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This study proposes a novel approach for dynamic load balancing in Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) using a Transformer-based Deep Q-Network (DQN). Traditional load balancing mechanisms, such as Round Robin (RR) and Weighted Round Robin (WRR), are static and often struggle to adapt to fluctuating traffic conditions, leading to inefficiencies in network performance. In contrast, SDNs offer centralized control and flexibility, providing an ideal platform for implementing machine learning-driven optimization strategies. The core of this research combines a Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) for accurate traffic prediction with a DQN model to perform real-time dynamic load balancing. The TFT model predicts future traffic loads, which the DQN uses as input, allowing it to make intelligent routing decisions that optimize throughput, minimize latency, and reduce packet loss. The proposed model was tested against RR and WRR in simulated environments with varying data rates, and the results demonstrate significant improvements in network performance. For the 500MB data rate, the DQN model achieved an average throughput of 0.275 compared to 0.202 and 0.205 for RR and WRR, respectively. Additionally, the DQN recorded lower average latency and packet loss. In the 1000MB simulation, the DQN model outperformed the traditional methods in throughput, latency, and packet loss, reinforcing its effectiveness in managing network loads dynamically. This research presents an important step towards enhancing network performance through the integration of machine learning models within SDNs, potentially paving the way for more adaptive, intelligent network management systems., Comment: 24 pages, 26 figures

Automated metrics for Machine Translation have made significant progress, with the goal of replacing expensive and time-consuming human evaluations. These metrics are typically assessed by their correlation with human judgments, which captures the monotonic relationship between human and metric scores. However, we argue that it is equally important to ensure that metrics treat all systems fairly and consistently. In this paper, we introduce a method to evaluate this aspect.

This study aims to investigate whether the environment and the nuclear activity of a particular galaxy influence the ageing and quenching at the transition stage of the galaxy evolution using the volume-limited sample constructed from the twelve release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. To this end, the galaxies were classified into isolated and non-isolated environments and then each subsample was further classified according to their nuclear activity using the WHAN diagnostic diagram, and ageing diagram to obtain ageing and quenching galaxies. The ageing and quenching galaxies at the transition stage were selected for the rest of the analysis. Using the star formation rate and the $u-r$ colour-stellar mass diagrams, the study revealed a significant change of $0.03$ dex in slope and $0.30$ dex in intercept for ageing galaxies and an insignificant change of $0.02$ dex in slope and $0.12$ dex in intercept of the star formation main sequence between isolated and non-isolated quenching galaxies. Further, a more significant change in the number of ageing galaxies above, within and below the main sequence and the green valley was observed. On the other hand, an insignificant change in the number of quenching galaxies above, within and below the main sequence and the green valley was observed. The study concludes that ageing depends on the environment and the dependence is influenced by the nuclear activity of a particular galaxy while quenching does not depend on the environment and this independence is not influenced by the nuclear activity., Comment: 14 pages and 6 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2405.00481

Citizen science offers an opportunity for ordinary people, known as citizen scientists or citizen astronomers in the context of astronomy, to contribute to scientific research. The Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab) was founded to promote and engage the African public in citizen science and soft astronomy research to advance space research and exploration and enhance space education and outreach. PACS e-Lab, in collaboration with several international astronomy research, education, and outreach organizations, currently runs several projects including but not limited to asteroid search, exoplanet photometry, research writing for peer-reviewed publications, astrophoto visual development, and Amateur Radio contact with astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ARISS). Despite several challenges, the group has engaged over 600 Africans from more than 40 countries and is working towards covering the entire continent in the future. PACS e-Lab's development efforts resonate with seven United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs)., Comment: 32 pages,17 figures, 2 Tables

Asteroid search is a global effort for planetary defense. The International Astronomical Search Collaboration (IASC) is the leading global educational outreach program that provides high-quality astronomical datasets to citizen scientists to discover asteroids. Since December 4, 2020, the Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab) has been IASC's biggest partner on the continent in recruiting and training citizen scientists in asteroid search endeavors. Over 30 asteroids have been discovered by 60 citizen scientists. About 595 citizen scientists from over 40 countries have been engaged in the project up to the time of composing this literature. The group is set to expand its endeavors to the rest of the continent and aims to engage thousands of citizen scientists., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 5 Tables

Generative AI systems have become ubiquitous for all kinds of modalities, which makes the issue of the evaluation of such models more pressing. One popular approach is preference ratings, where the generated outputs of different systems are shown to evaluators who choose their preferences. In recent years the field shifted towards the development of automated (trained) metrics to assess generated outputs, which can be used to create preference ratings automatically. In this work, we investigate the evaluation of the metrics themselves, which currently rely on measuring the correlation to human judgments or computing sign accuracy scores. These measures only assess how well the metric agrees with the human ratings. However, our research shows that this does not tell the whole story. Most metrics exhibit a disagreement with human system assessments which is often skewed in favor of particular text generation systems, exposing a degree of favoritism in automated metrics. This paper introduces a formal definition of favoritism in preference metrics, and derives the Favi-Score, which measures this phenomenon. In particular we show that favoritism is strongly related to errors in final system rankings. Thus, we propose that preference-based metrics ought to be evaluated on both sign accuracy scores and favoritism., Comment: Accepted at ACL Main Conference

