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Objective: Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) exhibit variable growth patterns, thus posing a challenge in predicting progression. While some RCCs may not cause symptoms, others can insidiously cause pituitary dysfunction, which is often irreversible, even following surgery. Hence, it is crucial to identify asymptomatic RCCs that grow rapidly and pose a higher risk of causing endocrinologic dysfunction. This enables timely surgical intervention to prevent permanent damage. Our study examines the growth rate of RCCs, identifies factors that accelerate growth, and discusses the clinical implications of these findings., Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained electronic database revealed 45 patients aged 18-80 years who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery (EEA) for RCCs between 2010 and 2022 at our center. Of these, 20 required early operative intervention. The remaining 25 patients were followed closely clinically and radiologically before requiring surgery (initial conservative management group). We conducted an analysis of the factors predicting growth over time in this group. Using a regression model, we constructed a risk score system to predict RCC growth over time., Results: Patients in the initial conservative group had smaller cysts and were generally older than those in the early surgery group. Patients with preoperative pituitary dysfunction showed a higher median growth of 1.0 mm in the longest diameter compared to those with normal pituitary function, with an increase of 0.5 mm. A sum of annual cyst growth of all (z, y, x) diameters, at a rate of 3 mm or greater, was associated with a clinically significant increase in the risk of pituitary dysfunction, exceeding 50%.The most significant factors predicting rapid growth in RCCs were smoking status, age, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) intensity of cysts. Smoking was the most critical risk factor for rapid cyst growth (p =  < .001). Our risk score system accurately predicted RCC growth with a 74% accuracy rate, 73% sensitivity, and 75% specificity., Conclusion: Our analysis showed a strong link between active smoking and the rapid growth of RCC. This novel finding has significant preventive implications but needs validation by a large population database. Surgical intervention for RCC currently is often reserved for symptomatic cases. However, utilizing our risk-based scoring system to predict rapidly growing cysts may indicate early surgery in minimally symptomatic patients, thereby potentially preserving pituitary function., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the most common cause of acromegaly. The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EEA) is commonly employed to remove them. Although morphological differences in the nasal cavity exist between acromegaly patients and those with other types of PitNET, few quantitative studies have been performed. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical features of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in patients with acromegaly., Methods: Preoperative computed tomography images of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were compared between 20 patients with a GH-secreting PitNET (acromegaly group) and 22 with a non-functioning PitNET (control group). In the acromegaly group, the relationships between preoperative GH and/or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and anatomical characteristics were assessed., Results: In the acromegaly group, the distance between the nostril and dorsum sellae was significantly longer and the distance between the parasellar internal carotid arteries was significantly shorter (p = 0.0022 and 0.0092, respectively). Pneumatization volume in the nasal cavity did not differ between the groups. Nasal mucosa and bony hypertrophy were observed in the acromegaly group. Preoperative GH level was correlated with the width of the piriform aperture (p = 0.0171)., Conclusion: The nasal and paranasal changes associated with acromegaly can make EEA challenging to perform. Widening the surgical corridor anterior to the sphenoid sinus is important in these patients., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: To date, there are no validated intraoperative tools to predict postoperative visual function following endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES). Assessment of post-surgical vision during surgery can help in postoperative planning and disposition and inform surgical decisions in real-time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of intraoperative endoscopic indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to measure optic chiasm perfusion and determine its relationship with postoperative visual function., Methods: A retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing EES for sellar and suprasellar lesions. ICG was injected prior to surgical closure at a time when the optic chiasm and anterior circulation were visible. Luminescence of the superior hypophyseal artery (SHA) branches enveloping the optic chiasm was registered 10 seconds after ICG penetration into the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs). Pre and post-operative visual acuity and field exams were used to assess visual function. Patients with and without new deficits were compared to examine statistical association with intraoperative ICG findings., Results: Twenty patients were included (mean age 49 years, 55% female). Eighteen patients displayed stable or improved vision after resection and demonstrated luminescence of all chiasmatic branches within 10 s of ACA fluorescence. Two patients experienced new postoperative visual deficits. Upon review, their ICG administrations showed no fluorescence of the SHA branches enveloping the chiasm. A lack of chiasm fluorescence within ten seconds of ACA fluorescence was associated with new postoperative vision deficits (p = 0.005)., Conclusions: This study shows that the lack of ICG fluorescence of SHA branches at the chiasm correlates with ischemic changes and new post-operative bitemporal hemianopsia. Lack of chiasm fluorescence after 10 seconds of observation reflects compromised chiasm perfusion and likely new post-surgical visual deficits., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are benign tumors with high prevalence and, occasionally, aggressive course. The tumorigenesis of these lesions is not completely understood at the molecular level. BAK1 and BAX proteins play fundamental roles in apoptosis and seem to interact with VDAC proteins, whose expressions have been markedly altered in cancer, impacting their prognosis., Objective: to evaluate the gene expression of VDAC1, VDAC2, BAK1 and BAX and their association with clinical and imaging characteristics in PA., Methods: Clinical-epidemiological data were collected from 117 tumor samples from patients affected by PA. Invasiveness was assessed by the Knosp scale. Gene expression was examined by real-time PCR. Relative expression analysis was performed by 2^(-DDCt) method., Results: The sample was mainly composed of women (69/117 - 57.2%). Tumor subtypes observed were Non-Functioning (NF) (73/117 - 62.4%), Acromegaly (24/117 - 20.5%) and Cushing's Disease (CD) (20/117 - 17.1%). Compared to normal tissue, there was a significant reduction in VDAC1 expression in the Acromegaly (p=0.029) and NF (p=0.002) groups. BAX expression was lower in all groups (p <0.001; p=0.007; P =0.005). No difference was found in VDAC2 and BAK1 expression, compared to normal pituitary. Overexpression of VDAC2 occurred in PAs with post-surgical regrowth (p=0.042). A strongly negative correlation was observed in BAX and BAK1 expression in CD., Conclusion: The results indicated that downregulations of VDAC1 and BAX may be related to resistance to apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of VDAC2 in regrowing PAs suggests an antiapoptotic role for this gene. In summary, the genes evaluated might be involved in the biopathology of PAs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Facundo, Magalhães, Nascimento, Azulay, Santos, Freitas, Nascimento, Rodrigues, Santos, Beckman, Abreu, Silva, Carneiro, Oliveira Neto, Gil da Costa, Corcoy, Mato and Faria.)

Introduction: Silent corticotroph tumors (siACTH) represent a rare entity of pituitary tumors (PT), usually more aggressive than other PT. Few predictor factors of recurrence in the post-operative period have been proposed until now. This study aimed (1) to evaluate the clinical outcome of siACTH after surgery according to a five-tiered clinicopathological classification (2) to compare siACTH characteristics to ACTH-secreting macroadenomas (macroCD), and silent gonadotropinomas (siLH/FSH)., Patients and Methods: Between 2008 and 2022, 29 siACTH out of 865 PT cases operated in one tertiary center were included. Clinical, paraclinical, histological, and surgical data were collected and compared to 25 macroCD and 143 siLH/FSH cases, respectively. The tumor grading was established according to both invasion (no = 1; yes = 2) and proliferation (no = a; yes = b). Progression-free survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test., Results: We identified 15 (51.7%) grade 1a, 11 (37.9%) grade 2a and 3 (10.3%) grade 2b siACTH with a trend for a 7-fold-time higher risk of progression/recurrence in grade 2b as compared to 1a (p = 0.06). The repartition of tumor grades was similar between the three subgroups, however a 5.7-fold-higher risk of progression was observed in grade 1a siACTH than in grade 1a siLH/FSH (p = 0.02). Compared to siLH/FSH, higher ACTH levels may help to preoperatively identify siACTH., Conclusion: The five-tiered clinicopathological classification contribute to predict the risk of recurrence of operated siACTH tumors. Noteworthy, non-invasive and non-proliferative siACTH exhibit a less favorable outcomes than their siLH/FSH counterparts, which should prompt for a personalized follow up., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Since the first description of Nelson syndrome 60 years ago, the way to consider corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) after bilateral adrenalectomy has evolved. Today, it is globally acknowledged that only a subset of corticotroph PitNETs is aggressive.After adrenalectomy, corticotroph tumor progression (CTP) occurs in about 30 to 40% of patients during a median follow-up of 10 years. When CTP occurs, various CTP speeds (CTPS) can be observed. Using simple metrics in patients with CTP, CTPS was reported to vary from a few millimeters to up to 40 mm per year. Rapid CTPS/ Nelson's syndrome was associated with more severe Cushing's disease, higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the year following adrenalectomy, and higher Ki67 on pituitary pathology. Complications such as apoplexy, cavernous syndrome, and visual defects were associated with higher CTPS. During follow-up, early morning ACTH, absolute variations properly reflected CTPS. Finally, CTPS was not higher after than before adrenalectomy, suggesting that cortisol deprivation after adrenalectomy does not impact CTPS in a majority of patients.Taken together, rapid CTPS/ Nelson's syndrome probably reflects the intrinsic aggressiveness of some corticotroph PitNETs. The precise molecular mechanisms related to corticotroph PitNET aggressiveness remain to be deciphered. Regular MRIs combined with intermediate morning ACTH measurements probably provide a reliable way to detect early and manage fast-growing tumors and, therefore, limit the complications., Competing Interests: We declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Superior surgical skill improves surgical outcomes in endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery. Video-based coaching programs, pioneered in professional sports, have shown promise in surgical training. In this study, we developed and assessed a video-based coaching program using artificial intelligence (AI) assistance., Methods: An AI-assisted video-based surgical coaching was implemented over 6 months with the pituitary surgery team. The program consisted of 1) monthly random video analysis and review; and 2) quarterly 2-hour educational meetings discussing these videos and learning points. Each video was annotated for surgical phases and steps using AI, which improved video interactivity and allowed the calculation of quantitative metrics. Primary outcomes were program feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness. Surgical performance (via modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills) and early surgical outcomes were recorded for every case during the 6-month coaching period, and a preceding 6-month control period. Beta and logistic regression were used to assess the change in modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scores and surgical outcomes after the coaching program implementation., Results: All participants highly rated the program's feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness. During the coaching program, 63 endoscopic pituitary adenoma cases were included, with 41 in the control group. Surgical performance across all operative phases improved during the coaching period (P < 0.001), with a reduction in new postoperative anterior pituitary hormone deficit (P = 0.01)., Conclusions: We have developed a novel AI-assisted video surgical coaching program for endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery - demonstrating its viability and impact on surgical performance. Early results also suggest improvement in patient outcomes. Future studies should be multicenter and longer term., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a "telestration" system in which the mentor annotates the view of the surgical field, for endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS)., Methods: The use of telestration was evaluated for sellar floor-opening during ETS and for a task performed using ETS simulation training. During ETS, the mentor outlined the opening area of the sella turcica on the monitor and then the trainee surgeon opened the sella, either with the telestration displayed (telestration (+) group, n = 8) or without (telestration (-) group, n = 7). In the task using an ETS training model, 18 subjects were asked to touch the indicated targets with the forceps, once with the instructions given via telestration and once with verbal instructions only., Results: During ETS, the telestration (+) group had a significantly higher concordance rate between the planned bone window and actual bone window than the telestration (-) group (92.97 ± 4.16% vs. 77.57 ± 10.51%, P = 0.014). In the ETS model, the time required to finish the task was significantly less with telestration than with verbal instructions alone (P = 0.002). None of the subjects had errors when telestration was used, while subjects made an average of 0.33 ± 0.59 errors and had to re-listen to the instructions 0.27 ± 0.46 times when only verbal instructions were given., Conclusions: The use of the telestration system during ETS facilitated the communication of the mentor's intentions to the trainee surgeon and contributed to safer, more accurate surgery. The system was also thought to be useful in reducing operative time., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To study the long-term effect of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) on headache in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and identify factors predicting headache relief following TSS., Methods: We evaluated headache in 101 consecutive patients with NFPA who underwent TSS from September 2015 to December 2021, preoperatively and 12-months post-surgery, by using the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire. Health-related quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the EQ-5D visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS)., Results: Of 101 patients, 27 (27%) experienced disabling preoperative headache. Among these, the median total MIDAS score improved from 60 (interquartile range (IQR): 19-140) to 10 (IQR: 0-49) (P = 0.004). Additionally, headache frequency over a 90-day period decreased from 45 (IQR: 25-83) to 6 (IQR: 3-36) days (P = 0.002), and headache intensity decreased from 5 (IQR: 4-7) to 4 (IQR: 2-7) (P = 0.016) at 12-months post-surgery. At 12 months post-surgery, 18 (67%) of 27 patients with preoperatively disabling headache showed clinically relevant improvement of their headache, 4 (15%) showed deterioration, and 5 (19%) remained unchanged. In patients with clinically relevant improvement of their headache, the EQ-VAS score improved from 50 (IQR: 30 - 7) to 80 (IQR: 65-86) (P < 0.001). Of the 74 patients with no preoperative headache, 11 (15%) developed postoperative headache. We identified no clinical factors predicting postoperative headache relief., Conclusion: The study supports that clinically significant and long-lasting improvements of disabling headache and QoL can be achieved with TSS in a substantial number of patients with NFPA., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Advances in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery have led to improved postoperative outcomes after pituitary adenoma resection, including reduced length of stay, complications and readmission rates, without compromising safety and satisfaction., Methods: Our team implemented a perioperative protocol in January 2021 for patients undergoing endoscopic, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. This study compares preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes in 279 patients between 2016 and 2022 (128 preprotocol and 151 postprotocol). Our protocol includes interdisciplinary preoperative evaluations, unified communication, cortisol thresholds for postoperative glucocorticoid replacement, and fluid restriction to prevent delayed hyponatremia., Results: Median age was 54 ± 17 years with 50.8% female patients. There were 229 (82.1%) macroadenomas (>1 cm) and 50 (17.9%) microadenomas/cysts (<1 cm). Mean diameter was 18 (transverse), 18 (craniocaudal), 16 (anteroposterior) mm. Tumor types included 125 (44.8%) gonadotroph, 46 (16.4%) adrenocorticotroph, 40 (14.3%) lactotroph, 26 (9.3%) Rathke cysts, 19 (6.8%) somatotroph, 13 (4.6%) nondiagnostic, 3 (1%) somatotroph-lactotroph, 3 (1%) mammosomatotroph, 2 (0.71%) null cell, and 2 (0.7%) thyrotroph adenomas. Postprotocol, 74.2% of patients were discharged on postoperative day 1 compared with 46.1% preprotocol (P < 0.0001). Transient arginine vasopressin deficiency decreased from 10.4% (preprotocol) to 4.6% postprotocol (P = 0.101). Hyponatremia occurred in 13.3% pre-protocol and 4.6% postprotocol. Emergency department visits dropped from 9.4% to 3.9%, and readmissions decreased from 7.8% to 2.6%. Persistent arginine vasopressin deficiency affected 2.3% preprotocol and 1.3% postprotocol patients. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in 8.5% preprotocol and 7.3% postprotocol., Conclusions: Implementing an interdisciplinary, perioperative protocol for transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary surgery improves length of stay while minimizing readmissions and surgery-related complications., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pituitary abscess (PA), a rare complication following transsphenoidal (TS) surgery for pituitary adenoma with an incidence of 0.2%, poses a significant risk; carrying potential morbidity, recurrence, and the necessity for reoperation. Timely suspicion, diagnosis, and treatment are imperative. Patients and Methods: We present two cases and provide a literature review on the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes associated with secondary PAs following TS surgery for adenoma. Results: We identified 12 articles reporting a total of 45 cases, in addition to our 2 cases. The primary symptoms were headache and visual impairment, with no fever or specific infectious parameters observed. Predominant risk factors identified included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and prior radiotherapy (RT). Our first patient, a 45-year-old male, presented 10 weeks after TS surgery with sudden-onset symptoms, whereas our second patient, a 64-year-old female, presented 22 years postoperatively. In the first case, intraoperative CSF leakage, with the patient's history of allergic rhinitis and frequent nasal irrigation possibly contributed to the development of abscess. In the second case, RT was considered a potential risk factor. Severe headache and subclinical signs of infection associated with a cystic lesion of the pituitary gland were common findings. Both patients underwent endoscopic TS drainage and received appropriate antibiotic therapy, resulting in complete recovery without recurrence. Conclusions: When faced with severe headaches in a patient with a history of TS surgery for a pituitary adenoma, coupled with radiological evidence showing a cystic appearance with peripheral enhancement, taking a proactive approach to promptly identify and intervene in secondary PAs is essential for mitigating potential complications and optimizing patient outcomes.

Introduction: Surgical techniques for sellar reconstruction include no reconstruction, use of synthetic materials, autologous grafts, and/or vascularized flaps. The aim of this study was to conduct a multi-center study comparing the efficacy and postoperative morbidity associated with different sellar reconstruction techniques., Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors from five participating sites between January 2021 and March 2023 was performed. The variables included demographics, tumor characteristics, reconstruction technique, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) leak, and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores. Comparisons of postoperative complications, SNOT-22 scores, and duration of surgery by type of onlay reconstruction were evaluated using Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal‒Wallis test., Results: Five hundred and one patients were identified. The median tumor size was 2.1 cm, and 64% were non-functioning. Intraoperative CSF leak was identified in 38% of patients. A total of 89% of patients underwent onlay reconstruction: 49% were reconstructed with mucosal grafts, 35% with nasoseptal flaps, and 5% with other onlay techniques. Nasoseptal flaps were utilized more frequently in the setting of giant pituitary adenomas (>3 cm), medial cavernous sinus wall resection, and high-flow intraoperative CSF leaks. Cases who utilized mucosal grafts had an overall shorter operating time (median: 183 min vs. 240 min; p < 0.001). Five postoperative CSF leaks were identified, and therefore, statistical analysis could not be performed for this complication., Conclusion: The effectiveness and morbidity of different sellar reconstruction techniques are comparable. Vascularized flaps were utilized more frequently in the setting of larger tumors and high-flow intraoperative CSF leaks., (© 2024 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.)

Purpose: To assess the utility of [ 18 F]fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine PET co-registered with magnetic resonance imaging ([ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR ) in patients with difficult-to-localize prolactinoma to inform clinical decision-making and (surgical) treatment planning., Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 17 consecutive patients with prolactinoma undergoing [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR between October 2020 and September 2022 for either (1) additional information in case of difficult-to-visualize remnants after prior transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), or pharmacological treatment, or (2) radiological diagnosis in absence of a (clear) adenoma on diagnostic/post-treatment conventional MRI., Results: [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR identified a lesion in 14/17 patients, yet failed to identify active lesions in 2 patients with negative conventional MRI despite prolactin > 7.5 times upper limit of normal. [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR results were inconclusive in 1 patient due to diffuse tracer uptake 10 weeks post-surgery. [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR was completely concordant with a suspected lesion on conventional MRI in 10/17 patients, and partially concordant in 3/17 patients. New foci were identified in 4/17 patients. The [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR conclusions influenced clinical shared decision-making in 15/17 patients, of whom 7 patients underwent TSS and 8 refrained from TSS. One patient underwent TSS despite negative [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR , and one patient underwent additional imaging. Intraoperative findings corresponded with [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR in 5/8 patients, and immunohistochemistry was positive in 5/8 patients. The treatment goal was achieved in 7/8 patients, and remission was achieved in 5/7 patients in whom total resection was considered feasible., Conclusion: [ 18 F]FET-PET/MRI CR can be of added value in the preoperative decision-making process for selected patients with difficult-to-localize prolactinoma (remnants), or patients lacking a substrate on conventional MRI., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Current guidelines recommend dopamine agonists (DA) as the primary therapeutic approach for prolactinomas; however, emerging evidence suggests that surgical intervention can also yield favorable outcomes., Objective: To comprehensively evaluate prolactinoma patients undergoing surgical and medical treatments at our pituitary center., Methods: Retrospective review of mMedical records from prolactinoma patients treated between 2015 and 2022 was performedwere retrospectively reviewed. The study focused on treatment outcomes and remission rates while investigating factors influencing the success of both treatment modalities in achieving remission., Results: A total of 301 prolactinoma patients were included, of whom 199 were women. Among them, 235 were managed medically, while 66 underwent surgical intervention. The overall remission rates of patients treated with medical and surgery were similar at the final examination (Respectively respectively 82.9% and 81.8%, p=0.114). Factors associated with remission in both treatment modalities included female sex, low initial prolactin levels, small adenoma size, and absence of cavernous invasion. Compared to DA treatment, Ssurgical treatment demonstrated a higher rate of drug-free remission compared to DA treatment for microadenomas, and macroadenomas without cavernous invasion. In cases with cavernous invasion, standalone surgical treatment yielded a low rate of drug-free remission (7.7%); however, when combined with DA therapy post-surgery, remission rates increased to 66.7%., Conclusion: Medical treatment with DAs remains the preferred option for macroadenomas with cavernous sinus invasion, and giant adenomas, with surgery reserved for selected cases to address complications. Conversely, surgery emerges as the most effective modality for achieving remission in patients with microadenomas, and macroadenomas confined to the sella. The recommendation of DAs as first-line therapy for all patients has been withdrawn in the current guidelines, and individual treatment approaches based on tumor characteristics are emphasized. Our results support this approach., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Given the increased cardio-metabolic risk in patients with acromegaly, this study compared cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, and in-hospital outcomes between patients with acromegaly and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) following pituitary surgery., Methods: This was a nationwide cohort study using data from hospitalized patients with acromegaly or NFPA undergoing pituitary surgery in Switzerland between January 2012 and December 2021. Using 1:3 propensity score matching, eligible acromegaly patients were paired with NFPA patients who underwent pituitary surgery, respectively. The primary outcome comprised a composite of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, intracranial hemorrhage, hospitalization for hypertensive crisis) and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary outcome, surgical re-operation, and various hospital-associated outcomes., Results: Among 231 propensity score-matched patients with acromegaly and 491 with NFPA, the incidence rate of the primary outcome was 8.18 versus 12.73 per 1,000 person-years (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-1.32]). Mortality rates were numerically lower in acromegaly patients (2.43 vs. 7.05 deaths per 1,000 person-years; HR, 0.34; [95% CI, 0.10-1.17]). Individual components of the primary outcome and in-hospital outcomes showed no significant differences between the groups., Conclusion: This cohort study did not find an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with acromegaly undergoing pituitary surgery compared to surgically treated NFPA patients. These findings suggest that there is no legacy effect regarding higher cardio-metabolic risk in individuals with acromegaly once they receive surgical treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: In surgical practice during endoscopic endonasal approach, growth hormone-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (GH-secreting PitNET) patients show morphologic differences in the nasal cavities and sinuses, leading to a narrower surgical field and a carotid prominence and potentially increasing the complexity of the surgical and the risk of complications. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anatomical differences of the sphenoid sinus between patients with GH-secreting PitNETs and patients with nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) who underwent endoscopic endonasal approach., Methods: This is a monocentric retrospective study conducted at the author's institution. The minimum intercarotid distance, the largest diameter of the sphenoid sinus (DSS), and the distance between vomer and clivus (VCD) were collected and compared. Presence, localization, and course of intersphenoid sinus septum were also evaluated., Results: One hundred consecutive patients were identified: 57 males (57%) and 43 females (43%), with a mean age of 55 years. Sixty patients had NF-PitNET (60%) and 40 had GH-secreting PitNET (40%). GH-secreting PitNET group presented inferior values of intercarotid distance (16.8 ± 3.94 mm vs. 20.4 ± 3.94 mm, P < 0.001), DSS (32.5 ± 9.81 mm vs. 38.6 ± 11.03 mm, P = 0.006), and VCD (25.5 ± 6.96 mm vs. 29.6 ± 8.47 mm, P = 0.012) compared to NF-PitNET group. Intersphenoid sinus septum showed no differences between the 2 groups., Conclusions: Intercarotid distance, DSS, and VCD resulted smaller in acromegalic patients, confirming that patients with GH-secreting PitNETs have a narrower surgical field. A meticulous anatomical preoperative planning and neuronavigation are important to recognize the sphenoid anatomical landmarks in order to reduce the risk of complications, especially in acromegalic patients., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: In children with giant cystic solid craniopharyngioma (CP), the Ommaya reservoir was implanted in the CP cavity, and the cystic fluid was continuously drained for 5 days before the tumor resection., Methods: An 11-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to vision loss for 1 year, intermittent headache, vomiting for 6 months, and frequent urination for 2 months. Besides, magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed cystic solid lesions in the sellar region, suprasellar, and bilateral frontal lobes, with a size of 96.0×82.6×76.0 mm. Before the surgical resection, an Ommaya reservoir was implanted within the tumor cavity. The drainage was continued for 5 days and was 39 to 50 mL (43.80 ± 4.67 mL). Following the tumor shrank, a craniotomy was performed., Results: Following surgical treatment, the CP was entirely removed. The child subsequently developed hypothyroidism and hypocortisolism, for which hormone replacement therapy was administered. No tumor recurrence was observed after 3 years of follow-up., Conclusion: The treatment of giant cystic solid CP in children is challenging. Preoperative implantation of the Ommaya reservoir, continuous drainage of cystic fluid, shrinkage of the tumor, and reduction of tumor tension are beneficial for tumor resection., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Nerves and blood vessels must be protected during brain tumor surgery, which has traditionally relied on microscopes. In the 2000s, endoscopes and related equipment were developed for neurosurgery. In this review, we aim to outline the role of endoscopes in brain tumor surgery and discuss the emerging use of exoscopes. The primary use of endoscopes in brain tumor surgery is in endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumors. By using the space within the sphenoid sinus, surgeons can insert an endoscope and instruments such as forceps or scissors through the nose to access and remove the tumor. Compared to microscopes, endoscopes can get closer to tumors, nerves, and blood vessels. They enable wide-angle observation of the skull base, making them valuable for skull base tumors as well as pituitary tumors. Endoscopes are also used in cases where a brain tumor is associated with hydrocephalus, allowing surgeons to correct obstructive hydrocephalus and perform tumor biopsies simultaneously. Exoscopy, a newer technique introduced in recent years, involves surgeons wearing special glasses and removing the tumor while viewing a three-dimensional monitor. This approach reduces surgeon fatigue and allows for more natural positioning during lengthy brain tumor surgeries. Future brain tumor surgeries will likely involve robotic surgery, which is already used for other organs. This is expected to make brain tumor removal safer and more accurate., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Japan Society of Clinical Oncology.)

Background: Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is the main method to remove pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET), but large or multi-lobulated one is still challenging., Objective: The less invasive simultaneous combined keyhole mini-transcranial approach and standard transsphenoidal approach was used to remove multi-lobulated or hourglass-shaped non-functioning PitNET to avoid the specific complications related to extended TSS., Methods: Twenty-one patients of large multi-lobulated or hourglass-shaped PitNET (6 patients were recurrent cases after TSS or transcranial approach) were treated by this simultaneous combined approach. The supraorbital or midline keyhole approach was performed under the operating microscope so that the fine arteries feeding optic apparatus were dissected from the tumor capsule safely and securely and the suprasellar part of the tumor was removed in the extra-capsular fashion in combination with transsphenoidal approach., Results: Visual function improved after the surgery in 14 (74 %) of 19 patients with preoperative disturbance of the visual fields. Four patients (19 %) developed postoperative deterioration of pituitary endocrine functions requiring permanent hormonal replacement. One patient (4.2 %) suffered cortical laminar necrosis without permanent disorders and another patient (4.2 %) suffered cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea but neither was permanent. Postoperative computed tomography detected no subarachnoid hemorrhage in any patient. Gross total removal was achieved in 15 patients (71 %). Five patients (24 %) with subtotal removal and one patient (4.2 %) with partial removal had lateral tumor extension with Knosp classification 3 or 4., Conclusion: The combined method is an effective treatment option to remove complex PitNET safely and securely with dissecting fine arteries on the tumor capsule., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery has a steep learning curve, with varying surgical techniques and outcomes across centers. In other surgeries, superior performance is linked with superior surgical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the prediction of patient-specific outcomes using surgical video analysis in pituitary surgery., Methods: Endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery videos from a single center were annotated by experts for operative workflow (3 surgical phases and 15 surgical steps) and operative skill (using modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills [mOSATS]). Quantitative workflow metrics were calculated, including phase duration and step transitions. Poisson or logistic regression was used to assess the association of workflow metrics and mOSATS with common inpatient surgical outcomes., Results: 100 videos from 100 patients were included. Nasal phase mean duration was 24 minutes and mean mOSATS was 21.2/30. Mean duration was 34 minutes and mean mOSATS was 20.9/30 for the sellar phase, and 11 minutes and 21.7/30, respectively, for the closure phase. The most common adverse outcomes were new anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (n = 26), dysnatremia (n = 24), and cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 5). Higher mOSATS for all 3 phases and shorter operation duration were associated with decreased length of stay (P = 0.003 &P < 0.001). Superior closure phase mOSATS were associated with reduced postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (P < 0.001), and superior sellar phase mOSATS were associated with reduced postoperative visual deterioration (P = 0.041)., Conclusions: Superior surgical skill and shorter surgical time were associated with superior surgical outcomes, at a generic and phase-specific level. Such video-based analysis has promise for integration into data-driven training and service improvement initiatives., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Socioeconomic status and race have been found to influence patient outcomes for various cancer subtypes. In particular, minority and economically vulnerable patients present with more advanced disease and experience decreased survival compared to others. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between demographic or socioeconomic variables and rates of postsurgical follow-up after pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) resection., Methods: A retrospective review was completed for patients with PitNETs who underwent surgery between 2018 and 2021. Patient demographics and information related to postoperative appointments and magnetic resonance imagings were obtained. Social vulnerability index (SVI) scores were recorded from the Centers for Disease Control based on nationwide census tracts., Results: One hundred and sixteen patients were included in the analysis (57 males). In this cohort, 50% were Black, 34% Hispanic, 9% White, and 1% Asian. The mean overall SVI score was 0.81 ± 0.23. The mean number of canceled appointments was significantly higher in the moderate-high/high SVI group (P = 0.034). Additionally, 30% of patients with moderate-high/high SVI had ≥2 canceled follow-up visits compared to 0% among patients with low/low-moderate SVI (P = 0.035). On average, White patients were less likely than non-White patients to have at least one canceled follow-up appointment (P = 0.048)., Conclusions: Black patients and those with high social vulnerability have decreased rates of follow-up after PitNET resection. Follow-up delays can lead to failed identification of tumor recurrence, potentially resulting in more advanced disease by the time medical care is reinitiated and increasing rates of patient morbidity and mortality. As a result, further work is needed to address and bridge these care gaps., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: The cavernous internal carotid artery (cICA) and its branches can make it challenging to approach the lateral portion of the retrocarotid area of the cavernous sinus (RcACS) and surrounding areas during the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). This can sometimes require more invasive transcranial approaches, causing a higher risk of complications. We sought to explore the feasibility of adding a contralateral transmaxillary (CTM) corridor to improve access to the RcACS during EEA., Methods: We performed EEA and CTM extensions on 6 cadavers (12 sides) using image guidance. The depth of the surgical corridor, the surgical exposure, the angle of attack, and the trajectory to the anterior genu of the cICA were measured. Two illustrative clinical cases are presented., Results: Compared with the contralateral transnasal approach, the CTM corridor provided a 10.76 (5.32)-mm shorter distance ( P < .001), 36.23% (20.70%) larger surgical exposure ( P < .001), and a 24.6° (3.4°) more parallel trajectory to the anterior genu of the cICA ( P < .001). The mean angle of the lateral nasal wall line and the middle eye line was equal to the mean angle of the contralateral transnasal ( P = .075) and CTM ( P = .262) approaches, respectively. The CTM corridor allowed us to achieve near-total resection of the RcACS and beyond in 2 invasive adenomas with significant lateral extension., Conclusion: The CTM corridor is a feasible addition to standard EEA to access the RcACS and beyond, providing a more medial-to-lateral trajectory and improved access. The middle eye line can be used as a reference to help select patients for this approach., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Double pituitary adenoma is a rare entity that can pose a significant challenge. The incidence of double or multiple pituitary adenomas is ∼1% in autopsy cases and 0.4-1.3% in surgical series. Its definition varies, including 'double adenomas' in the literature in contrast to 'multiple adenomas', which is more specific and suitable. While some authors require separating topographically unique tumours, others have used a looser definition of separate immunohistochemistry., Case Presentation: We presented the case of a 26-year-old patient with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms, with double pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). To date, 89 patients have been reported in the literature with symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome, but only five had GH-TSH secretion., Conclusions: Double adenoma resection is of great importance for ensuring successful biochemical treatment. To ensure a successful operation, a careful preoperative 3T MRI examination is of great importance.

Background: Hyponatremia is a common complication following endoscopic endonasal resection (EER) of pituitary adenomas. We report a single-center, multisurgeon study detailing baseline clinical data, outcomes, and factors associated with postoperative hyponatremia., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing EER for pituitary adenoma at Tufts Medical Center. Most procedures were performed by the senior author (C.B.H.). Cases were included if at least 1 postoperative sodium value was available and pathology confirmed pituitary adenoma. Hyponatremia was defined as a postoperative sodium level <135 mEq/L., Results: A total of 272 patients underwent 310 EER procedures that met the study inclusion criteria. The mean patient age was 53.3 years, and mean tumor size was 18.8 mm. Postoperative hyponatremia occurred in 12.6% of cases, with 3.6% developing hyponatremia prior to discharge. Lower preoperative sodium level was associated with an increased risk of developing any postoperative hyponatremia. Older age, prolactinoma pathology, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were associated with moderate to severe hyponatremia (≤129 mEq/L), and lower preoperative sodium was associated with mild hyponatremia (130-134 mEq/L). Hyponatremia-related readmissions within 30 days occurred in 3.9% of patients. Both African-American race and postoperative hyponatremia were associated with an increased risk of 30-day readmission. The mean nadir sodium for hyponatremic patients was 129.9 mEq/L. Growth hormone-secreting pathology was associated with lower postoperative nadir sodium, whereas higher preoperative sodium was associated with higher postoperative nadir sodium., Conclusions: Hyponatremia is a common postoperative complication of EER for pituitary lesions that can cause significant morbidity, increased readmissions, and increased healthcare costs., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To identify clinical and radiological factors associated with a higher risk of developing a severe pituitary apoplexy (PA)., Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of patients presenting with clinical PA in three Spanish tertiary hospitals of Madrid between 2008 and 2022. We classified PA as severe when presenting with an altered level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 15) or visual involvement., Results: A total of 71 PA cases were identified, of whom 80.28% (n = 57) were classified as severe PA. The median age was 60 (18 to 85 years old) and 67.6% (n = 48) were male. Most patients had macroadenomas, except for one patient with a microadenoma of 9 mm. Headache was the most common presenting symptom (90.1%) and anticoagulation was the most frequent predisposing risk factor, but it was not associated with a higher risk for severe PA (odds ratio [OR] 1.13 [0.21-5.90]). Severe cases were associated with male gender (OR 5.53 [1.59-19.27]), tumor size >20 mm (OR 17.67 [4.07-76.64]), and Knosp grade ≥2 (OR 9.6 [2.38-38.73]). In the multivariant analysis, the only variables associated with a higher risk for severe PA were tumor size and Knosp grade. Surgery was more common in severe PA than in non-severe (91.2% vs. 64.3%, P = 0.009)., Conclusion: A tumor size >20 mm and cavernous sinus invasion are risk factors for developing a severe PA. These risk factors can stratify patients at a higher risk of a worse clinical picture, and subsequently, more need of decompressive surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The diagnosis of pituitary microprolactinomas is often obscured by relatively low levels of elevated prolactin compared to macroprolactinomas. This may lead to varying patterns of medical therapy versus observation. We sought to correlate prolactin levels in suspected microprolactinomas with tumor volumes and clinical outcomes. This was a multicenter retrospective study of patients with pituitary microadenomas with baseline prolactin levels > 18ng/ml for males and > 30ng/ml for females. A linear-mixed model was used to depict changes in tumor volume over time. There were 65 patients with a mean tumor volume of 95.9mm 3 and mean prolactin level of 59.4ng/ml. There were significantly higher prolactin levels in patients with tumors above the mean volume versus below (74.0 versus 53.4ng/ml, p = 0.027). 26 patients were observed, 31 were treated with anti-dopaminergic therapy, and 8 had surgery. There were significantly greater baseline prolactin levels for patients who were treated surgically (mean 86.4ng/ml) than those treated medically (mean 61.7 g/ml) or observed (mean 48.5ng/ml) (p = 0.02). Among the 26 patients who were surveilled, 13 patients demonstrated spontaneous tumor shrinkage, 12 remained stable, and 1 patient's tumor grew but was lost to follow-up. Linear mixed modeling demonstrated a statistically significant rate of tumor shrinkage over time of 3.67mm 3 /year (p = 0.03). When analyzing patients who were observed versus those requiring surgery after initially being surveilled, there were significantly greater baseline PRL/volume ratios in surgical patients versus those observed (8.1 ng/ml/mm 3 versus 2.4 ng/ml/mm 3 , p = 0.025). Suspected microprolactinomas may demonstrate more convincingly elevated prolactin levels when measuring over 95.9mm 3 . Tumors with baseline prolactin levels over 50ng/ml may be more inclined to undergo medical treatment. In tumors with levels below 50ng/ml, it may be reasonable to undergo surveillance as these tumors tend to spontaneously shrink over time. In tumors that are surveilled, an elevated baseline PRL/volume ratio of > 8 ng/ml/mm 3 may be indicate serial tumor growth that may necessitate medical and/or surgical intervention., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Rationale: Acromegaly, predominantly resulting from a pituitary adenoma, is marked by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, normalization of blood glucose levels posttreatment is rarely achieved. This case study aims to highlight the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping symptoms of acromegaly and diabetes, emphasizing the importance of precise diagnosis and effective treatment strategies for optimal patient outcomes., Patient Concerns: A 22-year-old male was hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis and exhibited classic signs of acromegaly, such as enlarged hands and feet, and distinct facial changes., Diagnoses: The patient's diagnosis of acromegaly, attributed to a pituitary adenoma, was confirmed through clinical observations, laboratory findings (notably raised serum GH and IGF-1 levels, and absence of GH suppression after glucose load during an OGTT), and pituitary MRI scans., Interventions: The patient underwent 2 surgical tumor resections followed by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS). After treatment, GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels normalized without further need for hypoglycemic intervention., Outcomes: Posttreatment, the patient achieved stable GH, IGF-1, and blood glucose levels. The hyperglycemia was attributed to the GH-secreting tumor, and its resolution followed the tumor's removal., Lessons: This case emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment in patients with acromegaly to address coexisting diabetic complications. Surgical and radiotherapeutic management of acromegaly can lead to significant metabolic improvements, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary care in managing these complex cases., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This study aimed to predict arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) following transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery using machine learning algorithms. We reviewed 452 cases from December 2013 to December 2023, analyzing clinical and imaging data. Key predictors of AVP-D included sex, tumor height, preoperative and postoperative changes in sellar diaphragm height and pituitary stalk length, preoperative ACTH levels, changes in ACTH levels, and preoperative cortisol levels. Six machine learning algorithms were tested: logistic regression (LR), support vector classification (SVC), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). After cross-validation and parameter optimization, the random forest model demonstrated the highest performance, with an accuracy (ACC) of 0.882 and an AUC of 0.96. The decision tree model followed, achieving an accuracy of 0.843 and an AUC of 0.95. Other models showed lower performance: LR had an ACC of 0.522 and an AUC of 0.54; SVC had an ACC of 0.647 and an AUC of 0.67; KNN achieved an ACC of 0.64 and an AUC of 0.70; and XGBoost had an ACC of 0.794 and an AUC of 0.91. The study found that a shorter preoperative pituitary stalk length, significant intraoperative stretching, and lower preoperative ACTH and cortisol levels were associated with a higher likelihood of developing AVP-D post-surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This paper aims to analyze the risk factors for the recurrence or progression of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) in male patients after transnasal sphenoidal surgery and to develop a predictive model for prognosis. Clinical and follow-up data of 126 male patients with NFPAs treated by transnasal sphenoidal surgery from January 2011 to January 2021 in Fuzhou 900th Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Lasso regression analysis was used to screen the best predictors, and the predictors were further screened by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the nomogram prediction model was constructed. The performance of the model was verified by three aspects: discrimination, calibration and clinical utility by using the consistency index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calibration curve, clinical decision curve (DCA) and Clinical impact curve (CIC). Out of 126 cases, 7 (5.56%) showed postoperative tumor recurrence, and 18 (14.29%) exhibited postoperative residual regrowth (progression). Age (P = 0.024), maximum tumor diameter (P < 0.001), modified Knosp grade (P < 0.001), resection extent (P < 0.001), Ki67 (P < 0.001), pressure symptom (P < 0.001), Pre-op hypopituitarism (P = 0.048), Post-op new hypopituitarism (P = 0.017) showed significant differences among the recurrence group, the progression group, and the alleviation group. Three independent risk factors (Ki67, modified Knosp grade, and resection extent) affecting postoperative remission were used to construct a predictive model for long-term postoperative failure to remit. The C-index of the nomogram model was 0.823, suggesting that the model had a high discriminatory power, and the AUC of the area under the ROC curve was 0.9[95% CI (0.843, 0.958)]. A nomogram prediction model based on modified Knosp grading (grades 3B-4), resection extent (partial resection), and Ki-67 (≥ 3%) predicts the recurrence or progression of NFPAs in men after transnasal sphenoidal surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Rationale: Denosumab, a fully humanized IgG monoclonal antibody, is commonly employed in the management of different types of osteoporosis. Up to now, hypocalcemia linked with denosumab has been predominantly reported in dialysis patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, there have been no reports of hypocalcemia following craniopharyngioma surgery with the use of denosumab., Patient Concerns: A 65-year-old male received a subcutaneous injection of denosumab (60 mg) as a treatment for osteoporosis following the resection of a craniopharyngioma. Remarkably, the patient developed hypocalcemia within 4 days post-injection. However, 6 months subsequent to the initial treatment, the patient underwent another subcutaneous injection of desmuzumab and once again experienced hypocalcemia., Diagnoses: Hypocalcemia., Interventions: The hypocalcemia was successfully managed with intravenous calcium gluconate and oral calcium carbonate D3 tablets, leading to the alleviation of symptoms., Outcomes: Hypocalcemia following the use of denosumab after craniopharyngioma surgery is rare, and its occurrence may be associated with the primary disease and concomitant medications., Lessons: It underscores the necessity for clinicians to perform a thorough evaluation of the patient's overall health status, complete all requisite testing, pay particular attention to those in high-risk categories, and ensure serum calcium levels are monitored, along with conducting other essential tests, prior to and following each administration of denosumab., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The patient is a 28-year-old male who presented with hemifield slide for 10 months following surgery for a large pituitary adenoma. A comprehensive ophthalmological examination and visual function tests were conducted, including best corrected visual acuity, visual field, stereopsis, accommodative convergence, Worth four-dot test, and prism cover test for quantifying strabismus, along with assessments using a depression scale and a visual function questionnaire. Rehabilitation plans included applying press-on prisms to correct vertical strabismus, binocular vision training, and saccadic training. After rehabilitation, the patient was able to maintain binocular single vision at near and intermediate distances, experienced improved visual comfort, and showed significant improvements in scores on the depression scale and visual function questionnaire.

Various factors may affect cognition in patients with pituitary adenoma, including size and extension of the tumor, degree of pituitary hormone deficiencies, and treatment of the tumor, most often being transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate cognitive function in patients with clinically significant pituitary adenoma and to identify factors influencing cognition. Sixty-eight patients with pituitary adenoma were included. Of these, 31 patients were evaluated before TSS and 37 patients 12 months following TSS. Cognitive function was evaluated by using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Patients had lower mean scores on cognitive assessment compared to age-adjusted normative data. Variability in cognition, analyzed by linear regression analysis, was explained by sex, educational level, and self-perceived fatigue, but not by pituitary hormone deficiencies, diabetes insipidus, or surgical treatment. Our results are in line with previous findings, namely that pituitary adenoma affects cognition. To better evaluate the factors affecting cognition, longitudinal studies are recommended. Such studies would allow for within-individual comparisons, effectively controlling for the considerable influence of sex and education on test results., Competing Interests: DSO has been a consultant for Novo Nordisk, Sandoz, Ipsen, and Pfizer; has received unrestricted grants from Sandoz and Pfizer; and is an employee of AstraZeneca since 30 August 2021. TS has received lecture fees from Abbott. GJ has served as a consultant for Novo Nordisk, Shire, and AstraZeneca; has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Merck Serono, Otsuka, and Pfizer; and received unrestricted research grants from Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, and Shire. DK, KSS, TH, and OR have nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 Krabbe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, non-neoplastic lesions located in the sellar and suprasellar regions of the brain, originating from remnants of Rathke's pouch, an embryonic precursor to the anterior pituitary gland. Although RCCs are frequently asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies, they can present with a variety of symptoms, including headaches, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction due to the compression of adjacent neural structures. The management of RCCs is particularly challenging, as the decision to pursue conservative monitoring or surgical intervention depends heavily on the cyst's size, growth potential, and the severity of symptoms. Transsphenoidal surgery is the primary treatment for symptomatic RCCs, offering effective relief from symptoms through decompression of the cyst. However, recurrence remains a significant issue, with rates reported up to 33%, prompting debates about the extent of cyst wall removal during surgery. Recent advancements in minimally invasive endoscopic techniques have improved surgical outcomes, yet the risk of postoperative complications such as hypopituitarism and cerebrospinal fluid leaks persists. Additionally, stereotactic radiosurgery has emerged as a potential alternative for patients with recurrent RCCs or those who are not suitable candidates for repeat surgery. Despite its promise, the long-term safety and efficacy of radiotherapy in RCC management require further investigation. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of RCCs, integrating the latest research and clinical guidelines to discuss pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies, emphasizing the need for a personalized approach to treating this complex condition., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Unlike somatotroph tumors, the data on correlates of tumor granulation patterns in functional TPIT lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (corticotroph tumors) have been less uniformly documented in most clinical series. This study evaluated characteristics of 41 well-characterized functional corticotroph tumors consisting of 28 densely granulated corticotroph tumors (DGCTs) and 13 sparsely granulated corticotroph tumors (SGCTs) with respect to preoperative clinical and radiological findings, tumor proliferative activity (including mitotic count and Ki-67 labeling index), and postoperative early biochemical remission rates. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) tumor size was significantly larger in the SGCT group [16.00 (16.00) mm in SGCT vs 8.5 (9.75) mm in DGCT, p = 0.049]. T2-weighted signal intensity and T2 intensity (quantitative) did not yield statistical significance based on tumor granulation; however, the T2 intensity-to-white matter ratio was significantly higher in SGCTs (p = 0.049). The median (IQR) Ki-67 labeling index was 2.00% (IQR 1.00%) in the DGCT group and 4.00% (IQR 7.00%) in the SGCT group (p = 0.043). The mitotic count per 2 mm 2 was higher in the SGCT group (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the sparse granulation pattern (SGCT) remained an independent predictor of a lower probability of early biochemical remission irrespective of the tumor size and proliferative activity (p = 0.012). The current study further supports the impact of tumor granulation pattern as a biologic variable and warrants the detailed histological subtyping of functional corticotroph tumors as indicated in the WHO classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. More importantly, the assessment of the quantitative T2 intensity-to-white matter ratio may serve as a preoperative radiological harbinger of SGCTs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Objectives: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is an important hormone responsible for maintaining sodium homeostasis after pituitary surgery. The measurement of AVP levels is difficult because of its short half-life (t 1/2 ). Copeptin is a preprohormone of AVP, and it is a more stable peptide, which can be used as surrogate marker for AVP. This study aims to assess the role of copeptin as a predictor of postoperative hyponatremia and hypernatremia in patients undergoing endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery., Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients who underwent endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery. Serum copeptin levels of these patients were assessed (1) preoperatively (C1), (2) at extubation (C2), and (3) postoperative day 4 (C3). Perioperative data regarding fluid and sodium balance were collected from patients. Statistical analysis was done using the above data., Results: The copeptin values were assessed against the sodium disturbances. 100% of patients who developed transient diabetes insipidus had a relative decrease in C2 from C1 ( P - .0002). 88% of patients who developed early hyponatremia had a relative increase in C2 as compared with C1 ( P < .01). 75% of patients who developed delayed hyponatremia had a relative increase in C3 as compared with C1 ( P = .003)., Conclusion: A relative increase or decrease in early change in copeptin (C2-C1) can predict development of early hyponatremia or transient central diabetes insipidus, respectively. A relative increase in delayed change in copeptin (C3-C1) can predict development of delayed hyponatremia., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak during endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery can lead to postoperative complications. The clinical and anatomic risk factors of intraoperative CSF leak are not well defined. We applied a two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning model to identify risk factors from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging., Methods: All adults who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery at our institution from January 2007 to March 2023 who had accessible preoperative stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging were included. A retrospective classic statistical analysis was performed to identify demographic, clinical, and anatomic risk factors of intraoperative CSF leak. Stereotactic T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were used to train and test a 2D CNN model., Results: Of 220 included patients, 81 (36.8%) experienced intraoperative CSF leak. Among all preoperative variables, visual disturbance was the only statistically significant identified risk factor (P = 0.008). The trained 2D CNN model predicted CSF leak with 92% accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90 (sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 93%). Class activation mapping of this model revealed that anatomic regions of CSF flow were most important in predicting CSF leak., Conclusions: Further review of the class activation mapping gradients revealed regions of the diaphragma sellae, clinoid processes, temporal horns, and optic nerves to have anatomic correlation to intraoperative CSF leak risk. Additionally, visual disturbances from anatomic compression of the optic chiasm were the only identified clinical risk factor. Our 2D CNN model can help a treating team to better anticipate and prepare for intraoperative CSF leak., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: Routine evaluation and surveillance imaging after pituitary adenoma (PA) endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection (EETS) is a neurosurgical practice to identify tumor recurrence. This study aims to identify social and clinical factors that may contribute to patients missing their initial 1-year follow-up appointment and provide guidance for targeted education to improve patient adherence with postoperative treatment plans, ultimately reducing unknown adenoma recurrence., Methods: The authors performed a single-center retrospective review of patients who underwent EETS for PAs from 2007 to 2023. Patients were analyzed for sociodemographic factors, presenting symptoms, time to surgery, surgical outcomes, and adherence to postoperative follow-up visits at 1 year after surgery., Results: A total of 256 patients with PAs treated by EETS met inclusion criteria; 218 (85%) of these patients attended 1-year follow-up, and 38 (15%) missed this visit. Twenty-nine (76%) individuals who missed their 1-year follow up were men (P = 0.006). Divorced/widowed/separated patients were 2 times more likely to miss their follow-up compared with their married counterparts (P = 0.008). Additional significant risk factors included older age, as the mean age for patients who missed their 1-year appointment was 60.1 years compared with 54.7 years (P = 0.028). Patients with visual field deficits at initial presentation were also less likely to follow-up at 1 year (P = 0.03)., Conclusions: Risk factors of missed 1-year follow-up appointments after PA resection include male sex, divorced/widowed/separated marital status, older age, and the presence of visual deficits at initial presentation. Increased education efforts can be selectively aimed at these at-risk patient cohorts to improve patient compliance and reduce consequences of undetected tumor recurrence., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background/objective: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) is a common treatment for sellar and suprasellar tumors. While endoscopic training has improved over the years and formal fellowship training is now broadly available, the operative nuances of EETS conjectures the existence a learning curve as a neurosurgeon matures with experience. We aim to evaluate operative outcomes of 3 different experience levels of neurosurgeons over time at a single institution., Methods: We reviewed all adult patients who underwent EETS at Loyola University Medical Center by 3 early career, 1 midcareer, and 2 late career neurosurgeons from 2007 to 2023. A comparative assessment of patient demographics, tumor features, and surgical outcomes was done using metrics such as length of surgery, rates of gross total resection (GTR) and symptomatic improvement, new postoperative steroid dependence, and development of diabetes insipidus (DI). T-tests and χ 2 were used to statistically evaluate the study cohorts., Results: A total of 297 patients underwent EETS. One hundred three (35%) were operated on by an early career, 122 (41%) by a mid-career, and 72 (24%) by a late career neurosurgeon. Late-career surgeons had shorter operation times (144 vs. 180 minutes with early and mid-career, P = 0.029) and increased GTR rates (P = 0.008). There were no significant differences between the symptomatic improvement rates amongst various surgeon experience levels. Although not statistically significant, early-career neurosurgeons had lower rates of new postoperative steroid dependence. Patients of early career surgeons experienced significantly less DI (15% vs. 40%, P = 0.004)., Conclusions: Late-career neurosurgeons had shorter operation lengths, achieved higher rates of GTR, and their patients experienced significantly higher rates of DI. Overall outcomes remained stable throughout the course of 16 years between different surgeon experience levels., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Disturbances in plasma sodium levels are a major complication following recent resections of craniopharyngiomas in children. They must be properly managed to avoid neurological sequelae. We aimed to describe the variations and characteristics of postoperative natremia in children who had undergone a first craniopharyngioma resection with a particular focus on the frequency of triphasic syndrome in these patients., Methods: Paediatric patients with craniopharyngiomas who underwent a first surgical resection in the neurosurgery department of the Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant (Lyon, France) between January 2010 and September 2021 were included in the present study and the medical records were analysed retrospectively., Results: A total of 26 patients were included. Of these, 17 (65.4%) had a postoperative course characterised by the occurrence of both initial diabetes insipidus (DI) and hyponatremia a few days later. Eight patients (30.8%) presented then with isolated and persistent DI. Patients with the triphasic syndrome had a significantly higher grade of Puget classification on MRI (1 and 2), compared to the other patients., Conclusion: Dysnatremia is common after craniopharyngioma resections in children. This immediate postoperative complication is particularly difficult to manage and requires rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of medical treatment to minimize fluctuations in sodium levels and avoid neurological sequelae., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Rhinorrhea is a common complication after endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (EETPS). This study evaluates the effectiveness of our sellar reconstruction technique in preventing rhinorrhea., Methods: From June 2020 to March 2024, a surgical team performed 490 EETPS procedures on 458 pituitary adenoma patients. Demographic data, surgery status, and radiological and histopathological classifications were retrospectively analyzed. 4 grades for sellar reconstruction were defined based on intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and diaphragm sella defect size. Grade 0: no CSF leakage; cavity filled with absorbable material. Grade 1: small defect; covered with fat and fascia lata grafts. Grade 2: large defect; added lumbar drainage. Grade 3: extended approach; added nasoseptal flap., Results: Of the 490 operations, 433 were primary and 57 recurrent. Patients were 50.2% male, mean age 49.01 years. Follow-up averaged 20.5 months. Postoperative rhinorrhea occurred in 8 cases (1.6%). In 404 surgeries (82.5%) without intraoperative CSF leakage, 3 cases (0.7%) developed postoperative rhinorrhea. CSF leakage was detected in 86 cases (17.5%), with postoperative rhinorrhea in 5 cases (5.8%). The risk of rhinorrhea was 8.3 times higher with intraoperative CSF leakage (P = 0.005). Rhinorrhea rates: 0.7% in Grade 0, 3% in Grade 1, 8.7% in Grade 2, and 0% in Grade 3 (P = 0.017). Meningitis occurred in 8 patients (1.7%) and pneumocephalus in 4 (0.9%), with one death (0.2%). The average hospital stay was 17.4 days with rhinorrhea and 5.2 without (P = 0.024)., Conclusions: Intraoperative CSF leakage is highly correlated with rhinorrhea. Multilayered and graded closure strategies significantly reduce postoperative rhinorrhea rates in EETPS., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Various clinical classifications of craniopharyngiomas (CRPs) have been proposed to suggest optimal surgical planning. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of pediatric CRPs and the clinical significance of anatomical classification in relation to the diaphragm sellae., Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients below 18 years of age who underwent surgery for CRPs from July 1998 to August 2022. The patients were divided into transcranial approach (TCA), and transsphenoidal approach (TSA) groups, which included microscopic TSA and endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) groups. EEA has been adopted at our institute since 2011. CRPs were classified by their origin and relationship with the diaphragm sellae., Results: A total of 132 pediatric CRP patients were included in this study, 117 of whom underwent surgery for primary CRP and 15 for recurrent CRP. Among them, 89 (67.4%) underwent TCA, 9 (6.8%) had microscopic TSA, and 34 (25.8%) had EEA. In subdiaphragmatic CRPs with competent diaphragm sellae, TSA tended to yield better outcomes than TCA did in terms of stalk preservation and ophthalmologic outcomes. After the introduction of EEA, the proportion of supradiaphragmatic CRPs treated via the TSA increased from 0% to 50% (P<0.001). Gross total resection (HR=0.194; 95% CI=0.102-0.367, P<0.001) and adjuvant therapy (HR=0.208; 95% CI=0.048-0.897, P=0.035) were found to be positive prognostic factors for long-term tumor control., Conclusions: Over time, with the adoption of EEA at our institute, the impact of anatomical classification on the surgical approach has decreased. Nevertheless, an individualized surgical approach should be employed to improve long-term outcomes and minimize complications for pediatric CRPs., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In May 1968, Lars Leksell and Erik-Olof Backlund achieved a pioneering breakthrough by performing the first Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) on a craniopharyngioma (CP). Today, more than 50 years later, this patient remains under continuous monitoring, providing the longest documented follow-up of a GKRS-treated CP. This case report provides a complete record of the patient's preoperative presentation, surgical assessment, GKRS, and an extensive long-term follow-up with multiple interventions. The investigation involved analysis of archived and digitalized patient records and radiological images. The patient was a 21-year-old female who presented with amenorrhea and low levels of gonadotropins. Pneumoencephalography showed a calcified 2 × 2.5 cm mass located in the suprasellar region, indicative of a CP. Subsequent stereotactic puncture confirmed a predominantly solid nature of the CP. Given the size and composition of the tumor, the surgical team opted for GKRS. Dose planning was performed manually, with coordinates determined using Leksell's stereotactic frame. The tumor was targeted with a total dose of 50 Gy using 179 beams of 60 Co. Over the subsequent 55 years, the patient underwent radiological and clinical follow-ups. Throughout this period, 4 cystic tumor recurrences occurred and were managed by stereotactic puncture and Yttrium-90 instillation radiotherapy. The solid component remained stable without repeated GKRS. The patient suffered lateral quadrant anopsia and endocrinological deficits, necessitating pharmaceutical intervention. Despite these challenges, the patient is still living an active life at age 76 years. This case stands as historic evidence of long-term safety and efficacy of GKRS for CPs., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Pre-surgical information about tumor consistency could facilitate neurosurgical planning. This study used multi-dynamic-multi-echo (MDME)-based relaxometry for the quantitative determination of pituitary tumor consistency, with the aim of predicting lesion resectability., Methods: Seventy-two patients with suspected pituitary adenomas, who underwent preoperative 3 T MRI between January 2020 and January 2022, were included in this prospective study. Lesion-specific T1-/T2-relaxation times (T1R/T2R) and proton density (PD) metrics were determined. During surgery, data about tumor resectability were collected. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to investigate the diagnostic performance (sensitivity/specificity) for discriminating between easy- and hard-to-remove by aspiration (eRAsp and hRAsp) lesions. A Mann-Whitney-U-test was done for group comparison., Results: A total of 65 participants (mean age, 54 years ± 15, 33 women) were enrolled in the quantitative analysis. Twenty-four lesions were classified as hRAsp, while 41 lesions were assessed as eRAsp. There were significant differences in T1R (hRAsp: 1221.0 ms ± 211.9; eRAsp: 1500.2 ms ± 496.4; p = 0.003) and T2R (hRAsp: 88.8 ms ± 14.5; eRAsp: 137.2 ms ± 166.6; p = 0.03) between both groups. The ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.60-0.85) at p = 0.003 for T1R (cutoff value: 1248 ms; sensitivity/specificity: 78%/58%) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.53-0.79) at p = 0.03 for T2R (cutoff value: 110 ms; sensitivity/specificity: 39%/96%)., Conclusion: MDME-based relaxometry enables a non-invasive, pre-surgical characterization of lesion consistency and, therefore, provides a modality with which to predict tumor resectability., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: Thyrotropin-secreting adenoma (TSHoma) is a rare type of pituitary adenoma, occurring in one per million people. Little is known about TSHoma. We summarized the demographic, clinical and hormonal characteristics of TSHoma based on a single-centre experience. Moreover, we explored the predictive value of postoperative thyroid function for long-term remission., Design, Patients and Measurements: We retrospectively analysed 63 patients who were diagnosed as TSHoma and surgically treated at our hospital from January 2015 to June 2021. The preoperative clinical characteristics were analysed and compared between remission and nonremission groups. Thyroid function was measured at 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and over 12 months after surgery to determine whether they could predict long-term remission., Results: The male to female ratio for TSHoma was 1.25. The mean age at diagnosis was 45 ± 12 years. Clinical presentation was varied, presenting with hyperthyroidism (68.25%), space-occupying effect (15.87%), amenorrhea (7.14% of female patients) and nonsymptoms (22.22%). 88.14% of patients achieved postoperative endocrinological remission. Larger tumour size and tumour invasion into cavernous sinus and suprasellar with chiasmal compression were strong predictors of lower rates of endocrinological remission. Postoperative thyroid function at 3 months was a viable diagnostic predictor for postoperative remission, especially for FT4 level with a 20.65 pmol/L cutoff., Conclusions: Tumour size and extent are major prognostic factors for remission. Postoperative thyroid function at 3 months could be used as a clinical prediction tool for long-term endocrinological remission., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Invasion of the cavernous sinus by pituitary adenomas impedes complete surgical resection, compromises biochemical remission, and increases the risk of further tumor recurrence. Accurate preoperative MRI-based diagnosis or intraoperative direct inspection of cavernous sinus invasion are essential for optimal surgical planning and for tailoring postoperative therapeutic strategies, depending on whether a total resection has been achieved, or tumoral tissue has been left in surgically inaccessible locations. The molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive behavior of pituitary adenomas remain poorly understood, hindering the development of targeted therapies. Some studies have identified genes overexpressed in pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus, offering insights into the acquisition of invasive behavior. Their main limitation however lies in comparing purely intrasellar specimens obtained from invasive and non-invasive adenomas. Further, precise anatomical knowledge of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus is crucial for grasping the mechanisms of invasion. Recently, alongside the standard intrasellar surgery, extended endoscopic intracavernous surgical procedures with systematic selective resection of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus have shown promising results for invasive secreting pituitary adenomas. The first- and second-generation somatostatin agonist ligands and cabergoline are used with variable efficacy to control secretory activity and/or growth of intracavernous remnants. Tumor regrowth usually requires surgical reintervention, sometimes combined with radiotherapy or radiosurgery which is applied despite their benign nature. Unraveling the molecular pathways driving invasive behavior of pituitary adenomas and their tropism to the cavernous sinuses is the key for developing efficient innovative treatment modalities that could reduce the need for repeated surgery or radiotherapy., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Visual evoked potential (VEP) is an established modality that allows safe brain tumor resection and preservation of optical function. We herein present a case of a pediatric craniopharyngioma with significant improvement in the VEP amplitude detected during endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) and obvious postoperative improvement in visual acuity. A 13-year-old boy presented with visual acuity disturbance in his right eye and was followed up for 5 months by an ophthalmologist. His visual acuity rapidly worsened, and a suprasellar lesion with calcification was found on brain computed tomography. The patient underwent tumor resection during ETS with intraoperative transcranial VEP monitoring. Gross total tumor resection was achieved without injury to the perforators, including the superior hypophyseal arteries. The VEP amplitude was unstable, and significant waves were not detectable before tumor resection; however, a positive wave was detected after removing most of the tumor and exposing the bilateral optic nerves and optic chiasm. Subsequently, negative and positive VEP waves were continuously detected. Visual acuity improved remarkably on postoperative day 10. This case demonstrated both a significant increase in the intraoperative VEP amplitude and rapid postoperative improvement in visual acuity. We surmised that the preoperative rapid worsening of visual dysfunction, intraoperative increase in the VEP amplitude, and significant postoperative improvement in visual acuity were associated with the compression of the optic nerves by the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and tumor., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors located in the anterior hypophysis. Its appearance is associated with the development of parameters related to metabolic syndrome; therefore, surgical treatment could reduce associated morbimortality., Methods: Pre- and post-surgical MRI, using the Hardy-Wilson and Knosp classification, and clinical data according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) criteria for metabolic syndrome: all the patients were followed-up until 208.57 days were reviewed on 217 consecutive patients with pituitary surgery., Results: Seventy-four patients were included in this study. There was a significant reduction in tumor size in mm 3 [average pre- and post-surgery respectively: 12,362 mm 3 (±12,397); 3,910 mm 3 (±7,160)], ( p  < 0.0001). This was confirmed by the Hardy-Wilson and Knosp classification, where most patients went from grade IV C (33.7%) to grade 0 (12.1%), IA (20.2%), IIB (21.36%), and IIC (16.2%); as well as from grade 4 (24.3%) to grade 0 (45.9%), respectively. After surgery, there were statistically significant reductions in total serum levels of glucose [average pre- and post-surgery, respectively: 116 mg/dL (±26.9); 90 mg/dL (±10.2)], ( p  < 0.001), triglycerides [average pre- and post-surgery, 240 mg/dL (±102); 171 mg/dL (±60.5)], ( p  = 0.001); and HDL-c [average pre- and post-surgery, respectively: 39 mg/dL (±11.8); 44.6 mg/dL (±8.4)], ( p  = 0.029). The other parameters remained unchanged., Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the relationship between the presence of pituitary adenoma and significative changes in serum glucose, triglycerides and c-HDL related to metabolic syndrome.