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Water scarcity poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, prompting the development of sustainable technologies to optimize water resource utilization. This study focuses on the synthesis and application of a multifunctional poly (vinylpyrrolidone); PVP-based superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) for controlled release of essential fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and enhanced water retention in soil. The hydrogel was prepared via a facile one-step approach and compared to a control soil without hydrogel amendment. The reaction was initiated in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to produce a PVP-based copolymer hydrogel. The hydrogel was then subjected to a basic treatment using either sodium hydroxide (hydrogel #1) or potassium hydroxide (hydrogel #2). The PVP-based SAH exhibited excellent swelling capacity, water retention, and fertilizer release properties. When applied to Pisum sativum plants under drought stress, the hydrogel significantly improved soil moisture levels, nutrient availability, and plant growth parameters compared to the control. The hydrogel #2-amended plants demonstrated enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency, highlighting the hydrogel's effectiveness in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress. These findings demonstrate the potential of the PVP-based SAH as a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture, offering using readily available and inexpensive raw materials, suggesting a relatively low-cost and scalable production process. Furthermore, the hydrogel facilitates water conservation, controlled nutrient delivery, and improved plant performance under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis is a prominent method for generating plant mutants, often resulting in chimera plants; however, their transcriptional and genetic characteristic remain elusive. In this investigation, chimera pea (Pisum sativum L.) specimens, labeled GY1 and GY2, exhibiting a distinctive phenotype with yellow and green leaves were meticulously cultivated via sequential double EMS mutagenesis. The observed color disparity between the yellow and green leaves was attributed to a significant reduction in chlorophyll content coupled with heightened lutein levels in both chimeric variants. Transcriptome profiling revealed the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in both GY1 and GY2, specifically implicating Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways linked to amino acid biosynthesis and ribosome development, alongside Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes linked with stress response mechanisms. Few structural genes associated with chlorophyll and lutein biosynthesis exhibited discernible differential expression. Despite these functional similarities, distinctive nuances were evident between specimens, with GY1 exhibiting enrichment in GO pathways related to chloroplast development and GY2 showing enrichment for ribosome development pathways. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis uncovered a shared pool of 599 and 598 polymorphisms in the yellow and green leaves of GY1 and GY2, respectively, likely stemming from the initial EMS mutagenesis step. Further investigation revealed an increased number of unique SNPs in the yellow leaves following the second EMS application, whereas the green leaves exhibited sparse and unique SNP occurrences, suggestive of potential evasion from secondary mutagenesis. This inherent genetic variability underpins the mechanism underlying the formation of chimera plants. Predominant base mutations induced by EMS were characterized by G/A and C/T transitions, constituting 74.1% of the total mutations, aligning with established EMS mutation induction paradigms. Notably, genes encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIIso4G and the ubiquitin ligase RKP, known to modulate leaf color in model plants, harbored two SNPs in the yellow leaves of both GY1 and GY2, implicating their putative role in the yellow leaf phenotype. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the transcriptional and genetic characteristics of chimera plants via EMS-induced mutagenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of lead (Pb) at various concentrations, as an abiotic factor, and the cross-talk between Pb and pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as a biotic factor, on the defence responses of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. cv. Cysterski). The analysis of growth parameters for pea seedlings demonstrated that Pb at a low concentration, i.e., 0.025–0.0625 mM Pb(NO3)2, caused a hormesis effect, i.e., stimulation of seedling growth, whereas Pb at higher concentrations, i.e., 0.01–0.325 mM Pb(NO3)2, inhibited growth, which manifested as the inhibition of length and fresh biomass. The differences in the level of the main defence-related phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)—an auxin stimulating plant cell growth—depended on the dose of Pb, aphid infestation and direct contact of the stress factor with the organ. A high accumulation of soluble sugars in the organs of pea seedlings both at sublethal doses and hormetic doses at early experimental time points was observed. At 0 h and 24 h of the experiment, the hormetic doses of Pb significantly stimulated invertase activities, especially in the roots. Moreover, an increase was observed in the pisatin concentration in pea seedlings growing in the presence of different concentrations of Pb and in the case of cross-talk between Pb and A. pisum in relation to the control. Additionally, a significant induction of the expressions of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and 6α-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (HMM) genes, which participate in the regulation of the pisatin biosynthesis pathway, in pea seedlings growing under the influence of sublethal 0.5 mM Pb(NO3)2 and hormetic 0.075 mM Pb(NO3)2 doses of Pb was noted. The obtained results showed that the response of P. sativum seedlings depends on the Pb dose applied, direct contact of the stress factor with the organ and the duration of contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-priming is a relatively new seed treatment technique using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), and such application of NPs may support the plants' immunity. Recently we have shown that the that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) used as short-term foliar treatment protect pea seedlings against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. In the present study, the protection of peas against both fungal pathogens via seed priming with bio-AgNPs was analyzed. Moreover, the changes in the polar metabolic profiles of the seedlings caused by priming and infection were also compared. Seed priming with bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L considerably reduced the symptoms and infection levels of both pathogens by over 70% and 90% for F. avenaceum and D. pinodes, respectively. Pathogens infection and nano-priming affected the metabolic profile of pea seedlings. The major changes in the primary metabolism were observed among carbohydrates and amino acids. In turn, this may result in changes in the expression and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Therefore, further investigation of the effect of nano-priming should focus on the changes in the secondary metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity and geographic distribution of pea-nodulating rhizobia in the subtropical region of Yunnan Province from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Methods and results: A total of 615 rhizobial isolates were obtained from root nodules of the trapping plants and characterized genetically and symbiotically. The isolates discriminated into 43 genotypes by PCR-RFLP of IGS DNA. Multiple locus sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA, recA, atpD, dnaK, and rpoB genes placed them into eight clusters corresponding to species R. acaciae, R. anhuiense, R. binae, R. bangladeshense, R. hidalgonense, and three suspected novel populations of Rhizobium genosp. I-III. R. acaciae was the dominant group (52.5%) followed by R. anhuiense (30.7%). The other species were minor groups. Based on nodC phylogeny, all of them were the symbiovar viciae. All the tested strains showed efficient symbiotic N2 fixation on pea plants, in which WLB27, WCB18, and WNY29 presented the best PGP effects. Some of the tested strains had better IAA production, with WCB18 as the best producer (64.556 mg/L). Their distribution was mainly affected by soil available phosphorus, available potassium, and effective nitrogen. According to the results of symbiotic effect and resistance tests, strains of WLB27, WCB18, and WNY29 were selected as candidates for creating inoculants. Discussion: This suggests that the pea-nodulating rhizobia in Yunnan Province form a unique community. The results gave some novel information about the diversity, diversification, and biogeography of pea-nodulating rhizobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis is a prominent method for generating plant mutants, often resulting in chimera plants; however, their transcriptional and genetic characteristic remain elusive. In this investigation, chimera pea (Pisum sativum L.) specimens, labeled GY1 and GY2, exhibiting a distinctive phenotype with yellow and green leaves were meticulously cultivated via sequential double EMS mutagenesis. The observed color disparity between the yellow and green leaves was attributed to a significant reduction in chlorophyll content coupled with heightened lutein levels in both chimeric variants. Transcriptome profiling revealed the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in both GY1 and GY2, specifically implicating Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways linked to amino acid biosynthesis and ribosome development, alongside Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes linked with stress response mechanisms. Few structural genes associated with chlorophyll and lutein biosynthesis exhibited discernible differential expression. Despite these functional similarities, distinctive nuances were evident between specimens, with GY1 exhibiting enrichment in GO pathways related to chloroplast development and GY2 showing enrichment for ribosome development pathways. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis uncovered a shared pool of 599 and 598 polymorphisms in the yellow and green leaves of GY1 and GY2, respectively, likely stemming from the initial EMS mutagenesis step. Further investigation revealed an increased number of unique SNPs in the yellow leaves following the second EMS application, whereas the green leaves exhibited sparse and unique SNP occurrences, suggestive of potential evasion from secondary mutagenesis. This inherent genetic variability underpins the mechanism underlying the formation of chimera plants. Predominant base mutations induced by EMS were characterized by G/A and C/T transitions, constituting 74.1% of the total mutations, aligning with established EMS mutation induction paradigms. Notably, genes encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIIso4G and the ubiquitin ligase RKP, known to modulate leaf color in model plants, harbored two SNPs in the yellow leaves of both GY1 and GY2, implicating their putative role in the yellow leaf phenotype. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the transcriptional and genetic characteristics of chimera plants via EMS-induced mutagenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: ARG6 and ARG10 pea accessions exhibited better tolerance to drought by keeping drought-associated attributes stable and higher, that is, stable chlorophyll content, high antioxidant activity, and the presence of polymorphic bands with stress-responsive EST-SSR markers. Each year, a significant portion of crops is lost due to various abiotic stresses, and even pea (Pisum sativum) crop growth and yield are severely affected by the challenges posed by drought stress. Drought is a critical factor that limits crop growth and development, and its impact is exacerbated by changes in the magnitude of climatic conditions. Drought induces oxidative stress in plants, leading to the accumulation of high concentrations of reactive oxygen species that damage cell structures and vital functioning of cells. The primary objective was to identify stress-tolerant plants by evaluating different morphological and biochemical attributes, such as biomass, chlorophyll content, relative water content, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and DPPH scavenging activity, as well as protein, proline, and phenolic content. Our study revealed that pea accessions (ARG6 and ARG10) were more resilient to drought stress as their chlorophyll, relative water, protein, and proline contents increased under drought conditions. Antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, APX, and DPPH activities, also increased under drought stress in ARG10 and ARG6, suggesting that these accessions could bolster the antioxidant defense system in response to drought stress. Based on putative (cellular, biological, and metabolic) functions, ten EST-SSR primers were selected for the amplification study. Three EST-SSR primers, AUMP06_110, AUMP18_300, and AUMP31_250, were used for ARG6 and ARG10. Based on the correlation between the presence or absence of specific EST-SSR alleles, various physiological and morphological traits, and DPPH scavenging activity, both ARG10 and ARG6 demonstrated resistance to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the role of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family in the adaptation of peas to environmental stress. A comprehensive analysis of the PsTPS gene family identified 20 genes with conserved domains and specific chromosomal locations. Phylogenetic analysis delineated evolutionary relationships, while gene structure analysis revealed compositional insights, and motif analysis provided functional insights. Cis-regulatory element identification predicted gene regulation patterns. Tissue-specific and stress-induced expression profiling highlighted eight genes with ubiquitous expression, with PsTPS15 and PsTPS18 displaying elevated expression levels in roots, nodules, and young stems, and PsTPS13 and PsTPS19 expression downregulated in seeds. Transcriptome analysis identified a differential expression of 20 PsTPS genes, highlighting the significance of 14 genes in response to drought and salinity stress. Notably, under drought conditions, the expression of PsTPS4 and PsTPS6 was initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas that of PsTPS15 and PsTPS19 was downregulated. Salinity stress notably altered the expression of PsTPS4, PsTPS6, and PsTPS19. Taken together, these findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the PsTPS gene family and their potential as genetic targets for enhancing crop stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Pea is a grain legume crop with a high potential to accelerate the food transition due to its high seed protein content and relatively well‐balanced amino acid composition. The critical role of external sulfur (S) supply in determining seed yield and seed quality in pea makes it essential to understand the impact of whole plant S management on the trade‐off between these two traits. Here, we investigated the physiological relevance of vacuolar sulfate remobilization by targeting PsSULTR4, the only pea sulfate transporter showing substantial similarity to the vacuolar sulfate exporter AtSULTR4;1. Five mutations in PsSULTR4 were identified by TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes), two of which, a loss of function (W78*) and a missense (E568K), significantly decreased seed yield under S deprivation. We demonstrate that PsSULTR4 triggers S distribution from source tissues, especially lower leaves, to reproductive organs to maintain seed yield under S deficiency. Under sufficient S supply, sultr4 seeds display lower levels of the S‐rich storage protein PA1 at maturity. They also overaccumulate sulfate in the endosperm at the onset of seed filling. These findings uncover a role of PsSULTR4 in the remobilization of vacuolar sulfate during embryo development, allowing the efficient synthesis of S‐rich proteins. Our study uncovers that PsSULTR4 functions (i) in source tissues to remobilize stored vacuolar sulfate for seed production under low S availability and (ii) in developing seeds well supplied with S to fine‐tune sulfate remobilization from the endosperm as a critical control point for storage activities in the embryo. Significance Statement: This study identifies PsSULTR4 as the vacuolar sulfate transporter in pea and highlights the role of PsSULTR4 and its STAS domain in controlling cellular S levels and S partitioning between plant organs. Vacuolar sulfate remobilization mediated by the PsSULTR4 transporter enabled the maintenance of seed yield during S deficiency and is vital for the efficient synthesis of S‐rich storage proteins in pea seeds under S sufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Water scarcity poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, prompting the development of sustainable technologies to optimize water resource utilization. This study focuses on the synthesis and application of a multifunctional poly (vinylpyrrolidone); PVP-based superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) for controlled release of essential fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and enhanced water retention in soil. The hydrogel was prepared via a facile one-step approach and compared to a control soil without hydrogel amendment. The reaction was initiated in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to produce a PVP-based copolymer hydrogel. The hydrogel was then subjected to a basic treatment using either sodium hydroxide (hydrogel #1) or potassium hydroxide (hydrogel #2). The PVP-based SAH exhibited excellent swelling capacity, water retention, and fertilizer release properties. When applied to Pisum sativum plants under drought stress, the hydrogel significantly improved soil moisture levels, nutrient availability, and plant growth parameters compared to the control. The hydrogel #2-amended plants demonstrated enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency, highlighting the hydrogel’s effectiveness in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress. These findings demonstrate the potential of the PVP-based SAH as a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture, offering using readily available and inexpensive raw materials, suggesting a relatively low-cost and scalable production process. Furthermore, the hydrogel facilitates water conservation, controlled nutrient delivery, and improved plant performance under drought stress conditions.

The objective of current study was to differentiate among 46 pea genotypes collected from different areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and NARC Islamabad, Pakistan. We initially experienced 20 simple sequence repeat markers among those ten primers were selected based on high level of polymorphism. The average number of the bands score per primer were 29.75% whereas, average number of monomorphic and polymorphic bands were 16.25 and 12.85%, respectively. The genetic diversity among these genotypes ranged from 0.18 to 0.98. Maximum genetic diversity were noted in genotypes i.e., M-39, L29, L32, L1, L5, L8, L11, L24, L19, L17, L25, L23, L37 and M-83, while using cluster analysis based on dice coefficients as the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Furthermore, principal component (PC) analysis also showed similar results of UPGMA. The eight principal components (PC) accounted for 74.2% of the variation (21.74, 15.72, 8.76, 7.73, 6.19, 5.19, 4.50 and 4.37 for PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6, PC7 and PC8, respectively). The results of the present study will be useful in understanding the pea's genetic makeup and in the selection of suitable landraces for a future pea crop improvement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of agricultural lands are located in close proximity to large cities, and therefore industrial enterprises and highways, which leads to inevitable soil contamination with heavy metals, of which cadmium is the most toxic. Also, due to a decrease in the rate of liming and the use of mineral fertilizers, aluminum ions accumulate in acidic soils. Currently, a search is underway among various plant species that exhibit resistance to the effects of toxicants and are capable of their gradual removal (phytoextraction) from the environment. Representatives from the legume family ( Fabaceae ) can be considered as potential candidates along with Cereals ( Poáceae ) and Brassicas ( Brassicáceae ). Studies conducted in this work with different tolerant genotypes of common pea (the wild sensitive line SGE, and the resistant mutant SGECDt created on its basis) showed that pre-sowing treatment of seeds with microelements in the form of selenium and silicon had a different effect on the selected genotypes. Silicon had a more pronounced stress-protective effect, stimulating the growth of both species. However, in some variants it reduced the degree of removal and fixation of toxicants in biomass, which is not suitable for use in phytoextraction technology. Selenium, on the contrary, further inhibited yield, but promoted greater accumulation of aluminum in shoots. The bimetallic type of pollution manifested itself in a decrease in the accumulation of toxicants in biomass in both genotypes by an average of 14.0%, compared with the monoelement type. Treatment with selenium and silicon here generally did not change the picture we observed in comparison with the monoelement type of pollution.

Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a plant symbiotic bacterium that can colonize a broad spectrum of plant hosts and frequently shows beneficial effects on plant growth. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is known to be important in plantbacteria interactions. Previously, we reported that EPS is required for PsJN to survive from drought stress and colonize in pea (Pisum sativum) under drought condition. However, whether EPS is necessary for PsJN to promote plant growth remains unknown. In this work, a comparative study was conducted between the wild-type PsJN and its ΔbceQ mutant that lacks EPS to investigate the role of EPS in PsJN to confer drought-stress tolerance on pea plant. Our results showed that wild type PsJN, but not the ΔbceQ mutant, promoted pea seed germination and seedlings growth under drought stress. Pea plants inoculated with the wild type PsJN had a higher level of drought tolerance, as shown by a better vegetative growth and enhanced nodule formation, than plants inoculated with the ΔbceQ mutant. Moreover, EPS plays a role in the plant colonization under drought stress, because the ΔbceQ mutant was unable to colonize pea seeds and roots as effectively as the wild type PsJN. Further, expression of the EPS biosynthesis genes in the bceOVN operon of the wild type PsJN was induced by the presence of glucose. Overall, this study demonstrated that PsJN can promote pea plant growth under drought conditions and EPS is required for PsJN to confer beneficial effects to host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal root growth is essential for the plant uptake of soil nutrients and water. However, exogenous H2O2 inhibits the gravitropic growth of pea primary roots. It has been shown that CaCl2 application can alleviate H2O2 inhibition, but the exact alleviation mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the present study was carried out by combining the transcriptome and metabolome with a view to investigate in depth the mechanism of action of exogenous CaCl2 to alleviate the inhibition of pea primordial root gravitropism by H2O2. The results showed that the addition of CaCl2 (10 mmol·L−1) under H2O2 stress (150 mmol·L−1) significantly increased the H2O2 and starch content, decreased peroxidase (POD) activity, and reduced the accumulation of sugar metabolites and lignin in pea primary roots. Down-regulated genes regulating peroxidase, respiratory burst oxidase, and lignin synthesis up-regulated PGM1, a key gene for starch synthesis, and activated the calcium and phytohormone signaling pathways. In summary, 10 mmol·L−1 CaCl2 could alleviate H2O2 stress by modulating the oxidative stress response, signal transduction, and starch and lignin accumulation within pea primary roots, thereby promoting root gravitropism. This provides new insights into the mechanism by which CaCl2 promotes the gravitropism of pea primary roots under H2O2 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using antioxidants-derivatives of 3-hydroxypyridine: N-acetylcysteinate 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine and carnitinate 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine as plant growth regulators investigated on the pea seedlings mitochondria (Pisum sativum L.) Flora 2 cultivar. The influence of water deficiency (WD) and 3-HP on the functional state of mitochondria was studied. Water deficiency activated lipid peroxidation and led to mitochondrial swelling. An increase in LPO intensity was associated with significant changes in the content of C18 fatty acids The content of linoleic and linolenic acids in the mitochondrial membranes of seedlings decreased by 12.5 and 22.3%, respectively. There were also changes in the content of C20 FA: the content of 20:2 ω6 and 20:1 ω9 decreased by almost 1.65 times and 1.5 times, respectively. The swelling of mitochondria, probably, resulted in a partial loss of cytochrome C from the intermembrane space of mitochondria into the cytosol, which led to a decrease in the electron transport rates at the end section of the respiratory chain. The treatment of pea seeds with antioxidants led to the prevention of lipid peroxidation, the prevention changes in the composition of FAs membranes and mitochondrial morphology and also restored the rate of electron transport at the end section of the respiratory chain of these organelles. By preventing lipid peroxidation, the drugs helped maintain the functional state of mitochondria under WD conditions, which probably increased the resistance of pea seedlings to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belowground plant competition has been shown to induce varying responses, from increases to decreases in root biomass allocation or in directional root placement. Such inconsistencies could result from the fact that root allocation and directional growth were seldom studied together, even though they might represent different strategies. Moreover, variations in belowground responses might be due to different size hierarchies between plants, but this hypothesis has not been studied previously. In a greenhouse rhizobox experiment, we examined the way both root allocation and directional root placement of Pisum sativum are affected by the size and density of Festuca glauca neighbours, and by nutrient distribution. We found that root allocation of P. sativum increased with the density and size of F. glauca. By contrast, directional root placement was unaffected by neighbour size and increased either towards or away from neighbours when nutrients were patchily or uniformly distributed, respectively. These results demonstrate that directional root placement under competition is contingent on the distribution of soil resources. Interestingly, our results suggest that root allocation and directional placement might be uncoupled strategies that simultaneously provide stress tolerance and spatial responsiveness to neighbours, thus highlighting the importance of measuring both when studying belowground plant competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to estimate the risk of pest infestation can help farmers to reduce pesticide application and provide guidance that would result in better management decisions. This study tested whether different combinations of spatial and temporal risk factors may be used to predict the damage potential of pea moth, Cydia nigricana Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest in field pea (Pisum sativum L., Fabaceae). Over four consecutive years, the abundance of pea moth was monitored by placing pheromone traps at various field pea‐cultivation sites. We also assessed the phenological development stages and the percentage of damaged seeds per 100 pods collected from each growing pea field in a region of approximately 30 km in diameter. The study found the significant infestation risk indicators to be the time of flowering, the date on which male pea moths are first detected in the monitoring traps and the minimum distance to pea fields that were planted and harvested in the previous growing season. The combination of all three factors using a general additive model approach yielded the best results. The model proposed by this study accurately discriminated between low‐infestation and high‐infestation fields in 95% of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an economically, nutritionally, and culturally important legume. It is a crop that is subject to various investigations due to its popularity with the development of various protocols in different topics, except for nano-biotechnological studies. This work was carried out to evaluate the uptake, distribution, translocation, and bioaccumulation of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within the economically important plant Pisum sativum morphologically and anatomically with a dark-field microscopy system. Data were analyzed for morphological parameters such as stem, tendril, root length, number, shape, width-length of the stipules, and root-stem-stipule. Our results proved the stimulation for growth and anatomical parameters such as CNTs aggregates and AuNPs particles at paranchyma, cortex, spongia cells, starch formation and accumulation in lenticels, stoma cells, and stomatal pores. In this study, we compared the utilization of the entire available Attenuated Total Reflectance—Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectral range (525–4000 cm−1) for conducting principal component analysis (PCA) without excluding any specific spectral wavenumbers with the spectral range chosen based on larger PCA loadings. The results demonstrate that for both chosen spectral ranges of the PCA score plots, utilizing only the first three principal components (PCs), we effectively visually separated three groups: (1) plants treated with Au NPs, (2) plants treated with CNTs, and (3) control plants without nanoparticle treatment using ATR-FTIR spectral data from combined samples of root, stem, and leaves from the Pisum sativum plant. Our investigation shows that green pea, a species of the Fabaceae family, is low-cost, fast, and non-toxic and requires an environmentally safe process in the area of nanotechnology in bio-application regarding the green synthesis of nanoparticles; it is a step for green mining, phytoremediation, delivering drugs, and biomolecules. Our findings show that green pea and the Fabaceae family have more advantages for the biological synthesis of C-Au nanoparticles and guide soil health, agricultural development, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery science, and other types of medicinal investigations with a new approach, while a lot of economic plants in the Fabaceae family will be available for the green synthesis of more NPs with single and rapid protocols and will be a popular family in nano-biotechnological studies in the next few decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomy of the tribe Fabeae (Vicieae) has long been problematic, but an analysis by Schaefer et al. in 2012 gave an exceptionally clear view of the tribe and noted the possibility that some nomenclatural adjustments may be required at some future date. These authors suggested several options, expressing some preferences. However, there has been a recent change to formally accepted names, implementing one of these possibilities, but without any additional relevant information. This change seems unjustified and unhelpful. We therefore present an argument for the retention, or re-instatement, of the genera Pisum, Vavilovia, and Lens until such time as new data support this requirement and there is no nomenclatural solution that is both accurate and convenient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which assessed genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for important traits in Pisum sativum L., a versatile leguminous crop that serves as a model organism in plant genetics and breeding research. Topics discussed include importance of the variability in pea genotypes, list of accessions of garden peas along with their sources used in the study, and pooled analysis of variance for horticultural traits among the 40 garden pea genotypes.

Plasma metabolites offer insights into aging processes and aging-related biomarkers. Here, the dietary effects of various functional foods on older adult mice were evaluated using metabolomic techniques. Fifty-week-old mice were divided into four groups (n = 4 each) and fed either a normal diet (AC) or the diets from Triticum aestivum sprout (TA), Schisandra chinensis (SZ), or Pisum sativum sprout (PS) extracts. Additionally, a group of 8-week-old mice fed a normal diet (YC; n = 5) was included for the comparison. The PS group had a significantly lower free fatty acid content and higher ornithine, proline, citric acid, and oxalic acid contents than the AC group. The PS group also showed reduced oxidative stress and muscle damage, suggesting the higher anti-aging efficacy of P. sativum sprouts than the other diets. These findings suggest plasma metabolite profiling is an effective tool to assess the anti-aging effects of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are scarce data regarding the effects of soil amendments on biophysicochemical responses of plants at the early stages of growth/germination. This study critically compares the effects of ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic-acid (EDTA) and calcium (Ca) on biophysicochemical responses of germinating pea seedlings under varied arsenic levels (As, 25, 125, 250 µM). Arsenic alone enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level in pea roots (176%) and shoot (89%), which significantly reduced seed germination percentage, pigment contents, and growth parameters. Presence of EDTA and Ca in growth culture minimized the toxic effects of As on pea seedlings, EDTA being more pertinent than Ca. Both the amendments decreased H2O2 levels in pea tissues (16% in shoot and 13% in roots by EDTA, and 7% by Ca in shoot), and maintained seed germination, pigment contents, and growth parameters of peas close to those of the control treatment. The effects of all As-treatments were more pronounced in the pea roots than in the shoot. The presence of organic and inorganic amendments can play a useful role in alleviating As toxicity at the early stages of pea growth. The scarcity of data demands comparing plant biophysicochemical responses at different stages of plant growth (germinating vs mature) in future studies. Till date, abundant research has focused on plant biophysicochemical responses to different types of pollutants. However, the majority of these studies dealt with pollutant exposure to mature plants (generally after a vegetative growth period of 1–2 weeks). Despite significant research, there are still limited data regarding the biophysicochemical responses of plants at their early stages of germination and growth. In fact, stresses at germination or at an early stage of growth can be highly fatal and may significantly affect the ultimate plant growth and potential to remediate the contaminated sites. Therefore, the current study deals with the exposure of germinating pea seedlings to arsenic (As) stress under varied amendments. This experimental plan helped to understand the initial biophysicochemical changes induced in pea plants under As stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms are of great importance in agriculture in terms of plant nutrients by reducing the need for chemical fertilization. In recent years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely used as biological fertilizers (BF) in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the development of pea plants. Firstly the phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation potentials of the bacteria used in this study were determined. In the study, the effects of 4 different combinations, F1 [(Rhizobium sp. (FR-13) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (FDG121)], F2 [(Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG-7), Rhizobium sp. (FR-18) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B(FDG-134)], F3 [Arthrobacter oxydans (FDG-72), Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B (FDG-146), Rhizobium sp. (FR-11)] and F4 [Acinetobacter genospecies 9 (FDG-116), Brevibacillus agri (FDG-118), Methylobacterium zatmanii (FDG-123) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup A (FDG-153)] were investigated. Formulations made with bacteria that were found to be the best in terms of the properties specified among these strains were tested against pea plants under greenhouse conditions and their effects on the plant's total fresh and dry weight were investigated. The study was set up to have 3 replications. As a result of the statistical analysis made with the data obtained, the formulations used compared to the control; F2, F3 and F1 applications were important in total fresh weight, respectively, and F2 and F3 applications were important in total dry weight. As a result, these 3 formulations are especially effective on the yield of pea plants and can be used as potential biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation is a harsh environmental factor that could induce plant senescence. We hypothesized that radiation-related senescence remodels proteome, particularly by triggering the accumulation of prion-like proteins in plant tissues. The object of this study, pea (Pisum sativum L.), is an agriculturally important legume. Research on the functional importance of amyloidogenic proteins was never performed on this species. Pea seeds were irradiated in the dose range 5–50 Gy of X-rays. Afterward, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate changes in the secondary structure of proteins in germinated 3-day-old seedlings. Specifically, we evaluated the ratio between the amide I and II peaks. Next, we performed protein staining with Congo red to compare the presence of amyloids in the samples. In parallel, we profiled the detergent-resistant proteome fraction by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Differentially accumulated proteins were functionally analyzed in MapMan software, and the PLAAC tool was used to predict putative prion-like proteins. We showed a reduced germination rate but higher plant height and faster appearance of reproductive organs in the irradiated at dose of 50 Gy group compared with the control; furthermore, we demonstrated more β-sheets and amyloid aggregates in the roots of stressed plants. We detected 531 proteins in detergent-resistant fraction extracted from roots, and 45 were annotated as putative prion-like proteins. Notably, 29 proteins were significantly differentially abundant between the irradiated and the control groups. These proteins belong to several functional categories: amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, regulatory processes, protein biosynthesis, and RNA processing. Thus, the discovery proteomics provided deep data on novel aspects of plant stress biology. Our data hinted that protein accumulation stimulated seedlings' growth as well as accelerated ontogenesis and, eventually, senescence, primarily through translation and RNA processing. The increased abundance of primary metabolism-related proteins indicates more intensive metabolic processes triggered in germinating pea seeds upon X-ray exposure. The functional role of detected putative amyloidogenic proteins should be validated in overexpression or knockout follow-up studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant homeodomain finger (PHD finger) protein, a type of zinc finger protein extensively distributed in eukaryotes, plays diverse roles in regulating plant growth and development. While PHD finger proteins have been identified in various species, their functions remain largely unexplored in pea (Pisum sativum). In this study, we identified 84 members of the PHD finger gene family in pea, which displayed an uneven distribution across seven chromosomes. Through a comprehensive analysis using data from Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, we categorized the PHD finger proteins into 20 subfamilies via phylogenetic tree analysis. Each subfamily exhibited distinct variations in terms of quantity, genetic structure, conserved domains, and physical and chemical properties. Collinearity analysis revealed conserved evolutionary relationships among the PHD finger genes across the three different species. Furthermore, we identified the conserved and important roles of the subfamily M members in anther development. RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization revealed high expression of the pea subfamily M members PsPHD11 and PsPHD16 in microspores and the tapetum layer. In conclusion, this analysis of the PHD finger family in pea provides valuable guidance for future research on the biological roles of PHD finger proteins in pea and other leguminous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) are among the most widely cultivated legumes, known for their adaptability to dry and warm environments and their high nutritional value. This research aimed to investigate the biochemical diversity of proteins, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant activity in a local population of peas from the Mareth oasis in Tunisia under different preservation methods: fresh, frozen, canned, and dried. The hypothesis was that preservation methods significantly impact the nutritional quality of peas, with fresh peas retaining the highest levels of essential nutrients. The results showed that fresh peas had superior nutritional quality, demonstrating the highest concentrations of protein (39 mg/g MF), polyphenols (0.17 mg GAE/g MF), flavonoids (0.086 mg QE/mg MF), and antioxidants (52%). In contrast, dried peas exhibited the lowest nutrient levels, particularly in protein and antioxidant activity. The study highlighted that freezing is an effective method for preserving the nutritional integrity of peas compared to canning and drying, which significantly reduce essential nutrient levels. Understanding the effects of various preservation techniques is crucial for maintaining the nutritional quality of peas. These findings have significant implications for consumers and the food industry, advocating for practices that prioritize the retention of nutrients in preserved peas. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on food preservation methods and their impact on nutritional quality, providing insights that support better choices in food processing and consumption.

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to investigate the diversity and geographic distribution of pea-nodulating rhizobia in the subtropical region of Yunnan Province from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.Methods and resultsA total of 615 rhizobial isolates were obtained from root nodules of the trapping plants and characterized genetically and symbiotically. The isolates discriminated into 43 genotypes by PCR-RFLP of IGS DNA. Multiple locus sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA, recA, atpD, dnaK, and rpoB genes placed them into eight clusters corresponding to species R. acaciae, R. anhuiense, R. binae, R. bangladeshense, R. hidalgonense, and three suspected novel populations of Rhizobium genosp. I–III. R. acaciae was the dominant group (52.5%) followed by R. anhuiense (30.7%). The other species were minor groups. Based on nodC phylogeny, all of them were the symbiovar viciae. All the tested strains showed efficient symbiotic N2 fixation on pea plants, in which WLB27, WCB18, and WNY29 presented the best PGP effects. Some of the tested strains had better IAA production, with WCB18 as the best producer (64.556 mg/L). Their distribution was mainly affected by soil available phosphorus, available potassium, and effective nitrogen. According to the results of symbiotic effect and resistance tests, strains of WLB27, WCB18, and WNY29 were selected as candidates for creating inoculants.DiscussionThis suggests that the pea-nodulating rhizobia in Yunnan Province form a unique community. The results gave some novel information about the diversity, diversification, and biogeography of pea-nodulating rhizobia.

Field peas (Pisum sativum L.) is economically a significant crop in Ethiopia. The yield of field peas in our country has fell due to poor management practices of Bio fertilizer rates usage. Three rates of bio fertilizer (0, 250 and 500g ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Number of nodules per plant, Pod numbers per plant, plant height, and effective nodule number of productive tillers, total biomass yield, grain yield, and straw yield were recorded and significantly affected by bio-fertilizer rate application. The determined or the highest grain yield (2671kg ha-1) was recorded from 250 g ha-1 bio-fertilizer rate. Almost 250g ha-1 bio fertilizer rates were superior for the research area. Nevertheless, more investigation has to be done under different locations and seasons to come up with practical recommendations correlated to the current study.

Overwintering conditions affect the physiological state of ectotherms, and therefore, their cold hardiness and survival. A measure of the lethal and sublethal impacts of overwintering conditions on pest populations is crucial to predict population dynamics and to manage pests the following spring. The impact of winter conditions can be most intense for invasive insects undergoing range expansion. Insect herbivores can display plastic host use behaviours that depend on their body condition following winter. The pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an invasive pest of field peas, Pisum sativum L., and faba bean, Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae). Pea leaf weevil has expanded its range in North America to include the Prairie Provinces of Canada. This study investigated the effects of temperature and microhabitat on overwintering survival and cold hardiness of pea leaf weevil in its expanded range. Further, we investigated the sublethal effect of overwintering temperature and duration on post‐overwintering survival, feeding, and oviposition of pea leaf weevil. We also investigated the role of juvenile hormone in modulating body condition of overwintering weevils. The overwintering survival of pea leaf weevil adults increased with soil temperature and varied with region and microhabitat. More weevils survived winters when positioned near tree shelterbelts compared to open alfalfa fields. The supercooling point of pea leaf weevil varied throughout its expanding range but did not differ for weevils held in the two microhabitats. The average threshold lethal temperature of pea leaf weevil at all three sites was −9.4 °C. Weevils that overwintered for a longer duration and at a higher temperature subsequently fed more on faba bean foliage and laid more eggs compared to those which overwintered for a shorter duration at a lower temperature. Our findings highlight that warm winters would increase overwintering survival and post‐overwintering fitness, facilitating further pea leaf weevil invasion northward in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field peas (Pisum sativum L.) is economically a significant crop in Ethiopia. The yield of field peas in our country has fell due to poor management practices of Bio fertilizer rates usage. Three rates of bio fertilizer (0, 250 and 500g ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Number of nodules per plant, Pod numbers per plant, plant height, and effective nodule number of productive tillers, total biomass yield, grain yield, and straw yield were recorded and significantly affected by bio-fertilizer rate application. The determined or the highest grain yield (2671kg ha-1) was recorded from 250 g ha-1 bio-fertilizer rate. Almost 250g ha-1 bio fertilizer rates were superior for the research area. Nevertheless, more investigation has to be done under different locations and seasons to come up with practical recommendations correlated to the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascochyta blight and Fusarium root rot are the most serious fungal diseases of pea, caused by D. pinodes and F. avenaceum, respectively. Due to the lack of fully resistant cultivars, we proposed the use of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) as a novel protecting agent. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal properties and effectiveness of bio-AgNPs, in in vitro (poisoned food technique; resazurin assay) and in vivo (seedlings infection) experiments, against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. Moreover, the effects of diseases on changes in the seedlings' metabolic profiles were analyzed. The MIC for spores of both fungi was 125 mg/L, and bio-AgNPs at 200 mg/L most effectively inhibited the mycelium growth of D. pinodes and F. avenaceum (by 45 and 26%, respectively, measured on the 14th day of incubation). The treatment of seedlings with bio-AgNPs or fungicides before inoculation prevented the development of infection. Bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 200 mg/L for D. pinodes and 100 mg/L for F. avenaceum effectively inhibited infections' spread. The comparison of changes in polar metabolites' profiles revealed disturbances in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in pea seedlings by both pathogenic fungi. The involvement of bio-AgNPs in the mobilization of plant metabolism in response to fungal infection is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler is an oomycete pathogen that affects legume crops, causing root rot, a severe disease of peas (Pisum sativum L.) worldwide. While significant research progress has been made in breeding pearesistant varieties, there is still a need for a deeper understanding of the diversity of pathogen populations present in breeding nurseries located in various legume-growing regions around the world. Methods: We analysed the diversity of 51 pea-infecting isolates of A. euteiches, which were recovered from four American (Athena, OR; Le Sueur, MN; Mount Vernon, WA; Pullman, WA) and three French (Riec-sur-Belon, Templeux-le-Gue'rard, Dijon) resistance screening nurseries. Our study focused on evaluating their aggressiveness on two sets of differential hosts, comprising six pea lines and five Medicago truncatula accessions. Results: The isolates clustered into three groups based on their aggressiveness on the whole pea set, confirming the presence of pathotypes I and III. Pathotype I was exclusive to French isolates and American isolates from Athena and Pullman, while all isolates from Le Sueur belonged to pathotype III. Isolates from both pathotypes were found in Mount Vernon. The M. truncatula set clustered the isolates into three groups based on their aggressiveness on different genotypes within the set, revealing the presence of five pathotypes. All the isolates from the French nurseries shared the same Fr pathotype, showing higher aggressiveness on one particular genotype. In contrast, nearly all-American isolates were assigned to four other pathotypes (Us1, Us2, Us3, Us4), differing in their higher aggressiveness on two to five genotypes. Most of American isolates exhibited higher aggressiveness than French isolates within the M. truncatula set, but showed lower aggressiveness than French isolates within the P. sativum set. Discussion: These results provide valuable insights into A. euteiches pathotypes, against which the QTL and sources of resistance identified in these nurseries displayed effectiveness. They also suggest a greater adaptation of American isolates to alfalfa, a more widely cultivated host in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the synthesis and testing of doped polyaniline (PANI) and Pisum sativum derived activated carbon (PSAC) based composite as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The structure, morphology, elemental analysis, and surface area of the materials were studied using x-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-rays, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer--Emmett--Teller analysis. The electrochemical performance of the material was investigated by deposition of it on two different substrates named stainless steel (SS) and stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh). The PSAC/PANI composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 446 and 517 F g-1 on SS and SS mesh respectively, at the scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The composite material showed higher cyclic stability on SS mesh with 91% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g-1. It delivered a specific energy of 89 and 101 W h kg-1 on SS and SS mesh at a specific power of 5000 W kg-1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the seed protein concentration (SPC) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) has turned into an important breeding objective because of the consumer demand for plant-based protein and demand from protein fractionation industries. To support the marker-assisted selection (MAS) of SPC towards accelerated breeding of improved cultivars, we have explored two diverse recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with SPC. The two RIL populations, MP 1918 × P0540-91 (PR-30) and Ballet × Cameor (PR-31), were derived from crosses between moderate SPC × high SPC accessions. A total of 166 and 159 RILs of PR-30 and PR-31, respectively, were genotyped using an Axiom® 90K SNP array and 13.2K SNP arrays, respectively. The RILs were phenotyped in replicated trials in two and three locations of Saskatchewan, Canada in 2020 and 2021, respectively, for agronomic assessment and SPC. Using composite interval mapping, we identified three QTLs associated with SPC in PR-30 and five QTLs in PR-31, with the LOD value ranging from 3.0 to 11.0. A majority of these QTLs were unique to these populations compared to the previously known QTLs for SPC. The QTL SPC-Ps-5.1 overlapped with the earlier reported SPC associated QTL PC-QTL-3. Three QTLs, SPC-Ps-4.2, SPC-Ps-5.1, and SPC-Ps-7.2 with LOD scores of 7.2, 7.9, and 11.3, and which explained 14.5%, 11.6%, and 11.3% of the phenotypic variance, respectively, can be used for marker-assisted breeding to increase SPC in peas. Eight QTLs associated with the grain yield were identified with LOD scores ranging from 3.1 to 8.2. Two sets of QTLs, SPC-Ps-2.1 and GYPs-2.1, and SPC-Ps-5.1 and GY-Ps-5.3, shared the QTL/peak regions. Each set of QTLs contributed to either SPC or grain yield depending on which parent the QTL region is derived from, thus confirming that breeding for SPC should take into consideration the effects on grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the critical elements required by plants and is therefore one of the important limiting factors for growth and yield. To increase agricultural productivity, farmers are using excessive N fertilizers to the soil, which poses a threat to the ecosystem, as most of the applied nitrogen fertilizer is not taken up by crops, and runoff to aquatic bodies and the environment causes eutrophication, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we used LBS6, a Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant as a sustainable alternative to improve the growth of plants under different NO3 fertigation. A root drench treatment of 1 ml/L LBS6 significantly improved the growth of Pisum sativum plants grown under optimum and deficient N conditions. No significant difference was observed in the growth of LBS6- treated plants grown with excessive N. The application of LBS6 induced flowering under optimum and deficient N conditions. The total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia contents of tissues were found to be higher in treated plants grown under N deficient conditions. The LBS6 treatments had significantly higher chlorophyll content in those plants grown under N-deficient conditions. The root drench application of LBS6 also regulated photosynthetic efficiency by modulating electron and proton transportrelated processes of leaves in the light-adapted state. The rate of linear electron flux, proton conductivity and steady-state proton flux across the thylakoid membrane were found to be higher in LBS6-treated plants. Additionally, LBS6 also reduced nitrogen starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species accumulation by reduction in lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of expression of those genes involved in N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization in LBS6-treated plants. Taken together, LBS6 improved growth of those treated plants under optimum and nitrogen-limited condition by positively modulating their biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- fertigation. A root drench treatment of 1 ml/L LBS6 significantly improved the growth of Pisum sativum plants grown under optimum and deficient N conditions. No significant difference was observed in the growth of LBS6- treated plants grown with excessive N. The application of LBS6 induced flowering under optimum and deficient N conditions. The total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia contents of tissues were found to be higher in treated plants grown under N deficient conditions. The LBS6 treatments had significantly higher chlorophyll content in those plants grown under N-deficient conditions. The root drench application of LBS6 also regulated photosynthetic efficiency by modulating electron and proton transportrelated processes of leaves in the light-adapted state. The rate of linear electron flux, proton conductivity and steady-state proton flux across the thylakoid membrane were found to be higher in LBS6-treated plants. Additionally, LBS6 also reduced nitrogen starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species accumulation by reduction in lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of expression of those genes involved in N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization in LBS6-treated plants. Taken together, LBS6 improved growth of those treated plants under optimum and nitrogen-limited condition by positively modulating their biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the diamine oxidase (DAO) produced from pea seedlings was partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, and gel filtration chromatography. Partially purified DAO was immobilized covalently with the help of a cross-linker glutaraldehyde onto the chitosan- modified gold electrode. The properties of immobilized enzyme were evaluated by optimum pH, optimum temperature, activity recovery, and recyclability using putrescine dihydrochloride as substrate. After immobilization of DAO, optimum pH ranges from 6.0 to 7.0 did not change and optimum temperature of enzyme changed from 34 to 38°C in comparison to free DAO. The immobilized DAO preserved 81% activity of free DAO and permitted increased stability and reusability of the enzyme than its native form. After 15 cycles of usage, the immobilized DAO maintained around 51% of its original activity, and this activity prolonged for 30 days at 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii , is an important pathogen of numerous crops, including the so-called pulses. Hence, it is necessary to identify genetic resistance, as it is the most efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sound way to manage nematodes in the field. The objective of this study was to screen a Brazilian germplasm collection of pulse crops (peas, chickpeas, and lentils) comprising accessions from the Embrapa Germplasm Bank and commercial cultivars against M. enterolobii under glasshouse conditions. The experiment was conducted with 23 treatments (genotypes), i.e., 14 pea, six chickpea and one lentil genotype, and two tomato cultivars, 'Rutgers' (susceptible) and 'Nemadoro' (resistant). Each plant (replication) was inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. enterolobii and evaluated 65 days after inoculation, considering the following variables: gall index, egg mass index, number of eggs per g of roots, and reproduction factor. The experiments were conducted at two independent time points (summer and autumn/winter). Results showed that all 23 plant genotypes were susceptible to the nematode, with pea genotype 'Itapuã' being intolerant to infection. Cultivation of pulse crops has been steadily increasing both in Brazil and worldwide. Our research findings make a valuable contribution to the ongoing efforts to identify genetic resistance to nematode pathogens that can significantly affect the productivity of these crops. By identifying and developing resistant genotypes, pulse crop yields can be safeguarded, and sustainable agricultural practices can be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature causes several morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in crop plants, and garden pea is highly sensitive to a higher temperature than other legume crops. This study assessed garden pea genotypes' physiological and biochemical responses during a reproductive stage in regular and heat stress season at the Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India). Forty-five garden pea genotypes, including 15 tolerant, 15 moderately tolerant, and 15 susceptible genotypes, were analyzed for three physiological, six biochemical, and 11 quantitative morphological traits under regular and heat stress seasons. Our results showed a considerable decrease in leaf water content, greenness index, and membrane stability index in heat stress season and a substantial increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes in heat stress season compared to the regular season. The 15 heat-tolerant genotypes showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes compared to the 15 heat-susceptible genotypes, which impart thermotolerance by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated in high-temperature stress conditions. Further, correlation and biplot analysis of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits indicated that physiological and biochemical traits were important in determining yield and related traits under heat stress conditions in garden pea genotypes. Thus, estimating critical physiological and biochemical traits could facilitate in differentiating thermotolerant genotypes from susceptible genotypes in garden peas and aid in heat-tolerant breeding programs of similar cool-season legume crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a plant symbiotic bacterium that can colonize a broad spectrum of plant hosts and frequently shows beneficial effects on plant growth. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is known to be important in plant-bacteria interactions. Previously, we reported that EPS is required for PsJN to survive from drought stress and colonize in pea (Pisum sativum) under drought condition. However, whether EPS is necessary for PsJN to promote plant growth remains unknown. In this work, a comparative study was conducted between the wild-type PsJN and its ∆bceQ mutant that lacks EPS to investigate the role of EPS in PsJN to confer drought-stress tolerance on pea plant. Our results showed that wild type PsJN, but not the ∆bceQ mutant, promoted pea seed germination and seedlings growth under drought stress. Pea plants inoculated with the wild type PsJN had a higher level of drought tolerance, as shown by a better vegetative growth and enhanced nodule formation, than plants inoculated with the ∆bceQ mutant. Moreover, EPS plays a role in the plant colonization under drought stress, because the ∆bceQ mutant was unable to colonize pea seeds and roots as effectively as the wild type PsJN. Further, expression of the EPS biosynthesis genes in the bceOVN operon of the wild type PsJN was induced by the presence of glucose. Overall, this study demonstrated that PsJN can promote pea plant growth under drought conditions and EPS is required for PsJN to confer beneficial effects to host plant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of inoculation with microorganisms, mainly rhizobia, on pea (Pisum sativum) production using a systematic literature review approach and a comparative analysis of grain yield to provide information to fill gaps in nontraditional regions of cultivation for this legume. A systematic search strategy was implemented, targeting papers published in scientific journals accessible through the Web of Science® (WoS) database spanning from January 1990 to April 2022. The search terms "Pisum sativum," "inoculation," and "strain" were used. The differences between the pea grain yields from plants inoculated with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and those from noninoculated plants (control) were analyzed using thirteen field-scale studies. Overall, pea inoculation/coinoculation promoted a greater grain yield (3118 ±210 kg ha-1) than noninoculation (2338± 127 kg ha-1), showing the importance of biological nitrogen fixation for legume crop production. In the pursuit of reducing pea production costs, emphasis has been placed on inoculation, highlighting the importance of comprehending the symbiotic relationship between peas and Rhizobium. Furthermore, this research aimed to explore the interaction between Rhizobium and selected microorganisms known to enhance plant growth to identify optimal combinations to boost pea productivity.

ABSTRACT Pea production across the world is significantly limited by root rot disease, which is caused by many fungal and oomycetes pathogens. In Canada, Fusarium avenaceum is the most devastating pathogen of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea. Host genetic resistance is the most effective control method for this disease. Evaluation of global pea accessions and Canadian varieties for F. avenaceum root rot resistance has not been reported to date. This study evaluated 20 pea accessions of different market classes with pigmented or nonpigmented seed coats and flowers for F. avenaceum resistance under controlled conditions. The pea accessions CDC Acer, CDC Vienna, PBA OURA, Morgan, CDC Blazer, CDC Dakota, and PI 280609, which have pigmented flowers and seed coats, were identified as resistant or partially resistant to F. avenaceum. This was based on their root rot severity scores and ability to tolerate F. avenaceum infection without significant (p > 0.05) reductions in plant height, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the varieties with nonpigmented flowers and seed coats, only Cameor showed partial resistance to F. avenaceum when challenged with reduced conidial concentration. Root dry weight (R = −0.86), plant height (R = −0.82), and shoot dry weight (R = −0.78) had a strong negative correlation (p

This study aimed to explore the role of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family in the adaptation of peas to environmental stress. A comprehensive analysis of the PsTPS gene family identified 20 genes with conserved domains and specific chromosomal locations. Phylogenetic analysis delineated evolutionary relationships, while gene structure analysis revealed compositional insights, and motif analysis provided functional insights. Cis-regulatory element identification predicted gene regulation patterns. Tissue-specific and stress-induced expression profiling highlighted eight genes with ubiquitous expression, with PsTPS15 and PsTPS18 displaying elevated expression levels in roots, nodules, and young stems, and PsTPS13 and PsTPS19 expression downregulated in seeds. Transcriptome analysis identified a differential expression of 20 PsTPS genes, highlighting the significance of 14 genes in response to drought and salinity stress. Notably, under drought conditions, the expression of PsTPS4 and PsTPS6 was initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas that of PsTPS15 and PsTPS19 was downregulated. Salinity stress notably altered the expression of PsTPS4, PsTPS6, and PsTPS19. Taken together, these findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the PsTPS gene family and their potential as genetic targets for enhancing crop stress tolerance.

Background: Aphanomyces euteiches is a soil-borne oomycete that causes root rot in pea and other legume species. Symptoms of Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) include root discoloration and wilting, leading to significant yield losses in pea production. Resistance to ARR is known to be polygenic but the roles of single genes in the pea immune response are still poorly understood. This study uses transcriptomics to elucidate the immune response of two pea genotypes varying in their levels of resistance to A. euteiches. Results: In this study, we inoculated roots of the pea (P. sativum L.) genotypes 'Linnea' (susceptible) and 'PI180693' (resistant) with two different A. euteiches strains varying in levels of virulence. The roots were harvested at 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), 20 hpi and 48 hpi, followed by differential gene expression analysis. Our results showed a time- and genotype-dependent immune response towards A. euteiches infection, involving several WRKY and MYB-like transcription factors, along with genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. By cross-referencing with genes segregating with partial resistance to ARR, we identified 39 candidate disease resistance genes at the later stage of infection. Among the genes solely upregulated in the resistant genotype 'PI180693', Psat7g091800.1 was polymorphic between the pea genotypes and encoded a Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase reminiscent of the Arabidopsis thaliana FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 receptor. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the gene expression dynamics controlling the immune response of resistant and susceptible pea genotypes to A. euteiches infection. We present a set of 39 candidate disease resistance genes for ARR in pea, including the putative immune receptor Psat7g091800.1, for future functional validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of pretreatment with 0.1 µM melatonin and brief dehydration of swelling seeds on water deficit, LP level, respiration of embryos, subsequent growth of epicotyls, and oxidative activity of mitochondria isolated from them were investigated in the seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Two groups of embryos of the same age but differing by weight and the stage of development were examined separately: swollen embryos that so far did not break the seed coat (group one) and embryos that have broken through the seed coat (group two). Without water supply, water deficit in the embryos from groups one and two increased by 8.7 and 6.9%, respectively, which was tangible for respiratory activity of the embryos. It was shown that the embryos from group two, which broke through the seed coat and contacted air oxygen, experienced a sharp rise in respiratory activity associated with elevation of LP intensity registered by accumulation of the products reacting with thiobarbituric acid. A brief dehydration suppressed respiration of the embryos in this group related to activity of the cytochrome pathway but did not cause oxidative stress; on the contrary, it reduced LP intensity. In swollen embryos that have not yet broken through the seed coat (group one), oxidative stress upon dehydration did not arise either. Pretreatment with melatonin considerably elevated the activity of the cytochrome pathway of respiration in both groups of embryos (in control seeds and upon their dehydration). In mitochondria isolated from the epicotyls of 5-day-old seedlings grown from the seeds pretreated with melatonin and exposed to dehydration, oxidation of NAD-dependent substrate (malate) was activated both under normal and stress conditions. It was also shown that melatonin pretreatment stimulated growth of epicotyls in the seedlings of group two in all the types of treatment, whereas it was observed in the seedlings of group one only after exposure to dehydration. It was concluded that pretreatment of the seeds with melatonin stimulated embryonic respiration owing to activation of the cytochrome pathway, boosted oxidation of malate by mitochondria from epicotyls of the seedlings, and stimulated growth of epicotyls after dehydration. It was shown for the first time that a brief dehydration of embryonic tissues is not necessarily accompanied by oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major insect pests in Pisum sativum L. (is Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: pests in Pisum sativum L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae). An effective strategy for aphid control is the resistant host plant use. The current study aimed to identify resistance mechanisms and assess biochemical and morphological markers of pea aphid resistance in pea accessions. Meteorological variables affected the pea aphid density, which positively correlated with temperature, while precipitation amount and humidity negatively impacted. The aphid number was significantly and positively associated with the leaf area and the nitrogen content but negatively correlated with calcium and phosphorus levels. The pea aphid-resistant cultivars L 123-7-11, L 128-1and L 125-5 had small leaf areas, and high phosphorus and calcium content but a low nitrogen level. In the mutual influence of the plant indicators, phosphorus concentration had the highest negative impact on pea aphid density, followed by calcium. The plant marker inclusion in the pea breeding process is an efficient tool for a substantial selection program improvement for aphid resistance. Therefore, resistant host plants are essential tools promoting considerable selection program improvement for aphid resistance in the P. sativum breeding process and helping develop sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]