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Purpose: In this study, an attempt has been made to collect the research that has been done on the construction and design of the H2O2 sensor. So far, many efforts have been made to quickly and sensitively determine H2O2 concentration based on different analytical principles. In this study, the importance of H2O2, its applications in various industries, especially the food industry, and the importance of measuring it with different techniques, especially portable sensors and on-site analysis, have been investigated and studied. Design/methodology/approach: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very simple molecule in nature, but due to its strong oxidizing and reducing properties, it has been widely used in the pharmaceutical, medical, environmental, mining, textile, paper, food production and chemical industries. Sensitive, rapid and continuous detection of H2O2 is of great importance in many systems for product quality control, health care, medical diagnostics, food safety and environmental protection. Findings: Various methods have been developed and applied for the analysis of H2O2, such as fluorescence, colorimetry and electrochemistry, among them, the electrochemical technique due to its advantages in simple instrumentation, easy miniaturization, sensitivity and selectivity. Originality/value: Monitoring the H2O2 concentration level is of practical importance for academic and industrial purposes. Edible oils are prone to oxidation during processing and storage, which may adversely affect oil quality and human health. Determination of peroxide value (PV) of edible oils is essential because PV is one of the most common quality parameters for monitoring lipid oxidation and oil quality control. The development of cheap, simple, fast, sensitive and selective H2O2 sensors is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels, called "crosslinked 3D networks," are excellent biomaterials for various food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, biomedical and environmental applications owing to their hygroscopic nature, porous structure, stimuli-responsive, viscoelasticity, flexibility, versatility, absorbent property, and soft structure. Hydrogels based on biopolymers (polysaccharides/proteins) like chitosan, alginate, pectin, starch, collagen, gelatin, whey protein, soy, heteropolymer granules, etc., which are crosslinked physically or chemically, are typically preferable to synthetics due to their compatibility, sustainability, degradability, nontoxic, and non-immunogenic features. As a result, these characteristics make hydrogels ideal for various applications, such as packaging, bioactives encapsulation, functional foods, food preservation, pharmaceuticals, drug and cell delivery, preventing bleeding, and tissue regenerative. Hydrogels can also control and manipulate material characteristics by the response to external factors including light, pH, magnetic, temperature, enzyme, temperature, electricity, etc. Moreover, hydrogels show important physicochemical reactions when exposed to environmental stimuli reversibly; as a result, after the removal of stimuli, the hydrogels are able of return to their primary state. Nevertheless, in this study, the types of hydrogel beads, production methods, their properties and applications in the food, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical sciences have been reviewed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, maltodextrin (MDex), lutein pigment (Lut) and alumina (Al) were used to modify biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage (Muc/MDex/Lut/Al). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effects of MDex, Lut and Al on the physical and chemical properties of the mucilage based film. The physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and structural properties of the films were studied by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and XRD and TGA. The release of lutein from the film was investigated at 25 °C for 15 days. The results showed that lutein, alumina and maltodextrin increased the film thickness and lutein decreased the solubility and moisture content of the film. Maltodextrin improved the mechanical properties of the film and lutein reduced the film's flexibility. Lutein greatly increased its antioxidant properties, but alumina slightly increased its antioxidant properties. Lutein, alumina and maltodextrin improved the antibacterial properties of the film. Muc/MDex/Lut/Al film showed 26 ± 0.5 and 23 ± 0.8 mm non-growth halo against to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , respectively. Maltodextrin filled the surface cracks, but lutein increased the surface cracks of mucilage film. The amorphous structure of the pure cress seed mucilage film was confirmed by XRD, which the alumina and lutein gave crystalline properties in the film. Maltodextrin and alumina increased the thermal stability of the film. The release results showed that the release rate of lutein depends on the structure of the film and by changing the structure of the film, the release rate can be purposefully controlled according to the required release rate. • Biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage was prepared. • Cress seed mucilage was modified with modified with lutein, maltodextrin and alumina nanoparticles. • Cress seed mucilage film containing lutein as storage source of lutein • Purposefully control of lutein release [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biodegradable film based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared. • CMC was composited with onion peel powder (OPP), onion peel extract (OPE) and boron nitride (BN). • CMC/OPE/OPP/BN film showed high antioxidant activity. • Onion peel powder encapsulates antioxidants and controlled their release. The aim of this study was to modify carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films with onion peel extract (OPE) (0–2 g), onion peel powder (OPP) (0–2 g) and boron nitride nanoparticles (BN) (0–100 mg). 17 different CMC/OPE/OPP/BN films were provided and the physicochemical properties of films were studied. The release of active compounds of the composite film was investigated over time. The obtained results showed that OPE, OPP and BN increased the physical resistance and flexibility of the films. The percentage of moisture and solubility of the films decreased with the increase of OPE, OPP and BN. By adding BN, OPE and OPP, the structure of the film became stronger and the permeability to water vapor decreased. Addition of OPE and OPP significantly increased the antioxidant property of the film. In general, it can be said that the antioxidant substances of the onion peel are protected inside the film by preparing a CMC/OPE/OPP/BN film, which, in addition to stabilizing the antioxidants, can play an effective role in the controlled release of these antioxidant substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to increase shelf life of banana using active hydrogel. For this purpose, carboxymethylcellulose/nanofiber cellulose/potassium permanganate (CMC/NFC/KMnO 4) hydrogel film was prepared. The morphology and physicochemical properties of CMC hydrogels was investigated. The prepared films were used as humidity/ethylene absorbent in banana packaging for 30 days at 0 and 25 °C. The physical, mechanical and sensory properties of bananas were studied during storage. SEM images confirmed the presence of nanofibers in the hydrogel structure. NFC and KMnO 4 increased the tensile strength of the film and decreased its elongation. On the 15th day of storage, bananas packaged with optimal active hydrogel (CMC/NFC/KMnO 4) at 25 °C had a flavor of 3 and a general acceptance of 3.5, while control bananas had a flavor of 0.5 and a general acceptance of less than 1. On the 30th day of storage, bananas packaged with optimal active hydrogel at 25 °C had a toughness of 4 (N·s) and a firmness of 20 (N), while control bananas had a toughness of about 1 (N·s) and a firmness of about 8 (N). On the 30th day of storage, the humidity inside the package of bananas packed with the optimum active hydrogel at 25 °C was 59.5%, while the humidity in the control packages was 85%, indicating that the hydrogel was able to absorb the moisture inside the package. Totally it can be said that CMC/NFC/KmnO 4 hydrogel can increase shelf life of a banana by simultaneously controlling ethylene and humidity in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA)/titanium dioxide/lycopene (PLA/TiO2/Lyc) nano-composite film was prepared. The morphology and mechanical properties of the film were studied by SEM and texture analyser. Results showed that lycopene and TiO2 nanoparticles were distributed in the film matrix uniformly, TiO2 and lycopene increased the mechanical properties of PLA film. The PLA/TiO2/Lyc film was used to package margarine. The effect of PLA/TiO2/Lyc film, time and temperature of storage on the qualitative features of margarine were studied. Also the colour properties of PLA/TiO2/Lyc film were studied during storage period. Oxidative features (antioxidant activity, acidity number, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value) of margarine showed that the quality features of margarine decreased during storage, but the PLA/TiO2/Lyc film controled the oxidative factors and increased the margarine shelf life significantly (P <.05). Results also showed that the PLA/TiO2/Lyc film colour changed from red to light yellow during storage. With increasing margarine storage time, the film colour index a decreased (red colour diminished) while b increased (yellow colour increased). There were good relations between colour changes of film and oxidative parameters of margarine and storage time and storage temperature. Thus PLA/TiO2/Lyc film can be used as a visual indicator of the oxidation variations during storage of packaged margarine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, mixing of palm oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil in the butter (as a fraud) was investigated by studying the HPLC profiles of the tocopherols and tocotrienols. The statistical D-Optimal mixture design (D-OMD) was used to design experiments. Based on D-OMD, 20 fraud butter samples with different percent of palm, sunflower, and corn oil (0, 10, and 20%) were prepared. Oil samples were dissolved in n-hexane, and tocopherols/tocotrienols profiles were analyzed by HPLC/fluorescence detector. The following compounds were detected in the samples: Alpha-tocopherol, Alpha-tocotrienol, Beta-tocopherol, Gamma-tocopherol, Beta-tocotrienol, Gamma-tocotrienol, Delta-tocopherol, and Delta-tocotrienol. The results were analyzed by response surface method, and the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the fraudulent addition of palm, sunflower, and corn oils to butter oil. The mathematical models between percent of fraud agents (palm, sunflower, and corn oil) and amounts of tocopherols and tocotrienols were obtained. According to the results, the high amount of Alpha-tocopherol represents sunflower oil fraud, the high amount of Alpha-tocotrienol, Beta-tocotrienol, Gamma-tocotrienol, and Delta-tocotrienol represents palm oil fraud, and the high amount of Beta-tocopherol, Gamma-tocopherol, and Delta-tocopherol represents corn oil fraud. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable method for identifying and quantifying butter oil authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan-polyaniline nanocomposite film was prepared in combination with different concentrations of polyaniline at various synthesis times. Surface morphology, antioxidant properties, water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), color properties and light transparency properties of the films were investigated. The size, shape and morphology of the synthesized particles were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The results indicated that the synthesized polyaniline particles were spherical and in the range of 45–70 nm. The results obtained from the study of the effect of polyaniline on the physical properties of the chitosan film showed that increasing polyaniline concentration and synthesis time causes a decrease in the rate of the water solubility and water vapor permeability. This is an important factor in expanding its use in food packaging. The results of the colorimetric studies showed that the polyaniline sharply changed the surface color of the film. Polyaniline also increased antioxidant properties of composite film. Investigating the light transmission and transparency of the films showed that the polyaniline reduced the transparency and transmission of light, which could be used to package products that are susceptible to oxidation in the light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fe 3 O 4 -SiO 2 /Polypyrrole Magnetic Nanocomposite Polymer Powder. • New application of magnetic powders. • Edible see salt purification. • Environmental protection. In this study, Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /polypyrrole magnetic nanocomposite polymer powder was chemically synthesized. The structure of the prepared composite powders were studied using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and XRD techniques. The results showed that the prepared composites have a nanometer structure. The FTIR results confirmed the electrostatic interactions between the composite components. XRD also showed the crystal structure of Fe 3 O 4 and its composites. Optimal nanocomposite powder was used to purify the salt of Lake Urmia. Salt samples were treated with powder and the chemical properties of salt were investigated before and after treatment. Qualitative tests performed on salt included COD, BOD, organic compounds, heavy metals, nitrate and nitrite, and color characteristics. Finally, the efficiency of the nanoparticle powder in the lake salt treatment was calculated. The results showed that the composite powder reduced BOD and COD as well as the heavy metal salts of the lake. Also, the organic compounds in the salt decreased and the color factors such as the white index of the salt increased. Under optimal conditions, Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /PPy composite showed the best performance at 37 min of purification time. In general, Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /PPy composite can be easily used to purify sea salts and also reduce environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to produce a film based on the mucilage of Paneerak flower modified with licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles. The D-optimal statistical scheme was used to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal decomposition (DSC) properties of the films. The results showed that with the increase of licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the antioxidant activity of the film increased significantly (p<0.05). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the prepared films showed that the addition of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles caused the antimicrobial activity of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that copper sulfate nanoparticles are physically combined with the mucilage polymer of Paneerak flower and it reduces the crystal structure.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirm the physical presence of copper sulfate nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. FTIR results also showed weak electrostatic interactions between film components and composites. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the surface of the films containing copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root are more heterogeneous than the mucilage of Paneerak flower. Shirin-bian and copper sulfate nanoparticles were able to delay the thermal decomposition of the mucilage of Paneerak flower and increase the thermal stability of the mucilage film. Finally, based on the results, the addition of copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root to edible films based on the mucilage of paneerak flower improved antimicrobial, antioxidant, DSC and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a color sensor based on nanofiber cellulose film modified with ninhydrin was designed to measure amino acids and formalin index in fruit juice. For this purpose, three types of cellulose films with porosity of 5, 30 and 125 μm were used. These films were treated with standard solution of ninhydrin. The characteristics of modified films were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) tests. The color factors of the sensors (a and b) changed in the presence of amino acids and juice with different levels of formalin index. Therefore, the modified films with ninhydrin as a colorimetric sensor were calibrated using 7 types of amino acids and based on the formalin index of 4 types of juice. Then the sensors were used to measure the formalin index in 4 types of juice. The results showed that the sensors have relative selectivity towards methionine amino acid. The formalin index values calculated in the juices by the sensor were compared with the titration method as a reference method. All three types of sensors were able to detect formalin index. The results of the sensor performance verification showed that the sensors can measure formalin index in different juices with 95–98 % accuracy. These sensors showed fast sensitivity and selectivity to the amino acids in juice, also these sensors are safe and the measurement method is fast and simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Pectin/Nanoclay (montmorillonite)/ Carum copticum Essential oils/β-Carotene (Pec/Clay/CCE/βC) composite film was prepared. The effect of β-Carotene (βC) and Carum copticum Essential oils (CCE) concentration on the antioxidant activity and color/mechanical properties of Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film was studied. The morphology and antibacterial activity of film were studied. The films containing maximum essential oil and β-carotene showed the best antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, flexibility and firmness. So the Pec/Clay/CCE0.5%/BC0.03% film as the optimum film was used for packaging of local butter. Oxidative stability, microbial count, and color properties (L*, a* and b*) of butter packaged with active film (Pec/Clay/CCE/βC) were investigated. Results showed that Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film was effective against Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) more than Escherichia coli (E. coli). According to the results active packaged butter had the highest oxidative stability, lowest microbial load, and the least color change during storage. In the packaging process, Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film color was changed from orange to light yellow and this color change was used as a smart color indicator to detect the oxidation of butter and expiration time of butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biodegradable film based on pectin modified with Nanoclay and methylene blue was prepared. The Physicomechanical properties of the prepared film, including: thickness, water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), antioxidant activity and color properties were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and texture analysis techniques were used to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of the films. The optimum Pec/Clay/MB film was used as a colorimeter sensor to detect and measure vitamin C. The results showed that the addition of Nanoclay to the film increased the thickness and decreased the solubility of water and reduced the WVP. The addition of methylene blue had no significant effect on the thickness, but increased water solubility and increased antioxidant activity. The addition of Nanoclay increased the tensile strength (TS) of the film, but decreased its elongation at break (EB). The addition of Nanoclay increased the melting temperature of the film and decreased its crystallization temperature. In the SEM images, the clay particles at 50–100 nm in the film structure were characterized. Nanoclay and methylene blue reduced the surface cleavage of the film. Pec/Clay/MB film color was changed from blue to colorless in the presence of vitamin C. The linear range of vitamin C measurement was 10 to 500 mg 100 g and the detection limit was 10 mg 100 g. By detecting the color changes of the film in the presence of vitamin C, the amount of this vitamin was measured in orange, kiwi and tangerine juice. The accuracy of the data was evaluated by the titration method. The sensor accuracy was obtained over 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to synthesize Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gluten/pectin/Fe3O4 composite hydrogel. This nano-hydrogel was then used to reduce sediment contamination in Lake Urmia (Iran). For this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles were chemically synthesized. Two types of composite Hydrogels including gluten/Fe3O4 and gluten/pectin/Fe3O4 composites were prepared by adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles and pectin to wheat gluten. The properties of Hydrogels were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray diffraction methods. SEM results showed that Fe3O4 particles were seed shape (30–60 nm). The results confirmed the physical interactions between magnetic nanoparticles, pectin and gluten. Subsequently, the prepared Hydrogels were used to reduce the pollution of Lake Urmia sediments. Central composite design was used to investigate the effect of interaction time and interaction temperature of hydrogel with sediment and the type of hydrogel. Qualitative characteristics of the sediments, including heavy metal concentrations (arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium), biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand COD, and organic compounds were investigated before and after treatment of sediments with hydrogel. The effect of hydrogel on enhancing sediment quality was investigated. The results showed that in the optimum condition removal efficiency of total heavy metals was 62% and removal efficiency of total organic compounds was 42%. The results also showed that gluten/pectin/Fe3O4 hydrogel had better performance in reducing environmental pollutants of sediment than wheat gluten/Fe3O4 hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic/antimicrobial properties of biodegradable film based on wheat gluten/zinc oxide nanocomposites (WG/ZnO) for the active packaging of food products. In this study, central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of gluten percent (15, 22.5 and 30%) and ZnO percent (0, 2 and 4%) on the photocatalytic, mechanical and physicochemical properties of WG/ZnO film. Some properties of films, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, FT-IR, SEM, solubility, water absorption, thickness, moisture, colorimetric (L*, a* and b*) and opacity were investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of films based on photocatalytic activity were investigated in three wavelengths of 500, 365 and 254 nm on the Escherichia coli and Aspergillus Niger. The results of the photocatalytic/antimicrobial activity of the films showed that pure gluten film had no effect on bacteria and fungi at three wavelengths, but films containing zinc oxide nanoparticles showed a significant inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi at 365 and 254 nm. Antibacterial and anti-fungal inhibitory effects were observed at 254 nm stronger than 365 nm (p < 0.05). This result showed that at lower wavelengths the photocatalytic activity was induced to the film. The results of the antioxidant test showed that pure gluten had no antioxidant activity, but antioxidant activity increased with increasing zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly (p < 0.05). The results of the FT-IR analysis showed that new interactions between zinc oxide nanoparticles and gluten polymer of wheat were created. The results showed that when the ZnO particle concentration was low, these particles were distributed uniformly, but high concentration of zinc oxide in the film leaded to agglomeration of these particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial/biodegradable film based on Chitosan (CS)/pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and Melissa officinalis Essences (MOE) was prepared. To study the effects of PPE and MOE on the film characteristics, a central composite design (CCD) was used. The physicochemical characteristics of the film, including moisture, water vapour permeability (WVP), antioxidant activity, microbial properties, FT-IR/SEM/XRED spectrum, etc. were studied. The results showed that the addition of PPE significantly reduced the amount of moisture loss. The WVP increased with the addition of MOE and decreased with the addition of PPE. MOE and PPE increased the antioxidant activity of the films. In terms of microbial properties, the antimicrobial effect of MOE on B. cereus was greater than on E. coli. The results of SEM showed that the PPE particles were uniformly distributed in the film matrix and the MOE slightly reduced the surface compression of the film. The CS/PPE/MOE film was used for smart packaging of cream cheese and detection of cheese spoilage. It was observed that with increasing storage time and storage temperature, with regard to the change in the pH of the cream cheese, samples become acidic. The PPE contains anthocyanin pigments that are sensitive to pH changes so the film colour was changed (from blue to red) during storage. The colour change of the film was visible with the naked eye and can be used to estimate the expiry date of the cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a smart biodegradable film based on wheat gluten modified with chlorophyll (WG/Ch) is presented. The effect of chlorophyll on the antioxidant activity and mechanical properties of WG/Ch film is studied. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analyses are used to study the structure and chemical composition of gluten‐based films. The WG/Ch film is used in the packaging of sesame oil. The effect of WG/Ch film on increasing the shelf life and detecting expiration time of oil is studied. FT‐IR results show that weak interactions are created between gluten and chlorophyll. The antioxidant activity of the WG film is 60% and it increases to 85% by the addition of chlorophyll. The results show that with the increasing storage time of oil samples, oxidative indices are increased, but the WG/Ch film decreases the sesame oil oxidation significantly (almost in the all oxidative indices 50% decrease is observed). Practical Applications: The WG/Ch film is used in the packaging of sesame oil. The effect of WG/Ch film on the increasing of shelf life and detecting expiration time of oil is studied. By increasing storage time and oxidant, acidity, acid number, PA, and oil color change are increased, but the WG/Ch active film decreases the sesame oil oxidation significantly. Also, by examining the color properties of the active film, it is observed that with increasing storage time and oxidant percent, the color of the film is changed (from green to yellow), which can be used to estimate the oil expiration time. It should be mentioned that the film's color changes are visible to the naked eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, development and progress in modern packaging resulting from degradable natural resources have grown remarkably. In this study, chitosan–polyaniline film was prepared with a combination of different concentrations of polyaniline and various synthesis times to produce antimicrobial and biodegradable packaging film. The physical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The interaction between chitosan and polyaniline was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction patterns. The size and morphology of the synthesized particles were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the synthesized polyaniline particles had a spherical shape (45–100 nm). The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the films against Aspergillus niger fungi (antifungal area: 61.47 mm2) and Escherichia coli bacteria (antimicrobial area: 187.27 mm2) increased with increasing the concentration of polyaniline. The results obtained from the study of the effect of polyaniline on the electrical conductivity of the chitosan film showed that increasing the polyaniline concentration and synthesis time resulted in decreased electrical resistance of the film, for which the film with the highest aniline concentration and the highest synthesize time had the lowest resistance. According to the mechanical property results, tensile strength (TS) and elastic modulus were increased due to the addition of the polyaniline to the polymer matrix. The chitosan blank film had a lower TS than nanocomposites. As the final results, the chitosan–polyaniline film has good electrical conductivity, indicating that the produced film could be used in intelligent food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work intelligent and active films based on bacterial cellulose (BC) modified by polypyrrole-Zinc oxide nanocomposite (BC-PPy-ZnO) were provided. Chemical polymerization in the atmospheric condition was used for providing BC-PPy-ZnO film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for studying BC-PPy-ZnO film morphology. The nanosized PPy-ZnO (50–150 nm) composites covered the BC surface. The BC-PPy-ZnO film was used for packaging of chicken thigh. The effects of storage time and storage temperature on the chicken thigh characteristics were studied based on a central composite design (CCD). The effects of BC-PPy-ZnO film on the chicken thigh characteristics, including pH, microbial property (Mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria), color property, antioxidant and rheological properties were studied. The results showed that the BC-PPy-ZnO film could decrease the growth of microbial load in chicken thigh and could control the pH increasing. The BC-PPy-ZnO film could increase the shelf life and stabilize rheological properties of chicken thigh by increasing of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity as active packaging. According to the results there are good relations between film electrical resistance change and storage time-storage/temperature that this could help us to estimate the storage time and storage temperature of chicken thigh as intelligent packaging. • Novel films based on modified bacterial cellulose were synthesized. • BC-PPy-ZnO film exhibited a good antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. • Packaging of chicken thigh meat by BC-PPy-ZnO improves its shelf life. • There are good relations between film electrical resistance change and storage time-storage/temperature that this could help us to estimate the storage time and storage temperature of chicken thigh as intelligent packaging. • BC-PPy-ZnO film can be used as smart and active packaging system for meat controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesize new composite polymer based on CMC/gelatin/TiO 2 -Ag. • The characteristics of new composite film were studied. • The synthesized new composite showed excellent photocatalytic character. • The CMC/Gel/TiO 2 -Ag could decompose easily NH 3 , ethanol and benzene. In this study, the composite of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film modified with gelatin and TiO 2 -Ag nanoparticles (CMC/Gel/TiO 2 -Ag) was prepared and some properties of synthesized film including physicochemical and photocatalytic properties were investigated. FT-IR results showed that new interactions between the film components were created. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the TiO 2 -Ag particles with 50–100 nm distributed in the CMC/Gelatin film. The results of the mechanical test showed that the TiO 2 -Ag nanoparticles at low concentrations increased tensile strength (TS) and decreased strain to break (STB), but with increasing nanoparticles concentrations, TS decreased and STB increased. Photocatalytic study showed that the prepared CMC/Gel/TiO 2 -Ag film has good photocatalytic property. Gas chromatography was used to study photocatalytic effects of film. Increasing TiO 2 -Ag nano particles on the film increases the photocatalytic activity of films against NH3, ethanol and benzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of reducing the use of chemical preservatives in food and the increasing attention of consumers to consume food products with minimal additives, the main goal of this research was to study the effect of use of chemical (calcium propionate) and biological (Lactobacillus plantarum) preservatives on increasing shelf life of yufka paste considering its physicochemical and microbial characteristics. For this purpose, three samples of yufka paste were prepared by adding concentrations of 103, 105, and 107 cfu/mL of L. plantarum individually and three samples of paste were prepared by adding the same amount of bacteria in combination with 0.3% calcium propionate and these samples were compared with the control sample (without preservative) and the sample only containing 0.3% calcium propionate. The obtained results showed that different treatments and time had a significant effect on physicochemical properties including pH, moisture, and protein of yufka paste (p <.05). The results of the survival of L. plantarum showed that with increasing time, the survival rate of bacteria increased (p <.05). The pH of the samples showed that the L. plantarum has a significant effect on controlling the chemical quality of yufka during storage. The count of mold and yeast in the combined use of L. plantarum and 0.3% propionate was lower than the single use of propionate chemical preservative, which indicated the very good effect of the green preservative in controlling the moldy spoilage of yufka. Low concentrations of bacteria showed better antimold results than treatments containing bacteria and propionate in a combined form, propionate or control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid phase microextraction fiber based on nano-sized polypyrrole-Ag (PPy-Ag) was fabricated. The size and morphology of PPy-Ag particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A method based on PPy-Ag-SPME-gas chromatography (GC) was developed for determination of sour cherry and grape juice adulteration in pomegranate juice samples by determination of volatile organic acids (VOAs) concentration. The VOAs of pomegranate juice (valeric, isovaleric, lactic, and acetic acids) were extracted by fabricated polypyrrole-Ag fiber, and the concentration of VOAs was determined by GC analysis. The effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) percent, sour cherry juice (SCJ) percent, and red grape juice (GJ) percent as three variable factors on the concentration of VOAs were studied. Box Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to design the experiments that study the effect of factors on the VOAs concentration. The results showed that sour cherry and grape juice adulteration in pomegranate juice can affect the VOAs concentration, and there is a good relation between pomegranate, sour cherry, and grape juice percent and VOAs concentration. So the presented analytical method is a suitable and fast method for determination of pomegranate juice authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• The literature related to hydrocolloids. • Review of hydrocolloid preparation methods. • Review of hydrocolloid application with special emphasis on food and pharmaceutical industries. • The types of hydrocolloids, production methods, and their properties and their applications have been discussed. Hydrocolloids are a group of polysaccharides that act as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsion stabilizers, inhibitors of the growth and expansion of ice crystals in frozen materials, and inhibitors of the growth of sugar crystals in different industries. Hydrocolloids are used both to improve the rheological and textural properties of food products and also as fat substitutes. Also hydrocolloids are used in the production of low-calorie foods and also their beneficial nutritional properties causes their extensive application in the food industry. Food hydrocolloids or gums are high molecular weight hydrophilic biopolymers that are used as functional compounds in the food industry. Hydrocolloids are obtained from plants, animals, microorganisms, and modified biopolymers. The purpose of this article is to review hydrocolloids and their application in food, pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Therefore, this article discusses the structure, origin, preparation methods, extraction and the applications of hydrocoloids in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable chromatography device and a method were developed to analyze a gas mixture. The device comprises a chromatographic column for separating components of a sample of the gas mixture. It has an air pump coupled to the inlet of a chromatographic column for pumping air and an injector coupled to the inlet of chromatographic column for feeding the sample using the air as a carrier gas. A detector is arranged downstream from and coupled to the outlet of the chromatographic column. The detector is a nanostructure semiconductive microfiber. The device further comprises an evaluation unit arranged and configured to evaluate each detected component to determine the concentration. The designed portable system was used for simultaneous detection of amines. The possibility of applying dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of analytes in trace levels is demonstrated. The reproducibility of this method is acceptable, and good standard deviations were obtained. The relative standard deviation value is less than 6% for all analytes. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of analytes in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a new magnetic nanocomposites based on Fe3O4-Hydrogel and Fe3O4@SiO2-Hydrogel were synthesized. The poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) was used as hydrogel compound. The hydrogel has the strong ability to remove some organic and inorganic compounds like methylene blue from water samples. Fe3O4 nanoparticles have the magnetic character that could help to the separation of hydrogel from the water after removal process by a magnet. The morphology of the hydrogel, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-Hydrogel and Fe3O4@SiO2-Hydrogel was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structure of hydrogel and presence of the Fe3O4 and SiO2 particles in the hydrogel nanocomposite was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The synthesized nanocomposites were used to remove the methylene blue from wastewater samples. Central Composite Design (CCD) and response surface method were used to optimize some parameters that affect the magnetic character, removal ability and removal efficiency, so the time of removal (minute), pH and the amount of hydrogel (mg) as important parameters were optimized by designing experiments. Determination of removal efficiency was done by spectrophotometric method. Results showed that the Fe3O4@SiO2-Hydrogel had the more efficiency than Fe3O4-Hydrogel and the removal efficiency of methylene blue from water by synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-Hydrogel was between 50–95% that in the optimized condition it was almost 95%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for 5 replicates the removal of methylene blue with synthesized sorbent was 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to construct an array of sensors using polypyrrole–zinc oxide (PPy–ZnO) and PPy–vanadium (V; chemical formula: V2O5) fibers. To test responses of sensors, a central composite design (CCD) has been used. The results of the CCD technique revealed that the developed sensors are orthogonally sensitive to diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid. In total, 20 different mixtures of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid were prepared, and the responses of the array sensors were recorded for each mixture.Design/methodology/approach A response surface regression analysis has been used for correlating the responses of the sensors to diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations during the gas phase in food samples. The developed multivariate model was used for simultaneous determination of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations. Some food samples with unknown concentrations of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid were provided, and the responses of array sensors to each were recorded.Findings The responses of each sensor were considered as target response in a response optimizer, and by an overall composite desirability, the concentration of each analyte was predicted. The present work suggests the applicability of the response surface regression analysis as a modeling technique for correlating the responses of sensor arrays to concentration profiles of diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid in food samples.Originality/value The PPy–ZnO and PPy–V2O5 nanocomposite fibers were synthesized by chemical polymerization. The provided conducting fibers, PPy–ZnO and PPy–V2O5, were used in an array gas sensor system for the analysis of volatile compounds (diacetyl, lactic acid and acetic acid) added to yogurt and milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified electrode was prepared by modification of the carbon paste electrode (CPE) with a nanostructured material. This nanostructure with electrocatalytic activity was synthesized by combination of poly pyrrole and copper oxide nanoparticles (PPy/CuO). The structure and morphology of PPy/CuO was studied. The fabricated modified electrode (CPE-PPy/CuO) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward levodopa (L-DOPA) and uric acid (UA) oxidation because of high conductivity, low electron transfer resistance and catalytic effect. The CPE-PPy/CuO had a lower overvoltage and enhanced electrical current with respect to the bare CPE for both L-DOPA and UA. Also, the modified electrode showed a good resolution for the overlapped anodic peaks of L-DOPA and UA. This electrode was used for the successful simultaneous determination of L-DOPA and UA. The electrochemical sensor responded to L-DOPA and UA in the concentration range of 0.050-1200 μM and 0.040-2000 μM, respectively. The detection limits were obtained by differential pulse voltammetry as 15 nM for L-DOPA and 20 nM for UA. Finally, the proposed electrode was used for determination of L-DOPA and UA in real samples using standard addition method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that have been listed as hazardous substances by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. Edible oils are one of the important food sources of PAHs, which are created during the processes of drying oil seeds or refining edible oils. The aim of this research was to evaluate PAHs (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]pyrene, and Benz[a]anthracene) in industrially produced edible oils (sunflower, corn, canola, olive and sesame) and traditional oils (press) (yellow animal oil, olive, sesame and sunflower oil) in Iran, and these samples were randomly prepared, sampled and analyzed from the stores of West Azarbaijan province (Urmia, Iran). PAHs were extracted from oily samples by solid phase microextraction method and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-FID. The highest concentration of PAHs (μg/L) were related to different oils as the follow: naphthalene (4.61 in animal yellow oil), Fluorene (0.75 in canola), Phenanthrene (0.21 in canola), Anthracene (0.01 in animal yellow oil), Fluoranthene (2.53 in canola), pyrene (2.67 in canola), Benz[a]anthracene (0.44 in corn) and Benzo[a]pyrene (0.45 in canola). The concentration of Benzo[a]pyrene was compared with the European Union (EU) limit value (μ>2) using one-sample t-test. In industrial canola oil, with an average concentration of 2.593μg/kg, Benzo[a]pyrene was higher than the European Union standard of 2μg/kg. Some of the studied aromatic hydrocarbons could not be detected in some oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prepare a biodegradable film of sour lemon peel waste. The film of lemon peel powder (LPP) was modified with xanthan gum (XG) and TiO 2 –Ag nanoparticles (LPP/XG/TiO 2 –Ag). For this purpose, a central composite design was used to investigate the effect of xanthan gum and TiO 2 –Ag nanoparticles on the physicochemical and structural properties of the produced film. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum led to an increase in thickness, moisture and index a of the samples and on the other hand a decrease in moisture and index a was observed with the addition of TiO 2 –Ag. With increasing xanthan gum, index b decreased slightly and with increasing TiO 2 –Ag, the amount of yellowness increased. With the addition of gum and nanoparticles, the antioxidant properties were slightly increased. With the addition of xanthan gum and TiO 2 –Ag, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the film significantly increased and the solubility and WVP decreased (P < 0.05). The FT-IR results showed the electrostatic interaction between lemon peel powder, TiO 2 –Ag and gum. In the SEM images, films containing TiO 2 –Ag and gum showed a homogeneous film with a granular state. According to the TGA results, the film samples containing gum and TiO 2 –Ag had better thermal stability than the control sample. The XRD results showed that adding TiO 2 –Ag and XG to the films reduced crystalline properties of film. Also, the results of antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed that XG and TiO 2 –Ag increased antibacterial activity of film. • Biodegradable film of LPP/XG/TiO 2 -Ag was prepared. • XG and TiO 2 -Ag improved antioxidant properties of film. • The LPP/XG/TiO 2 -Ag film had good antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the red beet extract and Plantago psyllium mucilage on the physicochemical and biodegradability properties of carrageenan gum film was investigated. The results showed an increase in the total phenol content, thickness, water vapor permeability of the film samples, with the addition of red beet extract and Plantago psyllium mucilage. The addition of the red beet extract and Plantago psyllium mucilage reduced the tensile strength and transparency of the samples. Films prepared with extract and mucilage also showed poor mechanical properties due to reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus. At lower levels of extract, increasing mucilage reduced the amount of elongation at the breaking point of the films, and at higher levels of extract, this parameter increased. The results of FTIR also showed weak electrostatic interactions between the components of the composite film. SEM images showed that the number of cracks decreased with the addition of mucilage and increased with the addition of extract. The addition of mucilage increased the crystalline property of the film and the addition of the extract decreased its crystalline property. Adding mucilage and extract to the carrageenan film greatly increased the film's antioxidant properties and accelerated the film's biodegradability time. This study demonstrated that the psyllium mucilage hydrocolloid with carrageenan has desirable properties and potential as an edible film or coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a biodegradable/conducting film based on polylactic acid (PLA) modified with polyaniline, zinc oxide, and copper oxide (PLA/PAn/CuO/ZnO) was prepared. The effect of polyaniline, zinc oxide, and copper oxide on the electrical, physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of polylactic acid films by different techniques such as SEM, FTIR, and TGA were investigated. Electricity conductive films were used for intelligent packaging of orange juice. The chemical and microbial properties of orange juice and the electrical conductivity of packaging films during storage time (56 days) were investigated. The results showed that the effect of polyaniline, zinc oxide, and copper oxide greatly increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polylactic acid film. Polyaniline gave the film good electrical conductivity, but zinc oxide and copper oxide had no significant effect on it. The active film used to package the orange juice increased the chemical and microbial viability of the orange juice. The electrical resistance of the conductive films used for packaging increased over time and a significant mathematical relationship was established between storage time and changes in electrical resistance, which was used to estimate the shelf life and expiration date of orange juice. Examination of the performance of the films showed that these films with an accuracy of over 90% have the ability to estimate the storage time of orange juice. Electricity conductive/antimicrobial/antioxidant film based on polylactic acid as an active and intelligent film has the ability to increase the shelf life and detect spoilage of orange juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to extract flaxseed mucilage (FM) and Plantago Psyllium mucilage (PM) and to investigate the rheological properties and the substitutability of FM and PM instead of butter in the production of low‐calorie cookies. Therefore, the D‐optimal design was evaluated to investigate the effect of FM and PM replacement at 0%–60% levels on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the cookie. The results of rheological properties indicated pseudoplastic behavior of FM, PM, and butter. Also, according to the results, PM was stronger than FM and maintained its structure more during rheological tests. The results showed that by increasing the replacement of FM and PM, the moisture content and water activity of the samples increased significantly (p < 0.05) whereas no noticeable changes were observed at 6 and 10 days after cooking (p > 0.05). Antioxidant capacity increased with increased FM replacement. Also, a* increased significantly with increased PM replacement percentage. The firmness and penetration energy of cookies decreased while L* increased with increased replacement of FM and PM. Overall acceptance of sensory evaluation also increased with the replacement of FM and PM. Hence the highest sensory score was related to samples with 30% FM together with 30% PM. A comparison between optimal and control samples showed that the amount of protein, fat, and peroxide in the control sample was higher than in the optimized cookies. In general, replacing butter with FM and PM in the cookie formulation to produce new products with low‐calorie content is possible and it is easy to reduce the relatively high amount of fat in the cookie composition without significant decreases in the product quality. Practical applications: Today, the tendency to use low‐fat foods is very strong among consumers. Consumers are significantly concerned about the health risks of a high‐fat diet and are trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet. Flaxseed mucilage (FM) and Plantago Psyllium mucilage (PM) have the capacity to hydrate, develop viscosity, and maintain freshness, particularly in bakery products. In this study, FM and PM were extracted and were used as fat substitutes in the preparation of low‐calorie cookies. The physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the cookie were studied. According to the results, well‐acceptable low‐calorie and low‐fat cookies could be prepared by substituting 20% FM +20% PM instead of 40% butter in terms of physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sodium caseinate film was produced and the effect of titanium oxide nanoparticles and grape seed essence as factors that enhance film properties was investigated. For this purpose, nanocomposite films based on sodium caseinate were modified with different levels of nanoparticles of 0 to 1.5% and grape seed essence at levels of 0 to 500 ppm based on the central composite experimental design (CCD). The effects of these variables on physical/mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and antioxidant properties were investigated. The morphology and chemical structure of different films were evaluated by SEM and FTIR techniques. The results showed that the addition of titanium oxide nanoparticles has improved the mechanical properties of the films. In this regard, films prepared from 1.5% and 500 ppm nanoparticles have the highest tensile strength. The results of scanning electron microscopy test showed that the addition of nanoparticles led to the indirect penetration of water, which reduced the permeability of the films to water vapor to 4.89 kg/m. The addition of grape seed essence caused the antioxidant effects of the produced films, so that the films containing 250 ppm showed antioxidant activity of 86.74%. Overall, the results showed that the addition of nanoparticles and grape seed essence had positive effects on the physical and chemical properties of sodium caseinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A selective dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gas sensor based on nanostructured conducting polypyrrole doped with sulfonate anion was constructed. Five sulfonate anions, including HSO3 −, para toluene sulfonate (PTS), dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS), dodecyl sulfonate (DS) and 5-sulfo salicylate (SS) were used to dope polypyrrole film. Sulfonated doped polypyrrole samples (PPy-S) have been prepared by polymerization of pyrrole on surfaces of the polyester fibers in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The presence of the dopants in the conducting polymer matrix was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy and the morphology of the resulting PPy-S was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of the dopant type and concentrations on the conductivity and response patterns of the PPy-S as a gas sensor to the different gases were studied. The PPy-S gas sensors had demonstrated fast response time (<1s). The responsivity of the PPy-S gas sensors for various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was also reported. The PPy-HSO3 exhibit a lowest detection limit to the DMSO and could also be successfully applied as a highly selective sensor for detection of DMSO (DL=30ng). Linearity of calibration curve was observed at the range of 0.1–500μg. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Polypyrrole (PPy) gas sensor has been prepared by polymerization of pyrrole on surfaces of commercial polymer fibers in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The sensing behavior of PPy gas sensor was investigated in the presence of pyridine derivatives. The resistive responses of the PPy gas sensor to pyridine derivatives were in the order of quinoline>pyridine>4-methyl pyridine and 2-methyl pyridine. The PPy gas sensor was used as gas chromatography (GC) detector and exhibited linear responses to pyridine derivatives in the ranges 40–4000ng. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with GC/PPy gas sensor has been developed for simultaneous determination of pyridine derivatives and quinoline. The purposed method was used for determination of pyridine derivatives from cigarette smoke. The GC runs were completed in 4min. The reproducibility of this method is suitable and good standard deviations were obtained. RSD value is less than 10% for all analytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, electrically conductive polymers have been prepared by polymerization of pyrrole on surfaces of commercial polymer fibers in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The resistance of polypyrrole-coated fibers was investigated and related to coating conditions, which was controlled by adjusting the reactant concentrations. The effect of initial treatment with monomer or oxidant prior to polymerization reaction with regards to resistance of sensor was optimized. The morphology of the conducting film on the surface of the fibers was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), indicating a strong dependence of the processing conditions. The sensing behavior of polypyrrole-coated fiber in the presence of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is studied experimentally. Effects of functional group and polarity of organic molecules on responses of the PPy-coated fiber sensor (PPy-CFS) were investigated. The PPy-CFS had demonstrated fast response time (<1s), high sensitivity for various polar molecules and good reproducibility when reused. The sensitivity of the PPy-CFS for various molecules was in the following order: pyridines>acetonitrile>DMSO>ROHs>aldehydes>ketone>benzene derivatives≫alkanes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, pectin was extracted from black mulberry fruit pulp and chlorophyll was extracted from black mulberry leaves. The extracted chlorophyll was encapsulated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Black mulberry pectin/chlorophyll of black mulberry leaf encapsulated with carboxymethylcellulose/silica nanoparticles was prepared (Pec/Ch-CMC/SiO2). The physicochemical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the prepared films were investigated. SEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD techniques were used to study the structure of the films. According to the results, silica increased the thickness and decreased the moisture and solubility of the films. Increasing the amount of CMC in the capsules used in the film increased the thickness, moisture and solubility of the films. Silica increased the tensile strength of the film and reduced the flexibility of the film, while CMC reduced the tensile strength and increased the flexibility of the film. Chlorophyll and silica greatly increased the antioxidant properties of the film. Encapsulated chlorophyll and silica increased the antibacterial properties of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. SEM images showed that by simultaneously adding encapsulated chlorophyll and silica to the pectin structure, almost all gaps in the pectin surface were filled. According to the FTIR spectra, electrostatic interactions between pectin polymer chains with encapsulated chlorophyll and silica were confirmed. According to TGA results, the simultaneous addition of encapsulated chlorophyll and silica to the film increases the thermal stability of the film. According to the results, the pure pectin film has a semi-crystalline structure that the addition of silica and encapsulated reduces its crystalline structure. • New composite film based on black mulberry pulp pectin. • Encapsulation of chlorophyll with carboxymethylcellulose. • Antibacterial packaging film. • Antioxidant active polymer. • Waste valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an antibacterial/antioxidant film based on modified starch and albumin was prepared in which magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO) at concentrations of 0–5 w/w% were used to improve the physicochemical properties of biopolymers. For this purpose, various modified starch/albumin films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (S-A-MgO) were synthesized based on the D-Optimal experimental design. Thickness, moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP) and antioxidant properties were analyzed for 19 films prepared according to the statistical design. Then, the antimicrobial properties and structure of films was evaluated using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA techniques. The results of the tests showed that with the addition of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, the thickness of the produced films increased, moisture content, water solubility and water vapor permeability decreased. The use of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in nanobiocomposite films increased antioxidant activity. Morphological images (SEM) of the produced films showed a rough and heterogeneous surface in films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles compared to films without nanoparticles. The results of FT-IR indicated that there was no new bond between the starch-albumin functional groups and MgO and the physical presence of MgO nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was confirmed. XRD results showed that in films containing MgO nanoparticles, a wide peak of about 2θ = 16.5° formed, indicating their relative amorphous structure. In investigating the antibacterial effect of films containing nanoparticles, halos with a diameter of about 4–6 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was formed, which showed the antimicrobial properties of the prepared films. • Biodegradable film based on modified starch-albumin/MgO. • New biodegradable composite. • Antibacterial/Antioxidant active polymer. • Improve thermal stability of biodegradable film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biodegradable films for releasing antimicrobials into food packaging is an active packaging type in the food industry. In this study, an antibacterial film was produced based on the chitosan biopolymer, in which zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (0, 1 and 3% (W/V)) and Melissa essential oil (0, 0.25 and 0.5% (W/V)) were used for the enhancement of the biopolymer properties based on the central composite design (CCD). Physical, color, antimicrobial and mechanical properties including tensile strength (TS) and strain to break (STB), FT-IR, XRD and surface morphology of chitosan/Melissa essential oil/ZnO (CS/MEO/ZnO) film were investigated. The results of surface morphology showed that the sizes of zinc oxide particle in the polymer structure are in the nanometer size (40–80 nm). Increasing the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Melissa essential oil increased the TS of films and reduced water solubility and water vapor permeability (WVP). The results of color analysis showed that by increasing the concentration of zinc oxide, opacity was increased. Increasing the concentration of Melissa essential oil increased the transparency of film samples. The results of antimicrobial properties showed that increasing the concentration of zinc oxide and Melissa essential oil increased the antibacterial properties of composite film. The overall result of this study showed that the resulting composite film can be used as a new antimicrobial biodegradable composite film in food packaging industry. • Novel films based on modified chitosan were synthesized. • CS/MEO/ZnO film exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against E. coli. • CS/MEO/ZnO film exhibited a good antioxidant activity. • ZnO and MEO improve the mechanical properties of CS film. • CS/MEO/ZnO film can be used as active packaging system in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to extract flaxseed mucilage (FM) and investigate its rheological properties (static and dynamic tests) compared with animal oil. In the next stage, the D-optimal design was applied to investigate the effect of FM (0–60%) and FF (0–30%) replacements with animal oil and cake flour, respectively on the sponge cake's physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties. According to the flow behavior test, FM showed Newtonian behavior while animal oil had pseudoplastic behavior. The results of the dynamic test showed with an increase in frequency, the loss modulus (G״) and storage modulus (Gʹ) of samples increased. However, Gʹ was higher than G״ in all samples. By replacement of FM and FF, the moisture content, water activity, antioxidant capacity, crumb hardness, and cohesiveness of the samples increased while springiness, crust hardness, and specific volume decreased (P < 0.05). Lightness of samples with replacement of FF decreased (P < 0.05). The overall acceptance score was enhanced with an increase in FM substitution while it was decreased with the replacement of FF (P < 0.05). The amounts of fat, calories, and peroxide values were decreased in sponge cake with the incorporation of FF and FM (P < 0.05). In general, the substitution of FM (60%) and FF (28%) in the cake formulation as an optimized sample to make new products with low-calorie content is possible without significant decreases in product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nowadays, innovative biodegradable packaging based on pH-sensitive natural dyes is being developed. These smart systems quickly inform the food quality to the consumer and monitor fresh foods in real-time. Smart packaging protects food against ambiance risks and simultaneously sends information to users for variations and alterations in the packaging settings. Anthocyanin (ACY), among the natural dyes used as indicators serves as water-soluble flavonoid pigments which made reflection in light in the red-blue range and can detect chemical and microbial alterations in foods based on their pH-susceptible conditions; on the other hand, they have considerable antimicrobial and antioxidant functions that result in the longer shelf life of food products. They also have beneficial properties including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory functions, avoidance of heart diseases, overweight, and diabetes. Hence, this paper deals with the characteristics of smart packaging films based on anthocyanins, as well as their application in various food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Melissa officinalis essential oil was encapsulated through ultrasonication by using different ratios of whey protein isolate/sodium caseinate as coating material. Flavoured yoghurt was generated by adding microcapsules; the release behaviour of the essential oil was characterised over a 21‐day storage period. The released essential oil was quantified by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography. The results showed that the antioxidative activity of yoghurt samples was increased by the incorporation of encapsulated essential oil. Therefore, the use of microcapsules containing M. officinalis essential oil could be a suitable method for producing nutraceutical foods with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biodegradable/antioxidant active film based on potato starch was provided. Composite films of potato starch/Zedo gum/ Salvia officinalis essential oil were provided in different percents of Zedo gum (0.5–1.5%) and S. officinalis essential oil (0–500 µl). The characters of composite film, including physical, mechanical, and antioxidant properties were studied. The results showed that adding different amounts of Zedo gum and essential oil to starch film causes a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in moisture content, solubility, and film water vapor permeability (WVP). The film containing 1.5% gum and 500 µl of essential oil had minimum moisture content, solubility, and WVP. Results showed that the addition of Zedo gum significantly increased the thickness and opacity of the films and reduced the transparency of the films. Increasing the essential oil is significant on the film opacity and leads to a decrease in the passage of light from the films. By adding different amounts of gum, the antioxidant content of the films was significantly increased compared to the control film (pure starch film). Also, increasing the concentration of essential oil in the film composition caused a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of the films (p < 0.05). Modified starch films containing 1.5% gum (without essential oil) with 62.64% antioxidant activity and film with 1.5% gum and 500 µl essential oils with 68.35% antioxidant activity had the highest antioxidant activity. The addition of salvia essential oil and Zedo gum significantly decreased the elongation and tensile strength of the potato starch film (p < 0.05). Finally, the potato starch composite film containing Zedo gum and salvia essential oil showed excellent physical and antioxidant properties and had an excellent ability to be used in the food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the use of organic solvents is associated with environmental pollution, toxicological and safety concerns, alternative extraction methods have been investigated. In this study, the efficacy of application of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) as an eco-friendly, cost-effective and safe method for extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel compared to the aqueous extraction method was studied. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize extraction conditions. Designed experiments were done based on the Box-Behnken design with three independent variables, including temperature (30, 50 and 70°C), time (10, 25 and 40 min) and concentration of β-CD solution (0, 0.9 and 1.8%). The optimum extracting temperature and time and β-CD concentration were 55.7°C, 15.38 min, 1.8% respectively. In the optimum condition, the following characteristics of extracted bioactive compounds were obtained: total phenolic compounds 158.10 (mgGAE/gDW) with an extraction efficiency of 65.20%, total flavonoids 82.30 (mgQE/gDW) with an extraction efficiency of 60.30%, total flavonols 69.40 (mgQE/gDW) with an extraction efficiency of 58.50%, total anthocyanin 0.52 (mgC–3–gE/gDW) with the extraction efficiency of 42.60%. The Hydrogen Peroxide Radical scavenging activity was 22.90% and the DPPH Radical scavenging activity was 74.40%. The result of the HPLC analysis indicated that β-CD solution improved extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. As a result, Aqueous β-CDand UAE can effectively be used in recovering bioactive compounds from by-products of fruit processing and therefore for functional foods and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a novel usage for functional essential oils, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of process parameters on the characteristics of Melissa officinalis essential oil microencapsulated through whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (NaCS). Melissa officinalis was encapsulated via whey proteins and NaCS with variable ratios (0–100), core/coating ratios (10–100%), and ultrasonication power (50–150). The impacts of these variables were examined via response surface methodology. The findings demonstrated that lower particle sizes were obtained at higher amounts of WPI with the lowest level of applied sonication power. Desirability function results indicate that the maximum quantity of WPI with an ultrasonication power of 50 W led to the lowest particle size, zeta potential, and turbidity. The application of microcapsules loaded with Melissa officinalis was found to be useful to preserve their bioactive compounds and induces flavour stability, enabling the use of microcapsules in food formulations. Procedure of Melissa officinalis essential oil encapsulation in WPI/NaCS mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has been used in different industries for years. In this study, polyurethane filter, modified with nano-sized polypyrrole–ZnO was used for wastewater quality improvement. The effect of coating method and influential parameters on polymer morphology was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the uniformly synthesized polymers are seed like. The size of synthesized nanoparticles was observed to be about 50–120 nm. The effect of the number of iterative filtration and the height of the filter on improving the quality of the waste water was investigated using central composite design. After filtration, spectroscopy method, gas chromatography method, and some other devices such as biochemical oxygen demand meter and salt meter were used to evaluate the quality of the waste water. The results indicated that the filter efficiency in optimizing parameters such as total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, color, salinity, hardness, pH, and organic compounds removal is desirable. After data modeling, the optimal thickness of the filter was 3.8 cm and the most appropriate iteration for filtration was eight times obtained using a graphical method. Results showed that the designed filter had an excellent ability to improve wastewater quality and can be used in water and wastewater refining instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol film was modified with silver chloride nanoparticles and spirulina. • PVA/AgCl/Sp film showed excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and was suitable for active food packaging. • PVA/AgCl film showed good photochromic property in the exposure of sunlight and UV light. • Photochromic PVA/AgCl films can be used in the packaging of food products sensitive to light oxidation. In this study, biodegradable film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Silver chloride (AgCl) and spirulina (Sp). Surface morphology, mechanical properties, antioxidant, antimicrobial, optical properties, etc. were investigated. The FTIR results confirmed the effect of AgCl and Sp on PVA structure. Sp increased the moisture content and solubility in water. The XRD results showed the semi-crystalline structure of PVA. AgCl nanoparticles activated the antibacterial property of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Sp caused a strong increase in the antioxidant property of the film. Examining the light transmittance of films containing AgCl nanoparticles showed that the transmittance of films containing nanoparticles decreased with exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light with increasing treatment time, which indicates the activation of the photochromic property of films containing AgCl in the presence of light. The results showed the suitable photochromic property of the PVA/AgCl films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel bacterial cellulose (BC) based monolayer and multilayer films, incorporating 5 wt.% Scrophularia striata Boiss. extract (SE) were obtained. The effect of lamination and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexation of SE on morphological, physical, antioxidant and release properties of films were investigated. FT-IR results reflected that some new interactions have occurred between BC and β-CD. The XRD analyses showed a decrease in diffraction intensities of BC by addition of free SE. SEM results indicated that the intrinsic compactness of the BC film was preserved by addition of SE/β-CD complex. Lamination and SE/β-CD addition enhanced the mechanical properties. SE loaded films exhibited a good antioxidant activity. Release studies indicated that the release rate and diffusion coefficient (D) of SE in 95% ethanol simulant were significantly decreased by lamination and complexation of SE with β-CD. Results suggest that SE loaded BC films may be used as controlled release antioxidant food active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SPI*-based hydrogels were successfully prepared through dual-crosslinking with genipin/Zn2+. • The morphological, structural, and swelling characteristics of the SPI-based hydrogels were well evaluated. • Increasing the degree of crosslinking decreased the water absorption capacity of the hydrogel network. • Vitamin B6 release behavior indicated the best fit to the Peppas–Sahlin model in all the cases. • * Spirulina protein isolate. Spirulina protein isolate (SPI) is a bio-polymer that can be used in the design and synthesis of hydrogels due to its biodegradability and non-toxicity. Herein, dual-crosslinked hydrogels were synthesized based on spirulina protein isolate through covalent crosslinking with genipin and metal coordination with Zn2+, and used as delivery systems. From the analysis of colorimetric indices, a high correlation between color changes and the reaction of cross-linkers with amine group structure was observed. By increasing genipin concentration in the range of 5–15 mM, the degree of cross-linking increased up to 83 %. Cross-linked hydrogels, depending on the type and concentration of cross-linkers, had a smooth to rough and dense structure with low porosity. In the FTIR spectra, significant shifts were observed in amide bonds, which are related to the formation of secondary amides after genipin crosslinking. The maximum water absorption capacity (381 %) was obtained at pH 7.4, which was significantly reduced by increasing the concentration of cross-linkers or decreasing the pH of the environment. The release rate of vitamin B6 (model) at pH 2 (45 %) was much lower than at pH 7.4 (65 %) which makes hydrogels suitable for intestinal delivery. Vitamin B6 release data indicated the best fit to the Peppas–Sahlin model in all the cases (98–99 %) and showed that the release process occurs through quasi-Fickian diffusion. The finding reveals that spirulina protein-based hydrogels can potentially be used in the design of practical carriers for the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a good source of bioactive compounds. However, information on the biological properties of sugar beet root is limited and its beneficial effects have not been completely understood. In this work, 10 phenolic compounds have been separated and identified in various parts of sugar beet for the first time, including the most abundant epicatechin (31.16 ± 1.89 mg/100 g), gallic acid (30.57 ± 2.69 mg/100 g), and quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside (30.14 ± 3.63 mg/100 g). The biological activity tests indicated that sugar beet peel potently scavenged the nitric oxide and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) free radicals with IC50 values of 88.17 ± 05.14 and 28.77 ± 0.62 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, sugar beet peel exhibited the highest reducing power, IC50 values of 11.98 ± 1.20 μg/ml, and the highest ion‐chelating activity, IC50 values of 48.52% and 55.21% for cupric and ferrous ions at 250 μg/ml, respectively. Compared to synthetic antioxidants, sugar beet showed promising biological activities, which could be considered further in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]