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Sánchez-López, Ángela María et al., It is known that volatile emissions from some beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms promote plant growth. Here we show that volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by phylogenetically diverse rhizosphere and non-rhizhosphere bacteria and fungi (including plant pathogens and microbes that do not normally interact mutualistically with plants) promote growth and flowering of various plant species, including crops. In Arabidopsis plants exposed to VCs emitted by the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata, changes included enhancement of photosynthesis and accumulation of high levels of cytokinins (CKs) and sugars. Evidence obtained using transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered CK status show that CKs play essential roles in this phenomenon, because growth and flowering responses to the VCs were reduced in mutants with CK-deficiency (35S:AtCKX1) or low receptor sensitivity (ahk2/3). Further, we demonstrate that the plant responses to fungal VCs are light-dependent. Transcriptomic analyses of Arabidopsis leaves exposed to A. alternata VCs revealed changes in the expression of light- and CK-responsive genes involved in photosynthesis, growth and flowering. Notably, many genes differentially expressed in plants treated with fungal VCs were also differentially expressed in plants exposed to VCs emitted by the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis GB03, suggesting that plants react to microbial VCs through highly conserved regulatory mechanisms., This work was partially supported by the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Spain) (grant numbers BIO2010-18239 and BIO2013- 49125-C2-1-P), the Government of Navarra (grant number IIM010491.RI1), the I-Link0939 project from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (Grant L01204 from the National Program of Sustainability) and Palacky University institutional support. AM S-L and P G-G gratefully acknowledge predoctoral fellowships from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. M B and G A acknowledge post-doctoral fellowships awarded by the Public University of Navarra.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate plantgrowth promoting traits in native and arsenic (As) highly-resistant bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max) plants grown in an Argentinean agricultural field. Methods: Determination of MICs (Minimum inhibitory concentration) was carried out on solid media supplemented with arsenite (As 3+) or arsenate (As 5+). Morphological, cultural, physiological, biochemical and molecular characterization, and in vitro determination of plant growth promoting (PGP) properties of As resistant isolates were carried out. Arsenic in soil samples was determined by ICP-OES while residual arsenic on post-removal culture medium and accumulation in cells were estimated by GF-AAS after wet acid digestion. Results: Isolated strains included γ-proteobacteria such as Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp., and actinobacteria as Rhodococcus sp. All bacterial strains grew in presence of very high arsenite -over 24mMand arsenate –over 400mM- concentrations. Pseudomonas sp. strains presented simultaneously several in vitro PGP traits, although Rhodococcus erythropolis AW3 did not display PGP traits. However, R. erythropolis AW3 was the most As resistant strain and removed and accumulated the greatest amounts of the metalloid. Conclusion: The presence of As resistant and plantgrowth promoting bacterial strains in the rhizosphere of Glycine max, in arsenic containing agricultural soil, suggest that they could potentially play an important role in plant-growth promotion in stressed conditions. These strains were able to remove and accumulate As from liquid media, thus they could be beneficial for sustainable crop production. Fil: Wevar Oller, Ana Laura. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Talano, Melina Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Agostini, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina