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This study evaluates the effect of the deproteinization agents hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite upon the bonding of the two different pit and fissure sealant, self-adhesive flowable composites with the enamel. Thirty-six third molars were randomly divided into six different groups. The groups were formed as follows: Group 1: 37% phosphoric acid + Vertise TM Flow; Group 2: 200 ppm hypochlorous acid + 37% phosphoric acid Vertise TM Flow; Group 3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite + 37% phosphoric acid + Vertise TM Flow; Group 4: 37% phosphoric acid + Constic; Group 5: 200 ppm hypochlorous acid + 37% phosphoric acid + Constic; Group 6: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite + 37% phosphoric acid + Constic. In each group, samples were obtained that were rectangular prisms in shape (n = 12). Groups to which a deproteinization agent was applied (Groups 2, 3 and 5, 6) showed statistically higher microtensile bonding strength than Group 1, Group 4. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of microtensile bonding strength values between the Groups 3 and the Group 6. The study found that the groups to which deproteinization agents were applied had statistically higher microtensile bonding strength values compared with those groups to which acid and fissure sealants were applied. In this study, it was concluded that the use of fissure-sealing self-adhesive flowable composites after acid application to permanent tooth enamel provides an acceptable bond strength given the limitations of in vitro studies. In line with the results obtained, it was observed that in addition to the removal of the inorganic structure with the application of acid, the removal of the organic structure with the use of deproteinization agent increased the bond strength to the enamel., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2024 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

Pit and fissure sealants play an essential role in preventive dentistry. This study evaluates the microleakage levels of a new and colored flowable composite applied as a sealant after three preparation techniques. A total of 24 non-carious mandibular permanent molars with deep pits and fissures were included in the study. Pit and fissures were prepared with 37% phosphoric acid, tungsten carbide bur and fissurotomy burs (SS WHITE Dental, New Jersey, USA) using conventional, enameloplasty and fissurotomy techniques. All samples were thermocycled following the placement of Rainbow Flow (PPH CERKAMED Wojciech Pawłowski, Poland) as a sealant and sections were taken after immersion in methylene blue dye. The microleakage levels of the samples were examined under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX-7 Olympus SZ-61 Stereo Microscope) at 2.8× magnification to analyze the dye penetration of the flowable composite. The 144 sections were examined and scoring for microleakage was done by examining the dye penetration from the occlusal border to the base of the fissure. Considering all sections regardless of the preparation technique, it was found that 16.6% of the sections have no leakage. Regarding the microleakage scores, the mean score of the conventional group was 1.87 ± 0.98, the mean score of the enameloplasty group was 1.88 ± 1.14, and the mean score of the fissurotomy group was 1.81 ± 1.1. The median scores of the conventional, enameloplasty and fissurotomy groups were 2, 2 and 1.5, respectively. The present study reports no difference between the microleakage level of a colored flowable composite material used as a pit and fissure sealant following three fissure preparation techniques and supports the clinical use of this material., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2023 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

Statement of Problem: Denture stomatitis is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the formation of Candida albicans biofilm on denture bases. It is associated with aggravating intraoral pain, itching, and burning sensations. It can also potentiate cardiovascular diseases and aspiration pneumonia. The problem has thus far eluded efficient, toxic-free, and cost-effective solutions., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effectiveness of organoselenium to inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilm on the surface of acrylic resin denture base materials when it is either incorporated into the acrylic resin material or coated on the denture surface as a light-polymerized surface sealant., Material and Methods: Sixty heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate disks were fabricated and assigned to 4 groups (n=15): disks coated with a light-polymerized organoselenium-containing enamel surface sealant (DenteShield), disks impregnated with 0.5% organoselenium (0.5% selenium), disks impregnated with 1% organoselenium (1% selenium), and disks without organoselenium (control). C. albicans biofilm was grown on each disk which had been placed in a well of the microtiter plate containing 1-mL brain heart infusion broth inoculated with C. albicans. The plates were incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 48 hours. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to determine the biofilm thickness, biomass, and live/dead cell ratio. Biofilm morphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy, whereas microbial viability was quantified by the spread plate method. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons (α=.05)., Results: The microbial viability, biofilm thickness, biofilm biomass, and live/dead cell ratio were lower (P<.001) on disks in the test groups (DenteShield, 0.5% selenium, 1% selenium) when compared with the control group, with these variables being lowest in the 0.5% selenium and 1% selenium groups. The 0.5% selenium and 1% selenium groups did not differ significantly from each other in any of the variables (P>.05). Scanning electron microscope images showed inhibition of both biofilm growth and yeast to hyphae transition in the DenteShield, 0.5% selenium, and 1% selenium groups, with visible disruption of the biofilm morphology., Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that organoselenium, whether incorporated into or coated on the surface of an acrylic resin denture base material, has the potential to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm growth on denture surfaces and as such can be clinically useful for the prevention of denture stomatitis., (Copyright © 2021 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Dental plaque is a complex structure (called a biofilm) that is produced by a community of oral bacteria. As microorganisms accumulate in the oral cavity, bacteria can assemble into biofilms that protect them from antibiotics and disinfectants, which contribute to dental cavities and oral infections that acts as the seed for further infections throughout the body. Therefore, there is great interest in developing dental sealants that can effectively eliminate biofilms formed from an assortment of oral bacteria species., Methods: In previous papers, it was shown that both in vivo and in vitro use of organo-selenium dental sealants have the potential to be an effective method for preventing dental caries and plaque formation. However, our previous in vitro study only examined the effect of the organo-selenium sealants on Streptococcus mutans and salivarius. Since that time, this organo-selenium sealant has been changed to improve its curing time., Results: We showed a selenium containing sealant (SeLECT-DefenseTM) can completely eliminate biofilm formation on the sealant at selenium concentrations of 0.25% and higher, by S. salivarius, S. sanguinis, or S. mutans, individually or in combination. This selenium containing sealant can also completely inhibit the same bacteria from growing under the sealant, while control sealant cannot. The selenium containing sealant was tested for stability and it was found to still kill these same bacteria after soaking for the equivalent of one year in PBS (pH 7.4). It was also found that the combination of the three bacteria were also killed by the selenium sealant, thus ruling out potential synergism of the bacteria in forming resistance., Significance: The following study showed that this modified selenium dental sealant effectively eliminates species of bacteria both on and under the dental sealant., (Copyright © 2022 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Pit and fissure sealant is used in the prevention of dental caries. However, commercial pit and fissure sealant lacks persistent antibacterial properties. Dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) was added to pit and fissure sealants to give it sustainable antibacterial properties and anti-microbial aging properties., Methods: Resin-based sealant was used as a control. Novel sealants were made with DMADDM. Atomic force microscope observation, curing depth, cytotoxicity, lactic acid measurement, hardness and microleakage were measured. Saliva-derived biofilms were grown on sealants. Biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid production and biomass accumulation were measured., Results: Incorporating DMADDM did not increase the cytotoxicity or change the physical properties when the mass fraction of the DMADDM was 2.5-10%. The modification decreased the amount of bacterial biofilm, metabolic activity, lactic acid production and exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the saliva biofilms. It also provided anti-microbial aging properties., Conclusion: The incorporation of DMADDM improved the antibacterial and anti-microbial aging effects of the material. It demonstrated a sustained antibacterial effect. The antibacterial and anti-microbial aging modification might be a potential choice for future clinical applications to inhibit dental caries, especially for children at high caries risk., Clinical Significance: The antibacterial and anti-microbial aging modification might be a potential choice for future clinical applications to prevent dental caries, especially for individuals at high caries risk., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

To analyse clinical studies investigating coating agents such as sealants and other bonding materials to prevent the initiation or inhibit the progress of white spot lesions (WSL) during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Electronic databases (Pubmed, CENTRAL, EMBASE) were screened for studies. No language restrictions were applied. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were done in duplicate. Primary outcome included assessment of WSL with visual-tactile assessment and/or laser fluorescence measurements. Twenty-four studies with 1117 patients (age: 11-40 years) and 12,809 teeth were included. Overall, 34 different sealants or bonding materials were analysed. Fourteen studies analysed fluoride and 14 studies non-fluoride releasing materials. Meta-analysis for visual tactile assessment revealed that sealants significantly decreased the initiation of WSL compared to untreated control (RR [95%CI] = 0.70 [0.53; 0.93]; very low level of evidence). Materials releasing fluoride did not decrease initiation of WSL compared to those with no fluoride release (RR [95%CI] = 0.84 [0.70; 1.01]; very low level of evidence). For laser fluorescence measurements no meta-analysis could be performed. The use of sealants seems to be effective in preventing the initiation of post-orthodontic WSL. Furthermore, there is no evidence supporting that fluoride-releasing sealants or bonding materials are more effective than those without fluoride release. No gold standard prevention strategy to prevent WSL during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances has been established yet. However, based on only a limited number of studies the use of sealants seems to be effective in preventing the initiation of post-orthodontic WSL., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to manufacture bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA). BisGMA has been used for decades in dental composite restoratives, sealants, and adhesives. Based on published studies, exposure to low concentrations of BPA are possible from dental and orthodontic devices. The serum BPA concentrations arising from such devices and oral doses were predicted using a PBPK model in children and adult females based on 1) published extraction data for cured and uncured 3M ESPE Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable, 3M ESPE Filtek Bulk Fill Restorative, and 3M ESPE Clinpro Sealant and 2) published 20% ethanol/water and water rinsate data following orthodontic application with 3M ESPE Transbond MIP Primer and 3M ESPE Transbond XT Adhesive. Predicted oral exposure to BPA arising from these dental and orthodontic devices is low (median <10 ng/treatment) and predicted serum BPA concentrations were also low (<10 -4  nM). Even the maximum predicted exposure in this study (533.2 ng/treatment) yields a margin of exposure of 7.5 relative to the EFSA t-TDI (4 μg/kg-day) and is only 2.8% of the daily BPA exposure for the US population in a 58-kg woman (15,660 ng/day). Therefore, the exposure to BPA arising from the 3M ESPE dental and orthodontic devices evaluated in this study is negligible relative to daily BPA exposure in the general population and these potential BPA sources do not constitute a risk to patients., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc., 3M Company. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pits and fissures sealing and modulation of oral microbiota through probiotics are important preventive measures against dental decays. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of the Embrace™ WetBond™ Pit and Fissure Sealant (Pulpdent, USA) and UltraSeal XT® Hydro™ (Ultradent, USA) against selected oral bacteria and probiotics., Methods: The antibacterial effect of both sealants was tested both through planktonic growth inhibition test - 96-well microtiter plates and agar disk diffusion assay containing light-cured Embrace™ and UltraSeal XT ® against Streptococcus mutans and two oral probiotics (Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri)., Results: Embrace™ showed a stronger and broad activity against all the bacterial strains tested (P < 0.05) in planktonic growth inhibition test even at its lowest dose (10 μl), with inhibition rates higher than 90% in all cases. UltraSeal XT ® Hydro™ showed a mild antibacterial activity against L. reuteri, with growth inhibition rates being 19% and 23% for 20 μl and 50 μl, respectively. Regarding agar disk diffusion test, both sealants showed exclusively an antibacterial activity by contact., Conclusions: According to these findings, it is recommended to carefully plan the timing for the administration of different preventive interventions, such as oral probiotics assumption and sealant application, to maximize their specific effectiveness. We suggest prescribing oral probiotics first and putting off the Embrace™ sealant application to the end of probiotic treatment. On the contrary, it is possible to administer L. reuteri simultaneously with the application of UltraSeal XT® since it elicits a minimal antibacterial action against this oral probiotic., Competing Interests: None

Dental plaque is a biofilm composed of a complex oral microbial community. The accumulation of plaque in the pit and fissures of dental elements often leads to the development of tooth decay (dental caries). Here, potent anti-biofilm materials were developed by incorporating zinc methacrylates or di-n-butyl-dimethacrylate-tin into the light-curable sealant and their physical, mechanical, and biological properties were evaluated. The data revealed that 5% di-n-butyl-dimethacrylate-tin (SnM 5%) incorporated sealant showed strong anti-biofilm efficacy against various single-species ( Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus oralis or Candida albicans ) and S. mutans - C. albicans cross-kingdom dual-species biofilms without either impairing the mechanical properties of the sealant or causing cytotoxicities against mouse fibroblasts. The findings indicate that the incorporation of SnM 5% in the experimental pit and fissure self-adhesive sealant may have the potential to be part of current chemotherapeutic strategies to prevent the formation of cariogenic oral biofilms that cause dental caries.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of different caries removal methods on microleakage success of class V adhesive restorations by means of light microscopy (stereomicroscope) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Sixty-four human teeth with class V caries that measured with DIAGNOdent were used. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 16) randomly according to caries removing methods of conventional method, Carisolv, Papacarie, and Er,Cr:YSGG laser system. The self-etch Clearfıl SE Bond and Clearfıl Majesty Es-II were used as restoration materials. After thermal cycles of 2,000 (5 and 55°C) samples were immersed in a 50% wt/wt AgNO 3. Samples were finally imaged and scored under light microscopy and SEM, respectively. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis H, pairwise comparison and Wilcoxon's T tests at 5% significance level (p < .05). Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between microleakage scores in dentin regions but there were significant difference between the Papacarie and Er,Cr:YSGGlaser in terms of leakage scores in enamel sites. No statistically significant difference in leakage scores emerged between light microscopy and SEM., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Although there are recommendations to prevent tooth decay by other means, this nonsystematic review finds that fluoride is the key to prevention and control of tooth decay. There are multiple fluoride modalities with effectiveness and safety of fluoride depending on dose and concentration. Prevention of tooth decay occurs at the individual level by fluoride use at home and with professional application and at the community level through fluoridation of water or salt., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study investigates the effects of nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) gel and Clinpro (CP) on remineralization potential of enamel and cementum at the cavosurface area of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing ceramic restoration., Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human mandibular third molars were sectioned at 1 mm above and below the cemento-enamel junction to remove the cemento-enamel junction portions and replaced them with zirconia ceramic disks by bonding them to the crown and root portions with resin cement. The enamel and cementum with an area of 4×4 mm 2 surrounding the ceramic disk was demineralized with carbopol. The demineralized surfaces were treated with either NHA or CP, while 1 group was left with no treatment. Vickers microhardness of enamel and cementum were determined before demineralization, after demineralization, and after remineralization. Analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons were used to determine statistically significant differences at 95% level of confidence. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate for surface alterations., Results: The mean ± SD of Vickers microhardness for before demineralization, after demineralization, and after remineralization for enamel and cementum were 377.37±22.99, 161.95±10.54, 161.70±5.92 and 60.37±3.81, 17.65±0.91, 17.04±1.00 for the no treatment group; 378.20±18.76, 160.72±8.38, 200.08±8.29 and 62.58±3.37, 18.38±1.33, 27.99±2.68 for the NHA groups; and 380.53±25.14, 161.94±5.66, 193.16±7.54 and 62.78±4.75, 19.07±1.30, 24.46±2.02 for the CP groups. Analysis of variance indicated significant increase in microhardness of demineralized enamel and cementum upon the application of either NHA or CP ( p <0.05). Post hoc multiple comparisons indicated significantly higher remineralization capability of NHA for both enamel and cementum than CP ( p <0.05), as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, indicating NHA particle deposition in the area of remineralization, and crystallinity accumulation, as indicated by X-ray diffraction., Conclusion: NHA gel and CP were capable of remineralization of the enamel and cementum. NHA was more capable in the remineralization process than CP. NHA was extremely capable in the remineralization process for enamel and cementum surrounding the margin of the computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing ceramic., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

It was the aim of the current in vitro study to test the erosion-preventive potential of an experimental surface sealant (K-0184) and currently marketed self-etch adhesive systems under abrasive conditions. Ninety-six dentine specimens were randomly allocated to eight groups (n=12): (1) positive control (no treatment), (2) K-0184, (3) Shield Force Plus, (4) Xeno Select, (5) Scotchbond Universal, (6) Adhese Universal, (7) OptiBond All-In-One, and (8) Clearfil SE Bond. Before and after sealing, dentine specimens were measured profilometrically to determine the layer thickness of the protective agents.During 12 days, the specimens were demineralized daily for 5 min using hydrochloric acid (pH=3) and abraded by applying 600 brushing strokes (F=2.5 N). Calcium content in the hydrochloric acid was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Calcium concentration was consistently highest in the positive control group (p < 0.05 compared to all other groups). The lowest cumulated Ca release was measured for K-0184; it differed significantly (p < 0.05) from that determined in groups 4, 6, and 7. K-0184 also had the highest layer thickness (p < 0.05 compared to all other groups). It was concluded that the experimental surface sealant K-0184 and the adhesive systems Xeno Select, Scotchbond Universal, Adhese Universal, and Clearfil SE Bond prevent dentine erosion under the current abrasive conditions with a total of 7,200 brush strokes.

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether irradiation of enamel with a novel CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser using energies that enhance caries resistance influences the shear bond strength of composite resin sealants to the irradiated enamel. Seventy bovine and 240 human enamel samples were irradiated with a 9.3-μm carbon dioxide laser (Solea, Convergent Dental, Inc., Natick, MA) with four different laser energies known to enhance caries resistance or ablate enamel (pulse duration from 3 μs at 1.6 mJ/pulse to 43 μs at 14.9 mJ/pulse with fluences between 3.3 and 30.4 J/cm 2 , pulse repetition rate between 4.1 and 41.3 Hz, beam diameter of 0.25 mm and 1-mm spiral pattern, and focus distance of 4-15 mm). Irradiation was performed "freehand" or using a computerized, motor-driven stage. Enamel etching was achieved with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Universal etchant, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN). As bonding agent, Adper Single Bond Plus was used followed by placing Z250 Filtek Supreme flowable composite resin (both 3M ESPE). After 24 h water storage, a single-plane shear bond test was performed (UltraTester, Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT). All laser-irradiated samples showed equal or higher bond strength than non-laser-treated controls. The highest shear bond strength values were observed with the 3-μs pulse duration/0.25-mm laser pattern (mean ± SD = 31.90 ± 2.50 MPa), representing a significant 27.4% bond strength increase over the controls (25.04 ± 2.80 MPa, P ≤ 0.0001). Two other caries-preventive irradiation (3 μs/1 mm and 7 μs/0.25 mm) and one ablative pattern (23 μs/0.25 mm) achieved significantly increased bond strength compared to the controls. Bovine enamel also showed in all test groups increased shear bond strength over the controls. Computerized motor-driven stage irradiation did not show superior bond strength values over the clinically more relevant freehand irradiation. Enamel that is made caries-resistant with CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation showed at least equal or significantly higher shear bond strength to pit and fissure sealants than non-laser-irradiated enamel. The risk of a sealant failure due to CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation appears reduced. If additional laser ablation is required before placing a sealant, the CO 2 9.3-μm enamel laser-cut showed equivalent or superior bond strength to a flowable sealant.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of enamel sealants on bleaching of natural teeth by use of 40 % hydrogen peroxide in a dental surgery. The color stability of the results from bleaching was, furthermore, determined 10 months after the bleaching procedure. In a standardized setting, four sealants (Pro Seal ® , Light Bond™ Sealant, Protecto ® , and Clinpro™ XT Varnish) were applied to and removed from human teeth in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Natural teeth served as medium; half of the teeth were sealed and the others served as controls. Hydrogen peroxide gel (40 %; Opalescence Boost; Ultradent Products, South Jordan, UT, USA) was used as bleaching agent. Color measurement was performed with a spectroradiometer (Photoresearch PR670) before the bleaching process (T1) and 24 h (T2) and 10 months (T3) after bleaching. The spectroradiometer results were expressed by use of the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* color notation. The L*, a*, and b* values of the sealed and the unsealed surfaces were not significantly different at any time during the study (p > 0.05), irrespective of the sealant used. Ten months after the bleaching process, mean L*, a*, and b* values were lower than at 1-day post-bleaching; the mean value of ΔE between 1-day post-bleaching and 10 months post-bleaching was 2.46 (±3.1). The results of the study suggest that the effectiveness of professional tooth whitening is not appreciably affected by the application of the four sealants tested.

Statement of Problem: The effects of surface sealant agents on the surface roughness and color stability of denture base materials are unknown., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different polishing methods on the surface roughness and color stability of denture base materials., Material and Methods: A total of 120 specimens were fabricated from 2 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and 1 polyamide denture base materials and divided into 4 groups (n=10 in each group) according to the applied surface treatment procedure: conventional polishing (control) and 3 surface sealant coupling methods. Surface roughness average (R a ) values were measured using a profilometer. Color parameters were measured using a spectrophotometer before and after being stained with coffee. Color differences (CIEDE 2000 [ΔE 00 ]) were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference test (α=.05)., Results: No statistically significant difference were found between surface roughness values of the control and those of the specimens treated using a surface sealant agent (P>.05). The highest color difference was calculated for the polyamide control group. Statistically significant differences were found between the control group and the group treated with the polyamide surface sealant agent (P<.05)., Conclusions: All specimens had a surface roughness value higher than the plaque accumulation threshold (0.20 μm). The color changes observed were clinically unacceptable, except for conventionally polished and one type of surface sealant applied microwave polymerized PMMA denture base material., (Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing excess of resin-based materials applied to eroded enamel, subjected to erosive challenge., Methods: Bovine enamel blocks were immersed in HCl 0.01M, pH 2.3, for 30s under agitation at 50 rpm in room temperature, in order to form a softened erosion lesion. The blocks were then randomly divided into eight groups (n=12) and treated as follows: Cn- and Ce-control without treatment, Hn- and He-fissure resin sealant (Helioseal Clear(®)), An- and Ae-self-etch adhesive (Adhese(®)), In- and Ie-infiltrant (Icon(®)); being n-with excess removal and e-without excess removal of the material. After application of the materials, the blocks were immersed in HCl for 2 min, followed by immersion in artificial saliva for 120 min. This cycle was repeated four times a day for five days. Material thickness and enamel wear were assessed using profilometry. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (P<0.05)., Results: Groups He, Ae, and Ie resulted in the formation of a layer of material over enamel, being similar effective in inhibiting erosion progression (P>0.05). Groups Hn, An, and In (with excess removal) were similar to controls (Cn, Ce) and resulted in near enamel loss after application and after erosive challenge (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Resin-based materials are able to protect enamel against erosion only when they are present over enamel, as a physical barrier., Clinical Significance: The resin-based materials demonstrated potential to prevent the progression of erosion lesions when the material remains on the dental surface., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the buffering capacity of glass-ionomer material in vitro. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no effect of cured glass-ionomer pit-and-fissure sealant (PFS) pastes on the environmental acidity as well as the tooth substrate., Method: For each material, a cured PFS disk and a section of human enamel were simultaneously soaked in lactic acid solution in a conical tube, and the pH of the solution was measured daily for one week. Subsequently, the total amount of calcium leached out in solution was also measured with ICP-AES., Results: The results showed that the acidity of the solutions changed over time. Significant differences of calcium ion concentration in solution were observed as a result of decalcification. As the PFS products tested did not include calcium, the concentration of calcium ion released indicated acidic erosion of the tooth enamel., Conclusions: The glass-ionomer countered the acid of the solution rapidly and preserved the structure of human tooth enamel., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the study was to compare fissure sealant quality after mechanical conditioning of erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser or air abrasion prior to chemical conditioning of phosphoric acid etching or of a self-etch adhesive. Twenty-five permanent molars were initially divided into three groups: control group (n = 5), phosphoric acid etching; test group 1 (n = 10), air abrasion; and test group 2, (n = 10) Er:YAG laser. After mechanical conditioning, the test group teeth were sectioned buccolingually and the occlusal surface of one half tooth (equal to one sample) was acid etched, while a self-etch adhesive was applied on the other half. The fissure system of each sample was sealed, thermo-cycled and immersed in 5% methylene dye for 24 h. Each sample was sectioned buccolingually, and one slice was analysed microscopically. Using specialized software microleakage, unfilled margin, sealant failure and unfilled area proportions were calculated. A nonparametric ANOVA model was applied to compare the Er:YAG treatment with that of air abrasion and the self-etch adhesive with phosphoric acid (α = 0.05). Test groups were compared to the control group using Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α = 0.05). The control group displayed significantly lower microleakage but higher unfilled area proportions than the Er:YAG laser + self-etch adhesive group and displayed significantly higher unfilled margin and unfilled area proportions than the air-abrasion + self-etch adhesive group. There was no statistically significant difference in the quality of sealants applied in fissures treated with either Er:YAG laser or air abrasion prior to phosphoric acid etching, nor in the quality of sealants applied in fissures treated with either self-etch adhesive or phosphoric acid following Er:YAG or air-abrasion treatment.

Aim: This in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the microhardness of enamel adjacent to a glass ionomer cement (GIC) with high fluoride content used as a sealant (Fuji Triage, GC Corp., Japan) after laser, bur or air abrasion treatment procedures., Study Design: 200 freshly extracted non-carious human molars were divided into 10 experimental groups according to the enamel pre-treatment method: A air abrasion (Mach 4.1 Kreativ Inc., USA); AP, Air abrasion + conditioning with 20% polyacrylic acid (GC cavity conditioner); L, Er,Cr:YSGG laser application (Waterlase, Biolase Technology, Inc., San Clemente, USA); LP, Er,Cr:YSGG laser application and fissure conditioning; B, ameloplasty carried out with a diamond bur especially designed for preparing fissures (Komet #8833); BP, ameloplasty + fissure conditioning; P, application of 20% polyacrylic acid and all fissures sealed with GIC; C, no fissure treatment, the material was applied directly to the fissures (control); R, application of 37% orthophosphoric acid and fissures sealed with a resin-based sealant (Fissurit; Voco, Germany) (control); N, no treatment (control). Half of each group of teeth were left in artificial saliva for one month and the rest for three months. The teeth were then sectioned and microhardness was measured using a Vickers test apparatus. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Dunn's multiple comparison tests were carried out (5% significance)., Results: After one month results regarding hardness at the base and lateral walls of fissures were significantly higher in groups A, AP, L, LP, B, BP, P and C than in groups R and N (p<0.01), but no difference was seen between the treatment procedures. The results after three months produced similar findings with evenly increased values for all groups., Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the tested GIC with a higher fluoride content seemed to improve the enamel hardness of the fissure enamel and could be regarded as an alternative material in cases where resin sealant applications are questionable.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize and to evaluate the bioactivity potential of experimental root canal sealers (ES) based on Portland cement, epoxy resin with nano- and micro-particles of niobium or zirconium oxide used as radiopacifiers in comparison to AH Plus and MTA Fillapex., Methods: Specimens of the sealers (10 mm in diameter×1 mm thick) were prepared and the radiopacity was evaluated according to ISO 6876 (2012) specifications. Characterization of the sealers was performed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) immediately after setting and after immersion for 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). In addition X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were also performed. The pH and calcium ion release were measured after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after completion of seating using a digital pH meter and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively., Results: The experimental sealers exhibited an average radiopacity of 2.5 mm thickness of aluminum, which was similar to MTA Fillapex (P>0.05) and inferior to AH Plus (P<0.05). AH Plus did not show bioactivity. Although the experimental sealers did not exhibit the formation of hydration product, they encouraged the deposition of crystalline spherical structures of calcium deficient phosphate. The highest pH and calcium release values were observed with the experimental sealers (P<0.01). ES-Nb-micro was the only sealer to present hexagonal shaped crystal deposition., Significance: Novel root canal sealers based on a mixture of Portland cement, epoxy resin and radiopacifier exhibited a degree of bioactivity although no evidence of cement hydration was demonstrated on material characterization. The radiopacifier particle size had limited effect on the sealer microstructure and chemical properties., (Copyright © 2014 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hinokitiol displays potent antimicrobial activity. It has been used in toothpaste and oral-care gel to improve the oral lichen planus and reduce halitosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 3 different dental root canal sealers with hinokitiol (sealers+H) and their physical and biological effects. AH Plus (epoxy amine resin-based, AH), Apexit Plus (calcium-hydroxide-based, AP), and Canals (zinc-oxide-eugenol-based, CA), were used in this study. The original AH and CA exhibited strong anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity, but AP did not. The setting time, working time, flowability, film thickness, and solubility of each sealer+0.2%H complied with ISO 6876:2001. CA+0.2%H exhibited high cytotoxicity, but the others sealers+0.2%H did not. Because hinokitiol combined with Zn2+ in CA creates a synergistic effect. The physical tests of AP+0.5%-1%H complied with ISO 6876:2001, improved antimicrobial activity, inhibited inflammation genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA in MG-63 cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and down-regulated lysyl oxidase (LOX) mRNA of HGF. In summary, AH and CA demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, but AP did not. Application of hinokitiol increases AH anti-MRSA activity should less than 0.2% for keep well flowability. AP+0.5%-1% hinokitiol exhibited strong physical, antibacterial, and anti-inflammation potentials, and inhibited S. aureus abscess formation. Applying an appreciable proportion of hinokitiol to epoxy-amine-resin-based and calcium-hydroxide-based root canal sealers is warranted, but the enhanced cytotoxicity and synergistic effect must be considered.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the relative efficacy of a resin fissure sealant, nano-filled self-adhesive protective coating, resin infiltrant, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and GIC containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in preventing the formation of subsurface lesions of enamel (SLE) adjacent to orthodontic brackets by acting as an enamel surface sealant (ESS)., Methods: Eighty-five enamel specimens with molar tubes bonded at their centre were randomly divided into five groups, each treated with a different material at the bracket's periphery. Specimens were stored in an acetate demineralization solution at pH 4.5 for 7 days at 37 °C then imaged using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) to determine the difference in fluorescence (∆F) between sound- and acid-exposed enamel. Lesion cross-sections were then examined using backscattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure lesion depth., Results: The use of GIC alone or incorporating CPP-ACP significantly reduced ∆F compared with other materials. Backscattered SEM images showed no measurable demineralization for enamel treated with either GIC material in contrast with other groups, which showed statistically significant demineralization levels., Conclusions: The fluoride-releasing effects and CPP-ACP benefits of the GIC materials show promise as an effective ESS in inhibiting enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets., (© 2014 Australian Dental Association.)

