oil (CPO) diet with palm-pressed fibre oil (PPFO) on laying hens' performance, egg production, carcass characteristic and egg quality. A total of 150 Hisex Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to five treatments: a basal diet containing 4% CPO (T1-control) and basal diets in which CPO was substituted by 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) or 100% (T5) PPFO. These diets were fed to laying hens ad libitum for 16 weeks. Compared to the T1 diet, dietary treatments T2, T3 and T4 had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg number, egg production, egg weight and egg mass of the laying hens during the entire experimental period. Nonetheless, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in feed intake, egg number, egg production and egg mass were observed in hens fed T5 compared to those fed the T1 (control) diet. Except for heart and spleen weights, other carcass characteristics were not affected by treatment (P < 0.05). Skin yellowness and breast meat redness increased significantly (linearly, P < 0.05) with increasing proportions of PPFO. Likewise, yolk colour scores increased in proportion to the dietary level of PPFO (linearly, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that PPFO can be used as a novel, cost-effective lipid source at a level of 3% in layer diets as a substitute for CPO to improve eggs' quality parameters without any harmful effects on laying performance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background: The heterogeneous character of functional gastrointestinal disorders, recently renamed into disorders of gut-brain interaction, makes finding effective treatment options challenging. Compared to synthetic drugs, phytotherapy can have broader pharmacological effects and is often better tolerated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of peppermint oil and caraway oil (POCO) on gastric function and symptom levels in 32 healthy subjects in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel design., Methods: Gastric emptying rate was assessed using a 13 C-breath test. Intragastric pressure was measured using high-resolution manometry in fasted state and during intragastric infusion of a nutrient drink (350 mL or until full satiation). GI symptoms were rated on a 100 mm VAS. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models., Key Results: POCO had no effect on intragastric pressure in fasted or fed state (p > 0.08 for all). No significant differences in gastric emptying rate were observed (p = 0.54). In the fasted state, a stronger increase in hunger and decrease in satiety were observed following POCO (p = 0.016 and p = 0.008, respectively). No differences in hunger and satiety were observed in the fed state (p > 0.31 for all). POCO induced less epigastric burning, bloating, and fullness (p < 0.05 for all)., Conclusions: Acute POCO administration did not affect gastric function in healthy subjects, but increased fasted hunger ratings. The effects of POCO on gastric function and hunger sensations in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, and the contribution to symptom improvement, needs to be elucidated in future studies., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate a blend of functional oils (FO) composed of copaiba and garlic essential oils, pepper oleoresin and cashew nut liquid to mitigate the effects of heat stress on productivity, egg quality, organ morphology of the gastrointestinal tract, serum biochemical profile, nutrient metabolism and body temperature of Japanese quail. A completely randomized design was used in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (without additive; 300 and 500 mg FO/kg of feed x birds raised in a thermal comfort (TC) and heat stress (HS) environment), with 6 replicates of 8 birds per plot. The birds under HS had lower feed intake (P = 0.0000), egg mass (P = 0.0000), laying rate (P = 0.0000) and higher percentage of infertile non-commercial eggs (P = 0.0004), lower head temperature amplitude (P = 0.0000) and higher average of body temperature (P = 0.0312). HS worsened the external and internal quality of the eggs. Birds kept in HS showed higher values of cholesterol (P = 0.0000) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (P = 0.0272). The use of 300 and 500 g FO/ton of feed improved the feed conversion (P = 0.0000) and egg mass (P = 0.0000) of the quail bred under HS, respectively, by 8.4 and 7.2% and increased the relative weight of liver (P = 0.0064) and pancreas (P = 0.0492). The use of such additives also provided a higher % of yolk (P = 0.0018) and reduced the percentage of albumen (P = 0.0029) of the eggs produced in TC, in addition to reducing the amplitude of head temperature (P = 0.0484) of birds bred under HS. The breeding of Japanese quail under HS results in negative impacts on the production, physiological and qualitative aspects of the eggs. The use of 300 g/ton of FO in the diet of Japanese quail leads to improvements in feed conversion, increased liver capacity in nutritional metabolism and results in eggs with a higher proportion of yolks, being, therefore, an alternative for feeding quail in a hot climate., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES The authors Hemylla Sousa Santos Barros, Rodrigo Fortunato de Oliveira, Cibele Silva Minafra, Ana Paula Cardoso Gomide, Francisco Ribeiro de Araujo Neto, Jennifer Cristina Ribeiro Gonçalves, Flávio Henrique de Souza Queiroz, Gabriel Martins Nobre, Bárbara Di Renzo Dos Santos Vilarinho, Manoel Correia Lima, Saullo Diogo de Assis and Fabiana Ramos dos Santos formally declared that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Soybean meal (SBM) has become a common dietary replacement for fish meal (FM) in aquafeed. However, at high inclusions, SBM has been shown to have negative impacts presenting as reduced feed intake and intestinal inflammation. Medicinal plant extracts, namely essential oils, have been used to promote growth performance and immune response. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of oregano ( Origanum vulgare ) essential oil (OEO) inclusion on utilization of a high-inclusion SBM diet using zebrafish as a model. Five diets were used in this study: reference-FM-based diet, control-55.7% inclusion SBM diet, and three experimental SBM-based diets OEO1, OEO2, and OEO3 that were supplemented with 1%, 2%, or 3% of oregano oil, respectively. The FM group had overall better growth performance when compared with the other treatment groups; however, the OEO3 mean weight and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different from the FM group ( p > 0.05) and were significantly improved compared with the SBM group ( p < 0.05). Similarly, OEO2 total length was not significantly different from FM ( p > 0.05) but significantly higher than the SBM group ( p < 0.05). Expression of inflammation-related genes did not significantly differ between the OEO groups and the SBM-only group. However, the OEO2 and OEO3 groups displayed improved growth performance compared with the SBM group, suggesting that inclusion of OEO at or above 2% inclusion may help to alleviate common symptoms induced by a high-inclusion SBM diet.

Liver phospholipid fatty acid composition depends on the dietary lipid intake and the efficiency of hepatic enzymatic activity. Our study aimed to simultaneously investigate the liver phospholipid fatty acid composition in response to chronic linseed, palm, or sunflower oil diets. We used adult female C57/BL6 mice and randomly divided them into control and three groups treated with 25 % dietary oils. Prior to treatment, we analyzed the fatty acid profiles in dietary oils and hepatocytes and, after 100 days, the fatty acid composition in the liver using gas-liquid chromatography. Linseed oil treatment elevated alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids and reduced arachidonic and docosatetraenoic acids, consequently lowering the n-6/n-3 ratio. Palm oil treatment increased linoleic acid and decreased docosahexaenoic acid, contributing to an elevated n-6/n-3 ratio. Sunflower oil treatment elevated total monounsaturated fatty acids by increasing palmitoleic, oleic, and vaccenic acids. The estimated activity of Δ9 desaturase was significantly elevated in the sunflower oil group, while Δ5 desaturase was the highest, and Δ6 desaturase was the lowest after the linseed oil diet. Our findings demonstrate that chronic consumption of linseed, palm, or sunflower oil alters the distribution of liver phospholipid fatty acids differently. Sunflower oil diet elevated total monounsaturated fatty acids, proposing potential benefits for liver tissue health. Considering these outcomes, a substantial recommendation emerges to elevate linseed oil intake, recognized as the principal ALA source, thereby aiding in reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio. Moreover, modifying dietary habits to incorporate specific vegetable oils in daily consumption could substantially enhance overall health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Vegetable oils, derived from diverse sources such as seeds, nuts, and some fruits, play a significant role in dietary health. However, the current evidence on the health effects of different types of vegetable oil consumption remains controversial. This umbrella review aims to synthesize evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses to assess the health outcomes associated with various vegetable oils. A comprehensive literature search was performed up to 31 July, 2023 on 12 databases for studies examining the association of different vegetable oils with health outcomes in adults. Data was extracted independently by 2 authors, with evidence strength assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. A total of 48 studies, including 206 meta-analyses, were included. Moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations. Conversely, low to very low certainty evidence suggests that oils high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, increase total cholesterol and LDL concentrations but also raise high-density lipoprotein concentrations. Very low certainty evidence showed the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and coconut oil could improve blood sugar control. Low certainty evidence showed olive oil consumption reduced risk of breast, digestive, and other cancers. Moderate to very low certainty evidence suggested that canola oil and sesame oil consumption reduced body weight. The consumption of vegetable oil appears to offer different health benefits, with summary estimates indicating beneficial effects on reducing lipid concentrations, especially with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated rich oils when consumed in recommended amounts. Future research should focus on long-term studies and comprehensive dietary assessments to better understand the health impacts of vegetable oils, providing a basis for informed dietary recommendations. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42021239210., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose To compare the effectiveness of sunflower oil and silicone-based spray used to remove medical adhesives from the orogastric catheter in preventing the skin injury of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit., Methods: This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted on premature infants, born between 32 and 36 weeks, hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit located in the city center of the Black Sea region. There were 86 participants in the study; 43 were in the control group (silicone-based spray), and 43 were in the intervention group (sunflower oil). The "Neonatal Skin Condition Score Scale" evaluated premature infants' skin., Results: Mean skin condition score of premature infants for whom silicone-based adhesive remover spray was applied was 3.63 ± 0.78, whereas the mean skin condition score measured three hours later was 3.17 ± 0.37. Mean skin condition score of premature infants for whom sunflower oil was applied as a medical adhesive remover was 3.40 ± 0.62, whereas the mean skin condition score measured three hours later was 3.07 ± 0.25. No statistically significant difference was determined between the mean skin condition scores of premature infants in both groups evaluated immediately after removing the medical adhesive and 3 h there after (p>0.05)., Conclusions: There is no difference between the skin condition of premature infants for whom silicone-based medical adhesive remover spray is used and the skin condition of premature infants for whom sunflower oil is used to remove the orogastric tube adhesive., Practice Implications: Pediatric nurses should use medical supplies suitable for the skin condition of premature infants and should frequently evaluate the baby's skin condition. Since silicone-based adhesive remover sprays have a risk of toxicity by being absorbed by the skin, it is recommended to use herbal, cost-effective, non-toxic products., Clinical Trial Number: NCT06280326., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None for each author., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Due to numerous stressors in intensive care, common psychosocial problems arise in patients. Among these, decreased anxiety and sleep quality are observed. This study aims to determine the effect of lavender and bergamot oil applied by inhalation on anxiety and sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients., Methods: Fifty-four patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, were included in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups (Lavender, Bergamot, Control). Intervention groups were exposed to 3 drops of lavender oil or bergamot oil on pillows for 20 min, which were then placed 10 cm away from the patient's head. This intervention was applied for two nights. The patients' sleep quality and anxiety level were evaluated using the "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)" and "Richard-Campbell Sleep Scale (RCSS)." Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA tests., Results: According to our results, anxiety scores significantly decreased in the lavender and bergamot groups. Sleep quality scores significantly increased (p = <0.001). The control group showed lower sleep quality scores., Conclusion: Lavender and bergamot oil inhalation appeared effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Vitamin D possesses an important role in the maintenance and health of broiler chickens. Herbal essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs in intensive production management systems for better performance of broilers with slight side effects and admirable therapeutic properties., Objectives: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding cholecalciferol (VD) in combination of Satureja rechingeri EO (SREO) on growth performance, haematological indicators and immunological response of broilers., Methods: A total of 540 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental treatments included different concentrations of cholecalciferol (VD) (0, 2000 and 4000 IU/kg = 0, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) and SREO (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on growth performance, haematological indicators and immunological responses of broiler chickens were investigated., Results: The results showed that the chicken fed diet supplemented with 0.1 mg/kg VD (VD 0.1 ) in combination of 200 mg/kg SREO (SREO 200 ) increased the feed intake during the overall and first 14-day periods of the trial when compared with other dietary treatments. Interaction of VD 0.1  × SREO 200 led to more body weight gain (BWG) in the grower and finisher phases than all other feed treatment groups. The blood level of lymphocyte at day 42, heterophil at days 28 and 42 and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio at 14 and 28 days of age were affected by VD 0.1  + SREO 200 in comparison with VD 0  + SREO 0 group. Feeding VD and/or SREO decreased triglyceride, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations at days 28 and 42 of the study, especially in VD 0.1  + SREO 200 treatment. Feeding VD 0.1  + SREO 200 also resulted in higher serum status of immunoglobulin M, lysozymes and phagocytic percentage among all treatments., Conclusion: Considering the outcomes, it is suggested that the combination of suitable concentration of VD and EO of the plant had favourable effects on the immune system and performance criteria of broiler chickens., (© 2024 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Malignant ascites is a common complication of advanced cancers, which reduces survival rates and diminishes patients' quality of life. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is a conventional method for treating cancer-related ascites, but the poor drug retention of conventional drugs requires frequent administration to maintain sustained anti-tumor effects. In this study, we encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) into Brucea javanica oil (BJO) to develop a water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion called BJO@DOX for the treatment of malignant ascites through in-situ intraperitoneal administration. BJO significantly induced apoptosis of S180 cells by upregulating the expression of p53 and caspase-3 (cleaved). Additionally, BJO notably downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, further promoting apoptosis of S180 cells. Cell apoptosis significantly inhibited ascites formation and tumor cell proliferation in a mouse model. The combination of DOX and BJO exhibited satisfactory synergistic effects, consequently prolonging the survival period of mice. Histological examination of major organs indicated that the nanoemulsion had excellent biosafety in vivo. The BJO@DOX nanoemulsion represents a promising platform for in-situ chemotherapy of malignant ascites., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) or seasonal allergy characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and nasal discharge, triggered by immune reactions to environmental allergens. Present day customers also monitor the personal improvements in the area of Evidence-Based natural medicines/supplements., Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 65 participants aged 18 to 60 years having 2 or more allergic symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction, and nasal itching for a cumulative period greater than 1 hour per day. The study participants received a capsule of NSO (250 mg) with 2.5 mg piperine (BioPerine) as a bioavailability enhancer or a placebo, twice a day, after food for 15 days. The primary objectives were evaluated by mean change in Total Nasal Symptom Score and the duration of AR symptoms per day from baseline to Day 15. Secondary endpoints were changes in Total Ocular Symptoms Score, AR symptom frequency and severity, serum Immunoglobulin E levels, and Patient Global Impression of Change scale. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study., Results: Sixty-five patients were enrolled and all of them completed the study, N = 33 in NSO and N = 32 in placebo. A significant reduction in Total Nasal Symptom Score and Total Ocular Symptoms Score was observed in the NSO group compared to the placebo, highlighting the potential of NSO in alleviating AR symptoms. The episodes of AR symptoms per day and the frequency of symptoms in 24 hours reduced significantly in 15 days in both groups, but the extent of improvement was significantly higher in NSO compared to placebo. Improvement in Patient Global Impression of Change was also significantly better in NSO compared to the placebo. Serum Immunoglobulin E levels decreased in NSO but were not significantly different from placebo. No clinically significant changes were observed in vital signs, liver and renal function, lipid profile, hematology, fasting blood sugar, or urine analysis at the end of the study., Conclusion: The result of the study demonstrates that NSO 250 mg with 2.5 mg piperine is an effective and well-tolerated supplement for the management of AR symptoms., Competing Interests: AM, SM, AKP, AM, SG and LM employees of Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited or Sabinsa Corporation. CS and HCS do not have any conflict of interest to declare. Nigellin® Amber is marketed by Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited and Sabinsa Corporation., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: The liver is crucial for maintaining normal metabolism in the body. Various substances, such as toxic chemicals, drugs, and alcohol, can damage hepatocyte cells, leading to metabolic imbalances., Aim: The experiment aimed to determine the efficacy of Lagenaria siceraria seed oil (LSS) as a hepatoprotective agent against acute hepatotoxicity triggered by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )., Methods: A total of 20 rats were randomly separated into four groups. The control group: rats received 2 ml of distilled water orally, followed by 1.25 ml of olive oil intraperitoneally (i.p.) after 30 minutes. CCL 4 group: rats were given a single intraperitoneal dose of 1.25 ml/kg b.w. of CCl 4 in a 1:1 mixture with olive oil. Silymarin group: received 100 mg of silymarin per kg of b.w. diluted in 2 ml of distilled water orally, followed by CCl 4 treatment after 30 minutes. LSS oil group: received LSS oil at 3g/kg b.w. orally, followed by CCl 4 treatment after 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected to assess liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), proteins and bilirubin fractions, and redox status (catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were assessed in hepatic tissues. Changes in liver histopathological examination were also evaluated., Results: In CCl4-treated rats, there was a significant increase in serum liver marker enzyme activity (ALP, AST, and ALT) along with a significant elevation ( p < 0.05) in total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and direct bilirubin compared to the control rats. However, all these parameters decreased in the CCl 4 + Silymarin and CCl 4 +LSS groups compared to CCl 4 -treated rats. There was a significant decline in total protein level and serum albumin in all experimental groups compared to the control, while globulin levels significantly increased in all experimental groups. There was a significant ( p < 0.05) reduction in the level of GSH and catalase, with an increase in MDA level in CCl 4 rats compared to other rats. Histopathological investigation of the LSS-treated group showed a hepatoprotective effect against CCl 4 ., Conclusion: The study revealed that LSS oil has antioxidant activity against CCl 4 -induced toxicity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Background and Aims: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a causal, genetically determined cardiovascular risk factor. Limited evidence suggests that dietary unsaturated fat may increase serum Lp(a) concentration by 10-15 %. Linoleic acid may increase Lp(a) concentration through its endogenous conversion to arachidonic acid, a process regulated by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster. We aimed to compare the Lp(a) and other lipoprotein trait-modulating effects of dietary alpha-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acids (LA). Additionally, we examined whether FADS1 rs174550 genotype modifies Lp(a) responses., Methods: A genotype-based randomized trial was performed in 118 men homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 SNP (TT or CC). After a 4-week run-in period, the participants were randomized to 8-week intervention diets enriched with either Camelina sativa oil (ALA diet) or sunflower oil (LA diet) 30-50 mL/day based on their BMI. Serum lipid profile was measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention., Results: ALA diet lowered serum Lp(a) concentration by 7.3 % (p = 0.003) and LA diet by 9.5 % (p < 0.001) (p = 0.089 for between-diet difference). Both diets led to greater absolute decreases in individuals with higher baseline Lp(a) concentration (p < 0.001). Concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, remnant-C, and apolipoprotein B were lowered more by the ALA diet (p < 0.01). Lipid or lipoprotein responses were not modified by the FADS1 rs174550 genotype., Conclusions: A considerable increase in either dietary ALA or LA from vegetable oils has a similar Lp(a)-lowering effect, whereas ALA may lower other major atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins to a greater extent than LA. Genetic differences in endogenous PUFA conversion may not influence serum Lp(a) concentration., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Oral cannabidiol (CBD) product use is increasingly growing among women; however, there is a lack of data on sex differences in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of CBD and its primary metabolites, 7-hydroxy-CBD (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-CBD (7-COOH-CBD), after repeated doses. Materials and Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multiple-dose trial of a commercially available, CBD-dominant oral cannabis product. Healthy participants ( n =17 males and 15 females) were randomized to receive 120 to 480 mg of CBD daily for 7 days. Dosing groups were pooled for all analyses due to sample size limitations. Analyses compared plasma PK parameters by sex, day, and sex×day. Results: For raw PK parameters for CBD and metabolites, there were no statistically significant effects of sex×day or sex (all p -values >0.05). For metabolite-to-parent ratios (MPRs) of AUC 0-t , there were significant effects of the sex×day interactions for 7-OH-CBD ( F =6.89, p =0.016) and 7-COOH-CBD ( F =5.96, p =0.021). For 7-OH-CBD, follow-up analyses showed significant simple effects of day within females ( t =4.13, p <0.001), but not within males ( t =0.34, p =0.73), such that 7-OH-CBD MPRs increased significantly from day 1 to 7 for females, but not for males. For 7-COOH-CBD, follow-up analyses revealed significant simple effects of day within females ( t =8.24, p <0.001) and males ( t =5.20, p <0.001), therefore 7-COOH-CBD MPRs increased significantly from day 1 to 7 in both sexes, but the increase was significantly greater among females than among males. Within dosing days, there were no statistically significant simple effects of sex on MPRs of 7-OH-CBD or 7-COOH-CBD. Conclusions: Females exhibited greater relative exposure to CBD metabolites in plasma over time, which may reflect sex differences in CBD metabolism or elimination. Further research assessing the safety implications of higher relative exposure to CBD metabolites over longer periods of time is warranted to mirror typical consumer use patterns.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the contribution of edible/cooking oils and mayonnaise sauce in the severity, motor and non-motor symptoms, and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: In this study, 120 patients with PD and 50 healthy individuals participated. The frequency and quantity of edible/cooking oils including animal and plant source oils (hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated) and mayonnaise sauce used by participants were determined using a food frequency questionnaire. The severity of PD was determined by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Results: Patients with PD had lower use of hydrogenated plant-based oil (HPO) ( p < 0.001) and animal oils ( p < 0.001) but had higher use of non-hydrogenated plant-based oil (NHPO) ( p < 0.001), olive oil ( p = 0.02), and mayonnaise sauce ( p < 0.001) compared with the healthy subjects. Use of each unit HPO reduced 4% the odds of PD ( p = 0.01). The odds of PD increased 20% by each unit increase in NHPO usage ( p = 0.001), 49% by olive oil ( p = 0.02), and 127% by mayonnaise sauce ( p = 0.004) intake. According to receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, mayonnaise sauce and NHPO had the largest area under the curve in predicting PD. Intake of animal oil was positively correlated with total score of UPDRS ( p = 0.05) and motor symptoms ( p = 0.04). Intake of butter was positively correlated with total score of UPDRS ( p = 0.047), nonmotor aspects of experiences of daily living ( p = 0.02), and motor examination ( p = 0.02). Discussion: The findings indicate that high intake of HPO reduces, while high intake of NHPO, olive oil, and mayonnaise sauce increases the odds of PD.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the activity of essential oils from Nepeta Cataria (EON) at concentrations of 125 μ L  L-1, 150 μ L  L-1, 175 μ L  L-1, and 200 μ L  L-1 on the behavior of loss of the posture reflex and recovery of the posture reflex and electrocardiographic activity and recording of the opercular beat of Colossoma macropomum during immersion bathing for a period of 5 min, in order to obtain a window for safe use during anesthesia. The fish (23.38 ± 3.5 g) were assigned to the following experiments: experiment 1 (latency to loss and recovery of the posture reflex): (a) 125 μ L  L-1, (b) 150 μ L  L-1, (c) 175 μ L  L-1, and (d) 200 μ L  L-1 (n = 9) per group. Experiment 2 (electrocardiographic and heartbeat recordings): (a) control group; (b) vehicle control group (2 ml of alcohol per liter of water), (c) 125 μ L  L-1, (d) 150 μ L  L-1, (e) 175 μ L  L-1, and (f) 200 μ L  L-1 (n = 9), per group. All the concentrations used showed efficacy in inducing loss of the posture reflex and reversibility with recovery of the posture reflex, but the electrocardiographic recordings indicated morphographic changes such as bradycardia during induction and p wave apiculation during recovery at the highest concentrations tested. In this way, we suggest a safe use window for short-term anesthesia with EON in the concentration range of 125 to 150 μ L  L-1 for juvenile Colossoma macropomum., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) pose a significant health burden, leading to high morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. This study aims to develop and characterize nanomicelles for the codelivery of posaconazole and hemp seed oil for IFI via the oral route. The nanomicelles were prepared using a nanoprecipitation method and optimized through the Box Behnken design. The optimized nanomicelles resulted in satisfactory results for zeta potential, size, PDI, entrapment efficiency, TEM, and stability studies. FTIR and DSC results confirm the compatibility and amorphous state of the prepared nanomicelles. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the optimized nanomicelles penetrated the tissue more deeply (44.9µm) than the suspension (25µm). The drug-loaded nanomicelles exhibited sustained cumulative drug release of 95.48 ± 3.27% for 24 h. The nanomicelles showed significant inhibition against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (22.4 ± 0.21 and 32.2 ± 0.46 mm, respectively). The pharmacokinetic study on Wistar rats exhibited a 1.8-fold increase in relative bioavailability for the nanomicelles compared to the suspension. These results confirm their therapeutic efficacy and lay the groundwork for future research and clinical applications, providing a promising synergistic antifungal nanomicelles approach for treating IFIs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A healthy diet is at the forefront of measures to prevent type 2 diabetes. Certain vegetable and fish oils, such as pine nut oil (PNO), have been demonstrated to ameliorate the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. The present study investigates the involvement of the free fatty acid receptors 1 (FFAR1) and 4 (FFAR4) in the chronic activity of hydrolysed PNO (hPNO) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Male C57BL/6J wild-type, FFAR1 knockout (-/-) and FFAR4-/- mice were placed on 60 % high-fat diet for 3 months. Mice were then dosed hPNO for 24 d, during which time body composition, energy intake and expenditure, glucose tolerance and fasting plasma insulin, leptin and adiponectin were measured. hPNO improved glucose tolerance and decreased plasma insulin in the wild-type and FFAR1-/- mice, but not the FFAR4-/- mice. hPNO also decreased high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and fat mass, whilst increasing energy expenditure and plasma adiponectin. None of these effects on energy balance were statistically significant in FFAR4-/- mice, but it was not shown that they were significantly less than in wild-type mice. In conclusion, chronic hPNO supplementation reduces the metabolically detrimental effects of high-fat diet on obesity and insulin resistance in a manner that is dependent on the presence of FFAR4.

Objective: To determine the effect of aromatherapy with thyme oil on disease symptoms, vital signs, and hemodynamic parameters in COVID-19 patients., Methods: We conducted the randomized controlled trial with 140 (experimental group=70, control group=70) COVID-19 patients. Patients admitted to the COVID-19 service of the Batman Training and Research Hospital were included in the sample between 31.01 - 31.08 2022. Patients in the experimental group inhaled thyme oil 3 times a day during 5 days. At the end of day 5, symptoms and hemodynamic parameters were measured as posttest. Vital signs were measured 3 times a day during 5 days. The control group only received routine treatment., Results: Thyme oil was found to be effective in relieving symptoms of shortness of breath, dizziness, secretion, diarrhea, weakness, loss of appetite, cough, headache and muscle joint pain. Although there was improvement in the symptoms of nausea-vomiting, runny nose and loss of taste-smell, the effect was not statistically significant. Thyme oil significantly decreased body temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate (p<0.05), increased SPO 2 (p<0.05), and did not affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p>0.05). It had a significant effect on the regulation of pH, decreased CO 2 and increased O 2 significantly (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Thyme oil aromatherapy was effective in reducing symptoms, regulating vital signs and hemodynamic parameters. Accordingly, thyme oil is recommended as non-pharmacological treatment method in COVID-19 patients., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This work aimed to investigate the effects of dietary frankincense oil and ginger on the growth efficiency of growing Japanese quail, including live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, and physical characteristics of the meat. In total, 150 unsexed Japanese quail chicks that were 7 d old were utilized in the experiment. The chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups. Each group was divided into 3 replicates with ten birds in a completely randomized design. Group 1 received a basal diet without supplements and was used as a control group. Groups 2 and 3 received basal diets with 250 and 500 mg of ginger per kg of diet, respectively. Groups 4 and 5 received basal diets with 200 and 400 mg of frankincense oil per kg of diet, respectively. Results showed that BW of chicks received 500 mg of ginger and the 2 levels of frankincense oil at 5 wk of age, and 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil at 6 wk significantly increased. BWG was significantly increased by using 500 mg of ginger and 2 levels of frankincense oil at 1 to 3 wk, 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil at 3 to 6 wk, and 1 to 6 wk of age, in comparison with the control group. Treatments insignificantly influenced feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved considerably by using 250 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense at 3 to 6 wk and 1 to 6 wk of age, respectively. Gizzard% was notably reduced with 200 mg of frankincense oil. The pH value of meat was significantly increased by having 2 levels of ginger. Still, water holding capacity and tenderness significantly decreased owing to 500 mg of ginger and 400 mg of frankincense oil. We can conclude that adding ginger and frankincense oil to Japanese quail diets may be beneficial., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary sesame oil and ginger oil supplements on the dorsal root ganglia following a sciatic nerve crush model in male Wistar albino rats., Materials and Methods: Crush injury models have been done by means of graded forceps (50 Newton). The animals were given a daily sesame oil (4 ml/kg/day) and ginger oil (400 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for a period of 28 days. Dorsal root ganglia from the L5 levels were harvested. Processing of tissues was done for electron microscopy and light microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining with active caspase-3 antibody and qualitative ultrastructural analyses of tissues were made by a light and a transmission electron microscope, respectively., Results: The results showed that crush injury leads to remarkable ultrastructural changes in sensory neurons, such as swollen mitochondria, disruption of cristae structure, glial cell proliferation and, consequently, phagocytosis of the damaged neuron. These ultrastructural changes were less evident in the treated groups, and both natural compounds reduced the expression of activated caspase-3, which may also affect ultrastructural changes., Conclusion: The application of the natural products sesame oil and ginger oil may represent a supportive approach to the protection of sensory neurons against the destructive effects of peripheral nerve crush injury.

The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy via inhalation as a stress management modality for patients in cardiac rehabilitation. This was a quasi-experimental design. Aromatherapy was provided via inhalation to participants before a cardiac rehabilitation session over 8 minutes using lavender essential oil. The same protocol was used in the non-aromatherapy session without the essential oil. Blood pressure and radial pulse were measured, and subjective data were also collected including assessment of stress level (1-10 scale) and affect using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 20. Quantitative measures were analyzed using Mann-Whitney nonparametric equivalent to the t test. Inferential measures were analyzed using the χ 2 or Fisher's exact test. In the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program, 25 patients participated in this study. The average change in negative affect (PANAS-) between pre and post-aromatherapy compared with pre- and post-non-aromatherapy sessions was statistically significant. Results showed a reduction in blood pressure following both aromatherapy and non-aromatherapy sessions with no statistical significance between sessions. Heart rate decreased equally post-aromatherapy and non-aromatherapy sessions. Aromatherapy may be a useful stress management tool for cardiac rehabilitation patients., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study was conducted to analyze the effects of the inhalation of peppermint oil after lumbar discectomy surgery on the pain and anxiety levels of patients., Materials and Method: This study was performed as a randomized controlled trial from September 2022 to June 2023 with 68 patients (34 patients in the experimental group and 34 patients in the control group). A Patient Information Form, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, and the State Anxiety Inventory were used in the data collection process. The researcher administered the Patient Information Form to the patients before they underwent surgery. The State Anxiety Inventory and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale were administered to the patients after the second hour in the postoperative period. Next, for 10 minutes, only the patients in the experimental group inhaled five drops of peppermint oil dripped on a sterile gauze pad whereas no intervention was administered to the patients in the control group. Then, the State Anxiety Inventory and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale were administered again to the patients in both groups successively after the third and fourth hours in the postoperative period., Results: After the second hour in the postoperative period, the difference between the mean pain or state anxiety levels of the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, after the third and fourth hours in the postoperative period, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: It was concluded that the inhalation of peppermint oil after lumbar discectomy surgery reduced pain and anxiety levels., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug applied clinically for the remedy of cancer, but its possibly life-threatening cardiotoxicity effects remain a concern., Aim: After that, this study evaluates the cardioprotective impacts of Lagenaria siceraria (LSS) oil on DOX induced cardiomyopathy in rats., Methods: Wistar male rats ( n = 28, weighting 190-210 g) were arbitrarily allocated into four equal groups. Group 1 control group (CTR) received normal saline orally (1 ml/kg); group 2 (DOX) received DOX (10 mg/kg); group 3 (DOLS) received DOX + 3 g of Lagenaria siceraria seeds oil/kg; group 4 (LSSO) received LSSO (3 g/kg) daily for 18 days. The serum samples were collected to determine the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Troponin I activity. At the same time, the catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assessed in heart tissues. Additionally, histopathological investigations for the heart tissue were performed., Results: Results revealed no significant change in CK-MB levels between the DOLS group compared to the CTR group ( p > 0.05). DOX group confirmed a substantial increase in AST, LDH, and Troponin1 serum levels compared to DOLS and LLSO groups ( p < 0.05). The study demonstrated the antioxidant activity of LSS oil against DOX-induced toxicity. The DOX group significantly reduced GSH and catalase levels, with an increase in MDA levels compared to DOLS and LLSO groups. Histopathological analysis showed protective properties of LSS oil against myocardial damage caused by DOX., Conclusion: This study highlights the favorable impacts of LSS oil in mitigating DOX-triggered cardiotoxicity in a rat model., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and economic viability of diets containing different levels of antibiotic and buriti oil (BO) on performance, carcass and cut yields, and relative weight of organs of broilers. A total of 432 one- to 42-day-old male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments, each consisting of six replicates of 12 birds. The treatments consisted of one diet with antibiotic without BO, one diet without antibiotic (DWA) without BO, and four DWA containing increasing levels of BO (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%). Average weight and weight gain (WG) of broilers fed with DWA + BO were similar to those of birds fed control diet. Feed intake and feed conversion (FC) were not different among treatments. Relative weight of pancreas linearly increased in the birds fed diets containing BO. The inclusion of 0.45 and 0.40% of BO in the diets promoted the improvement of WG and FC, respectively. Cost of feed management, ratio, gross margin, and gross income did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the inclusion of 0.45% of BO in diets without antibiotics is economically feasible and allows recovering the performance of broilers.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a chronic impairing psychiatric disorder occurring after exposure to the severe traumatic event. Studies have demonstrated that medicinal cannabis oil plays an important role in neuroprotection, but the mechanism by which it exerts anti-PTSD effects remains unclear., Methods: The chronic complex stress (CCS) simulating the conditions of long voyage stress for 4 weeks was used to establish the PTSD mice model. After that, behavioral tests were used to evaluate PTSD-like behaviors in mice. Mouse brain tissue index was detected and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to assess pathological changes in the hippocampus. The indicators of cell apoptosis and the BDNF/TRPC6 signaling activation in the mice hippocampus were detected by western blotting or real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR experiments., Results: We established the PTSD mice model induced by CCS, which exhibited significant PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. Medicinal cannabis oil treatment significantly ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors and improved brain histomorphological abnormalities in CCS mice. Mechanistically, medicinal cannabis oil reduced CCS-induced cell apoptosis and enhanced the activation of BDNF/TRPC6 signaling pathway., Conclusions: We constructed a PTSD model with CCS and medicinal cannabis oil that significantly improved anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in CCS mice, which may play an anti-PTSD role by stimulating the BDNF/TRPC6 signaling pathway., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is associated with progressive changes contributing to clinical complications related to macro- and microvascular diseases. Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) and its organosulfur components have been related to beneficial cardiovascular effects and could improve endothelial function. The ENDOTALLIUM Study aimed to evaluate the effect of the regular consumption of encapsulated purple garlic oil on microvascular function, endothelial-related biomarkers, and the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in untreated subjects with cardiometabolic alterations. Fifty-two individuals with at least one MetS component were randomized (1:1) in a single-center, single-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The participants received encapsulated purple garlic oil (n = 27) or placebo (n = 25) for five weeks. Skin microvascular peak flow during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia significantly increased in the purple garlic oil group compared to the placebo group (between-group difference [95%CI]: 15.4 [1.5 to 29.4] PU; p = 0.031). Likewise, hs-CRP levels decreased in the purple garlic group compared to the control group (-1.3 [-2.5 to -0.0] mg/L; p = 0.049). Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the mean number of MetS components in the purple garlic group after five weeks (1.7 ± 0.9 vs. 1.3 ± 1.1, p = 0.021). In summary, regular consumption of encapsulated purple garlic oil significantly improved microvascular function, subclinical inflammatory status, and the overall MetS profile in a population with cardiometabolic alterations.

Idesia polycarpa , belonging to the Flacourtiaceae family, is a tall deciduous tree, widely distributed in some Asian countries. It is famous for its high yield of fruit known as oil grape, which is rich of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and so on. To provide evidences for its safe use as food, subchronic toxicity of I. polycarpa fruit oil and no observed adverse effect level were performed in male and female specific pathogen-free Wistar rats. Based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, the oil was orally administered to rats by gavage at 0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0mL/kg.bw/day for 90 days, followed by a 28-day recovery period. The results showed that no sign of oil-related toxicity, clinically or histologically, was observed in both male and female rats. Although there was a slight increase or decrease in some indicators such as hematology, serum chemistry, and so on, those changes were all within the normal ranges, and as presented in the 90-day study, the oil exhibited no toxic effect compared to the control rats. I. polycarpa might be a potential excellent and healthy vegetable oil resource.

Background: One common problem in various patient groups is excessive hair loss on the head. One such group is people struggling with hypothyroidism. The market for preparations for hair growth and hair loss prevention includes betulin., Purpose: This pilot study investigated its effect on hair loss in hypothyroid patients., Study Design: The study included a group of hypothyroid patients and a control group of people without hypothyroidism. Participants were randomly divided into a group taking placebo and betulin., Methods: Results were investigated using photographic assessment of hair, trichoscopy and subjective evaluation of participants., Conclusion: The study did not conclusively prove that betulin would contribute to the inhibition of hair loss or regrowth., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) is a natural medication obtained from Prinsepia utilis Rogle seed, which has been used for the treatment of skin diseases. The study aims to prepare ethosomes with high drug loading as a water-soluble transdermal vehicle to enhance the transdermal delivery of PUSO. PUSO-loaded ethosomes (PEs) were prepared using a cold method, and optimized by an orthogonal experimental design with entrapment efficiency (EE) as the dependent variable. The PEs prepared with the optimized formulation showed good stability, with a spherical shape under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), average particle size of 39.12 ± 0.85 nm, PDI of 0.270 ± 0.01, zeta potential of -11.3 ± 0.24 mV, and EE of 95.93 ± 0.43%. PEs significantly increased the skin deposition of PUSO compared to the PUSO suspension (P < 0.001). Moreover, the optimum formula showed significant ameliorative effects on ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-associated macroscopic and histopathological changes in mice skin. Therefore, PEs represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of UVB-induced skin inflammation, with the potential for industrialization., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.)

Dairy fat has a unique lipid profile; it is rich in short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids that induce ketone production and has a balanced ω6/ω3 ratio that promotes cognitive development in early life. Moreover, the high consumption of vegetable oils in pregnant and lactating women raises concerns regarding the quality of lipids provided to offspring. Here, we investigate maternal dairy fat intake during gestation and lactation in a highly valuable primate model for infant nutritional studies, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Two experimental diets are provided to gestant mouse lemurs: a dairy fat-based (DF) or vegetable fat-based diet (VF). The psychomotor performance of neonates is tested during their first 30 days. Across all tasks, we observe more successful neonates born to mothers fed a DF diet. A greater rate of falls is observed in 8-day-old VF neonates, which is associated with delayed psychomotor development. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of lipids originating from a lactovegetarian diet compared with those originating from a vegan diet for the psychomotor development of neonates., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Episiotomy is associated with side effects, such as pain and wound infection. Additionally, discomfort after episiotomy affects the quality of life of both the mother and the baby. Medicinal herbs are one alternative method for the treatment of episiotomy wounds. This study will investigate the effectiveness of the combination of olive and black seed oil on pain intensity and the healing of episiotomy wounds in primiparous women., Methods: This randomized clinical trial will be conducted on primiparous women who have had a normal delivery with an episiotomy. There are 3 groups in this study: one group will receive a combination of olive oil and black seed oil, another group will receive olive oil alone, and the use of oils will start 24 hours after delivery. Ten drops will be applied topically 3 times a day for 10 days. The third group (control) will receive only routine care. Data will be collected through a demographic characteristics questionnaire, REEDA (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation) Scale, and Visual Analog Scale. To determine and compare the effects of pharmaceutical interventions on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in the groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with repeated measurements will be used with SPSS version 22., Discussion: The results of this study will show the effects of a combination of olive and black seed oil, as well as olive oil alone, on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. The positive effects observed in this trial with these oils could be valuable for women who have undergone an episiotomy., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Fili et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

To maintain a beneficial concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the efficient conversion of its precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LA), is important. Here, we studied the conversion of α-LA to EPA using ICR and C57BL/6 mice. A single dose of perilla oil rich-in α-LA or free α-LA had not been converted to EPA 18 h following administration. The α-LA was absorbed into the circulation, and its concentration peaked 6 h after administration, after which it rapidly decreased. In contrast, EPA administration was followed by an increase in circulating EPA concentration, but this did not decrease between 6 and 18 h, indicating that the clearance of EPA is slower than that of α-LA. After ≥1 week perilla oil intake, the circulating EPA concentration was >20 times higher than that of the control group which consumed olive oil, indicating that daily consumption, but not a single dose, of α-LA-rich oil might help preserve the physiologic EPA concentration. The consumption of high concentrations of perilla oil for 4 weeks also increased the hepatic expression of Elovl5 , which is involved in fatty acid elongation; however, further studies are needed to characterize the relationship between the expression of this gene and the conversion of α-LA to EPA.

The goal of the existing work was to create matrix transdermal patches with lornoxicam (LXM) gel using lemon oil (LO) and Aloe vera leaves mucilage (AVLM) as penetration enhancers to boost LXM transport crossways the skin and test its in vivo analgesic effects. Nine formulas were produced for this purpose using Design Expert® 11 in line with CCD design. The response factors, on the other hand, were Q 1d (Y 1 ), Q 2d (Y 2 ) and Q 3d , or LXM permeation at days 1, 2 and 3. The AVLM concentration (X1) and lemon oil (X2) were selected as independent variables. The optimized patch's skin sensitivity response and analgesic activity were tested on rats. The results exhibited that a matrix system with prolonged (zero-order) LXM release of 24.15% (@24h), 49.00% (@48h) and 69.45% (optimized for the needed analgesic asset by using AVLM and LO as penetration enhancers. It was resolute that the formulation known as LTDP-8, which contains 3mL of AVLM and LO as permeability enhancers, is the best one. In light of its ability to administer LXM across the skin sustainably while producing a tolerable analgesic effect. The study concludes that the artificial transdermal LXM delivery system is a suitable substitution for the oral route.

Introduction: The number of medical cannabis licenses in Israel is increasing persistently (over 120,000 approved licenses in October 2022), reaching about 1.5% of adult population. Medical cannabis products are available in two main forms: inflorescence (administered by smoking or evaporation) and cannabis oil (administered sub-lingually). Data from the Israel ministry of health, regarding the split between these forms, show a major preference for inflorescence products over cannabis oils. This preference is increasing over time. This article reviews the main differences between the administration of these forms and their effects on the quality of treatment. It's conclusion is that for the most common cases of cannabis treatment, sublingual oils should be preferred and that the medical community has an important role in driving this change.

Introduction: Chios Mastiha essential oil (CMO) is a natural product extracted from the resin of Mastiha, possessing antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, anti-neoplastic, and cholesterol-lowering capabilities in vitro, and its hypolipidemic effect was confirmed in animal studies. Yet, there are no randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies in the literature regarding CMO's hypolipidemic effects in humans. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study was designed to study the hypolipidemic effect of CMO capsules on healthy volunteers with elevated cholesterol., Methods: 192 healthy volunteers were screened and 160 of them with total cholesterol> 200 mg/dl participated in the study. They were randomized with a 2:1 ratio of receiving CMO capsules (200 mg mastiha-oil/capsule) and placebo for 8 weeks respectively. 113 patients received CMO and 47 were randomized in the control group, and all of them completed the follow-up period., Results: After 8 weeks of CMO administration, total and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower in the CMO compared to the placebo group 215.2 ± 27.5 vs 237.0 ± 27.9 mg/dl (p < 0.001) and 135.0 ± 26.1 vs 153.0 ± 23.3 mg/dl (p < 0.001) respectively. No gastrointestinal adverse events or liver or renal toxicity were reported. Additionally, in the CMO group total cholesterol was significantly decreased by 20.6 mg/dl (9%), LDL by 18.1 mg/dl (12%), triglycerides by 21.8 mg/dl (15%), and glucose by 4.6 mg/dl (5%) and HDL was increased by 2.4 mg/dl (5%), compared to their baseline values., Conclusion: The MASTIHA-OIL study showed the efficacy and safety of CMO in reduction of total and LDL cholesterol after 8 weeks of administration in healthy volunteers with elevated cholesterol levels., (Copyright © 2023 Hellenic Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The poultry industry is evolving towards antibiotic-free production to meet market demands and decelerate the increasing spread of the antimicrobial resistance. The growing need for antibiotic free products has challenged producers to decrease or completely stop using antimicrobials as feed supplements in broiler diet to improve feed efficiency, growth rate, and intestinal health. Natural feed additives (e.g., probiotics and phytobiotics) are promising alternatives to substitute antimicrobial growth promoters. The goal of our study was to characterize the effects of a Probiotic and an Essential Oils blend on broilers' performance and perform a time-series analysis to describe their excreta microbiome. A total of 320 Cobb 500 (1-day-old) chicks were raised for 21 d in 32 randomly allocated cages. Treatments consisted of 4 experimental diets: a basal diet, and a basal diet mixed with an Antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate), an essential oils blend (oregano oil, rosemary, and red pepper), or a Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis). Body weight (on 1, 10, and 21d), and feed intake (10d and 21d) were recorded and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Droppings were collected daily (1-21d) to characterize broilers' excreta microbiota by targeted sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The Probiotic significantly improved feed conversion ratio for starter phase 1 to 10d (P = 0.03), grower phase 10 to 21d (P = 0.05), and total period 1 to 21d (P = 0.01) compared to the Antibiotic. Feed supplements did not affect alpha diversity but did impact microbial beta diversity (P < 0.01). Age also impacted microbiome turnover as differences in alpha and beta diversity were detected. Furthermore, when compared to the basal diet, the probiotic and antibiotic significantly impacted relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (log2 fold change -1.44, P = 0.03), Intestinimonas (log2 fold change 0.560, P < 0.01) and Ligilactobacillus (log2 fold change -1.600, P < 0.01). Overall, Probiotic supplementation but not essential oils supplementation positively impacted broilers' growth performance by directly causing directional shifts in broilers' excreta microbiota structure., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Magnolol (MG) and Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. oil (BJO) possess synergetic anti-tumor effects, but have poor water solubility and stability, which results in low oral bioavailability., Significance: The MG loaded self-microemulsion drug delivery system (MG-SMDDS) with BJO as oil phase component was utilized to improve the cellular uptake and synergetic anti-tumor effects., Methods: Compatibility study and pseudoternary phase diagram (PTPD) were respectively employed to screen for the composition and proportion of oil phase in the formulation. Central composite design-effect surface method was applied to optimize proportion of each formulation condition. The droplet size, ζ-potential, colloid stability, encapsulation rate (ER) and in vitro dissolution rate of MG-SMDDS were evaluated. Furthermore, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the microemulsion on HepG2 cells were assessed., Results: The optimal composition of MG-SMDDS was: MG (9.09%), castor oil (7.40%), BJO (2.47%), Cremophor EL 35 (54.04%) and 1, 2-propanediol (27.01%). The MG-SMDDS exhibited satisfactory droplet size, ζ-potential, colloid stability and ER, as well as faster dissolution rate than free MG. More importantly, SMEDDS containing BJO could enhance the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of free BJO and free MG on tumor cells., Conclusions: The BJO self-microemulsion delivery technique can provide an idea for design of oral delivery vehicles based on BJO.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical nanoemulsion (NE)-loaded cream and gel formulations of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn [SBT]) fruit oil for wound healing., Materials and Methods: The NE-loaded cream and gel formulations of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil (IPHRFH) were prepared and evaluated for their wound-healing activity on female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. They were further divided into groups (seven) and the wound-healing activity was determined by measuring the area of the wound on the wounding day and on the 0th, 4th, 8th, and 10th days. The acute dermal toxicity of the formulations was assessed by observing the erythema, edema, and body weight (BW) of the rats., Results: The topical NE cream and gel formulations of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil showed significant wound-healing activity in female SD rats. The cream formulation of IPHRFH showed 78.96%, the gel showed 72.59% wound contraction on the 8th day, whereas the positive control soframycin (1% w/w framycetin) had 62.29% wound contraction on the 8th day. The formulations also showed a good acute dermal toxicity profile with no changes significantly affecting BW and dermal alterations., Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that topical NE-loaded cream and gel formulation of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil are safe and effective for wound healing. The formulations showed no signs of acute dermal toxicity in female SD rats., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Pharmacology.)

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that there is an optimal amount of intestinally available oleic acid (provided via abomasal infusion) to produce higher-oleic acid milk fat with satisfactory functional characteristics of cream and butter oil. A control and four increasing doses of free fatty acids from high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFA) were infused into the abomasum of four lactating dairy cows in a crossover experimental design with 7-d periods. Treatments were: (1) control (no HOSFA infused), (2) HOSFA (250 g/d), (3) HOSFA (500 g/d), (4) HOSFA (750 g/d), and (5) HOSFA (1000 g/d). All treatments included meat solubles and Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Viscosity, overrun and whipping time as well as foam firmness and stability were evaluated in whipping creams (33% fat). Solid fat content (from 0 to 40°C), melting point and firmness were determined in butter oil. Whipping time of cream increased linearly and viscosity decreased linearly as infusion of HOSFA increased. Overrun displayed a quadratic response, decreasing when 500 g/d or more was infused. Foam firmness and stability were not affected significantly by HOSFA. For butter oil, melting point, firmness, and solid fat content decreased as HOSFA infusion increased. Changes in 21 TG fractions were statistically correlated to functional properties, with 6-10 fractions showing the highest correlations consistently. Decisions on the optimal amount of HOSFA were dependent on the dairy product to which milk fat is applied. For products handled at commercial refrigeration temperatures, such as whipping cream and butter oil, the 250 g/d level was the limit to maintain satisfactory functional qualities. Palmitic acid needed to be present in at least 20% in milk fat to keep the functional properties for the products.

The current study evaluated the effects of parsley essential oil on broiler growth performance, carcass features, liver and kidney functions, immunity and antioxidant activity, and lipid profile. A total of 160 unsexed 7-day broiler chicks (Cobb500) were distributed into five groups; each group contained five replicates with eight birds each. The treatments were (1) basal diet (no additive, T1), (2) basal diet + 0.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T2), (3) basal diet + 1 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T3), (4) basal diet + 1.5 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T4), and (5) basal diet + 2 mL parsley essential oil/kg (T5). According to GC-MS analysis, parsley oil contains D-limonene, hexadecanoic acid, α-cyclocitral, globulol, α-pinene, myristicin, cryophyllene, bergapten, α-chamigrene, etc. The current results indicated that the most abundant molecules in parsley oil were D-limonene (18.82%), oleic acid (14.52%), α-cyclocitral (11.75%), globulol (11.24%), α-guaiene (7.34%), apiol (5.45%), and hexadecanoic acid (4.69%). Adding parsley essential oil to the broiler diet quadratically increased body weight (BW) during 1-3 weeks of age. The T5 group recorded the highest value (869.37 g) of BW in comparison to other treatments and the control group. The cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total immunoglobulin, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in the birds fed parsley essential oil were not affected. The T3 group recorded the highest value (159 ng/mL) of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lowest value (2.01 ng/mL) of malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared to the control and other treatment. In conclusion, we recommend using parsley oil at levels of 1 mL/kg diet of broiler chicks., (© 2024 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)

Objectives: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most prevalent cause of myocardial fibrosis and the leading cause of mortality from cardiovascular disease. The goal of this work was to synthesize Balanites aegyptiaca oil-silver nanoparticles (BAO-Ag-NPs) and evaluate their cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats, as well as their mechanism., Materials and Methods: BAO was isolated, and the unsaturated fatty acids were estimated. BAO-Ag-NPs was prepared, LD50 was calculated to evaluate its cardioprotective activity against ISO (85 mg/kg)-induced AMI. Different doses of BAO-Ag-NPs (1/50 LD50; 46.6 mg/kg.b.w and 1/20 LD50; 116.5 mg) were received to the rats., Results: The total fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids generated by BAO were 909.63 and 653.47 mg/100 g oil, respectively. Oleic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester were the predominant ingredients, with concentrations of 107.6, 243.42, and 256.77 mg/100 g oil, respectively. According to TEM and DLS examinations, BAO-Ag-NPs have a size of 38.20 ± 2.5 nm and a negative zeta potential of -19.82 ± 0.30 mV, respectively. The LD50 of synthesized BAO-Ag-NPs is 2330 mg. On the other hand, BAOAg- NPs reduce myocardial necrosis by lowering increased BNP, cTnI, CK-MB, TC, TG, MDA, MMP2, TGF-β1, PGE2, and IL-6 levels. Furthermore, BAO-Ag-NPs inhibit the expression of ET-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 genes as well as enhance HDL-C, CAT, and GSH levels when compared to the ISO-treated group of rats. Histopathological findings suggested that BAO-Ag- NPs enhance cardiac function by increasing posterior wall thickness in heart tissues., Conclusion: BAO-Ag-NPs protect against AMI in vivo by regulating inflammation, excessive autophagy, and oxidative stress, as well as lowering apoptosis via suppression of the ET-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 signaling pathways., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objectives: Non-conventional medicines are not devoid of toxicity and it is relevant to establish an inventory of the general public's knowledge of essential oils. The objective is to identify the profile of the victims of a poisoning, the ways of administration and the symptoms as well as the incriminated essential oils., Methods: Two surveys, for the general public and health professional, were distributed (January-March 2019). In addition, data from the Angers poison control center for the period 2017-2018 were analyzed and compared with the data from our study., Results: Our surveys gathered 623 and 59 answers. The data of the poison control center of Angers counted 741 intoxications. The precautions for use and contra-indications of essential oils are not well known since 5% of the respondents identified them correctly. Our data show that using a mixture increases the risk of intoxication (P<0.02). The most cited essential oils in case of intoxication are Eucalyptus, Tea tree and Lavender. The symptoms mainly concern a cutaneous application (75%) and remain of short duration and without gravity. Concerning the intoxications referenced to the poison control center in Angers, the same essential oils are involved, the oral route is mostly used (70%) and the symptoms listed for 74% of intoxications concern oropharyngeal, ocular, abdominal and skin pain., Conclusion: The delivery of essential oils is not harmless and the data obtained both through our surveys and the processing of data from the poison control center of Angers show that they must be used with caution., (Copyright © 2022 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: The recurrent arteriovenous fistula (AVF) intervention in the treatment of hemodialysis induces pain in patients. Lavender oil has analgesic, antimicrobial, and calming effects. This oil is widely used in patients to reduce anxiety and stress associated with pain caused by analgesics., Method: The present study is a randomized controlled and experimental clinical trial in which patients ( n  = 90) who underwent hemodialysis with AVFs were randomly divided into three groups. The intensity of pain was measured in all patients at three different stages during the insertion of arterial needles for hemodialysis: (1) The topical application of 100% lavender essential oil, (2) the inhaler application of 100% lavender essential oil, and (3) no intervention. The placebo (water) was applied to groups 1 and 2., Results: Our findings revealed that the mean pre-application pain scores in hemodialysis patients were 57.58 ± 20.28 in the working group, 48.53 ± 20.23 in the control group, 19.49 ± 15.66 in the post-application group, and 45.33 ± 25.52 in the control group ( p  < 0.005). The average pain scores after the application of lavender oil were 22.66 ± 15.35 in the inhaler lavender group, 16.33 ± 15.97 in the topical lavender group, and 45.33 ± 25.52 in the control group., Conclusions: After inhaler and topical application of lavender oil, a significant decrease in the severity of pain was recorded for patients at the time of arterial insertion of needles.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBM), a traditional Chinese medicine, is traditionally used for osteoporosis treatment recorded in ancient Chinese medicine work Benjingshuzheng and reported to have the anti-bone loss activity in recent studies. However, the anti-osteoporotic activities of the seed of ZBM have not been elucidated yet. Our previous study found that Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim seed oil (ZBSO) was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which were reported to prevent bone loss. Thus, we propose a hypothesis that ZBSO could be a potential natural resource for anti-bone loss., Aim of the Study: To investigate whether ZBSO could prevent bone loss by targeting osteoclastogenesis and investigate the potential mechanisms in receptor-activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW264.7 cells., Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with RANKL in the presence or absence of ZBSO. The effect of ZBSO on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity of RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, F-actin ring staining, and bone resorption assay. Differentially expression genes (DEGs) and relevant pathways of different cell groups were obtained from RNA sequencing and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis followed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The effect of ZBSO on the RANKL-induced cell cycle change was analyzed by flow cytometry assay, and the expression of genes and proteins related to the selected pathways was further verified by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis., Results: The inhibitory effects of ZBSO on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity in a dose-dependent manner were demonstrated by TRAP staining, F-actin ring staining, and bone resorption assay in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclast differentiation and cell cycle pathways were the most enriched pathways based on DEGs enrichment analysis among different cell groups. The reversion effect of ZBSO on the RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase was observed by flow cytometry assay. Western blot results showed that ZBSO markedly decreased RANKL-induced activation of ERK, as well as the phosphorylation of c-JUN and NFATc1 expression, and subsequently suppressed osteoclast-specific genes, such as Ctsk, Trap, and Dc-stamp., Conclusions: ZBSO exhibited an inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis via suppressing the ERK/c-JUN/NFATc1 pathway and regulating cell cycle arrest induced by RANKL, suggesting that ZBSO may serve as a promising agent for anti-bone loss., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Perilla ( Perilla frutescens ) seed oil (PO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), can improve cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese people. Here, supplements containing either PO alone or PO with nobiletin-rich air-dried immature ponkan powder were examined for their effects on cognitive function in 49 healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Patients were enrolled in a 12-month randomized, double-blind, parallel-armed study. Randomized participants in the PO group received soft gelatin capsules containing 1.47 mL (0.88 g of ALA) of PO daily, and those in the PO + ponkan powder (POPP) group received soft gelatin capsules containing both 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g ponkan powder (2.91 mg of nobiletin) daily. At the end of intervention, the POPP group showed significantly higher cognitive index scores than the PO group. The pro-cognitive effects of POPP treatment were accompanied by increases in ALA and docosahexaenoic acid levels in red blood cell plasma membranes, serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels, and biological antioxidant potential. We demonstrate that 12-month intervention with POPP enhances serum BDNF and antioxidant potential, and may improve age-related cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people by increasing red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels. Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000040863.

Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus aurantifolia are the edible plants which contain several biological properties including antibacterial activity. The aims of the present study were to determine the chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial activities of citrus essential oils extracted from the fruit peels of C. reticulata (CREO) and C. aurantifolia (CAEO), alone and in combination with gentamicin, against a panel of clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ( n  = 40) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ( n  = 45). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 12 and 25 compounds were identified in CREO and CAEO with the most predominant compound of limonene (62.9-72.5%). The antibacterial activities were determined by agar disk diffusion and resazurin-based microdilution methods. The results found that almost all MRSA isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and some isolates were resistant to gentamicin. CREO and CAEO exhibited inhibitory effects toward clinical isolates (MIC: 1.0-32.0 and 8.0-32.0 mg/mL, respectively), with a similar trend to limonene (MIC: 1.0-32.0 mg/mL). However, the higher antibacterial effects were found in CREO and limonene when compared to CAEO ( p  < 0.01). In combination effect, the results showed the synergistic interaction of gentamicin with CREO and limonene on the MRSA and MSSA isolates (FIC indexes: 0.012-0.258 and 0.012-0.375), but that interaction of gentamicin with CAEO was observed only on MRSA (FIC index: 0.012-0.016). These findings demonstrated the potential of these citrus essential oils as natural antibacterial agents that may contribute to reduce the emerging of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Apichai Sreepian et al.)