This study involves the use of friend-of-friend method on the volume limited samples constructed from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (SDSS DR12) to classify the galaxies into isolated and non-isolated environments hence to investigate the influence of the galaxy environment on the main sequence of star formation, and colour bimodality. We classified the galaxies into the luminous volume-limited sample with $ -22.5\leq M_r \leq -20.5$ (mag), and the faint volume-limited sample with $-20.5 \leq M_r \leq -18.5$ (mag). Using the WHAN diagnostic diagram we assignedthe samples into star-forming, strong AGN, weak AGN, and retired galaxies based on their environment (isolated and non-isolated). The friend-of-friend method was successful in producing consistent results regarding the stellar mass-SFR and stellar mass-colour known relations. Apart from that the decrease in the slope of the main sequence for star-forming galaxies by $0.04$ dex and intercept by $0.39$ dex for the luminous sample was observed while the faint sample a decrease of $0.08$ dex in slope and $0.74$ dex in intercept was observed between isolated and non-isolated galaxies. A significant difference on the number of galaxies between isolated and non-isolated galaxies within, above and below the main sequence by $7.47\%$, $28.51\%$, $14.59\%$ for the luminous sample while for the faint sample by $16.15\%$, $32.60\%$, $35.23\%$ on average, respectively are observed. A significant difference in the number of galaxies in the blue cloud, green valley, and red sequence by $10.30\%$, $20.61\%$, $5.74\%$ for luminous sample while for faint sample by $28.46\%$, $41.36\%$, $8.95\%$ on average, respectively was observed. The study concludes that the galaxy environment influences the shaping and positioning of galaxies along the star formation main sequence and colour bimodality., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

The island paradigm asserts that after the Page time the operators in the interior of an AdS2 eternal black hole in equilibrium with a finite temperature non-gravitating bath can not be reconstructed using the operators in the black hole region outside the horizon. In a recent paper, we demonstrated this using the black hole interior reconstruction proposal due to Leutheusser and Liu, based on the half-sided translations. This was done by introducing a notion of the reduced half-sided translations associated with the algebra of operators restricted to the black hole region outside the horizon, and by showing that albeit the reduced half-sided translations translate operators in the black hole region outside the horizon to the black hole interior before the Page time, it fails to do so after the Page time. In this paper, we demonstrate the second assertion of the island paradigm, which states that after the Page time the operators in the black hole interior can be reconstructed using the operators in the bath. We show that even though before the Page time the reduced half-sided translations associated with the algebra of operators restricted to the bath do not translate operators in the bath to the black hole interior, after the Page time they take them to the black hole interior., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2312.11085

In this study, we explored the impact of isolated and group environments on stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and specific star formation rate (SSFR, i.e., the rate of star formation per unit stellar mass) using the galaxy dataset from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (SDSS DR12) for $z\lesssim0.2$. To mitigate the Malmquist bias, we partitioned the entire dataset into fifteen subsamples with a redshift bin size of $\Delta z = 0.01$ and examined the environmental dependencies of these properties within each redshift bin. A strong correlation between environment, stellar mass, SFR, and SSFR was observed across nearly all redshift bins. In the lower redshift bins $(z<0.1)$, the proportion of galaxies within the isolated environment exceeded that within the group environment. On the other hand, in the higher redshift bins $(z\geq 0.12)$, the isolated environment's galaxy fraction is found to be lower than that of the group environment. For the intermediate redshift bins $(0.1 \leq z < 0.12)$, an approximately equal proportion of galaxies is observed in both isolated and group environments., Comment: 8 pages and 7 figures

We report new measurements of the position angle and separation of the double star WDS 03245+5938 STI 450, based on our observations, Gaia EDR3, and historical data. We find that the position angle and separation are 209.7{\deg} and 7.68", respectively, showing slight changes from the previous values of 210{\deg} and 7.742". We also find that the distances between the two stars are far apart, suggesting that the system is an optical double, and therefore not gravitationally bound together. Furthermore, we find that the ratio of proper motion (rPM) metric of the system is distinct, indicating that the system is a chance alignment of two unrelated stars that are at different distances., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2312.12707

WDS 03286+2523 BRT 133, is a double-star system that has been under observation since 1896. In this study, we present new measurements of the position angle and separation of the system, utilizing data obtained from a web telescope with a Charged Couple Device (CCD) camera, Gaia EDR3, and historical records. We determined that the position angle and separation are 222.4{\deg} and 5.35", respectively, indicating a slight increase from the previous values of 222{\deg} and 5.34" measured in 2004. We also employed the parallax and the ratio of proper motion metric (rPM) values of the system to assess its binarity. This analysis showed that the system may be gravitationally bound and with a long orbital period., Comment: 9 pages, 4 images

An AdS$_2$ black hole in equilibrium with a finite temperature non-gravitating bath comes with a Hawking-like information paradox. The resolution of this paradox requires introducing an island for the bath after the Page time. Since the island region contains the black hole interior, the consistency of the island paradigm demands the failure of any interior reconstruction proposal that uses only the operators in the AdS$_2$ region outside the black hole horizon after the Page time. In this paper, we investigate the consistency of the island paradigm using the black hole interior reconstruction proposal due to Leutheusser and Liu. They argued that the operators in the interior of a black hole can be reconstructed by the half-sided translations of the operators outside the black hole horizon. However, in order to illustrate the island paradigm we need to modify the Leutheusser-Liu proposal by introducing the notion of the reduced half-sided translations. The reduced half-sided translations, unlike the half-sided translations, have non-trivial action only on the operators in the AdS$_2$ black hole region. As a result, the reconstructed interior operators are expressed only using the operators in the AdS$_2$ region outside the black hole horizon. We demonstrate the consistency of the island paradigm by showing that the reduced half-sided translations which successfully reconstruct the operators in the black hole interior before the Page time become trivial after the Page time, and hence fail to reconstruct the interior operators after the Page time., Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures