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1. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Author: Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, Zent, S, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Cooper, DLM, Lewis, SL, Sullivan, MJP, Prado, PI, ter Steege, H, Barbier, N, Slik, F, Sonké, B, Ewango, CEN, Adu-Bredu, S, Affum-Baffoe, K, de Aguiar, DPP, Reategui, MAA, Aiba, SI, Albuquerque, BW, Matos, FDD, Alonso, A, Amani, CA, do Amaral, DD, do Amaral, IL, Andrade, A, Miranda, IPD, Angoboy, IB, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arboleda, NC, Arroyo, L, Ashton, P, Aymard, CGA, Baider, C, Baker, TR, Balinga, MPB, Balslev, H, Banin, LF, Bánki, OS, Baraloto, C, Barbosa, EM, Barbosa, FR, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bonyoma, B, Boundja, P, Bourland, N, Bosela, FB, Brambach, F, Brienen, R, Burslem, DFRP, Camargo, JL, Campelo, W, Cano, A, Cárdenas, S, López, DC, Carpanedo, RD, Márquez, YAC, Carvalho, FA, Casas, LF, Castellanos, H, Castilho, CV, Cerón, C, Chapman, CA, Chave, J, Chhang, P, Chutipong, W, Chuyong, GB, Cintra, BBL, Clark, CJ, de Souza, FC, Comiskey, JA, Coomes, DA, Valverde, FC, Correa, DF, Costa, FRC, Costa, JBP, Couteron, P, Culmsee, H, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Dallmeier, F, Damasco, G, Dauby, G, Dávila, N, Doza, HPD, De Alban, JDT, de Assis, RL, De Canniere, C, De Haulleville, T, Carim, MDV, Demarchi, LO, Dexter, KG, Di Fiore, A, Din, HHM, Disney, MI, Djiofack, BY, Djuikouo, MNK, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Draper, FC, Droissart, V, Duivenvoorden, JF, Engel, J, Estienne, V, Farfan-Rios, W, Fauset, S, Feeley, KJ, Feitosa, YO, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, C, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fletcher, CD, Flores, BM, Fofanah, A, Foli, EG, Fonty, E, Fredriksson, GM, Fuentes, A, Galbraith, D, Gonzales, GPG, Garcia-Cabrera, K, García-Villacorta, R, Gomes, VHF, Gómez, RZ, Gonzales, T, Gribel, R, Guedes, MC, Guevara, JE, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harrison, RD, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Hector, A, Henkel, TW, Herbohn, J, Hockemba, MBN, Hoffman, B, Holmgren, M, Coronado, ENH, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Hubau, W, Imai, N, Irume, MV, Jansen, PA, Jeffery, KJ, Jimenez, EM, Jucker, T, Junqueira, AB, Kalamandeen, M, Kamdem, NG, Kartawinata, K, Yakusu, EK, Katembo, JM, Kearsley, E, Kenfack, D, Kessler, M, Khaing, TT, Killeen, TJ, Kitayama, K, Klitgaard, B, Labriere, N, Laumonier, Y, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Laurent, F, Le, TC, Leal, ME, Novo, EMLD, Levesley, A, Libalah, MB, Licona, JC, Lima, DD, Lindsell, JA, Lopes, A, Lopes, MA, Lovett, JC, Lowe, R, Lozada, JR, Lu, XH, Luambua, NK, Luize, BG, Maas, P, Magalhaes, JLL, Magnusson, WE, Mahayani, NPD, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Rincón, LM, Mansor, A, Manzatto, AG, Marimon, BS, Marimon, BH Jr, Marshall, AR, Martins, MP, Mbayu, FM, de Medeiros, MB, Mesones, I, Metali, F, Mihindou, V, Millet, J, Milliken, W, Mogollon, HF, Molino, JF, Said, MNM, Mendoza, AM, Montero, JC, Moore, S, Mostacedo, B, Pinto, LFM, Mukul, SA, Munishi, PKT, Nagamasu, H, Nascimento, HEM, Nascimento, MT, Neill, D, Nilus, R, Noronha, JC, Nsenga, L, Vargas, PN, Ojo, L, Oliveira, AA, de Oliveira, EA, Ondo, FE, Cuenca, WP, Pansini, S, Pansonato, MP, Paredes, MR, Paudel, E, Pauletto, D, Pearson, RG, Pena, JLM, Pennington, RT, Peres, CA, Permana, A, Petronelli, P, Mora, MCP, Phillips, JF, Phillips, OL, Pickavance, G, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Ploton, P, Popelier, A, Poulsen, JR, Prieto, A, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Qie, L, Quaresma, AC, de Queiroz, HL, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ramos, JF, Reis, NFC, Reitsma, J, Revilla, JDC, Riutta, T, Rivas-Torres, G, Robiansyah, I, Rocha, M, Rodrigues, DD, Rodriguez-Ronderos, ME, Rovero, F, Rozak, AH, Rudas, A, Rutishauser, E, Sabatier, D, Sagang, L, Sampaio, AF, Samsoedin, I, Satdichanh, M, Schietti, J, Schöngart, J, Scudeller, VV, Seuaturien, N, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Silman, MR, Silva, TSF, Guimaraes, JRD, Simo-Droissart, M, Simon, MF, Sist, P, Sousa, TR, Farias, ED, Coelho, LD, Spracklen, DV, Stas, SM, Steinmetz, R, Stevenson, PR, Stropp, J, Sukri, RS, Sunderland, TCH, Suzuki, E, Swaine, MD, Tang, JW, Taplin, J, Taylor, DM, Tello, JS, Terborgh, J, Texier, N, Theilade, I, Thomas, DW, Thomas, R, Thomas, SC, Tirado, M, Toirambe, B, de Toledo, JJ, Tomlinson, KW, Torres-Lezama, A, Tran, HD, Mukendi, JT, Tumaneng, RD, Umaña, MN, Umunay, PM, Giraldo, LEU, Sandoval, EHV, Gamarra, LV, Van Andel, TR, van de Bult, M, van de Pol, J, van der Heijden, G, Vasquez, R, Vela, CIA, Venticinque, EM, Verbeeck, H, Veridiano, RKA, Vicentini, A, Vieira, ICG, Torre, EV, Villarroel, D, Zegarra, BEV, Vleminckx, J, von Hildebrand, P, Vos, VA, Vriesendorp, C, Webb, EL, White, LJT, Wich, S, Wittmann, F, Zagt, R, Zang, RG, Zartman, CE, Zemagho, L, Zent, EL, and Zent, S
Published: 2024

2. Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 19762001

Author: Phillips, OL, Baker, TR, Arroyo, L, Higuchi, N, Killeen, TJ, Laurance, WF, Lewis, SL, Lloyd, J, Malhi, Y, Monteagudo, A, Neill, DA, Vargas, P Nez, Silva, JNM, Terborgh, J, Martnez, R Vsquez, Alexiades, M, Almeida, S, Brown, S, Chave, J, Comiskey, JA, Czimczik, CI, Di Fiore, A, Erwin, T, Kuebler, C, Laurance, SG, Nascimento, HEM, Olivier, J, Palacios, W, Patio, S, Pitman, NCA, Quesada, CA, Saldias, M, Lezama, A Torres, and Vinceti, B
Subjects: Biological Sciences, Biodiversity, Biomass, Carbon, Environmental Monitoring, Geography, Longitudinal Studies, Mortality, Population Dynamics, Rain, Reproduction, Soil, South America, Trees, Tropical Climate, recruitment, mortality, tree turnover, dynamics, Amazonia, forest, Medical and Health Sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract: Previous work has shown that tree turnover, tree biomass and large liana densities have increased in mature tropical forest plots in the late twentieth century. These results point to a concerted shift in forest ecological processes that may already be having significant impacts on terrestrial carbon stocks, fluxes and biodiversity. However, the findings have proved controversial, partly because a rather limited number of permanent plots have been monitored for rather short periods. The aim of this paper is to characterize regional-scale patterns of 'tree turnover' (the rate with which trees die and recruit into a population) by using improved datasets now available for Amazonia that span the past 25 years. Specifically, we assess whether concerted changes in turnover are occurring, and if so whether they are general throughout the Amazon or restricted to one region or environmental zone. In addition, we ask whether they are driven by changes in recruitment, mortality or both. We find that: (i) trees 10 cm or more in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of southern and western Amazonia than on the poorer soils of eastern and central Amazonia; (ii) turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the past two decades; (iii) mortality and recruitment rates have both increased significantly in every region and environmental zone, with the exception of mortality in eastern Amazonia; (iv) recruitment rates have consistently exceeded mortality rates; (v) absolute increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonian sites; and (vi) mortality appears to be lagging recruitment at regional scales. These spatial patterns and temporal trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses. The trends cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver (such as increased drought or fragmentation-related death) because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Our findings therefore indicate that long-acting and widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.
Published: 2004

3. Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Author: Correa, DF, Stevenson, PR, Umaña, MN, Coelho, LDS, Lima Filho, DDA, Salomão, RP, Amaral, ILD, Wittmann, F, Matos, FDDA, Castilho, CV, Phillips, OL, Guevara, JE, Carim, MDJV, Magnusson, WE, Sabatier, D, Molino, JF, Irume, MV, Martins, MP, Guimarães, JRDS, Bánki, OS, Piedade, MTF, Pitman, NCA, Monteagudo Mendoza, A, Ramos, JF, Luize, BG, Novo, EMMDL, Núñez Vargas, P, Silva, TSF, Venticinque, EM, Manzatto, AG, Reis, NFC, Terborgh, JW, Casula, KR, Honorio Coronado, EN, Montero, JC, Schöngart, J, Cárdenas López, D, Costa, FRC, Quaresma, AC, Zartman, CE, Killeen, TJ, Marimon, BS, Marimon-Junior, BH, Vasquez, R, Mostacedo, B, Demarchi, LO, Feldpausch, TR, Assis, RL, Baraloto, C, Engel, J, Petronelli, P, Castellanos, H, Medeiros, MBD, Simon, MF, Andrade, A, Camargo, JL, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Maniguaje Rincón, L, Schietti, J, Sousa, TR, Farias, EDS, Lopes, MA, Magalhães, JLL, Nascimento, HEM, Queiroz, HLD, Aymard C., GA, Brienen, R, Cardenas Revilla, JD, Vieira, ICG, Cintra, BBL, Feitosa, YO, Duivenvoorden, JF, Mogollón, HF, Araujo-Murakami, A, Ferreira, LV, Lozada, Comiskey, JA, De Toledo, JJ, Damasco, G, Dávila, N, García-Villacorta, R, Lopes, A, Vicentini, A, Draper, FC, Castaño Arboleda, N, Cornejo Valverde, F, Alonso, A, Dallmeier, F, Gomes, VHF, Neill, D, De Aguiar, DPP, Arroyo, L, Carvalho, FA, De Souza, FC, Amaral, DDD, Feeley, KJ, Gribel, R, Pansonato, MP, Barlow, J, Correa, DF [0000-0002-6510-4906], Stevenson, PR [0000-0003-2394-447X], Umaña, MN [0000-0001-5876-7720], Luize, BG [0000-0002-8384-8386], Sousa, TR [0000-0003-0598-4996], Comiskey, JA [0000-0001-6710-1269], Alonso, A [0000-0001-6860-8432], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: anemochory, synzoochory, resource-availability hypothesis, hydrochory, flooded forests, dispersal agents, disperser-availability hypothesis, terra-firme forests, endozoochory, Amazonian rain forests
Abstract: Funder: Brazilian Program for Biodiversity Research, Funder: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004916, Funder: National Institute for Amazonian Biodiversity, Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser‐availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource‐availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree‐inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree‐inventory plots across terra‐firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance‐weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra‐firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser‐availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.
Published: 2023

4. Estimating the global conservation status of over 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Author: Steege, HT, Pitman, NCA, Killeen, TJ, Laurance, WF, Peres, CA, Guevara, JE, Salomão, RP, Castilho, CV, Amaral, IL, Dionízia de Almeida Matos, F, de Souza Coelho, L, Magnusson, WE, Phillips, OLB, de Andrade Lima Filho, D, de Jesus Veiga Carim, M, Victória Irume, M, Martins, MP, Molino, J-F, Sabatier, D, Wittmann, F, Lopez, DC, da Silva Guimarães, JR, Monteagudo Mendoza, A, Vargas, PN, Manzatto, AG, Farias Costa Reis, N, Terborgh, J, Casula, KR, Montero, JC, Feldpausch, TR, Honorio Coronado, EN, Duque Montoya, AJ, Zartman, ZE, Mostacedo, B, Vasquez, R, Assis, RL, Brilhante Medeiros, M, Fragomeni Simon, M, Andrade, A, Camargo, JL, Laurance, SGW, Mendonça Nascimento, HE, Marimon, BS, Marimon Jr, B-H, Costa F, Targhetta, N, Guimarães Vieira, IC, Brienen, R, Castellanos, H, Duivenvoorden, JF, Mogollón, HF, Fernandez Piedade, MT, Aymard, GA, Comiskey, JA, Damasco, G, Dávila, N, García-Villacorta, R, Stevenson Diaz, PR, Vincentini, A, Emilio, T, Levis, C, Schietti, J, Souza, P, Alonso, A, Dallmeier, F, Valle Ferreira, L, Neill, D, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arroyo, L, Antunes Carvalho, F, Coelho Souza, F, Dantas do Amaral, D, Gribel, R, Garcia Luize, B, Petrati Pansonato, M, Venticinque, E, Fine, P, Toldeo, M, Baraloto, C, Cerón, C, Engel, J, Henkel, TW, Jimenez, EM, Maas, P, Peñuela Mora, MC, Petronelli, P, Cardenas Revilla, JD, Silveira, M, Stropp, J, Thomas-Caesar, R, Baker, TR, Daly, D, Ríos Paredes, M, Ferreira da Silva, N, Fuentes, A, Møller Jørgensen, P, Schöngart, J, Silman, MR, Castaño Arboleda, N, Ladvocat Cintra, B, Cornejo Valverde, F, Di Fiore, A, Fernando Phillips, J, van Andel, TR, von Hildebrand, P, Marques Barbosa, E, de Matos Bonates, LC, de Castro, D, de Sousa Farias, E, Gonzales, T, Guillaumet, J-L, Hoffman, B, Malhi, Y, de Andrade Miranda, IP, Prieto, M, Rudas, A, Ruschell, AR, Silva, N, Vela, CIA, Vos, VA, Zent, EL, Zent, S, Cano, A, Trindade Nascimento, M, Oliveira, AA, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Ferreira Ramos, J, Sierra, R, Tirado, M, Umaña Medina, MN, van der Heijden, G, Vilanova Torre, E, Vriesendorp, C, Wang, O, Young, KR, Baider, C, Balslev, H, de Castro, N, Farfan-Rios, W, Ferreira, C, Mendoza, C, Mesonos, I, Torres-Lezama, A, Urrego Giraldo, LE, Villarroel, D, Zagt, R, Alexiades, MN, Garcia-Cabrera, K, Hernandez, L, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Milliken, W, Palacios Cuenca, W, Pansini, S, Pauletto, D, Ramirez Arevalo, F, Sampaio, AF, and Valderrama Sandoval, EH
Abstract: Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare, and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. Here we overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 40% and up to 64% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under IUCN Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We further show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and predict that most of the world's >40,000 tropical tree species currently qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if those areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century.
Published: 2015

5. The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots

Author: Malhi, Y, Baker, TR, Phillips, OL, Almeida, S, Alvarez, E, Arroyo, L, Chave, J, Czimczik, CI, Fiore, AD, Higuchi, N, Killeen, TJ, Laurance, SG, Laurance, WF, Lewis, SL, Montoya, LMM, Monteagudo, A, Neill, DA, Vargas, PN, Patino, S, Pitman, NCA, Quesada, CA, Salomao, R, Silva, JNM, Lezama, AT, Martinez, RV, Terborgh, J, Vinceti, B, and Lloyd, J
Published: 2004

6. Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 1976-2001.

Author: Phillips, OL, Phillips, OL, Baker, TR, Arroyo, L, Higuchi, N, Killeen, TJ, Laurance, WF, Lewis, SL, Lloyd, J, Malhi, Y, Monteagudo, A, Neill, DA, Vargas, P Núñez, Silva, JNM, Terborgh, J, Martínez, R Vásquez, Alexiades, M, Almeida, S, Brown, S, Chave, J, Comiskey, JA, Czimczik, CI, Di Fiore, A, Erwin, T, Kuebler, C, Laurance, SG, Nascimento, HEM, Olivier, J, Palacios, W, Patiño, S, Pitman, NCA, Quesada, CA, Saldias, M, Lezama, A Torres, Vinceti, B, Phillips, OL, Phillips, OL, Baker, TR, Arroyo, L, Higuchi, N, Killeen, TJ, Laurance, WF, Lewis, SL, Lloyd, J, Malhi, Y, Monteagudo, A, Neill, DA, Vargas, P Núñez, Silva, JNM, Terborgh, J, Martínez, R Vásquez, Alexiades, M, Almeida, S, Brown, S, Chave, J, Comiskey, JA, Czimczik, CI, Di Fiore, A, Erwin, T, Kuebler, C, Laurance, SG, Nascimento, HEM, Olivier, J, Palacios, W, Patiño, S, Pitman, NCA, Quesada, CA, Saldias, M, Lezama, A Torres, and Vinceti, B
Abstract: Previous work has shown that tree turnover, tree biomass and large liana densities have increased in mature tropical forest plots in the late twentieth century. These results point to a concerted shift in forest ecological processes that may already be having significant impacts on terrestrial carbon stocks, fluxes and biodiversity. However, the findings have proved controversial, partly because a rather limited number of permanent plots have been monitored for rather short periods. The aim of this paper is to characterize regional-scale patterns of 'tree turnover' (the rate with which trees die and recruit into a population) by using improved datasets now available for Amazonia that span the past 25 years. Specifically, we assess whether concerted changes in turnover are occurring, and if so whether they are general throughout the Amazon or restricted to one region or environmental zone. In addition, we ask whether they are driven by changes in recruitment, mortality or both. We find that: (i) trees 10 cm or more in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of southern and western Amazonia than on the poorer soils of eastern and central Amazonia; (ii) turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the past two decades; (iii) mortality and recruitment rates have both increased significantly in every region and environmental zone, with the exception of mortality in eastern Amazonia; (iv) recruitment rates have consistently exceeded mortality rates; (v) absolute increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonian sites; and (vi) mortality appears to be lagging recruitment at regional scales. These spatial patterns and temporal trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses. The trends cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver (such as increased drought or fragmentation-related death) because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Our findings therefore indicate that l
Published: 2004

7. Evolutionary heritage influences Amazon tree ecology

Author: Coelho De Souza, F, Dexter, KG, Phillips, OL, Brienen, RJW, Chave, J, Galbraith, DR, Lopez Gonzalez, G, Monteagudo Mendoza, A, Pennington, TR, Poorter, L, Alexiades, M, Álvarez-Dávila, E, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Aymard, GA, Baraloto, C, Barroso, JG, Bonal, D, Boot, RGA, Camargo, JLC, Comiskey, JA, Cornejo Valverde, F, de Camargo, PB, Di Fiore, A, Elias, F, Erwin, TL, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, L, Fyllas, NM, Gloor, E, Herault, B, Herrera, R, Higuchi, N, Honorio Coronado, EN, Killeen, T, Laurance, WF, Laurance, S, Lloyd, J, Lovejoy, TE, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Marimon-Junior, BH, Mendoza, C, Morandi, P, Neill, DA, Núñez Vargas, P, Oliveira, EA, Lenza, E, Palacios, WA, Peñuela-Mora, M, Pipoly III, JJ, Pitman, NCA, Prieto, A, Quesada, CA, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Rudas, A, Ruokolainen, K, Salomão, RP, Silveira, M, Stropp, J, ter Steege, H, Thomas-Caesar, R, van der Hout, P, van der Heijden, GMF, van der Meer, PJ, Vasquez, RV, Vieira, SA, Vilanova, E, Vos, VA, Wang, O, Young, KR, Zagt, RJ, Baker, TR, Chercheur indépendant, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), and The Royal Society
Subjects: Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics, Convergent Evolution, WOOD DENSITY, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Trait, Forests, Trees, BIOMASS, Angiosperm, Divergence, Divergent selection, Natural Selection, tropical tree, Phylogeny, Research Articles, Ecology, PRODUCTIVITY, trait, phylogenetic signal, RAIN-FOREST, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Biological Evolution, Phylogenetics, GROWTH, divergent selection, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Life History Trait, Forest Inventory, Magnoliophyta, Amazonia, Tropical Forest, Tropical tree, convergent evolution, Mortality, Biology, Tropical Climate, Evolutionary Biology, Science & Technology, South America, PHYLOGENETIC NICHE CONSERVATISM, 06 Biological Sciences, SIGNAL, SIZE, FUNCTIONAL TRAITS, Ecosystem Function, 07 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences, COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Abstract: Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant lifehistory strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change. © 2016 The Authors.

8. The pace of life for forest trees.

Author: Bialic-Murphy L, McElderry RM, Esquivel-Muelbert A, van den Hoogen J, Zuidema PA, Phillips OL, de Oliveira EA, Loayza PA, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves LF, Maia VA, Vieira SA, Arantes da Silva LC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Astigarraga J, Baccaro F, Baker T, Banki O, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Bordin KM, Brienen R, de Medeiros MB, Camargo JL, Araújo FC, Castilho CV, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Comiskey J, Costa F, Müller SC, de Almeida EC, Lôla da Costa AC, de Andrade Kamimura V, de Oliveira F, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Derroire G, Dexter K, Di Fiore A, Duchesne L, Emílio T, Farrapo CL, Fauset S, Draper FC, Feldpausch TR, Ramos RF, Martins VF, Simon MF, Reis MG, Manzatto AG, Herault B, Herrera R, Coronado EH, Howe R, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Huasco WH, Zanini KJ, Joly C, Killeen T, Klipel J, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Fontes MAL, Oviedo WL, Magnusson WE, Dos Santos RM, Peña JLM, de Abreu KMP, Marimon B, Junior BHM, Melgaço K, Melo Cruz OA, Mendoza C, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Morandi PS, Gianasi FM, Nascimento H, Nascimento M, Neill D, Palacios W, Camacho NCP, Pardo G, Pennington RT, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Cruz AP, Ramírez-Angulo H, Reis SM, Correa ZR, Rodriguez CR, Lleras AR, Santos FAM, Bergamin RS, Schietti J, Schwartz G, Serrano J, Silva-Sene AM, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Tobler MW, Gamarra LV, van de Meer PJ, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Wolf A, Woodall CW, Wortel V, Zwerts JA, Pugh TAM, and Crowther TW
Subjects: Carbon metabolism, Longevity, Temperature, Carbon Cycle, Forests, Life History Traits, Trees growth & development
Abstract: Tree growth and longevity trade-offs fundamentally shape the terrestrial carbon balance. Yet, we lack a unified understanding of how such trade-offs vary across the world's forests. By mapping life history traits for a wide range of species across the Americas, we reveal considerable variation in life expectancies from 10 centimeters in diameter (ranging from 1.3 to 3195 years) and show that the pace of life for trees can be accurately classified into four demographic functional types. We found emergent patterns in the strength of trade-offs between growth and longevity across a temperature gradient. Furthermore, we show that the diversity of life history traits varies predictably across forest biomes, giving rise to a positive relationship between trait diversity and productivity. Our pan-latitudinal assessment provides new insights into the demographic mechanisms that govern the carbon turnover rate across forest biomes.
Published: 2024
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9. The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora.

Author: Luize BG, Tuomisto H, Ekelschot R, Dexter KG, Amaral ILD, Coelho LS, Matos FDA, Lima Filho DA, Salomão RP, Wittmann F, Castilho CV, Carim MJV, Guevara JE, Phillips OL, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Cardenas Revilla JD, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Ramos JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Cárdenas López D, Pitman NCA, Demarchi LO, Schöngart J, de Leão Novo EMM, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Mendoza AM, Montero JC, Costa FRC, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Castaño Arboleda N, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Rincón LM, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Mori GB, Farias ES, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Vasconcelos CC, Aymard C GA, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Cintra BBL, Baker TR, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Duivenvoorden JF, Peres CA, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, Draper FC, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Valverde FC, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Noronha JC, de Aguiar DPP, Barbosa FR, Bredin YK, Carpanedo RS, Carvalho FA, Souza FC, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Haugaasen T, Hawes JE, Pansonato MP, Pipoly JJ 3rd, Paredes MR, Rodrigues DJ, Barlow J, Berenguer E, da Silva IB, Ferreira MJ, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Levis C, Licona JC, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Durgante FM, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Milliken W, Molina GP, Pennington T, Vieira ICG, Albuquerque BW, Campelo W, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Pereira LO, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, Bonates LCM, Dávila Doza HP, Zárate Gómez R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, Miranda IPA, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent S, Zent EL, Endara MJ, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Monteiro Flores B, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Torres Montenegro L, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Pombo MM, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Vargas TM, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Fortier RP, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Hirota M, Palma-Silva C, and Ter Steege H
Subjects: Brazil, Biodiversity, Forests, Soil chemistry, Geography, Phylogeography, Trees
Abstract: We describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Within-plot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central-eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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10. Amalophyllonmiraculum (Gesneriaceae), an exceptionally small lithophilous new species from the western Andean slopes of Ecuador.

Author: Clark JL, Fernández A, Zapata JN, Restrepo-Villarroel C, White DM, and Pitman NCA
Abstract: Recent exploratory field expeditions to the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes resulted in the discovery of a new species of Amalophyllon (Gesneriaceae). Amalophyllonmiraculum J.L.Clark, sp. nov. is described from two localities in the Centinela region in the Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province. The new species is differentiated from congeners by the pendent habit, basal rosette of leaves, leaf blades with deeply serrate margins, and miniature size. Based on IUCN guidelines, a preliminary conservation status is assigned as Critically Endangered (CR)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (John L. Clark, Andrea Fernández, J. Nicolás Zapata, Camilo Restrepo-Villarroel, Dawson M. White, Nigel C. A. Pitman.)
Published: 2024
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11. Author Correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains.

Author: Householder JE, Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Piedade MTF, Junk WJ, Latrubesse EM, Quaresma AC, Demarchi LO, de S Lobo G, Aguiar DPP, Assis RL, Lopes A, Parolin P, Leão do Amaral I, Coelho LS, de Almeida Matos FD, Lima Filho DA, Salomão RP, Castilho CV, Guevara-Andino JE, Carim MJV, Phillips OL, Cárdenas López D, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Revilla JDC, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Ramos JF, Rodrigues DJ, Bánki OS, Peres CA, Pitman NCA, Hawes JE, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, Dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, Novo EMML, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Costa FRC, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Feldpausch TR, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Castaño Arboleda N, Engel J, Petronelli P, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Rincón LM, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Dantas do Amaral D, Castellanos H, Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Farias ES, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Mendonça Nascimento HE, Queiroz HL, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Cintra BBL, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Noronha JC, Barbosa FR, de Sá Carpanedo R, Duivenvoorden JF, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Levis C, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Carvalho FA, Coelho de Souza F, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Dexter KG, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Licona JC, Pennington T, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Maas P, Pos E, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Milliken W, Pardo Molina G, Vieira ICG, Albuquerque BW, Campelo W, Emilio T, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Marcelo Pena JL, Souza PF, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Pereira LO, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, Bonates LCM, Doza HPD, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gonzales GPG, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, Miranda IPA, Mozombite-Pinto LF, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent S, Zent EL, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, and Ter Steege H
Published: 2024
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12. One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains.

Author: Householder JE, Wittmann F, Schöngart J, Piedade MTF, Junk WJ, Latrubesse EM, Quaresma AC, Demarchi LO, de S Lobo G, Aguiar DPP, Assis RL, Lopes A, Parolin P, Leão do Amaral I, Coelho LS, de Almeida Matos FD, Lima Filho DA, Salomão RP, Castilho CV, Guevara-Andino JE, Carim MJV, Phillips OL, Cárdenas López D, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Revilla JDC, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Ramos JF, Rodrigues DJ, Bánki OS, Peres CA, Pitman NCA, Hawes JE, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, Dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, Novo EMML, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Costa FRC, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Feldpausch TR, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Castaño Arboleda N, Engel J, Petronelli P, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Rincón LM, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Dantas do Amaral D, Castellanos H, Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Farias ES, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Mendonça Nascimento HE, Queiroz HL, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Cintra BBL, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Noronha JC, Barbosa FR, de Sá Carpanedo R, Duivenvoorden JF, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Levis C, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Carvalho FA, Coelho de Souza F, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Dexter KG, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Licona JC, Pennington T, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Maas P, Pos E, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Milliken W, Pardo Molina G, Vieira ICG, Albuquerque BW, Campelo W, Emilio T, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Marcelo Pena JL, Souza PF, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Pereira LO, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, Bonates LCM, Doza HPD, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gonzales GPG, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, Miranda IPA, Mozombite-Pinto LF, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent S, Zent EL, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, and Ter Steege H
Subjects: Brazil, Forests, Biodiversity, Trees, Rivers, Floods
Abstract: Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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13. Humid and cold forest connections in South America between the eastern Andes and the southern Atlantic coast during the LGM.

Author: Pinaya JLD, Pitman NCA, Cruz FW, Akabane TK, Lopez MDCS, Pereira-Filho AJ, Grohman CH, Reis LS, Rodrigues ESF, Ceccantini GCT, and De Oliveira PE
Subjects: Brazil, Chile, Trees, Forests, Ecosystem
Abstract: The presence of Andean plant genera in moist forests of the Brazilian Atlantic Coast has been historically hypothesized as the result of cross-continental migrations starting at the eastern Andean flanks. Here we test hypotheses of former connections between the Atlantic and Andean forests by examining distribution patterns of selected cool and moist-adapted plant arboreal taxa present in 54 South American pollen records of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca. 19-23 cal ka, known to occur in both plant domains. Pollen taxa studied include Araucaria, Drimys, Hedyosmum, Ilex, Myrsine, Podocarpus, Symplocos, Weinmannia, Myrtaceae, Ericaceae and Arecaceae. Past connectivity patterns between these two neotropical regions as well as individual ecological niches during the LGM were explored by cluster analysis of fossil assemblages and modern plant distributions. Additionally, we examined the ecological niche of 137 plant species with shared distributions between the Andes and coastal Brazil. Our results revealed five complex connectivity patterns for South American vegetation linking Andean, Amazonian and Atlantic Forests and one disjunction distribution in southern Chile. This study also provides a better understanding of vegetation cover on the large and shallow South American continental shelf that was exposed due to a global sea level drop., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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14. Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities.

