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This paper was to examine the reliability and criticality of two dual-fuel marine engine systems and to compare them with a conventional diesel engine system with the utilization of the dynamic fault tree analysis. The scope of analysis holistically ranges from the engines sets to their auxiliary systems. The results of reliability analysis for the dual-fuel engines indicate that the failure probability of the dual-fuel engine is 8.84% on average at 14,000 running hours whereas 8.48% for the diesel engines. This finding contrasts our intuition that the dual-fuel engines are of higher risk compared to the conventional diesel engines. Research findings, obtained from the reliability-centered maintenance, also suggest an effective way of enhancing the safety of engine systems through predictive maintenance, based on the periodical maintenance of critical components. Therefore, it can contribute to improving the reliability of the whole systems in which mechanical components and fuel oil feed systems were identified as critical elements to diminish the system reliability significantly. It also highlights the importance of the proper maintenance of system components that would greatly enhance the safety levels by restoring systems back to their original operating condition, hence minimizing downtime and operating costs. Lastly, the research outputs also offer meaningful insights into shipping companies about the association between the planned maintenance strategies and the system reliability.

Зростання глобальної конкуренції призвело до помітних змін у способах роботи виробничих компаній. Ці зміни вплинули на технічне обслуговування і зробили його роль ще більш важливою для успіху бізнесу. Щоб залишатися конкурентоспроможними, виробничі компанії мають постійно підвищувати ефективність своїх виробничих процесів. Те, що технічне обслуговування стає все більш важливим для промислового сектору, очевидно з поточних обговорень національних програм індустріалізації. При цьому, незважаючи на зростаючий попит на надійне виробниче обладнання, деякі компанії-виробники займаються розробкою стратегічного обслуговування. Крім того, традиційних стратегій технічного обслуговування, таких як реактивне технічне обслуговування, більше недостатньо для задоволення промислових потреб, наприклад, як максимальне скорочення відмов і втоми виробничих систем. У цій статті наведено аналіз стратегій технічного обслуговування. Їх огляд спрямований на те, щоб вказати на важливість незапланованих простоїв, які можуть статися під час роботи обладнання на виробничому підприємстві. Для підтримки працездатного стану машини було розроблено різні стратегії технічного обслуговування, серед яких найбільш популярними є реактивне технічне обслуговування, планово-профілактичне обслуговування і обслуговування на основі технічного стану. Метод прогнозованого стану більш ефективний для технічного обслуговування складних і відповідальних машин, але планово-профілактичне обслуговування залишається найбільш поширеною програмою технічного обслуговування.

Indonesia is one of the countries prone to earthquakes. One of the earthquake disasters that occurred several years ago hit Palu and Donggala on September 28, 2018. It caused severe damage to infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate buildings vulnerable to earthquakes as a form of prevention. One of the buildings in Jember, the dr. Soebandi hospital, experienced cracks in the walls during an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale in Nusa Dua Bali on July 16, 2019. This study carried out the risk assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes using the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method from FEMA P-154. RVS is a method to identify a building that is potentially vulnerable to earthquake hazards based on visual observations from the exterior and interior of the building. The results of the evaluation using the RVS method showed that the dr. Soebandi hospital is categorized as safe and not prone to earthquakes, with a potential vulnerability percentage of 0.0126%. Based on these results, the building does not require special treatment to anticipate earthquakes; however, maintaining the occupants' safety and extending the building's life requires routine maintenance.

Routine maintenance spending for public infrastructure is critical for reducing life-cycle costs, and improving asset preservation and quality. Yet, states focus more on building new roads and expansion than maintaining existing assets’ conditions. Deferred maintenance costs are transferred to the future taxpayers, and they will eventually pay the expensive price. So far, there is little academic endeavor to examine the determinants of state and local routine maintenance spending. This study uses a panel data analysis covering 47 states from 1995 to 2009 to examine the effects of politics on state highway routine maintenance spending. The study finds that political incentive and conflict are key factors delaying state highway routine maintenance spending. The re-election-minded governors and legislatures tend to allocate less funding to maintenance to satisfy the current taxpayers. The study further finds that politically-divided states spend less on highway maintenance due to higher transaction costs in the policy-making process.

XYZ is a palm oil mill . Produce crude palm oil (CPO) PT. XYZ have not implemented the system machine maintenance effectively, maintenance system that has been implemented is corrective maintenance that is make improvements when there is a break down. Besides that it is also assisted with planned maintenance scheduled every week for cleaning production machines. The refore it is necessary to identify the engine components who are prone to breakage (critical component) and necessary to do action maintenance specifically against critical components engine by applying maintenance schedule prediktif ( prevention) simulation technique, often know as estimate reliability using a random sampling scenario failure mode and effects (FMEA) defined as a process used to deter mine action to be done to guarantee each item physical or system can go well according to the function performed by its usersthen basedon data processing, replacement, inspection of turn filter componentsone time per year with atime sixty minutes, thegear box is worn outonetime per year with a time of one hundred andtwenty minutes, leaking in the engine body as much asone a year during eighty minutes, thewire caught fire one time per year with time fifty minutes, cable having problems as much one time per year with time one hundred eighty minutes.

Managing maintenance cost data is one of the issues due to difficulties in identifying the accurate cost for maintenance and repair of specific components. This is because of the accounting systems used by majority of building managers. The introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a tool for facilitating information and knowledge sharing through digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility has seen wide application in the construction industry, spanning over the entire life cycle of a facility, i.e., planning, design, pre-construction, construction and post-construction. In post-construction stage, BIM is used for transferring the data of building (spaces, systems and components) into maintenance management operations, keeping track of building assets, and enable scheduled maintenance and provides information of building maintenance history. However, the current BIM rather complex and requires a huge amount of data to develop, which make the system is difficult to adopt for the existing buildings. This study therefore aims to investigate the implementation of BIM for Operation and Maintenance Management (O&M) in Malaysia by identifying the information that should be prioritized to enable BIM mobile application at O&M phase. The study makes used of qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. Three (3) rounds of expert discussion using Delphi techniques were carried out with 10 to 15 selected respondents (experts in O&M and BIM). The framework validated by a case study via on-site data collection, which used site measurement, building modelling using appropriate software i.e., Revit and AutoCAD. Most of the experts agreed that technology could improve the efficiency of service delivery and interested in implementing BIM in O&M practices. Simplified BIM for O&M that consists of the critical information includes location, dimension asset information, asset capacity, specification, manufacturer, statutory, condition and cost was developed. For the O&M element and items, information varies and can be modified according to the needs. All this information was systematically organized in a data matrix. A simplified BIM model has been developed to demonstrate how the information is stored, shared, and utilised. Majority of the stakeholders agreed that the Simplified BIM system is useful, flexible, least complex, and effective in managing and monitoring maintenance operations of their building.

Langkah awal untuk meningkatkan kualitas RTH membutuhkan kajian yang matang terkait dengan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan agar hasil pembangunan diperoleh dari analisis yang mendalam dan utuh. Agar hasil pekerjaan sesuai dengan harapan dan seragam maka diperlukan suatu standar dalam pelaksanaan suatu pekerjaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi klasifikasi dan kriteria taman kota yang ramah anak dan masyarakat serta menyusun standar prasarana taman dan keindahan kota ideal sesuai kebutuhan, termasuk jenis taman (RTH dan RTNH), standarisasi pekerjaan pemeliharaan taman, dan pekerjaan pemeliharaan kapasitas kerja. Taman-taman yang tersebar ini tidak terklasifikasi dengan baik sehingga seringkali saat menghitung kebutuhan SFM di bidang pemeliharaan taman, Anda tidak dapat menggunakan satu referensi untuk luas taman yang sesuai dengan klasifikasinya. Menyesuaikan area perawatan dengan persyaratan situs atau taman itu sendiri merupakan bagian penting dari seni dan ilmu manajemen taman dan bahkan dapat memberikan formula atau spesifikasi standar yang pasti yang dapat diterapkan pada jenis taman atau lanskap tertentu. Pemeliharaan dan perawatan rutin suatu kawasan lanskap akan sangat mempengaruhi penampilan lanskap itu sendiri, dan juga mempengaruhi nilainya sebagai kenyamanan (fasilitas) bahkan dalam jangka panjang akan sangat mempengaruhi komunitas tumbuhan dan alam secara keseluruhan. Hal ini benar karena pemeliharaan merupakan upaya untuk menjaga keindahan dan fungsi suatu lanskap atau taman.

