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53 p., ill., Mal au dos, que faire ? Face à la grande variété de solutions proposées à ceux et celles qui souffrent de ce « mal du siècle », le KCE avait déjà publié en mai dernier un Guide de pratique clinique basé sur les plus récentes connaissances scientifiques. En guise de prolongation, voici un itinéraire de soins qui définit, pour un patient donné et en fonction du type et de la durée de sa douleur, les examens à effectuer et les traitements à proposer pour progresser de la façon la plus cohérente possible. C’est la première fois qu’un itinéraire de soins est réalisé en commun avec des représentants de toutes les professions de soins concernées et avec les patients. Il englobe à la fois les douleurs lombaires (mal de dos simple) et radiculaires (de type sciatique). Pour en faciliter l’usage, le KCE en a également développé une version interactive en ligne (www.lombalgie.kce.be)., PRÉFACE . 1 -- RÉSUMÉ 2 -- SYNTHÈSE . 3 -- 1. INTRODUCTION 9 -- 1.1. PORTÉE DE L’ITINÉRAIRE 9 -- 1.2. LIGNE DU TEMPS 10 -- 1.3. QU’ENTENDONS-NOUS PAR ITINÉRAIRE DE SOINS ? 10 -- 1.4. MÉTHODES . 11 -- 1.4.1. Équipe d’experts . 11 -- 1.4.2. Sources de données . 11 -- 1.4.3. Interprétation des résultats . 12 -- 2. UNE INCONFORTABLE ABSENCE DE DIAGNOSTIC 12 -- 2.1. SYSTÉMATISER LA RECHERCHE DE PATHOLOGIES SOUS-JACENTES SÉVÈRES 12 -- 2.2. DISTINGUER D’EMBLÉE LA DOULEUR RADICULAIRE DE LA LOMBALGIE 15 -- 2.3. NE PAS COMPTER SUR L’IMAGERIE . 15 -- 2.4. ASSURER UN SUIVI RÉGULIER DU PATIENT 15 -- 3. L’APPROCHE BIOPSYCHOSOCIALE, UNE CONCEPTION NOUVELLE QUI TARDE A SE -- GÉNÉRALISER 16 -- 3.1. RENONCER AUX CONCEPTIONS BIOMÉCANIQUES OBSOLÈTES 17 -- 3.2. DÉPISTER LES RISQUES DE PASSAGE À LA CHRONICITÉ 18 -- 3.3. ADAPTER LES SOINS AU PATIENT EN FONCTION DU PROFIL DE RISQUE DE PASSAGE À LA CHRONICITÉ 19 -- 3.4. METTRE LES MOYENS DÈS LA PHASE SUBAIGUË SI LE RISQUE EST ÉLEVÉ .20 -- 3.5. PRENDRE EN COMPTE LES FACTEURS PSYCHOSOCIAUX AUSSI DANS LA PHASE CHRONIQUE 20 -- 4. LES SOINS CENTRÉS SUR LE PATIENT, UN PRINCIPE DIFFICILE À RENCONTRER .21 -- 4.1. COMMENCER PAR RECONNAÎTRE QU’IL Y A UN HIATUS ENTRE LES ATTENTES DES PATIENTS ET LES POSSIBILITÉS D’ACTION DES PROFESSIONNELS DE LA SANTÉ 21 -- 4.1.1. Les patients attendent un diagnostic précis avec des causes clairement définies 21 -- 4.1.2. Ils voudraient être davantage écoutés . 22 -- 4.1.3. Ils espèrent une guérison complète 22 -- 4.1.4. Ils demandent une approche globale 22 -- 4.1.5. Ils veulent un traitement plus personnalisé et une participation plus active aux décisions . 23 -- 4.2. RELEVER DE NOUVEAUX DÉFIS POUR LES SOIGNANTS : L’EMPOWERMENT DU PATIENT ET L’AUTOGESTION . 23 -- 4.2.1. L’interaction entre patients et cliniciens pourrait être améliorée .23 -- 4.2.2. Des outils d’aide à la communication peuvent s’avérer utiles .24 -- 5. LES ACTIVITÉS PROFESSIONNELLES ET SOCIALES, TROP PEU SOUTENUES PAR LES PROFESSIONNELS DE SANTÉ 25

126 p., ill., 1 INTRODUCTION.12 -- 1.1 BACKGROUND: A FREQUENT PROBLEM WITH HIGH SOCIETAL IMPACT 12 -- 1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS.13 -- 1.3 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS 13 -- 1.3.1 Definition of low back and radicular pain .13 -- 1.3.2 Definition of clinical pathway 14 -- 1.4 STUDY PROCESS.14 -- 2 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE .15 -- 2.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 15 -- 2.2 METHODS 15 -- 2.3 RESULTS 16 -- 2.4 LIMITATIONS 22 -- 3 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF PATHWAYS 22 -- 3.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 22 -- 3.2 METHODS 22 -- 3.2.1 Identification of eligible pathways and countries 22 -- 3.2.2 Identification of variables relevant to the quality, efficacy, feasibility and applicability of low back pain care pathways .23 -- 3.2.3 Data collection 23 -- 3.2.4 Processing and analysis of the data 24 -- 3.3 RESULTS 24 -- 3.3.1 Number of identified pathways 24 -- 3.3.2 Characteristics of retrieved pathways26 -- 3.3.3 Pathway components related to quality and efficiency.38 -- 3.3.4 Key interventions and building elements for LBP pathways 38 -- 3.3.5 Organizational challenges in the development of LBP pathways 39 -- 3.4 LIMITATIONS 40 -- 4 THE BELGIAN CONTEXT.41 -- 4.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 41 -- 4.2 METHODS 41 -- 4.3 RESULTS41 -- 4.3.1 Structural initiatives for managing pain.41 -- 4.3.2 A variety in initiatives for the patients.45 -- 4.3.3 Initiatives regarding work ability and work conditions. 45 -- 4.4 LIMITATIONS46 -- 5 DESCRIPTION OF SOME BELGIAN INITIATIVES OF PATHWAYS 46 -- 5.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 46 -- 5.2 METHODS 46 -- 5.3 RESULTS 47 -- 5.3.1 Characteristics of the Belgian pathway initiatives 47 -- 5.3.2 Key interventions and building elements .56 -- 5.4 LIMITATIONS59 -- 6 HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS PERCEPTION - NOMINAL GROUPS.60 -- 6.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 60 -- 6.2 METHODS 60 -- 6.3 RESULTS60 -- 6.3.1 First contact and Triage 63 -- 6.3.2 Diagnostic 64 -- 6.3.3 Treatment.64 -- 6.3.4 Return to work 66 -- 6.4 LIMITATIONS66 -- 7 PATIENTS PERCEPTION – FOCUS GROUPS.67 -- 7.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 67

97 p., ill., 1. COMPOSITION OF EXPERTS GROUPS 8 -- 1.1. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO THE WORKING GROUPS 8 -- 1.2. COMPOSITION OF THE STAKEHOLDERS GROUP 10 -- 1.3. COMPOSITION OF THE SUBCONTRACTOR’S EXPERT TEAM (KULEUVEN) 11 -- 1.4. COMPOSITION OF THE KCE EXPERT TEAM 11 -- 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 12 -- 2.1. DATABASES AND DATE LIMITS 12 -- 2.2. SEARCH STRATEGIES 12 -- 3. EXTRACTS OF THE LIME SURVEY 27 -- 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PATHWAYS (INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON) 29 -- 4.1. GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS 29 -- 4.1.1. Demographic information 29 -- 4.1.2. Identification and organizational items 29 -- 4.1.3. Patient Selection: 29 -- 4.1.4. Team composition and team members role 30 -- 4.1.5. Evidence and implementation process 31 -- 4.1.6. Triage and diagnosis 31 -- 4.1.7. Therapeutic actions 31 -- 4.1.8. Additional patient items 33 -- 4.1.9. Additional caregiver items 33 -- 4.1.10. Pathway monitoring 33 -- 4.2. NIJMEGEN, THE NETHERLANDS 34 -- 4.2.1. Demographic information 34 -- 4.2.2. Identification and organizational items 34 -- 4.2.3. Patient Selection: 34 -- 4.2.4. Team composition and team members role 35 -- 4.2.5. Evidence and implementation process 36 -- 4.2.6. Triage and diagnosis 36 -- 4.2.7. Therapeutic actions 36 -- 4.2.8. Additional patient items 38 -- 4.2.9. Additional caregiver items 38 -- 4.2.10. Pathway monitoring 38 -- 4.3. MAASTRICHT, THE NETHERLANDS 39 -- 4.3.1. Demographic information 39 -- 4.3.2. Identification and organizational items 39 -- 4.3.3. Patient Selection: 39 -- 4.3.4. Team composition and team members role 39 -- 4.3.5. Evidence and implementation process 40 -- 4.3.6. Triage and diagnosis 40 -- 4.3.7. Therapeutic actions 40 -- 4.3.8. Additional patient items 42 -- 4.3.9. Additional caregiver items 42 -- 4.3.10. Pathway monitoring 42 -- 4.4. SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA 43 -- 4.4.1. Demographic information 43 -- 4.4.2. Patient Selection: 43 -- 4.4.3. Team composition and team members role 43 -- 4.4.4. Evidence and implementation process 44 -- 4.4.5. Triage and diagnosis 44