Author: Cooper DLM, Lewis SL, Sullivan MJP, Prado PI, Ter Steege H, Barbier N, Slik F, Sonké B, Ewango CEN, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, de Aguiar DPP, Ahuite Reategui MA, Aiba SI, Albuquerque BW, de Almeida Matos FD, Alonso A, Amani CA, do Amaral DD, do Amaral IL, Andrade A, de Andrade Miranda IP, Angoboy IB, Araujo-Murakami A, Arboleda NC, Arroyo L, Ashton P, Aymard C GA, Baider C, Baker TR, Balinga MPB, Balslev H, Banin LF, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, Barlow J, Bastin JF, Beeckman H, Begne S, Bengone NN, Berenguer E, Berry N, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Bonyoma B, Boundja P, Bourland N, Boyemba Bosela F, Brambach F, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, Camargo JL, Campelo W, Cano A, Cárdenas S, Cárdenas López D, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carrero Márquez YA, Carvalho FA, Casas LF, Castellanos H, Castilho CV, Cerón C, Chapman CA, Chave J, Chhang P, Chutipong W, Chuyong GB, Cintra BBL, Clark CJ, Coelho de Souza F, Comiskey JA, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Correa DF, Costa FRC, Costa JBP, Couteron P, Culmsee H, Cuni-Sanchez A, Dallmeier F, Damasco G, Dauby G, Dávila N, Dávila Doza HP, De Alban JDT, de Assis RL, De Canniere C, De Haulleville T, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Demarchi LO, Dexter KG, Di Fiore A, Din HHM, Disney MI, Djiofack BY, Djuikouo MK, Do TV, Doucet JL, Draper FC, Droissart V, Duivenvoorden JF, Engel J, Estienne V, Farfan-Rios W, Fauset S, Feeley KJ, Feitosa YO, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira C, Ferreira J, Ferreira LV, Fletcher CD, Flores BM, Fofanah A, Foli EG, Fonty É, Fredriksson GM, Fuentes A, Galbraith D, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Garcia-Cabrera K, García-Villacorta R, Gomes VHF, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gribel R, Guedes MC, Guevara JE, Hakeem KR, Hall JS, Hamer KC, Hamilton AC, Harris DJ, Harrison RD, Hart TB, Hector A, Henkel TW, Herbohn J, Hockemba MBN, Hoffman B, Holmgren M, Honorio Coronado EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Hubau W, Imai N, Irume MV, Jansen PA, Jeffery KJ, Jimenez EM, Jucker T, Junqueira AB, Kalamandeen M, Kamdem NG, Kartawinata K, Kasongo Yakusu E, Katembo JM, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kessler M, Khaing TT, Killeen TJ, Kitayama K, Klitgaard B, Labrière N, Laumonier Y, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Laurent F, Le TC, Le TT, Leal ME, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Levesley A, Libalah MB, Licona JC, Lima Filho DA, Lindsell JA, Lopes A, Lopes MA, Lovett JC, Lowe R, Lozada JR, Lu X, Luambua NK, Luize BG, Maas P, Magalhães JLL, Magnusson WE, Mahayani NPD, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Maniguaje Rincón L, Mansor A, Manzatto AG, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martins MP, Mbayu FM, de Medeiros MB, Mesones I, Metali F, Mihindou V, Millet J, Milliken W, Mogollón HF, Molino JF, Mohd Said MN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Moore S, Mostacedo B, Mozombite Pinto LF, Mukul SA, Munishi PKT, Nagamasu H, Nascimento HEM, Nascimento MT, Neill D, Nilus R, Noronha JC, Nsenga L, Núñez Vargas P, Ojo L, Oliveira AA, de Oliveira EA, Ondo FE, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pansonato MP, Paredes MR, Paudel E, Pauletto D, Pearson RG, Pena JLM, Pennington RT, Peres CA, Permana A, Petronelli P, Peñuela Mora MC, Phillips JF, Phillips OL, Pickavance G, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ploton P, Popelier A, Poulsen JR, Prieto A, Primack RB, Priyadi H, Qie L, Quaresma AC, de Queiroz HL, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Reis NFC, Reitsma J, Revilla JDC, Riutta T, Rivas-Torres G, Robiansyah I, Rocha M, Rodrigues DJ, Rodriguez-Ronderos ME, Rovero F, Rozak AH, Rudas A, Rutishauser E, Sabatier D, Sagang LB, Sampaio AF, Samsoedin I, Satdichanh M, Schietti J, Schöngart J, Scudeller VV, Seuaturien N, Sheil D, Sierra R, Silman MR, Silva TSF, da Silva Guimarães JR, Simo-Droissart M, Simon MF, Sist P, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, de Souza Coelho L, Spracklen DV, Stas SM, Steinmetz R, Stevenson PR, Stropp J, Sukri RS, Sunderland TCH, Suzuki E, Swaine MD, Tang J, Taplin J, Taylor DM, Tello JS, Terborgh J, Texier N, Theilade I, Thomas DW, Thomas R, Thomas SC, Tirado M, Toirambe B, de Toledo JJ, Tomlinson KW, Torres-Lezama A, Tran HD, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Tumaneng RD, Umaña MN, Umunay PM, Urrego Giraldo LE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Van Andel TR, van de Bult M, van de Pol J, van der Heijden G, Vasquez R, Vela CIA, Venticinque EM, Verbeeck H, Veridiano RKA, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Vilanova Torre E, Villarroel D, Villa Zegarra BE, Vleminckx J, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Vriesendorp C, Webb EL, White LJT, Wich S, Wittmann F, Zagt R, Zang R, Zartman CE, Zemagho L, Zent EL, and Zent S
Subjects: Biodiversity, Africa, Asia, Southeastern, Forests, Trees anatomy & histology, Trees classification, Trees growth & development, Tropical Climate
Abstract: Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations 1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories 7 , we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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15. Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential.

Author: Mo L, Zohner CM, Reich PB, Liang J, de Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Renner SS, van den Hoogen J, Araza A, Herold M, Mirzagholi L, Ma H, Averill C, Phillips OL, Gamarra JGP, Hordijk I, Routh D, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Amaral I, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon RL, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Finér L, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez T, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Kucher D, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Mendoza-Polo I, Miscicki S, Merow C, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Picard N, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schelhaas MJ, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Van Do T, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, Gann GD, and Crowther TW
Subjects: Biodiversity, Human Activities, Environmental Restoration and Remediation trends, Sustainable Development trends, Global Warming prevention & control, Carbon analysis, Carbon metabolism, Carbon Sequestration, Conservation of Natural Resources statistics & numerical data, Conservation of Natural Resources trends, Forests
Abstract: Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system 1 . Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests 2-5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced 6 and satellite-derived approaches 2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea 2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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16. Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora.

Author: Ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, do Amaral IL, de Souza Coelho L, de Almeida Matos FD, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Wittmann F, Castilho CV, Guevara JE, Veiga Carim MJ, Phillips OL, Magnusson WE, Sabatier D, Revilla JDC, Molino JF, Irume MV, Martins MP, da Silva Guimarães JR, Ramos JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Cárdenas López D, Rodrigues DJ, Demarchi LO, Schöngart J, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, Dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, de Leão Novo EMM, Vargas PN, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Costa FRC, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Castaño Arboleda N, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Maniguaje Rincón L, Schietti J, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Aymard C GA, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Cintra BBL, Feitosa YO, Mogollón HF, Duivenvoorden JF, Peres CA, Silman MR, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, Noronha JC, de Aguiar DPP, Barbosa FR, Bredin YK, de Sá Carpanedo R, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Haugaasen T, Hawes JE, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Barlow J, Berenguer E, da Silva IB, Ferreira MJ, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Levis C, Licona JC, Villa Zegarra BE, Vos VA, Cerón C, Durgante FM, Fonty É, Henkel TW, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Pos E, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Daly D, Dexter KG, Milliken W, Molina GP, Pennington T, Vieira ICG, Weiss Albuquerque B, Campelo W, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, de Oliveira Pereira L, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Balee W, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Dávila Doza HP, Zárate Gómez R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Torres Montenegro L, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Pombo MM, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Reategui MAA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Endara MJ, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Parada GA, Torres-Lezama A, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Cuenca WP, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Gamarra LV, Levesley A, Pickavance G, and Melgaço K
Subjects: Forests, Soil, Temperature, Trees, RNA, Long Noncoding
Abstract: Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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17. The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit.

Author: Ma H, Crowther TW, Mo L, Maynard DS, Renner SS, van den Hoogen J, Zou Y, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Niinemets Ü, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brearley FQ, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Cazzolla Gatti R, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Valverde FC, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Finér L, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Fridman J, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Kucher D, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Mendoza-Polo I, Poulsen AD, Poulsen JR, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schelhaas MJ, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miścicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Van Do T, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Westerlund B, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, and Zohner CM
Subjects: Humans, Forests, Plant Leaves metabolism, Habits, Carbon metabolism, Trees metabolism, Ecosystem
Abstract: Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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18. More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia.

Author: Peripato V, Levis C, Moreira GA, Gamerman D, Ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, de Souza JG, Iriarte J, Robinson M, Junqueira AB, Trindade TB, de Almeida FO, Moraes CP, Lombardo U, Tamanaha EK, Maezumi SY, Ometto JPHB, Braga JRG, Campanharo WA, Cassol HLG, Leal PR, de Assis MLR, da Silva AM, Phillips OL, Costa FRC, Flores BM, Hoffman B, Henkel TW, Umaña MN, Magnusson WE, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Barlow J, Milliken W, Lopes MA, Simon MF, van Andel TR, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Torres-Lezama A, Assis RL, Molino JF, Mestre M, Hamblin M, Coelho LS, Lima Filho DA, Wittmann F, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, Guevara JE, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, Carim MJV, Cárdenas López D, Sabatier D, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Ramos JF, Luize BG, Novo EMML, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Demarchi LO, Honorio Coronado EN, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Montero JC, Schöngart J, Feldpausch TR, Quaresma AC, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Castaño Arboleda N, Engel J, Petronelli P, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Schietti J, Sousa TR, Vasquez R, Rincón LM, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Mostacedo B, do Amaral DD, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Farias ES, Magalhães JLL, Mendonça Nascimento HE, de Queiroz HL, Brienen R, Cardenas Revilla JD, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Barçante Ladvocat Cintra B, Feitosa YO, Barbosa FR, Carpanedo RS, Duivenvoorden JF, de Noronha JDC, Rodrigues DJ, Mogollón HF, Ferreira LV, Householder JE, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, Draper FC, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Cornejo Valverde F, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Jimenez EM, Neill D, Peñuela Mora MC, de Aguiar DPP, Arroyo L, Antunes Carvalho F, Coelho de Souza F, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Ríos Paredes M, Brasil da Silva I, Ferreira MJ, Fine PVA, Fonty É, Guedes MC, Licona JC, Pennington T, Peres CA, Villa Zegarra BE, Parada GA, Pardo Molina G, Vos VA, Cerón C, Maas P, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Baker TR, Daly D, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Vieira ICG, Weiss Albuquerque B, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Marcelo-Peña JL, Silman MR, Tello JS, Vriesendorp C, Chave J, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, von Hildebrand P, Pereira LO, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Doza HPD, Zárate Gómez R, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Gonzales T, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Mozombite Pinto LF, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Lobo G, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Urrego Giraldo LE, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Valenzuela Gamarra L, and Aragão LEOC
Subjects: Humans, Brazil, Forests, Archaeology
Abstract: Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
Published: 2023
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19. Author Correction: Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions.

Author: Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Zohner CM, Robmann NM, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Kuebbing S, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Gatti RC, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Mendoza AM, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Polo I, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miscicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Do TV, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, and Maynard DS
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions.

Author: Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Zohner CM, Robmann NM, Lauber T, van den Hoogen J, Kuebbing S, Liang J, de-Miguel S, Nabuurs GJ, Reich PB, Abegg M, Adou Yao YC, Alberti G, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alvarado BV, Alvarez-Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Alves LF, Ammer C, Antón-Fernández C, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Avitabile V, Aymard GA, Baker TR, Bałazy R, Banki O, Barroso JG, Bastian ML, Bastin JF, Birigazzi L, Birnbaum P, Bitariho R, Boeckx P, Bongers F, Bouriaud O, Brancalion PHS, Brandl S, Brienen R, Broadbent EN, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Gatti RC, César RG, Cesljar G, Chazdon R, Chen HYH, Chisholm C, Cho H, Cienciala E, Clark C, Clark D, Colletta GD, Coomes DA, Cornejo Valverde F, Corral-Rivas JJ, Crim PM, Cumming JR, Dayanandan S, de Gasper AL, Decuyper M, Derroire G, DeVries B, Djordjevic I, Dolezal J, Dourdain A, Engone Obiang NL, Enquist BJ, Eyre TJ, Fandohan AB, Fayle TM, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira LV, Fischer M, Fletcher C, Frizzera L, Gamarra JGP, Gianelle D, Glick HB, Harris DJ, Hector A, Hemp A, Hengeveld G, Hérault B, Herbohn JL, Herold M, Hillers A, Honorio Coronado EN, Hui C, Ibanez TT, Amaral I, Imai N, Jagodziński AM, Jaroszewicz B, Johannsen VK, Joly CA, Jucker T, Jung I, Karminov V, Kartawinata K, Kearsley E, Kenfack D, Kennard DK, Kepfer-Rojas S, Keppel G, Khan ML, Killeen TJ, Kim HS, Kitayama K, Köhl M, Korjus H, Kraxner F, Laarmann D, Lang M, Lewis SL, Lu H, Lukina NV, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Marcon E, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Marshall AR, Martin EH, Martynenko O, Meave JA, Melo-Cruz O, Mendoza C, Merow C, Mendoza AM, Moreno VS, Mukul SA, Mundhenk P, Nava-Miranda MG, Neill D, Neldner VJ, Nevenic RV, Ngugi MR, Niklaus PA, Oleksyn J, Ontikov P, Ortiz-Malavasi E, Pan Y, Paquette A, Parada-Gutierrez A, Parfenova EI, Park M, Parren M, Parthasarathy N, Peri PL, Pfautsch S, Phillips OL, Picard N, Piedade MTTF, Piotto D, Pitman NCA, Polo I, Poorter L, Poulsen AD, Pretzsch H, Ramirez Arevalo F, Restrepo-Correa Z, Rodeghiero M, Rolim SG, Roopsind A, Rovero F, Rutishauser E, Saikia P, Salas-Eljatib C, Saner P, Schall P, Schepaschenko D, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schöngart J, Searle EB, Seben V, Serra-Diaz JM, Sheil D, Shvidenko AZ, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Singh J, Sist P, Slik F, Sonké B, Souza AF, Miscicki S, Stereńczak KJ, Svenning JC, Svoboda M, Swanepoel B, Targhetta N, Tchebakova N, Ter Steege H, Thomas R, Tikhonova E, Umunay PM, Usoltsev VA, Valencia R, Valladares F, van der Plas F, Do TV, van Nuland ME, Vasquez RM, Verbeeck H, Viana H, Vibrans AC, Vieira S, von Gadow K, Wang HF, Watson JV, Werner GDA, Wiser SK, Wittmann F, Woell H, Wortel V, Zagt R, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki T, Zhang C, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhu ZX, Zo-Bi IC, and Maynard DS
Subjects: Databases, Factual, Human Activities, Phylogeny, Rain, Temperature, Biodiversity, Introduced Species statistics & numerical data, Introduced Species trends, Trees classification, Trees physiology, Environment
Abstract: Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species 1,2 . Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies 3,4 . Here, leveraging global tree databases 5-7 , we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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21. Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology.

Author: Pos E, de Souza Coelho L, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, Phillips OL, Guevara JE, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, López DC, Magnusson WE, Wittmann F, Irume MV, Martins MP, Sabatier D, da Silva Guimarães JR, Molino JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Mendoza AM, Ramos JF, Hawes JE, Almeida EJ, Barbosa LF, Cavalheiro L, Dos Santos MCV, Luize BG, de Leão Novo EMM, Vargas PN, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Coronado ENH, Montero JC, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Feldpausch TR, Duque A, Baraloto C, Arboleda NC, Engel J, Petronelli P, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Assis RL, Schöngart J, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Demarchi LO, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, de Sousa Farias E, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Nascimento HEM, de Queiroz HL, Aymard GAC, Brienen R, Revilla JDC, Costa FRC, Quaresma A, Vieira ICG, Cintra BBL, Stevenson PR, Feitosa YO, Duivenvoorden JF, Mogollón HF, Ferreira LV, Comiskey JA, Draper F, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Noronha JC, Barbosa FR, de Sá Carpanedo R, Emilio T, Levis C, de Jesus Rodrigues D, Schietti J, Souza P, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Lloyd J, Neill D, de Aguiar DPP, Araujo-Murakami A, Arroyo L, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, do Amaral DD, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Jimenez EM, Licona JC, Mora MCP, Peres CA, Zegarra BEV, Cerón C, Henkel TW, Maas P, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas-Caesar R, Baker TR, Daly D, Dexter KG, Householder JE, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Pennington T, Paredes MR, Fuentes A, Pena JLM, Silman MR, Tello JS, Chave J, Valverde FC, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Barbosa EM, de Matos Bonates LC, Doza HPD, Fonty É, Gómez RZ, Gonzales T, Gonzales GPG, Guillaumet JL, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Vos VA, Zent EL, Zent S, Albuquerque BW, Cano A, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Holmgren M, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña MN, van der Heijden G, Torre EV, Vriesendorp C, Wang O, Young KR, Reategui MAA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Torres-Lezama A, Giraldo LEU, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Milliken W, Cuenca WP, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Arevalo FR, Sampaio AF, Sandoval EHV, Gamarra LV, Boenisch G, Kattge J, Kraft N, Levesley A, Melgaço K, Pickavance G, Poorter L, and Ter Steege H
Subjects: Entropy, Forests, Plants, Ecology, Tropical Climate, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
Abstract: In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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22. Rediscovery of Gasteranthusextinctus L.E.Skog & L.P.Kvist (Gesneriaceae) at multiple sites in western Ecuador.

Author: Pitman NCA, White DM, Andino JEG, Couvreur TLP, Fortier RP, Zapata JN, Cornejo X, Clark JL, Feeley KJ, Johnston MK, Lozinguez A, and Rivas-Torres G
Abstract: We report the rediscovery of the Critically Endangered cloud forest herb Gasteranthusextinctus , not seen since 1985. In 2019 and 2021, G.extinctus was recorded at five sites in the western foothills of the Ecuadorian Andes, 4-25 km from the type locality at the celebrated Centinela ridge. We describe the species' distribution, abundance, habitat and conservation status and offer recommendations for further research and conservation efforts focused on G.extinctus and the small, disjunct forest remnants it occupies., (Nigel C. A. Pitman, Dawson M. White, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Riley P. Fortier, José Nicolás Zapata, Xavier Cornejo, John L. Clark, Kenneth J. Feeley, Mark K. Johnston, Alix Lozinguez, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres.)
Published: 2022
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23. A 5,000-year vegetation and fire history for tierra firme forests in the Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru.

Author: Piperno DR, McMichael CH, Pitman NCA, Andino JEG, Ríos Paredes M, Heijink BM, and Torres-Montenegro LA
Subjects: Anthropogenic Effects, Peru, Fires, Forests
Abstract: This paper addresses an important debate in Amazonian studies; namely, the scale, intensity, and nature of human modification of the forests in prehistory. Phytolith and charcoal analysis of terrestrial soils underneath mature tierra firme (nonflooded, nonriverine) forests in the remote Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru, provide a vegetation and fire history spanning at least the past 5,000 y. A tree inventory carried out in the region enables calibration of ancient phytolith records with standing vegetation and estimates of palm species densities on the landscape through time. Phytolith records show no evidence for forest clearing or agriculture with major annual seed and root crops. Frequencies of important economic palms such as Oenocarpus , Euterpe , Bactris , and Astrocaryum spp., some of which contain hyperdominant species in the modern flora, do not increase through prehistoric time. This indicates pre-Columbian occupations, if documented in the region with future research, did not significantly increase the abundance of those species through management or cultivation. Phytoliths from other arboreal and woody species similarly reflect a stable forest structure and diversity throughout the records. Charcoal 14 C dates evidence local forest burning between ca. 2,800 and 1,400 y ago. Our data support previous research indicating that considerable areas of some Amazonian tierra firme forests were not significantly impacted by human activities during the prehistoric era. Rather, it appears that over the last 5,000 y, indigenous populations in this region coexisted with, and helped maintain, large expanses of relatively unmodified forest, as they continue to do today., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
Published: 2021
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24. Identifying gaps in the photographic record of the vascular plant flora of the Americas.

Author: Pitman NCA, Suwa T, Ulloa Ulloa C, Miller J, Solomon J, Philipp J, Vriesendorp CF, Derby Lewis A, Perk S, Bonnet P, Joly A, Tobler MW, Best JH, Janovec JP, Nixon KC, Thiers BM, Tulig M, Gilbert EE, Campostrini Forzza R, Zimbrão G, Ranzato Filardi FL, Turner R, Zuloaga FO, Belgrano MJ, Zanotti CA, de Vos JM, Hettwer Giehl EL, Paine CET, Texeira de Queiroz R, Romoleroux K, and Hilo de Souza E
Subjects: Americas, Biodiversity, Databases, Factual statistics & numerical data, Geography statistics & numerical data, Photography statistics & numerical data, Plants
Abstract: Field photographs of plant species are crucial for research and conservation, but the lack of a centralized database makes them difficult to locate. We surveyed 25 online databases of field photographs and found that they harboured only about 53% of the approximately 125,000 vascular plant species of the Americas. These results reflect the urgent need for a centralized database that can both integrate and complete the photographic record of the world's flora., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
Published: 2021
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25. The contribution of environmental and dispersal filters on phylogenetic and taxonomic beta diversity patterns in Amazonian tree communities.

Author: Guevara Andino JE, Pitman NCA, Ter Steege H, Peralvo M, Cerón C, and Fine PVA
Subjects: Phylogeny, Biodiversity
Abstract: Environmental and dispersal filters are key determinants of species distributions of Amazonian tree communities. However, a comprehensive analysis of the role of environmental and dispersal filters is needed to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover of Amazonian tree communities. We compare measures of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity in 41 one-hectare plots to test the relative importance of climate, soils, geology, geomorphology, pure spatial variables and the spatial variation of environmental drivers of phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover in Ecuadorian Amazon tree communities. We found low phylogenetic and high taxonomic turnover with respect to environmental and dispersal filters. In addition, our results suggest that climate is a significantly better predictor of phylogenetic turnover and taxonomic turnover than geomorphology and soils at all spatial scales. The influence of climate as a predictor of phylogenetic turnover was stronger at broader spatial scales (50 km 2 ) whereas geomorphology and soils appear to be better predictors of taxonomic turnover at mid (5 km 2 ) and fine spatial scales (0.5 km 2 ) but a weak predictor of phylogenetic turnover at broad spatial scales. We also found that the combined effect of geomorphology and soils was significantly higher for taxonomic turnover at all spatial scales but not for phylogenetic turnover at large spatial scales. Geographic distances as proxy of dispersal limitation was a better predictor of phylogenetic turnover at distances of 50 < 500 km. Our findings suggest that climatic variation at regional scales can better predict phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover than geomorphology and soils., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
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26. Applied science facilitates the large-scale expansion of protected areas in an Amazonian hot spot.

Author: Pitman NCA, Vriesendorp CF, Alvira Reyes D, Moskovits DK, Kotlinski N, Smith RC, Thompson ME, Wali A, Benavides Matarazzo M, Del Campo Á, Rivera González DE, Rivera Chávez L, Rosenthal AD, Álvarez Alonso J, Díaz Ñaupari ME, de Souza LS, Ferreyra Vela FR, Gonzales Tanchiva CN, Jarrett CC, Lemos AA, Sáenz Rodríguez AR, Stotz DF, Suwa T, Pariona Fonseca M, Ravikumar A, Torres Tuesta T, Bravo A, Catenazzi A, Díaz Alván J, Gagliardi-Urrutia G, García-Villacorta R, Hidalgo MH, Mori Vargas T, Mueses-Cisneros JJ, Núñez-Iturri G, Pequeño T, Ríos Paredes MA, Rodríguez LO, Stallard RF, Torres Montenegro LA, Venegas PJ, von May R, Barbagelata Ramírez N, Maldonado Ocampo JA, and Mesones Acuy I
Abstract: Meeting international commitments to protect 17% of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide will require >3 million square kilometers of new protected areas and strategies to create those areas in a way that respects local communities and land use. In 2000-2016, biological and social scientists worked to increase the protected proportion of Peru's largest department via 14 interdisciplinary inventories covering >9 million hectares of this megadiverse corner of the Amazon basin. In each landscape, the strategy was the same: convene diverse partners, identify biological and sociocultural assets, document residents' use of natural resources, and tailor the findings to the needs of decision-makers. Nine of the 14 landscapes have since been protected (5.7 million hectares of new protected areas), contributing to a quadrupling of conservation coverage in Loreto (from 6 to 23%). We outline the methods and enabling conditions most crucial for successfully applying similar campaigns elsewhere on Earth., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)
Published: 2021
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27. Amazon tree dominance across forest strata.

Author: Draper FC, Costa FRC, Arellano G, Phillips OL, Duque A, Macía MJ, Ter Steege H, Asner GP, Berenguer E, Schietti J, Socolar JB, de Souza FC, Dexter KG, Jørgensen PM, Tello JS, Magnusson WE, Baker TR, Castilho CV, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Fine PVA, Ruokolainen K, Coronado ENH, Aymard G, Dávila N, Sáenz MS, Paredes MAR, Engel J, Fortunel C, Paine CET, Goret JY, Dourdain A, Petronelli P, Allie E, Andino JEG, Brienen RJW, Pérez LC, Manzatto ÂG, Zambrana NYP, Molino JF, Sabatier D, Chave J, Fauset S, Villacorta RG, Réjou-Méchain M, Berry PE, Melgaço K, Feldpausch TR, Sandoval EV, Martinez RV, Mesones I, Junqueira AB, Roucoux KH, de Toledo JJ, Andrade AC, Camargo JL, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Santana FD, Laurance WF, Laurance SG, Lovejoy TE, Comiskey JA, Galbraith DR, Kalamandeen M, Aguilar GEN, Arenas JV, Guerra CAA, Flores M, Llampazo GF, Montenegro LAT, Gomez RZ, Pansonato MP, Moscoso VC, Vleminckx J, Barrantes OJV, Duivenvoorden JF, de Sousa SA, Arroyo L, Perdiz RO, Cravo JS, Marimon BS, Junior BHM, Carvalho FA, Damasco G, Disney M, Vital MS, Diaz PRS, Vicentini A, Nascimento H, Higuchi N, Van Andel T, Malhi Y, Ribeiro SC, Terborgh JW, Thomas RS, Dallmeier F, Prieto A, Hilário RR, Salomão RP, Silva RDC, Casas LF, Vieira ICG, Araujo-Murakami A, Arevalo FR, Ramírez-Angulo H, Torre EV, Peñuela MC, Killeen TJ, Pardo G, Jimenez-Rojas E, Castro W, Cabrera DG, Pipoly J, de Sousa TR, Silvera M, Vos V, Neill D, Vargas PN, Vela DM, Aragão LEOC, Umetsu RK, Sierra R, Wang O, Young KR, Prestes NCCS, Massi KG, Huaymacari JR, Gutierrez GAP, Aldana AM, Alexiades MN, Baccaro F, Céron C, Muelbert AE, Rios JMG, Lima AS, Lloyd JL, Pitman NCA, Gamarra LV, Oroche CJC, Fuentes AF, Palacios W, Patiño S, Torres-Lezama A, and Baraloto C
Subjects: Biodiversity, Brazil, Humans, Forests, Trees
Abstract: The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare but a few are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 'hyperdominant' species account for >50% of all individuals >10 cm diameter at 1.3 m in height. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size class and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a large floristic dataset to show that, while hyperdominance is a universal phenomenon across forest strata, different species dominate the forest understory, midstory and canopy. We further find that, although species belonging to a range of phylogenetically dispersed lineages have become hyperdominant in small size classes, hyperdominants in large size classes are restricted to a few lineages. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to consider all forest strata to understand regional patterns of dominance and composition in Amazonia. More generally, through the lens of 654 hyperdominant species, we outline a tractable pathway for understanding the functioning of half of Amazonian forests across vertical strata and geographical locations.
Published: 2021
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28. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa.

Author: Rozendaal DMA, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Alvarez-Davila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Bánki O, Brienen RJW, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Marshall AR, Neill DA, Núñez Vargas P, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Reitsma J, Silveira M, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Terborgh JW, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, Vilanova E, Vos V, White LJT, Willcock S, Zemagho L, and Vanderwel MC
Subjects: Africa, Brazil, Ecosystem, Tropical Climate, Forests, Wood
Abstract: Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree's growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area., (© 2020 The Authors. Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Ecological Society of America.)
Published: 2020
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29. Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora.

Author: Ter Steege H, Prado PI, Lima RAF, Pos E, de Souza Coelho L, de Andrade Lima Filho D, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, Phillips OL, Guevara JE, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Cárdenas López D, Magnusson WE, Wittmann F, Martins MP, Sabatier D, Irume MV, da Silva Guimarães JR, Molino JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Ramos JF, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Venticinque EM, Luize BG, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, de Leão Novo EMM, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Manzatto AG, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Montero JC, Duque A, Costa FRC, Castaño Arboleda N, Schöngart J, Zartman CE, Killeen TJ, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Demarchi LO, Feldpausch TR, Engel J, Petronelli P, Baraloto C, Assis RL, Castellanos H, Simon MF, de Medeiros MB, Quaresma A, Laurance SGW, Rincón LM, Andrade A, Sousa TR, Camargo JL, Schietti J, Laurance WF, de Queiroz HL, Nascimento HEM, Lopes MA, de Sousa Farias E, Magalhães JLL, Brienen R, Aymard C GA, Revilla JDC, Vieira ICG, Cintra BBL, Stevenson PR, Feitosa YO, Duivenvoorden JF, Mogollón HF, Araujo-Murakami A, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, Lopes A, García-Villacorta R, Draper F, Vicentini A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lloyd J, Gomes VHF, Neill D, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, de Souza FC, Gribel R, Arroyo L, Carvalho FA, de Aguiar DPP, do Amaral DD, Pansonato MP, Feeley KJ, Berenguer E, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Villa B, Peñuela Mora MC, Jimenez EM, Licona JC, Cerón C, Thomas R, Maas P, Silveira M, Henkel TW, Stropp J, Paredes MR, Dexter KG, Daly D, Baker TR, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Milliken W, Pennington T, Tello JS, Pena JLM, Peres CA, Klitgaard B, Fuentes A, Silman MR, Di Fiore A, von Hildebrand P, Chave J, van Andel TR, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, Noronha JC, Prieto A, Gonzales T, de Sá Carpanedo R, Gonzales GPG, Gómez RZ, de Jesus Rodrigues D, Zent EL, Ruschel AR, Vos VA, Fonty É, Junqueira AB, Doza HPD, Hoffman B, Zent S, Barbosa EM, Malhi Y, de Matos Bonates LC, de Andrade Miranda IP, Silva N, Barbosa FR, Vela CIA, Pinto LFM, Rudas A, Albuquerque BW, Umaña MN, Carrero Márquez YA, van der Heijden G, Young KR, Tirado M, Correa DF, Sierra R, Costa JBP, Rocha M, Vilanova Torre E, Wang O, Oliveira AA, Kalamandeen M, Vriesendorp C, Ramirez-Angulo H, Holmgren M, Nascimento MT, Galbraith D, Flores BM, Scudeller VV, Cano A, Ahuite Reategui MA, Mesones I, Baider C, Mendoza C, Zagt R, Urrego Giraldo LE, Ferreira C, Villarroel D, Linares-Palomino R, Farfan-Rios W, Farfan-Rios W, Casas LF, Cárdenas S, Balslev H, Torres-Lezama A, Alexiades MN, Garcia-Cabrera K, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Valderrama Sandoval EH, Ramirez Arevalo F, Hernandez L, Sampaio AF, Pansini S, Palacios Cuenca W, de Oliveira EA, Pauletto D, Levesley A, Melgaço K, and Pickavance G
Subjects: Brazil, Biodiversity, Classification methods, Forests, Rivers, Trees classification
Abstract: Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come.
Published: 2020
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30. Trees of Amazonian Ecuador: a taxonomically verified species list with data on abundance and distribution.

Author: Guevara Andino JE, Pitman NCA, Ulloa Ulloa C, Romoleroux K, Fernández-Fernández D, Ceron C, Palacios W, Neill DA, Oleas N, Altamirano P, Rivas Torres G, and Ter Steege H
Abstract: We compiled a data set for all tree species collected to date in lowland Amazonian Ecuador in order to determine the number of tree species in the region. This data set has been extensively verified by taxonomists and is the most comprehensive attempt to evaluate the tree diversity in one of the richest species regions of the Amazon. We used four main sources of data: mounted specimens deposited in Ecuadorian herbaria only, specimen records of a large-scale 1-hectare-plot network (60 plots in total), data from the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropicos® database (MO), and literature sources. The list of 2,296 tree species names we provide in this data set is based on 47,486 herbarium records deposited in the following herbaria: Alfredo Paredes Herbarium (QAP), Catholic University Herbarium (QCA), Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE), Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), and records from an extensive sampling of 29,768 individuals with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥10 cm recorded in our plot network. We also provide data for the relative abundance of species, geographic coordinates of specimens deposited in major herbaria around the world, whether the species is native or endemic, current hypothesis of geographic distribution, representative collections, and IUCN threat category for every species recorded to date in Amazonian Ecuador. These data are described in Metadata S1 and can be used for macroecological, evolutionary, or taxonomic studies. There are no copyright restrictions; data are freely available for noncommercial scientific use (CC BY 3.0). Please see Metadata S1 (Class III, Section B.1: Proprietary restrictions) for additional information on usage., (© 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of America.)
Published: 2019
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31. Evolutionary diversity is associated with wood productivity in Amazonian forests.

Author: Coelho de Souza F, Dexter KG, Phillips OL, Pennington RT, Neves D, Sullivan MJP, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves Á, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Bánki O, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Boot RGA, Brienen RJW, Brown F, Camargo JLC, Castro W, Chave J, Cogollo A, Comiskey JA, Cornejo-Valverde F, da Costa AL, de Camargo PB, Di Fiore A, Feldpausch TR, Galbraith DR, Gloor E, Goodman RC, Gilpin M, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Honorio Coronado EN, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen TJ, Laurance S, Laurance WF, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy TE, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Mendoza C, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Neill DA, Vargas PN, Peñuela Mora MC, Pickavance GC, Pipoly JJ 3rd, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez F, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomão RP, Silva N, Silveira M, Singh J, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas-Caesar R, Umetsu RK, Vasquez RV, Célia-Vieira I, Vieira SA, Vos VA, Zagt RJ, and Baker TR
Subjects: Forests, Phylogeny, Tropical Climate, Ecosystem, Wood
Abstract: Higher levels of taxonomic and evolutionary diversity are expected to maximize ecosystem function, yet their relative importance in driving variation in ecosystem function at large scales in diverse forests is unknown. Using 90 inventory plots across intact, lowland, terra firme, Amazonian forests and a new phylogeny including 526 angiosperm genera, we investigated the association between taxonomic and evolutionary metrics of diversity and two key measures of ecosystem function: aboveground wood productivity and biomass storage. While taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were not important predictors of variation in biomass, both emerged as independent predictors of wood productivity. Amazon forests that contain greater evolutionary diversity and a higher proportion of rare species have higher productivity. While climatic and edaphic variables are together the strongest predictors of productivity, our results show that the evolutionary diversity of tree species in diverse forest stands also influences productivity. As our models accounted for wood density and tree size, they also suggest that additional, unstudied, evolutionarily correlated traits have significant effects on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Overall, our pan-Amazonian analysis shows that greater phylogenetic diversity translates into higher levels of ecosystem function: tropical forest communities with more distantly related taxa have greater wood productivity.
Published: 2019
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32. Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Author: Ter Steege H, Henkel TW, Helal N, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Huth A, Groeneveld J, Sabatier D, Coelho LS, Filho DAL, Salomão RP, Amaral IL, Matos FDA, Castilho CV, Phillips OL, Guevara JE, Carim MJV, Cárdenas López D, Magnusson WE, Wittmann F, Irume MV, Martins MP, Guimarães JRDS, Molino JF, Bánki OS, Piedade MTF, Pitman NCA, Mendoza AM, Ramos JF, Luize BG, Moraes de Leão Novo EM, Núñez Vargas P, Silva TSF, Venticinque EM, Manzatto AG, Reis NFC, Terborgh J, Casula KR, Honorio Coronado EN, Montero JC, Feldpausch TR, Duque A, Costa FRC, Arboleda NC, Schöngart J, Killeen TJ, Vasquez R, Mostacedo B, Demarchi LO, Assis RL, Baraloto C, Engel J, Petronelli P, Castellanos H, de Medeiros MB, Quaresma A, Simon MF, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Rincón LM, Schietti J, Sousa TR, de Sousa Farias E, Lopes MA, Magalhães JLL, Mendonça Nascimento HE, Lima de Queiroz H, Aymard C GA, Brienen R, Revilla JDC, Vieira ICG, Cintra BBL, Stevenson PR, Feitosa YO, Duivenvoorden JF, Mogollón HF, Araujo-Murakami A, Ferreira LV, Lozada JR, Comiskey JA, de Toledo JJ, Damasco G, Dávila N, Draper F, García-Villacorta R, Lopes A, Vicentini A, Alonso A, Dallmeier F, Gomes VHF, Lloyd J, Neill D, de Aguiar DPP, Arroyo L, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, do Amaral DD, Feeley KJ, Gribel R, Pansonato MP, Barlow J, Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Fine PVA, Guedes MC, Jimenez EM, Licona JC, Peñuela Mora MC, Villa B, Cerón C, Maas P, Silveira M, Stropp J, Thomas R, Baker TR, Daly D, Dexter KG, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Milliken W, Pennington T, Ríos Paredes M, Fuentes A, Klitgaard B, Pena JLM, Peres CA, Silman MR, Tello JS, Chave J, Cornejo Valverde F, Di Fiore A, Hilário RR, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, van Andel TR, von Hildebrand P, Noronha JC, Barbosa EM, Barbosa FR, de Matos Bonates LC, Carpanedo RS, Dávila Doza HP, Fonty É, GómeZárate Z R, Gonzales T, Gallardo Gonzales GP, Hoffman B, Junqueira AB, Malhi Y, Miranda IPA, Pinto LFM, Prieto A, Rodrigues DJ, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, Vela CIA, Vos VA, Zent EL, Zent S, Weiss Albuquerque B, Cano A, Carrero Márquez YA, Correa DF, Costa JBP, Flores BM, Galbraith D, Holmgren M, Kalamandeen M, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rocha M, Scudeller VV, Sierra R, Tirado M, Umaña Medina MN, van der Heijden G, Vilanova Torre E, Vriesendorp C, Wang O, Young KR, Ahuite Reategui MA, Baider C, Balslev H, Cárdenas S, Casas LF, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Linares-Palomino R, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Torres-Lezama A, Giraldo LEU, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, de Oliveira EA, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Palacios Cuenca W, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Ramirez Arevalo F, Sampaio AF, Sandoval EHV, Valenzuela Gamarra L, Levesley A, Pickavance G, and Melgaço K
Abstract: Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors.
Published: 2019
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33. Scaling issues of neutral theory reveal violations of ecological equivalence for dominant Amazonian tree species.

Author: Pos E, Guevara JE, Molino JF, Sabatier D, Bánki OS, Pitman NCA, Mogollón HF, García-Villacorta R, Neill D, Phillips OL, Cerón C, Ríos Paredes M, Núñez Vargas P, Dávila N, Fiore AD, Rivas-Torres G, Thomas-Caesar R, Vriesendorp C, Young KR, Tirado M, Wang O, Sierra R, Mesones I, Zagt R, Vasquez R, Ahuite Reategui MA, Palacios Cuenca W, Valderrama Sandoval EH, and Ter Steege H
Subjects: Ecosystem, Models, Biological, Species Specificity, Biodiversity, Ecology, Trees
Abstract: Neutral models are often used as null models, testing the relative importance of niche versus neutral processes in shaping diversity. Most versions, however, focus only on regional scale predictions and neglect local level contributions. Recently, a new formulation of spatial neutral theory was published showing an incompatibility between regional and local scale fits where especially the number of rare species was dramatically under-predicted. Using a forward in time semi-spatially explicit neutral model and a unique large-scale Amazonian tree inventory data set, we show that neutral theory not only underestimates the number of rare species but also fails in predicting the excessive dominance of species on both regional and local levels. We show that although there are clear relationships between species composition, spatial and environmental distances, there is also a clear differentiation between species able to attain dominance with and without restriction to specific habitats. We conclude therefore that the apparent dominance of these species is real, and that their excessive abundance can be attributed to fitness differences in different ways, a clear violation of the ecological equivalence assumption of neutral theory., (© 2019 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by CNRS and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2019
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34. Dominant tree species drive beta diversity patterns in western Amazonia.

Author: Draper FC, Asner GP, Honorio Coronado EN, Baker TR, García-Villacorta R, Pitman NCA, Fine PVA, Phillips OL, Zárate Gómez R, Amasifuén Guerra CA, Flores Arévalo M, Vásquez Martínez R, Brienen RJW, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Torres Montenegro LA, Valderrama Sandoval E, Roucoux KH, Ramírez Arévalo FR, Mesones Acuy Í, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Tagle Casapia X, Flores Llampazo G, Corrales Medina M, Reyna Huaymacari J, and Baraloto C
Subjects: Ecosystem, Forests, Peru, Tropical Climate, Biodiversity, Trees
Abstract: The forests of western Amazonia are among the most diverse tree communities on Earth, yet this exceptional diversity is distributed highly unevenly within and among communities. In particular, a small number of dominant species account for the majority of individuals, whereas the large majority of species are locally and regionally extremely scarce. By definition, dominant species contribute little to local species richness (alpha diversity), yet the importance of dominant species in structuring patterns of spatial floristic turnover (beta diversity) has not been investigated. Here, using a network of 207 forest inventory plots, we explore the role of dominant species in determining regional patterns of beta diversity (community-level floristic turnover and distance-decay relationships) across a range of habitat types in northern lowland Peru. Of the 2,031 recorded species in our data set, only 99 of them accounted for 50% of individuals. Using these 99 species, it was possible to reconstruct the overall features of regional beta diversity patterns, including the location and dispersion of habitat types in multivariate space, and distance-decay relationships. In fact, our analysis demonstrated that regional patterns of beta diversity were better maintained by the 99 dominant species than by the 1,932 others, whether quantified using species-abundance data or species presence-absence data. Our results reveal that dominant species are normally common only in a single forest type. Therefore, dominant species play a key role in structuring western Amazonian tree communities, which in turn has important implications, both practically for designing effective protected areas, and more generally for understanding the determinants of beta diversity patterns., (© 2019 by the Ecological Society of America.)
Published: 2019
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35. Towards a dynamic list of Amazonian tree species.

Author: Ter Steege H, Mota de Oliveira S, Pitman NCA, Sabatier D, Antonelli A, Guevara Andino JE, Aymard GA, and Salomão RP
Subjects: Brazil, Rainforest, Biodiversity, Trees classification
Abstract: To provide an empirical foundation for estimates of the Amazonian tree diversity, we recently published a checklist of 11,675 tree species recorded to date in the region (ter Steege H, et al. (2016) The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Scientific Reports 6:29549). From this total of plant records compiled from public databases and literature, widely used in studies on the Amazonian plant diversity, only 6,727 tree species belong to the first taxonomically-vetted checklist published for the region (Cardoso D, et al. (2017) Amazon plant diversity revealed by a taxonomically verified species list. PNAS 114:10695-10700). The striking difference in these two numbers spurred us to evaluate both lists, in order to release an improved Amazonian tree list; to discuss species inclusion criteria; and to highlight the ecological importance of verifying the occurrence of "non-Amazonian" trees in the region through the localization and identification of specimens. A number of species in the 2016 checklist that are not trees, non-native, synonyms, or misspellings were removed and corresponded to about 23% of the names. Species not included in the taxonomically-vetted checklist but verified by taxonomists to occur in Amazonia as trees were retained. Further, the inclusion of recently recorded/new species (after 2016), and recent taxonomic changes added up to an updated checklist including 10,071 species recorded for the Amazon region and shows the dynamic nature of establishing an authoritative checklist of Amazonian tree species. Completing and improving this list is a long-term, high-value commitment that will require a collaborative approach involving ecologists, taxonomists, and practitioners.
Published: 2019
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36. Species Distribution Modelling: Contrasting presence-only models with plot abundance data.

Author: Gomes VHF, IJff SD, Raes N, Amaral IL, Salomão RP, de Souza Coelho L, de Almeida Matos FD, Castilho CV, de Andrade Lima Filho D, López DC, Guevara JE, Magnusson WE, Phillips OL, Wittmann F, de Jesus Veiga Carim M, Martins MP, Irume MV, Sabatier D, Molino JF, Bánki OS, da Silva Guimarães JR, Pitman NCA, Piedade MTF, Mendoza AM, Luize BG, Venticinque EM, de Leão Novo EMM, Vargas PN, Silva TSF, Manzatto AG, Terborgh J, Reis NFC, Montero JC, Casula KR, Marimon BS, Marimon BH, Coronado ENH, Feldpausch TR, Duque A, Zartman CE, Arboleda NC, Killeen TJ, Mostacedo B, Vasquez R, Schöngart J, Assis RL, Medeiros MB, Simon MF, Andrade A, Laurance WF, Camargo JL, Demarchi LO, Laurance SGW, de Sousa Farias E, Nascimento HEM, Revilla JDC, Quaresma A, Costa FRC, Vieira ICG, Cintra BBL, Castellanos H, Brienen R, Stevenson PR, Feitosa Y, Duivenvoorden JF, Aymard C GA, Mogollón HF, Targhetta N, Comiskey JA, Vicentini A, Lopes A, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Levis C, Schietti J, Souza P, Emilio T, Alonso A, Neill D, Dallmeier F, Ferreira LV, Araujo-Murakami A, Praia D, do Amaral DD, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, Feeley K, Arroyo L, Pansonato MP, Gribel R, Villa B, Licona JC, Fine PVA, Cerón C, Baraloto C, Jimenez EM, Stropp J, Engel J, Silveira M, Mora MCP, Petronelli P, Maas P, Thomas-Caesar R, Henkel TW, Daly D, Paredes MR, Baker TR, Fuentes A, Peres CA, Chave J, Pena JLM, Dexter KG, Silman MR, Jørgensen PM, Pennington T, Di Fiore A, Valverde FC, Phillips JF, Rivas-Torres G, von Hildebrand P, van Andel TR, Ruschel AR, Prieto A, Rudas A, Hoffman B, Vela CIA, Barbosa EM, Zent EL, Gonzales GPG, Doza HPD, de Andrade Miranda IP, Guillaumet JL, Pinto LFM, de Matos Bonates LC, Silva N, Gómez RZ, Zent S, Gonzales T, Vos VA, Malhi Y, Oliveira AA, Cano A, Albuquerque BW, Vriesendorp C, Correa DF, Torre EV, van der Heijden G, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Young KR, Rocha M, Nascimento MT, Medina MNU, Tirado M, Wang O, Sierra R, Torres-Lezama A, Mendoza C, Ferreira C, Baider C, Villarroel D, Balslev H, Mesones I, Giraldo LEU, Casas LF, Reategui MAA, Linares-Palomino R, Zagt R, Cárdenas S, Farfan-Rios W, Sampaio AF, Pauletto D, Sandoval EHV, Arevalo FR, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Garcia-Cabrera K, Hernandez L, Gamarra LV, Alexiades MN, Pansini S, Cuenca WP, Milliken W, Ricardo J, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Pos E, and Ter Steege H
Subjects: Brazil, Chrysobalanaceae physiology, Fabaceae physiology, Humans, Polygonaceae physiology, Conservation of Natural Resources statistics & numerical data, Models, Statistical, Plant Dispersal physiology, Trees physiology
Abstract: Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and conservation. Presence-only SDMs such as MaxEnt frequently use natural history collections (NHCs) as occurrence data, given their huge numbers and accessibility. NHCs are often spatially biased which may generate inaccuracies in SDMs. Here, we test how the distribution of NHCs and MaxEnt predictions relates to a spatial abundance model, based on a large plot dataset for Amazonian tree species, using inverse distance weighting (IDW). We also propose a new pipeline to deal with inconsistencies in NHCs and to limit the area of occupancy of the species. We found a significant but weak positive relationship between the distribution of NHCs and IDW for 66% of the species. The relationship between SDMs and IDW was also significant but weakly positive for 95% of the species, and sensitivity for both analyses was high. Furthermore, the pipeline removed half of the NHCs records. Presence-only SDM applications should consider this limitation, especially for large biodiversity assessments projects, when they are automatically generated without subsequent checking. Our pipeline provides a conservative estimate of a species' area of occupancy, within an area slightly larger than its extent of occurrence, compatible to e.g. IUCN red list assessments.
Published: 2018
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37. Incorporating phylogenetic information for the definition of floristic districts in hyperdiverse Amazon forests: Implications for conservation.

Author: Guevara Andino JE, Pitman NCA, Ter Steege H, Mogollón H, Ceron C, Palacios W, Oleas N, and Fine PVA
Abstract: Using complementary metrics to evaluate phylogenetic diversity can facilitate the delimitation of floristic units and conservation priority areas. In this study, we describe the spatial patterns of phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity, phylogenetic endemism, and evolutionary distinctiveness of the hyperdiverse Ecuador Amazon forests and define priority areas for conservation. We established a network of 62 one-hectare plots in terra firme forests of Ecuadorian Amazon. In these plots, we tagged, collected, and identified every single adult tree with dbh ≥10 cm. These data were combined with a regional community phylogenetic tree to calculate different phylogenetic diversity (PD) metrics in order to create spatial models. We used Loess regression to estimate the spatial variation of taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity as well as phylogenetic endemism and evolutionary distinctiveness. We found evidence for the definition of three floristic districts in the Ecuadorian Amazon, supported by both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity data. Areas with high levels of phylogenetic endemism and evolutionary distinctiveness in Ecuadorian Amazon forests are unprotected. Furthermore, these areas are severely threatened by proposed plans of oil and mining extraction at large scales and should be prioritized in conservation planning for this region.
Published: 2017
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