PT. XYZ is a palm oil factory (PKS) producing crude palm oil (CPO). PT. XYZ has not implemented an effective engine maintenance system. The maintenance system that has been implemented is corrective maintenance, which is making repairs when there is damage. In addition, it is also assisted with planned maintenance that is scheduled every week to clean production machines. Therefore it is necessary to identify machine components that are susceptible to damage (critical components) and it is necessary to take special care measures for critical machine components by implementing a predective maintenance schedule (Prevention). Simulation techniques, often known as Monte Carlo simulation, estimate reliability using sampling random scenario. Failure mode effect analisys (FMEA) is defined as a process used to determine the actions that should be taken to ensure that each physical item or a system can run properly according to the function desired by the user then based on data processing, replacement of the roller binding drum binding drum , angle iron welding, chain transmission component replacement, drum stopper bearing replacement. Replacement of the drum stopper bolt, replacement of the chain transmission part is very loose and the replacement of the iron is carried out in corrective maintenance (replacement of components after damage occurs). And the results at the lowest value on the thresher engine component are in the Loose Transmission Chain component, the repair rate is 0.5 hours and the number is 0.999737189. Based on the results of the analysis of numbers (availability), the highest number is found in Broken Elbow Iron with a repair rate of 3 hours and the number 0.999605833

The general results of the work of the automobile transport in the world during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, summed up on the results of the work of the Special Group on COVID-19 of the World Road Association, based on the materials of almost three dozen webinars with the participation of representatives from many countries of the world. It is emphasized that the automobile transport during the pandemic was able to maintain efficiency and ensure the transport of passengers and critical goods to maintain the vitality of national economies. The features of the work of the automobile transport during the pandemic and accompanying lockdowns, including the impact of the drop in traffic on the financial condition of the automobile and automobile industry, disclosed. Based on the generalization and assessment of world experience, recommendations formulated on the organization of passenger and freight traffic, routine maintenance and repair of roads, road construction, management of the road industry with a wide organization of remote work of office personnel and the intensive use of information and computer technologies during pandemics. Proposals made for the further organization of the work of the automobile and automobile industry based on the forecast of the wave development of the COVID-19 pandemic and possible similar global disasters.

In a semiconductor plasma etcher, it is becoming increasingly necessary to improve productivity by reducing unplanned equipment maintenance. Thus, predictive maintenance (PdM) is typically conducted using equipment data to predict the failure timing, after which proactive measures should be taken. In PdM, the planned maintenance schedule is updated on the basis of the predicted failure timing. However, in practice, the predicted failure timing has a probabilistic variability. Therefore, we propose a maintenance schedule update method based on the expected maintenance cost calculated from the probabilistic variability of the failure timing. We applied our method and conventional methods to a dataset of failure cases that model actual component failures of etchers and found that our method was effective in terms of reducing maintenance costs.

This paper describes the application of computational modeling and computer-aided design (CAD) for the conceptual design and structural analysis of the maintenance process of Klimov TV3-117 engines at an approved Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facility in Colombia. The main issue is that these engines are difficult to roll and manipulate due to their weight, which ranges between 250 and 350 kg, which causes time and cost overruns for the operator, and delays in the scheduled maintenance times. The solution proposed by this study is the conceptualization and structural feasibility of a prototype of ground support equipment for handling and maintenance of Turboshaft engines, implementation of which could save up to 100 person-hours, which translates into about USD 10,000, since the current process requires four specialists and two inspectors, whereas the modified process would only require one of each

Recently, the need for cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia being a very large number. The customer growth rate must be supported with the infrastructure development. PT. Telkomsel (one of the provider) has its own way of balancing customer needs with infrastructure development, namely building BTS or Base Transceiver Station. This solution has a negative impact, which affected the PT. Telkomsel loses revenue or loss profit if the BTS experiences damage or interference as a result of continuous use. To reduce this profit loss value, PT. Telkomsel carries out scheduled maintenance or maintenance activities on BTS devices. Based on these problems, the practical work carried out by the author aims to find out and understand the repair or repair procedures on computerized BTS devices at PT. Telkomsel, Karawang. The result of practical work activities is that it is known that the application of a computerized system at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular GraPaRi Karawang helps the process of repairing BTS devices in meeting information needs. To monitor damage to BTS equipment, it is done by means of an alarm monitoring system using the iManager u2000 software.

Purpose The recent COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the declining conditions of many of the hospital buildings, especially in developing countries. Past studies have shown inadequate maintenance practices but how far regarding Nigerian public hospital buildings is yet to receive empirical research. This paper aims to investigate the underlying issues leading to inadequate maintenance practices and proffers policy options to improve Nigerian public hospital buildings via an unexplored dimension. Design/methodology/approach The study used a mixed research design method involving both qualitative and quantitative data. First, results from the qualitative phase were analysed and verified at the quantitative phase through a well-structured questionnaire, developed from the qualitative findings across hospital maintenance experts (work/maintenance department, health-care provider, design team and health-care building/service contractor) in Abuja, Lagos and Benin City. Findings Insufficient funds for maintenance works, absence of planned maintenance programmes, inadequately trained personnel, etc., emerged as the maintenance inadequacies in the public hospital buildings across the cities covered. The paper categorised the cause of inadequate maintenance practices of public hospital buildings into six groups: statutory requirements, design stage, construction stage, budget for maintenance task, managing maintenance unit activities and user’s perception regarding maintenance management. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to maintenance practices of Nigerian public hospital buildings. Future research is needed to evaluate factors that will enhance outsourcing maintenance and the use of the 4th industrial revolution (building information modelling for refurbishment and building automation systems) amongst others in maintenance practices of public hospital buildings. Practical implications As part of the practical implication, the government and hospital administrators should make provision for adequate funding and accountability of annual maintenance budgetary allocation. Also, the government should establish a national maintenance policy for public infrastructure with an emphasis on preventive maintenance and contractor’s reputation, outstanding pedigree, technical and financial soundness during build maintenance contract award, etc., were recommended. Originality/value This paper reveals that the stakeholders, especially hospital administrators, policymakers and political office holders that are concern with maintenance budget, approval and disbursement concerning maintenance practices in public hospital buildings need to reawaken to her responsibility because of the inadequate implementation across the cities covered.

هدف البحث إلى التعرف ماهية منهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة و التعرف على مبادئ تطبيق منهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة و التعرف على معوقات تطبيق منهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة و التعرف على مزايا تطبيق منهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة و تحديد درجة تطبيق مرتکزات الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة في الشرکة محل البحث و التوصل لمجموعة من التوصيات التي من المتوقع في حالة الأخذ بها تتوفر متطلبات تطبيق الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة في الشرکة محل البحث. وقد أشارت نتائج البحث إلى انخفاض تطبيق تقنيات الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة المتمثلة في السينات الخمسة (5S)، الصيانة الذاتية ، التحسين المرکز، الصيانة المخططة، التدريب على مهارات التشغيل والصيانة ، الإدارة المبکرة ، جودة الصيانة، الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة (TPM) في الأقسام الإدارية والمساندة، بناء نظام أمن وصديق للبيئة، المتوافرة حاليا في الشرکة محل البحث المطلوبة لتطبيق الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة. وتمثلت أهم توصيات البحث القيام بحملات توعية للعاملين بالشرکة للتعريف بأهمية تطبيق الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة ، عقد دورات تدريبية مستمرة لتعريف العاملين بمبادئ ومتطلبات تطبيق الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة ، التعرف على تجارب الشرکة المطبقة لمنهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة، إرسال بعض العاملين من الإدارات المختلفة للتدريب في الشرکة الکبرى المطبقة لمنهجية الصيانة الإنتاجية الشاملة. Abstract The aim of the research is to identify the nature of the comprehensive comprehensive production maintenance methodology, to identify the obstacles to the application of the comprehensive productive maintenance methodology, to identify the advantages of applying the comprehensive production maintenance methodology and to determine the degree of application of the comprehensive production maintenance principles in the company in question. For a set of recommendations that are expected, in the event of their introduction, the requirements for the application of comprehensive productive maintenance in the company in question are available. The results of the research indicated a decrease in the application of comprehensive productive maintenance techniques represented in (5S, self-maintenance, focused improvement, planned maintenance, training in operation and maintenance skills, early management, quality maintenance, TPM in administrative and support departments, building a safe and environmentally friendly system, available. Currently in the company in question is required to implement comprehensive productive maintenance. The most important recommendations of the research were to carry out awareness campaigns for the company's employees to introduce the importance of implementing comprehensive productive maintenance, to hold continuous training courses to familiarize workers with the principles and requirements of the application of comprehensive production maintenance, to identify the experiences of companies applying the comprehensive production maintenance methodology, to send some workers from different departments for training in the major companies applied For a comprehensive productive maintenance methodology.