Oral bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius, contribute to tooth decay and plaque formation; therefore, it is essential to develop strategies to prevent dental caries and plaque formation. We recently showed that organo-selenium compounds covalently attached to different biomaterials inhibited bacterial biofilms. Our current study investigates the efficacy of an organo-selenium dental sealant (SeLECT-Defense(TM) sealant) in inhibiting S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilm formation in vitro. The organo-selenium was synthesized and covalently attached to dental sealant material via standard polymer chemistry. By colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and confocal microscopy, SeLECT-Defense(TM) sealant was found to completely inhibit the development of S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilms. To assess the durability of the anti-biofilm effect, we soaked the SeLECT-Defense(TM) sealant in PBS for 2 mos at 37°C and found that the biofilm-inhibitory effect was not diminished after soaking. To determine if organo-selenium inhibits bacterial growth under the sealant, we placed SeLECT-Defense sealant over a lawn of S. mutans. In contrast to a control sealant, SeLECT-Defense(TM) sealant completely inhibited the growth of S. mutans. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of SeLECT-Defense(TM) sealant against S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilms is very effective and durable.

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of clear and opaque fissure sealants on readings of laser fluorescence (LF) and light-emitting diode (LED) based caries detection devices., Background Data: When planning patient care, the practitioner needs to consider any changes in the status of the sealed surface for the long-term success of the sealant. As visual inspection is difficult to perform on sealed surfaces, adjunct diagnostic methods must be used to improve follow-up assessments and increase the accuracy of caries diagnosis., Methods: Forty-six freshly extracted permanent human molars were selected and divided into two groups. Each group was treated with a different sealant (clear and opaque). The teeth were measured twice by two blinded observers using an LF-based and an LED-based device before and after sealing. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon's matched-pairs signed-rank test and a paired t-test. Cohen's κ and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to examine intra- and inter-examiner repeatability., Results: The values of the LED device were significantly higher after the application of the opaque sealant, but there was no statistically significant difference after the application of the clear sealant (p=0.15). The LF-based device readings were also significantly lower after both the clear and the opaque sealant applications (p<0.001)., Conclusions: The readings from the LF-based device were affected by both sealants. The readings from the LED-based device were affected by the opaque sealant but not by the clear sealant.

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of Er:YAG laser surface treatment on the tensile bond strength of a sealant in permanent teeth. A total of 30 sound third molars were selected and embedded in cold-cure acrylic resin. The enamel surfaces were flattened by a grinding. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups and pretreated as follows: (1) 37% phosphoric acid; (2) Er:YAG laser (1.5 ml/min water spray, 100 mJ energy output, 10 Hz frequency, focal distance 17 mm); (3) Er:YAG laser + 37% phosphoric acid. The treated surfaces were isolated by double adhesive Sellotape and after insertion of a split Teflon matrix at an isolated site, sealant was applied. The specimens were thermocycled and stored at 37°C in distilled water for 72 h, then subjected to a tensile bond strength test (50 kgf at 0.5 mm/min). The mean tensile bond strengths (± SD, in megapascals) were: 18.51 ± 5.68 in group 1, 8.06 ± 2.69 in group 2, and 17.33 ± 5.04 in group 3. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test. No significant difference were found between groups 1 (37% phosphoric acid) and group 3 (Er:YAG laser + 37% phosphoric acid) but treatment with the Er:YAG laser alone (group 2) resulted in significantly lower tensile bond strength than seen in the other groups. In this setting, the Er:YAG laser prepared the enamel surface for sealing but did not eliminate the need for acid etching before sealant application.

A resin-based sealant containing chitosan whiskers was developed for use as a pit and fissure sealer. Chitosan whiskers were synthesized and then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The whiskers were next incorporated into dimethacrylate monomer at various ratios by weight and subsequently analyzed for their antimicrobial and physical properties. The dimethacrylate-based sealant containing chitosan whiskers had a greater antimicrobial activity than control sealant and they were comparable with antimicrobial commercial resin sealants. The inclusion of the whiskers did not reduce the curing depth or degree of double bond conversion and the reduction in hardness was minimal. In conclusion, a resin-based sealant containing chitosan whiskers can be considered an effective antimicrobial pit and fissure sealant.

Purpose: This study's purpose was to evaluate the in vitro effect of sealants in protecting adjacent enamel from acid demineralization., Methods: Occlusal fissures of extracted molars (N=10) were sealed with: conventional nonfluoride (DO; Delton Opaque) resin-based sealant (RBS); fluoride-containing RBS (US; UltraSeal XT plus, and CP; Clinpro); amorphous calcium phosphate-containing RBS (BW; Bosworth Aegis); or glass ionomer sealant (FT; Fuji Triage). The specimens were immersed in lactic acid gel for 20 days to create demineralized lesions on the occlusal enamel. Cross-sectional microhardness was measured at the lesion 0.5 mm from the sealant margin. Mineral loss (ΔZ, volume % mineral x μm) was calculated from the microhardness values and subjected to analysis of variance and student-Newman-Keuls tests., Results: Mineral loss values (mean ±SD) were: 1,975 ± 806, 1,802 ± 512, 1,004 ± 421, 1,275 ± 375, and 88 ± 124 for DO, US, CP, BW, and FT, respectively; ΔZ for DO and US was significantly higher, and ΔZ for FT was significantly lower than that for CP and BW (P=.05)., Conclusions: Resin-based sealants containing fluoride or amorphous calcium phosphate may provide some protective effect on demineralization of adjacent enamel vs conventional nonfluoride sealant. Glass ionomer sealant was the most effective in protecting adjacent enamel from acid demineralization.

Background: The authors incorporated an antibacterial monomer, methacryloxylethyl cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-CB), into a commercial pit-and-fissure sealant to evaluate the monomer's antibacterial activity and mechanical properties., Methods: The authors incorporated DMAE-CB at 1 percent by weight into a commercially available sealant (Helioseal, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein). The same sealant, Helioseal, without DMAE-CB served as a negative control. The authors used Helioseal F (Ivoclar Vivadent), containing a fluoride-releasing resin, as a positive control. They determined effects of the cured sealants and their eluents on the growth of Streptococcus mutans by means of a film contact test and absorbance measurement, respectively. They measured and compared surface contact angle, degree of conversion, microhardness and microleakage., Results: The authors found that in comparison with the negative control sealant, the cured sealant containing DMAE-CB had an inhibitory effect on the growth of S. mutans (P < .05), whereas the eluents of neither of these sealants showed any detectable antibacterial activity. The positive control also showed no detectable bactericidal activity. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the contact angle, degree of conversion, microhardness and microleakage between the DMAE-CB group and the negative control group (P > .05)., Conclusions: The incorporation of DMAE-CB can provide sealant with contact antibacterial activity after polymerization by influencing the growth of S. mutans. The incorporation of small amounts of the monomer DMAE-CB showed no influence on the contact angle, degree of conversion, hardness and microleakage of the parental material., Clinical Implications: The results provided inference concerning the potential clinical performance of the sealant with antibacterial activity.

We evaluated the concentration of fluoride release at the initial stage and after recharging the fluoride from a resin-based sealant containing surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler and conventional resin-based sealants. The concentration of other ions released from the sealants in the surrounding distilled water was also examined. At the initial stage, fluoride was released from all sealants. For the sealant containing S-PRG filler, a significantly higher amount of Sr and B ions was detected relative to those from other sealants. After sealant samples were soaked in a sodium fluoride solution, a significant amount of fluoride and other ions was released from the sealant containing S-PRG filler. These findings suggest that sealants containing S-PRG filler enhance the enamel demineralization-inhibiting effect and the remineralization-promoting effect for long-term dental care.

Purpose: Pit and fissure sealants are widely used in the prevention of initial occlusal caries. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealants regain their antibacterial properties after rinsing with a fluoride solution., Method: Helioseal F, Ultraseal XT, Dyract Seal, and GC Fuji TRIAGE were placed on the sidewalls of the wells of a 96-microtiter plate. After polymerization and a 30 day aging process, the samples were rinsed daily with a 0.05% NaF solution for 14 days. Twenty four hours after the last fluoride rinse, freshly grown Streptococcus mutans cells (circa 1 x 106) were placed on the surface of each sample for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. Growth medium was then added to each well and bacterial growth was followed for 24 hours in a temperature-controlled spectrophotometer. Similar experiments were conducted on samples 48 hours and 72 hours after the last fluoride rinse., Results: The results showed that both GC Fuji TRIAGE and Dyract Seal possessed antibacterial properties 24 hours after the last fluoride exposure. GC Fuji TRIAGE maintained potent antibacterial properties 48 hours after the last fluoride rinse. 72 hours after the last fluoride rinse none of the materials showed any antibacterial properties., Conclusions: None of the tested materials showed any antibacterial properties after a 30 day aging process An aging process of all tested sealant materials, for 30 days, resulted in a complete elimination of their antibacterial properties. After a daily 30 second rinse for two weeks with a 0.05% NaF solution, the antibacterial attributes of the glass-ionomer and the compomer based sealants were regained.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to perform a review of the effects of infiltrants and sealers on the inhibition of enamel demineralisation., Materials and Methods: The authors searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science (ISI) for papers published between January 1970 and September 2008. The main search terms were 'artificial caries' or 'caries treatment' or 'caries-like lesion' or 'white spot lesion' or 'enamel demineralisation' or 'natural caries' and 'enamel' and 'sealant' or 'resin infiltration'. The inclusion criteria were studies that produced artificial non-cavitated enamel lesions before the application of sealant in in vivo or in vitro studies. Studies excluded were those that had not produced artificial non-cavitated enamel lesions before the application of sealant; had evaluated the inhibition of enamel demineralisation around restorations, sealant and orthodontic bracket/bands; had not evaluated the inhibition of enamel demineralisation after the sealant application; and had not applied sealant materials. Selected papers were given scores, from A to C, according to predetermined criteria., Results: Eighteen studies were identified and included in the project critical appraisal. Two papers were classified as Grade A, nine as Grade B and seven as Grade C., Conclusions: It can be concluded that while fissure sealing acts as a diffusion barrier on the top of the lesion surface, the infiltration technique creates a barrier inside the lesion by replacing the mineral lost with a low-viscosity light-curing resin.

This study evaluated the sealing ability of gray MTA-Angelus mixed with propyleneglycol in furcal perforations using a bacterial leakage test. Furcal perforations were created in 30 human mandibular molars using a size 3 round bur The samples were divided randomly into 2 experimental groups (n=10) according to the mixing agent. In G1, the MTA powder was mixed with propyleneglycol, while distilled water was used in G2. A 3:1 powder-liquid ratio was used for both groups. The MTA was placed in the perforation with an MTA carrier and condensed with hand pluggers. Non-repaired (n=5) and totally sealed (n=5) perforations served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Bacterial leakage was assessed daily for 30 days in a double-chamber apparatus with Enterococcus faecalis. Data were analyzed using Fisher exact test (p < 0.05) for three leakage periods: 1st to 10th day (P1); 11th to 20th day (P2); and 21st to 30th day (P3). The positive control presented leakage in all specimens within the first 24 hours, while no leakage was observed in the negative control during the experimental period. Leakage was observed in five (50%) of the 10 samples of the propyleneglycol group (G1) and seven (70%) of the distilled water group (G2) by the 20th day, without significant difference between the groups in periods P1 and P2 (p = 0.137). The leakage was significantly lower for G1 than G2 in period P3 (50% versus 100%, respectively, p = 0.016). In this single aerobic bacterial leakage method, the use of propyleneglycol as a vehicle for gray MTA-Angelus increased its sealing ability in furcal perforations at the end of the 30-day experimental period.

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the microleakage of a nano-flowable composite used as a protective base, applied with different conditioning methods in nonvital bleaching., Materials and Methods: Forty root-filled teeth were divided into four treatment groups (n = 10 per group): group 1--Er:YAG laser etching + Adper Single Bond 2; group 2-37% phosphoric acid + Adper Single Bond 2; group 3--Adper Prompt L-Pop; and group 4--No treatment. A nano-flowable composite (Filtek Supreme Flow) base was used in each group. For a 24-h period, 40% hydrogen peroxide solution was applied to the pulp chambers, and they were subsequently subjected to a dye (silver nitrate) challenge for 4 h. After the dye was washed out with water, each tooth was cut in half and both halves were exposed to sunlight for 2 h to promote oxidation of the dye, turning it black. Finally the sections were examined under 4x magnification to determine the degree of leakage as assessed with a four-point scale. Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test., Results: There were no significant differences between groups 1, 2, and 3 (p > 0.05), but the teeth in group 4 had significantly higher microleakage scores than the teeth in the other groups (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Self-etching adhesive application, Er:YAG laser etching, and phosphoric acid etching combined with an adhesive system all showed similar microleakge scores when a nano-flowable composite was applied as a protective base in nonvital bleaching.

An analysis was carried out to observe whether the application or not of a composite surface sealant (CSS), as well the moment for CSS application were able to reduce marginal microleakage in compactable composite resin restoration. All the preparations were restored with a compactable composite resin. The restored teeth were randomly assessed. G1 (control group): finished and polished; G2: finished, polished, etched and cover with CSS; G3: immediately after the restoration done the CSS was applied, then finished and polished; G4: CSS applied immediately after the restoration was done, the finished and polished, etched, and covered with CSS. The specimens were isolated with nail polish, thermocycled, immersed in aqueous solution of silver nitrate, and followed in a photo developing solution. The microleakage scores obtained from the occlusal and cervical walls were analyzed with the Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric test. No microleakage was found at the enamel margins. Comparing the microleakage scores at dentin/cementum margins (p < 0.05) it was found that G3 (p = 0.0162) and G4 (p = 0.0187) were able to reduce microleakage when compared with group G2. However the results were not statistically different from the control group. The application of CSS was not able to completely eliminate marginal microleakage at the dentin/cementum margins.

Occlusal pits and fissures are the most susceptible sites for the development of dental caries and prevention is difficult in the areas of occurrence. Although only 12.5% of all the tooth surfaces are occlusal, these surfaces develop more than two-thirds of total caries experienced by children. The fate of the bacteria is of significance when they are inadvertently sealed by a dental sealant. This study aimed in examining the antibacterial properties of three commercially available sealants, viz., Teethmate-F, Helioseal-F and Helioseal. Antibacterial testing was done by disc diffusion method. Selective agars were used to grow Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Statistical analysis was carried out using student's t test. The study proved that Helioseal-F and Helioseal did not possess antibacterial properties and Teethmate-F was the only sealant that showed antibacterial properties.

Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the inhibition of demineralization in an in vitro simulated caries model by different fluoride agents could be monitored nondestructively using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) on smooth enamel surfaces peripheral to orthodontic brackets., Materials and Methods: Sixty human molar samples used for this in vitro study were divided into four groups of fifteen. The groups consisted of a control, a fluoride releasing glass ionomer cement, an adhesive fluoride sealant, and fluoride in solution (2-ppm fluoride). The reflectivity from tooth surfaces was monitored using a PS-OCT system at different time points after exposure to a pH cycling demin/remin model at 3-day intervals for 15 days. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to examine lesion depth after day 15., Results: PS-OCT was effective at measuring significant differences in the integrated reflectivity in depth between the control and fluoride groups (P<0.001). The fluoride sealant demonstrated a greater protective effect than the fluoride in solution and the glass ionomer cement., Conclusions: These results suggest that PS-OCT is well suited for the nondestructive assessment of caries inhibition by anti-caries agents., ((c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

The objective was to measure the combined effect of mucin, chlorhexidine and tea solution on the staining of four dental resin composites, and to determine the effect of surface sealant on staining. One side of cured resin composite specimens of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. One group of specimens (n = 5) was treated with a surface sealant [BisCover, Bisco, USA; SS (surface sealant) group], and the other group was not (NO group; control). Specimens were sequentially immersed in the following substances: Mucin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS); chlorhexidine; tea solution; and ultrasonic cleaning and then immersion in PBS. Color was measured on a reflection spectrophotometer. Changes in color (DeltaE (*) (ab)) and color parameters, such as hue, chroma and value, after immersion in tea solution and subsequent cleaning were analyzed by repeated measures, analysis of variance at the 0.05 level of significance. The range of DeltaE (*) (ab) values after immersion in tea solution was 11.4-21.1 for NO group and 10.5-19.6 for SS group, and that after cleaning was 2.4-10.0 for NO group and 2.7-8.3 for SS group. After staining, CIE L (*) value (lightness) decreased, and CIE a (*) and b (*) values increased. Color changes of resin composites were not acceptable after sequential immersion treatment (DeltaE (*) ( ab ) > 3.3). The changes in color and color parameters of sealant applied group were not significantly different from those of control group except for a few combinations of color parameters and resin composites.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in mineral loss of incipient enamel artificial carious lesions that were sealed with fluoride- or nonfluoride-containing resin sealant. Two artificial lesions (2x2 mm2 each) were created on buccal surface of 60 premolars by using Carbopol demineralizing solution. Lesions in the first group (30 teeth) was sealed with Delton and Delton Plus, the second group (30 teeth) was sealed with Helioseal and Helioseal F. All teeth were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days and sectioned through the lesions. The cross-sectioned surfaces were polished and then subjected to Vickers hardness measurement at 20 mm from the resin-enamel interface, and every 10 mm inwards across the lesion to the underlying sound enamel. Mineral content was converted from hardness number. Mean mineral loss was calculated and was compared between lesions sealed with fluoride- or nonfluoride-containing sealants. Mean +/- SD of mineral loss for Delton, Delton Plus, Helioseal and Helioseal-F were 1423 +/- 441, 1287 +/- 421, 1223 +/- 284, and 1165 +/- 267 VPM*mm, respectively. Paired t-test showed that the mineral loss of incipient enamel carious lesions sealed with fluoride-containing sealants, Delton Plus and Helioseal-F were not significantly different from those of nonfluoride-containing sealants, Delton and Helioseal (P > 0.05).

This study compared the progression of sealed initial enamel lesions penetrated with a fissure sealant (Helioseal, Vivadent) or various adhesives (Heliobond, Excite, Vivadent; Resulcin, Merz; Solobond M, Voco; Prompt L-Pop, 3M-ESPE) after exposure to a demineralizing solution, in vitro. From 27 bovine teeth, 54 enamel specimens were prepared and covered with nail varnish (control), thus obtaining three windows for treatment. After demineralization (pH 5.0; 14 days), two of the windows (A, B) were etched with phosphoric acid (20%; 5 seconds); whereas, the third area served as the control (C). The specimens were divided randomly into six groups (n=9), and the material was applied (90 seconds) either once (A) or twice (B). Light-curing followed each application. Half of the area of each specimen window was then covered with nail varnish, and the samples were again stored in the demineralizing solution (pH 5.0; 14 days). The specimens were cut perpendicular to the surface, and both enamel slabs were studied after infiltration using a fluorescent, low viscous resin (VIRIN) and confocal microscopy (CLSM). Lesion depths were calculated (ImageJ) from the surface to that point in the lesion where the grey values clearly changed to a darker grey. After demineralization, mean lesion depths (SD) (14 days) were measured at 105 (21) microm. The second demineralization led to a mean progression of the lesion depths of 52 (31)%. Adper Prompt L-Pop and Solobond M could not significantly prevent lesion progression after a single application (p > 0.05; t-test); however, the second application of Solobond M significantly decreased lesion progression (p < 0.05; t-test). Helioseal, Heliobond, Resulcin Monobond and Excite showed significantly better inhibition of the demineralization compared to the other materials (p < 0.05; Bonferroni). It can be concluded that the penetration of adhesives into initial lesions inhibited a further demineralization in vitro.

This work evaluated the remineralization of demineralized enamel of pits and fissures of human third molars sealed with a glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GC Corporation--Japan) or with a Bis-GMA sealant (Delton--Dentsply). Ten volunteers participated in this in situ study that consisted of two thirty-day periods using intra-oral devices, with a weeks interval in between. Four experimental treatment procedures and one control were randomly assigned to the volunteers specimens: Group I, no treatment, control; Group II, artificial caries process; Group III, same treatment as Group II, but sealed with Delton (Dentsply); Group IV, same treatment as Group II, but sealed with Fuji IX (GC Corporation--Japan); Group V, same treatment as Group II and no sealing. Groups I and II were not submitted to the oral environment and served as controls. After a period of 30 days in the oral environment, the specimens were removed from the devices, embedded in acrylic resin, ground flat and polished. Then, Knoop hardness tests were performed, with a 25 g static load applied for 15 seconds. The measurements were made from the base of the fissure up to an opening of 600 microm, pre-established between the inclines of the cusps. Three indentations were then made, located at 25, 75, and 125 microm in depth from the outer enamel margin and 100 microm apart from each other (Micromet 2003). The Brieger F and Bonferronis tests were applied to the measurements. It was concluded that sealing with the glass ionomer cement Fuji IX was capable of making the enamel of pits and fissures more resistant by increasing the value of Knoop hardness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of dentine treatment on dentine permeability of crown preparations treated with phosphoric acid, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and then ferric oxalate (Sensodyne sealant) or bis-phenol-A-diglycidyldimethacrylate (BIS-GMA) and hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) resin combination (Scotchbond Multipurpose). Thirty human premolars received full crown preparations (stage A), were then acid etched (stage B) and subsequently the pulp chamber flushed with NaOCl (stage C). They were then randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 was treated with Scotchbond Multipurpose and group 2 with 6% ferric oxalate (Sensodyne sealant) (stage D). Both groups were acid etched a second time (stage E) as the final step in the sequence. The rise in pressure in the pulp chamber because of the transmission of saline from the pressure chamber through cut dentine was recorded by a pressure transducer after each of the stages described (A to E). The mean rate of pressure change across dentine (Pa s(-1)) for each measurement point (A to E) (n = 30) were A = 2.3; B = 9.8; C = 16; D = 2.1; E = 3.1. Acid etching and NaOCl were both effective in producing significant increases in the rate of pressure change across dentine (P < 0.05). Sensodyne sealant and Scotchbond Multipurpose are both effective dentine sealants and there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in their abilities in sealing dentine. Acid etching-sealed dentine produced a significant increase in the rate of pressure change across dentine (P < 0.05). The sealing of dentine appears to be a sensible consideration following crown preparations on vital teeth.

Reasons for Performing Study: Surgical endodontic therapy is a conservative dental technique used in horses with some degree of clinical success. Failure of this procedure can partially be explained by inadequate sealing of the root apices with resultant microleakage in the periapical area., Objectives: To assess and compare in vitro sealing ability of 3 different dental restorative materials used as apical sealants during equine surgical endodontics., Methods: Thirty extracted equine cheek teeth were divided randomly into 3 groups and subjected to apicoectomy and apical sealing using 3 materials: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement; intermediate restorative material (IRM); a resin-modified glass ionomer; and amalgam. After apical sealing, the teeth were submerged in a solution of Procion Brilliant Cresyl Blue stain for a period of 7 days. The teeth were then washed, embedded in resin, sectioned and assessed microscopically for dye leakage around the apical restorations., Results: Although the materials proved effective as apical sealants, some dye leakage was encountered in all 3 groups with no statistical difference (P = 0.114)., Conclusions and Potential Relevance: IRM, a resin-modified glass ionomer and amalgam all showed comparative features as apical sealants when used in vitro in equine teeth. IRM is currently regarded as the superior material in clinical situations due to its ease of handling and lesser sensitivity to environmental moisture during placement compared to the other 2 materials.

Purpose: To evaluate an auto-cured resin as a direct pulp capping material on exposed pulp with or without a self-etching primer., Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the facial surfaces of 90 intact monkey teeth, and the pulps were intentionally exposed with a carbide bur through the cavity floor. Each exposed pulp was capped with a commercially available adhesive resin system (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V: Group LB) or an auto-cured sealant resin (Teethmate-S) with and without the use of a self-etching primer (Group TMP and Group TM, respectively). The cavities were restored with an adhesive resin and a hybrid resin-based composite (Clearfil AP-X). Inflammatory cell infiltration and dentin bridge formation of the exposed pulp as well as protrusion of the exposed pulp tissue into the cavities were evaluated histologically at 3, 30 and 90 days., Results: Slight inflammatory cell infiltration was the main inflammatory reaction of the exposed pulp, and the exposed area became occluded with dentin bridges as the observation period increased. However, significantly higher incidence of slight inflammatory cell infiltration was found in Group TM than in Group LB at 30 days (P<0.05). Group TM showed significantly higher incidence of protrusion of pulp tissue than Groups LB and TMP through all tested periods (P<0.05).

Purpose: Sealants form a physical barrier between the oral environment and deep fissures that contribute to caries prevention. It is postulated that sealants possessing antibacterial properties are advantageous. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of four pit and fissure sealants using direct contact test (DCT) and agar diffusion test (ADT)., Methods: For the DCT, 8 samples of Helioseal F (Vivadent), Ultraseal XT (Ultadent-Weldent), Conseal F (SDI), and Dyract Seal (Dentsply) were placed on the sidewalls of wells of a 96-microtiter plate. After polymerization, freshly grown Streptococcus mutans cells (circa 1 x 10(6)) were placed on the surface of each sample for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. Fresh media was then added to each well and bacterial growth was followed for 16 hours by temperature-controlled spectrophotometer. Similarly prepared samples were aged in phosphate buffered saline for 14 and 30 days and the DCT was repeated. The ADT was performed by placing samples in uniform wells punched in agar plates., Results: Freshly polymerized samples in the DCT, Dyract Seal and Ultraseal XT possessed prominent antibacterial properties. Dyract Seal also demonstrated the most potent antibacterial properties, which lasted 14 days but faded within 30 days. In ADT, the halo in the bacterial lawn was measured after 48 hours, and only Dyract Seal demonstrated an inhibition zone., Conclusions: The compomer-based sealant Dyract Seal possessed the most potent and longest lasting antibacterial activity.

Cervical dentine hypersensitivity is a common problem. When gingiva recession has appeared the root cement can become abraded by several causes and this situation can give pain problems when the tubules do not close. The most important part of the treatment is a good diagnosis and to find and eliminate the predisposing factors. After this has been done it is possible to try to close the dentinal tubulus for which there are several treatments. It is difficult to give a good advice for the treatment of cervical dentine hypersensitivity because research in this field is difficult due to the large amount of variables, the placebo effect and because the lack of a good experimental model.

Non-amalgam filling materials may release substances which have been shown to be toxic in cytotoxicity tests and implantation studies. However, results from systemic toxicity tests do not indicate any unacceptable risk to the patient's general health, but data for non-amalgam dental filling materials are scarce in comparison to amalgam. Although estrogen-like effects of one fissure sealant have been claimed, no conclusions can be drawn at present for the patient from these in vitro data because of the limitation of the test methods and materials used. Some components of composite resins/dentin adhesives and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement were mutagenic mainly in in vitro tests. Due to the limitations of the test systems and the comparatively high concentrations needed to elicit the reactions, no unacceptable risk can yet be derived from those data for the patient. However, a no-touch technique is recommended for the dental personnel. As with amalgam, local reactions of the pulp are not expected with alternative filling materials, if the pulp tissue is not exposed and if bacterial penetration is avoided. The latter requirement is still difficult to fulfill, especially for composite resin systems and related materials in posterior teeth situations. Slight gingival reactions to alternative filling materials and to amalgams are mainly attributed to plaque accumulation. From all these data it can be concluded that, for the time being, it is not possible to rank dental filling materials in respect to their biocompatibility, and it is evident that biocompatibility must be considered to the same extent for both amalgams and commonly used or recommended alternative filling materials.

This paper discusses the xenoestrogenicity of dental materials due to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (Bisphenol-A or BPA) and/or its derivatives. Based on a critical review of the pertinent published literature, the author concludes that there is no reason to change the indications for the clinical application of these dental materials.

Pit and fissure sealants (sealants) are recognized as an effective caries preventive measure. The aim of this study was to assess the fate of occlusal surface sealants in a sample of 'regularly' attending adolescent patients (mean age 12.5 years at baseline) of 41 general dental practitioners, participating in a 3-year prospective clinical trial. A subsidiary aim was to compare the caries status of completely sealed surfaces with that of inadequately sealed surfaces over the same period. Baseline and three annual follow-up examinations were conducted by one trained and calibrated examiner under optimal conditions (dental chair, operating light, and compressed air). Sealed occlusal surfaces were evaluated for sealant type, sealant coverage, and caries status of the surface. Data for the initial and final year examinations were available for 402 subjects, who had 1377 sealants at baseline. Surfaces with optimal sealant coverage at baseline (n = 592) were significantly less likely to have become decayed (dentinal caries) or to have been restored by year 4 than surfaces with less than complete coverage (P < 0.001). Considering sealant maintenance during the study, 484 of the sealants were of optimal coverage (covered the fissure system) at the final examination. However, only 135 surfaces demonstrated evidence of maintenance by attaining optimal coverage. It is concluded that the fissure sealants in this sample may not have received the regular maintenance required to ensure full surface coverage and thus provide maximal caries protection, as inadequately sealed surfaces were more likely to decay than completely sealed surfaces.