The aim of this study is to discover and obtain information about the upkeep of educational facilities and infrastructure at Vocational High School 2 Cikarang Barat. The analysis method used is descriptive qualitative. The study took place at Vocational High School 2 Cikarang Barat from July 2020 to December 2020. The school principal, deputy headmaster in charge of facilities and infrastructure, maintenance support staff, and students of Vocational High School 2 Cikarang Barat served as research informants. Interviews, observation, and reporting studies are all used to collect data. After that, the data is analyzed by reducing it, presenting it, and drawing conclusions. The triangulation of sources, techniques, and hypotheses is a validity technique. The study's findings indicate that: (1) Vocational High School 2 Cikarang Barat maintenance preparation starts with a work meeting, and then maintenance is divided into two categories: normal and routine maintenance. A one-year budget is generated after deciding maintenance tasks based on their categories. Following that, representatives from the facilities and infrastructure sector specifically select the structure of facility and infrastructure maintenance, as well as their respective job desks in each division, which are known to the school principal. The final move is to socialize students at school. (2) School maintenance processes and techniques begin with frequent and routine maintenance. Routine maintenance includes the upkeep of classrooms, teacher's offices, and special rooms such as libraries, computer laboratories, and science labs. The school also performs routine maintenance on air conditioners, printers, and photocopiers, as well as computer program upgrades. (3) Obstacles faced by schools in preparing facility and infrastructure repairs, including, among other problems, things that arise unexpectedly and need urgent repair at the facility. The lack of knowledge of users of school facilities and infrastructure, partners with outsiders who are often less sensitive, and cultural differences among individuals in the use of facilities and infrastructure are among the process and technological obstacles encountered.

Reinforced concrete bridge substructures are one of the most important road components, requiring routine maintenance for road safety. These structures initially require visual inspection to identify and prioritize maintenance processes based on the damage severity deteriorating the structural strength of the bridge. However, owing to the limitations concerning field inspector resources and budget management efficiency, automation technology is introduced to support field inspectors for developing faster defect detection and inspection processes with high accuracy on a large scale. It has advantages in utilizing the limited number of field inspectors more efficiently and preventing the development of defect severity, which requires more time and budget resources for maintenance. This paper describes the complete development of a deep learning-based visual defect-inspection system for reinforced concrete bridge substructures. The system consists of four main components. The first part involves the image acquisition. The second part aims to detect images with defects using a modified ResNet-50 CNN, improved from our previous research. The third part is defect classification, where different types of defects, such as cracking, erosion, honeycomb, scaling, and spalling, are classified using a previous modified ResNet-50. The last part considers the severity prediction using ANN. As a result, the inspection accuracy rate for defect detection, classification accuracy, and severity prediction are 90.4%, 81%, and 78%, respectively. The promising results of this study were acceptable by Thailand’s Department of Highways for practical use. Finally, this study could support Thailand’s Department of Highways and surrounding construction industries as a standard strategy toward digital transformation.

Sistem hidrolik pada dump truck yang terdiri dari beberapa komponen memerlukan tindakan perawatan terencana, agar sistem hidrolik dapat berfungsi secara optimal. Tujuan penulisan adalah untuk dapat melakukan analisa kerusakan dan dapat melakukan tindakan perbaikan dengan tepat dan benar. Metode penganalisaan dalam analisa perawatan dan perbaikan sistem hidrolik ini ialah dengan menggunakan beberapa pertanyaan, yaitu apa, kenapa, dimana, dan bagaimana. Komponen utama sistem hidrolik dump truck yang memerlukan perawatan adalah seperti tangki hidrolik, pompa, katup, aktuator, filtrasi dan slang hidrolik, adapun penyebab utama kerusakan dari komponen sistem hidrolik tersebut adalah karena kebersihan oli hidrolik yang buruk, kontaminasi dalam sistem, dan kelebihan beban(over load). Untuk mengatasi kerusakan yang terjadi adalah dengan jalan menerapkan manajemen perawatan dan perbaikan yang benar, terencana dan sesuai SOP.

PurposeThe study investigated the perceived causes of structural failure of public buildings, frequency of stability checks, stability checking procedures, measures to enhance public building stability checks and the roles of facility managers in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a comprehensive literature review, the study employed a structured questionnaire survey and gathered the opinions of sixty-seven facility managers on the facility management practices. Following statistical pretesting of the dataset for reliability, distribution and agreement among the responses, the study analysed the dataset using mean scoring and weighted analysis.FindingsThe analysis showed that external building inspectors rarely inspect stability checks of the studied public buildings in Accra. It is also found that both reactive and proactive stability checking protocols are implemented in public buildings in Accra, but inadequate knowledge of facility managers limits technical stability checks. The study further revealed that stability checks of public buildings can be enhanced through incorporating site and location conditions into the design early upfront, active engagement of facility managers in the design and construction of public buildings, adequate budgetary provisioning for planned maintenance of public buildings, and encouraging appropriate use of public buildings.Originality/valueThis paper, to the best of the authors' knowledge, represents the first attempt to comprehensively examine the causes of structural failure of public buildings, frequency of stability checks, stability checking procedures, measures to enhance public building stability checks and the roles of facility managers in Ghana, from the perspective facility management.

Under the Smart City Project, Guwahatians got facility of Water ATMs. In this research main aim is to find out the optimal locations in the city on the basis of internal factors of the location (like quantity and quality of water etc.) so that maximum number of citizens avail the benefits of water ATM. There are sets of Water ATMs that cannot be taken down together, because they have certain critical functions like -installation of new software, update of existing software, installation of required equipment, raw water supply problem, maintenance of pipelines, change the capacity of water tanks, electricity problem, plumbing or all routine maintenance etc. This is a typical scheduling application of graph coloring problem. It turned out that 3 colors were good enough to color the graph of 12 nodes. So they could install updates in 3 passes.

Numerous studies have been conducted on competitive intelligence and its impact on business performance. Most of companies agreed that competitive intelligence is a critical element of business and corporate strategy to increase income hence investment in competitive intelligence considered to be profitable. This research is aimed to expand the knowledge boundary by investigating the application of Competitive Intelligence in electrical power plant company. Twenty companies were selected as the target sample using purposive sampling design, in which the questionnaires were distributed to 120 individuals who were argued to have knowledge in the practice of Competitive Intelligence. In total, 105 questionnaires were returned for further analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic provided by SPSS. In the aspect of Competitive Intelligence Practices, results indicated that the mean score for each individual item range between 3.23 to 4.14, suggesting intensive practices of Competitive Intelligence. In the aspect of Utilization of Tools in practicing Competitive Intelligence, results indicated that three most widely used tools were from Employees, Customers and Internet. In the aspect of measurement variables in measuring competitive intelligence practices, results indicated that three most widely used measures were (1) yearly improvement of Equivalent Availability Factor-EAF (mean 3.96), (2) increase in percentage of planned maintenance (mean 3.82), and (3) yearly improvement of Equivalent Forced Outage Rate – EFOR (mean 3.75). Public utilities (infrastructure) company usually being pictured as companies that does not really care about competition as they usually being run by the Government. However, the findings of this research show otherwise

Nowadays CPSs have drawn an upsurge of interests for their enormous potential towards the next generation smart systems where safety is a critical issue. In CPS, large number of IoT devices (sensors, actuators, etc.) are deployed to collect data to support safety critical smart-world CPS infrastructures such as smart city, smart health, smart manufacturing, and smart transportation. The degradation of physical components of safety critical smart-world CPSs would deteriorate the performance of the smart system and lead to loss of human life with significant damage to properties. Hence, planned preventive maintenance replacement of physical components of the system is vital to extend the lifetime of the system, to reduce maintenance cost and to avoid risks that may cause major harm to life and property. In this study, we focus on cost effective preventive replacement strategy that recovers failure of physical components of safety critical smart-world CPSs by mainly considering the deterioration state of the physical component on the availability of the system. In view of the degraded physical component of CPSs, we demonstrate the effects of involving maintenance actions during the deterioration state of physical components of CPSs on its availability. Since timely preventive replacement is crucial to support continuous and effective system operation, we compute the optimum time of the constant-interval of preventive replacement strategy for the physical components of CPSs. In this study, we use Weibull distribution as it is a generalized failure model that has been widely used for process equipment life data analyses. At last, the effects of the shape and the scale parameters on the optimal preventive replacement interval of the physical component are also demonstrated.

In-service pavement requires maintenance, it may be routine in nature, or may be major reconstruction. A pavement is designed for an assumed period, after the expiry of the design period, the pavement is likely to fail structurally and therefore, it would require a major renewal to extend it life further. Even within the service life of a pavement, the top wearing course is likely to be subjected to considerable distress due to the movement of vehicles on it. Thus the wearing course needs some routine Maintenance for smooth movements of vehicles over the pavement. The present paper introduces the reader to the Maintenance issues of a pavement. The paper is divided into sections apart from the introduction of which the first section discusses the various forms of distresses of pavement, their possible origin, and their quantification in terms of distress indices, the next two sections deal with the functional and structural evaluation of pavement their techniques , related equipment, and analysis procedures. Remedial measures to extend the longevity of pavement are discussed in the other sections while last section briefly mentions the need for evolving maintenance strategies subjected to possible fund constrains.

The construction and maintenance of a railway track is an expensive process. Therefore, nowadays, except for advanced countries, considerable attention must be paid to apply the optimal maintenance of railway lines. In Hungary, until 2020 nearly 11% of railway tracks were renewed and rehabilitated from EU support, which means millions of Euros, i.e. billions of Hungarian Forints. It also follows from the support that planned preventive maintenance works must be performed on the renewed and rehabilitated lines. On the other hand, it takes away significant costs from the non-renewed (non-rehabilitated) lines maintenance works, but naturally, less money does not mean less failures, so cost-effective technologies are needed. A segment of maintenance is the local substructure problem(s). In this article, this segment will be mentioned from the development of the failures, through the applied technologies, to the possible new solutions like injection and the using of geosynthetic cementitious composite mats (so called GCCMs).

In modern conditions of operation of military vehicles in the technical units of military units, there are difficulties in determining the ability of the repair bodies of these units for maintenance and repair of military vehicles. Accordingly, there are difficulties in making planned maintenance decisions, namely: determining the number of daily maintenance posts, numbered maintenance, and maintenance. The aim of the article is to find approaches to automate the processes of management of maintenance and repair of military vehicles, with further implementation. Hardware-software (automated) complex in case of its application allows to collect statistics of repair works by types of equipment (groups of operation) and to automatically calculate forecasts of failures of equipment in armies, its assembly units, units, and details. The complex also allows you to accumulate a history of procurement and receiving of the necessary spare parts, calculating it’s and automatically provide with the necessary information on possible procurement options to the system operator. The automation of the technological process is realized by the decision-making algorithm based on the processing of the initial data concerning the object and the environment. An example of decision-making automation are operations in the field of operation of rolling stock of trucks, where the algorithm for selecting road trains for the transport of bulky goods in order to minimize energy costs for transportation is described. Adaptation of the provided information to the peculiarities of the functioning of the military department will increase the efficiency of maintenance and repair work, as well as reduce the financial costs of organizing the production and technical base of the repair unit of the military unit to perform various types of repairs.

Bridge inspection is the process of collecting physical data to ensure that the bridge is safe and thus securing the investment value of the bridge. Inspection results are used for planning the program of maintenance, rehabilitation, strengthening, and replacement of bridges. In this study, the assessment of the Atinggola bridge condition, located in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, uses the reference standard from the Bridge Management System 1993, including the bridge top structure, the bridge bottom structure, complementary structures, and the river basin around the bridge. Previous bridge condition data which are based on the inspection result in 2017 are used as a comparison for the future. Condition values are used to predict the remaining life of a bridge using an equation developed by Bina Marga. Overall result shows the value of the bridge condition is 2 with the predicted remaining life of the bridge is 18.88 years. These results indicate that the bridge suffered minor damage and need routine maintenance. Therefore, the bridge is able to perform optimally until the end of the planned life.

An electric utility has as an objective to guarantee the continuity and quality of the service provided. In order to enforce an increase in the quality of service, the ANEEL (Portuguese for The Brazilian National Electric Energy Agency) introduced penalties in contracts with public electricity transmission utilities in case transmission facilities are taken out of service due to accidents, failures or scheduled maintenance. Traditional maintenance approaches to electric power transmission systems are based on actions taken periodically. Although these approaches aim to improve the performance of these systems, usually they do not accurately assess the impact of maintenance actions on their reliability related to the resources employed, as well as the resulting legal penalties. This paper proposes an approach for addressing this problem based on reliability/cost to find the best strategies for performing maintenance on electric power transmission equipment (assets), with a mathematical model that provides a feasible maintenance calendar while respecting the constraints of the electrical system operation. The proposed method consists of a combination of a constructive heuristic with dynamic programming, to find the best solutions for a given planning horizon.

Irrigation Asset Management is required to maintain the value of irrigation asset function and condition. Surak Irrigation Area is located in Lawang Sub-District, Malang Regency. After resurveying in 2020, 21 points of damage were found in Surak Irrigation Area. Irrigation performance index was found to be 77.56% (moderate condition) for which the physical infrastructure aspect is 39.1%, the water availability aspect is 5.4%, the planting index aspect is 4.4%, the supporting facilities for operation and management aspect is 7.8%, the organizational and personnel aspect is 10.8%, the documentation aspect is 3.8%, and the Water User Association aspect is 6.3%. Priority calculation utilized the ranking method, which ranks asset values from the lowest to the highest. The result was that 24 assets are in moderate condition, 43 assets are in good condition, and 146 are in very good condition. The real cost value of irrigation operations and maintenance was calculated to be IDR 1,561,741,648, with IDR 208,506,890 for operating costs and IDR 1,353,234,758 for maintenance costs. For rehabilitation, it was found that 24 assets need regular maintenance and repair, 24 assets need regular maintenance, and 146 assets need routine maintenance

The article deals with the problems of substantiation of service levels in long-term maintenance contracts of public roads. It has been established that the requirements for the operating condition of road elements in existing regulatory documents are rather complete, but they are unsystematized, which complicates the process of their processing in order to conclude a long-term contract for maintenance of roads. It has been determined that according to the world experience, the problem of substantiation of service levels should be considered with detail at the level of the individual defect. The research object is a long-term contract based on end-of-life performance (service levels) of public roads. The subject of research - levels of service - requirements for the operational state of general roads. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the levels of service in long-term contracts for the maintenance of public roads. Research methods - analysis and theoretical generalization of the world experience in substantiating service levels when implementing long-term maintenance contracts of roads. The conducted studies have shown that simulation modeling, in particular, the Monte Carlo method, should be used to solve the problem of substantiation of service levels. In this case, the indicators of the level of maintenance of the elements of roads should be set better than the maximum permissible in terms of ensuring safety, speed and comfort of motion and the requirements for the preservation of elements of roads.

Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) have been dubbed “sustainable toilets” due to their resource recycling, water efficiency, and micro-pollutant isolation capabilities. However, the number of UDDTs in use remains limited due to inherent disadvantages such as high demand for routine maintenance. In order to maximize UDDT application, we proposed a UDDT promotional program to promote UDDTs in rural areas. Supported by the local government, our UDDT promotional program was implemented in a village located in Northwest China, and the UDDT coverage rate in the village reached 95.7% after one year. However, the factors that were highly correlated with improved uptake and operation of UDDTs during implementation remain elusive. Univariate analysis and multivariate ordinal logistic regression were conducted on survey data collected from local villagers to test the association between the promotional program's 14 implementation factors and the effectiveness of prevalence. Based on the survey results (N = 538), six implementation factors, including trigger meetings, follow-up visits, commendation conferences, brand ambassadors, operation demonstration, and on-site training, were significantly and independently associated with the effectiveness of prevalence. These results can provide firm suggestions for improving the UDDT promotion process.

In industrial production, it is of great importance to have high availability in its production equipment. Well-functioning maintenance is a significant factor for a high level of availability. This can be achieved by minimizing the number of reactive maintenance stops and optimizing scheduled maintenance. New methods for predictive maintenance provide a good opportunity for this, but most technologies that are available today are designed for individual sub-systems and they are rarely designed for a complex, interconnected machine. In the process industry, raw materials are processed into a finished product in a continuous flow through several subsystems and if one subsystem stops, the entire process flow stops. For these processes, it is more important to optimize the maintenance efforts for subsystems so maintenance can take place synchronized. This paper describes a method of supervised control that includes maintenance aspects; health parameters indicating deterioration are included in a MIMO controller. The method is verified in a simulation of a rolling mill with three rollers. The results show that it is possible to optimize the whole complex process including several sub-processes by using a health parameter as a control parameter and broadening the controllability of the system by dividing the workload in a way that all the subsystems reach the desired degradation level for maintenance in a desired optimum time.