For most cancers, PET is essentially a diagnostic tool. For brain tumors, PET has got its main contribution at the level of the therapeutic management. Indeed, specific reasons render the therapeutic management of brain tumors, especially gliomas, a real challenge. Although some gliomas may appear well-delineated on conventional neuroimaging such as CT and MRI, they are by nature infiltrating neoplasms and the interface between tumor and normal brain tissue may not be accurately defined. Moreover, gliomas may present as ill-defined lesions for which various MRI sequences combination does not provide a unique contour for tumor delineation. Also, gliomas are often histologically heterogeneous with anaplastic areas evolving within a low-grade tumor, and contrast-enhancement on CT or MRI does not represent a good marker for anaplastic tissue detection. Finally, assessment of tumor residue, recurrence, or progression, may be altered by different signals related to inflammation or adjuvant therapies, and contrast enhancement on CT and MRI is not an appropriate marker at the postoperative or posttherapeutic stage. These limitations of conventional neuroimaging in detecting tumor tissue, delineating tumor extent and evidencing anaplastic changes, lead to potential inaccuracy in lesion targeting at different steps of the management (diagnostic, surgical, postoperative, and posttherapeutic stages). Molecular information provided by PET has proved helpful to supplement morphological imaging data in this context. F-18 FDG and amino-acid tracers such as C-11 methionine (C-11 MET) provide complementary metabolic data that are independent from the anatomical MR information. These tracers help in the definition of glioma extension, detection of anaplastic areas, and postoperative follow-up. Additionally, PET data have a prognostic value independently of histology. To take advantage of PET data in glioma treatment, PET might be integrated in the planning of image-guided biopsy, rese, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

BACKGROUND: Anterolateral meningiomas of the foramen magnum (FMMs) represent a neurosurgical challenge because they grow in close contact with osteoarticular, nervous, and vascular structures that cannot be sacrificed or retracted. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our strategy and results in 26 patients with FMMs and analyze factors affecting the decision-making process, resection, and outcome. METHODS: Among 26 consecutive symptomatic FMM (10 anterior, 16 lateral) patients (16 women, 10 men, ages 28-82 years), 4 older than 70 years of age were untreated. Twenty-two were operated on using a posterolateral approach, with the vertebral artery transposed in 19 and the occipital condyle drilled in 10. We analyzed the characteristics and outcome of untreated cases, the utility of THE occipital condyle drilled, the difficulties of microdissection, morbidity and total removal rates, the outcome of tumor residues, and the literature on radiosurgery. RESULTS: Three of 4 untreated patients remained clinically stable at 2 to 5 years. After systematic vertebral artery medial transposition and occipital condyle drilled in 6 cases, our technique evolved with experience in the next 16 (vertebral artery transposed in 13 of 16; occipital condyle drilled in 4 of 13) for dissecting anteriorly beyond midline (anterior FMMs). Retrocondylar access was sufficient for lateral FMMs. Tumors were totally removed in 16 of 22 (73%). One patient died, and 4 had permanent deficits. Follow-up of more than 5 years in 12 patients showed no C0-1 instability, and slight increase of tumor residue size 7 years after surgery. In the literature, 15 FMMs treated with radiosurgery are reported, 13 at diagnosis and 2 at recurrence, with short-term clinical and radiological safety and efficacy. CONCLUSION: We currently recommend (1) aiming for subtotal removal in difficult cases, (2) remaining conservative in asymptomatic or elderly patients with mild symptoms, and (3) considering radiosurgery at diagnosis for small (, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

BACKGROUND: The endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms can be hampered by the tortuosity of extracranial vessels. Percutaneous or surgical vessel puncture can resolve the problem of inaccessibility. OBJECTIVE: We describe rerouting of a kinked vertebral artery (VA) to restore transfemoral endovascular access to an aneurysm. CASE REPORT: A 63-year-old woman presented with progressive hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a left fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysm with mass effect on the brainstem. The patient was found to have a dominant left VA on angiography with a severe kink in its V1 segment. Tight loops of this segment prevented catheter progression past V1 during endovascular treatment. INTERVENTION: The left VA was rerouted from its subclavian origin to the C5 transverse foramen through a combined lateral and supraclavicular approach. Release of the VA off the C6 transverse process and C6 and C7 cranial nerve roots permitted unfolding of the VA. The excess length of the VA, initially present between the subclavian artery and the C6 transverse process, was spread over a longer distance. The tight angles present preoperatively were converted into a harmonious curvature. The rerouted VA was attached to surrounding soft tissue to maintain its position. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Endovascular treatment of the aneurysm was performed 15 days later. CONCLUSION: The VA rerouting technique can be used successfully in patients in whom tight loops in the VA prevent endovascular access to intracranial vessels., Journal Article, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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We present a novel method, corticokinetic coher ence, for functional motor mapping by computing coherence between cortical magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals and the kinetics of voluntary movements. Six subjects performed during an MEG recording self-paced flexion-extensions of the right-hand fingers at about 3 Hz, with a 3-axis accelerometer attached to the index finger. Cumulant density and coherence spectra were computed between the MEG and accelerometer signals. Six subjects performed during an MEG recording selfpaced flexion-extensions of the right-hand fingers at about 3 Hz, with a 3-axis accelerometer attached to the index finger. Cumulant density and coherence spectra were computed between the MEG and accelerometer signals. In all subjects, accelerometer and coherence spectra showed peaks around 3-4 Hz and 6-8 Hz, corresponding to the movement frequencies. Coherence values (range 0.32-0.77; mean 0.55) exceeded the statistical threshold in all subjects. The sources of the coherent MEG signals, found during peaks of the cumulant density, were located in the left rolandic sulcus, at the hand motor area. Corticokinetic coherence appears to be a promising and robust tool for reliable and convenient functional mapping of the human motor cortex., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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SCOPUS: no.j, Refers to :Hideo Nakamura, Keishi Makino, Jun-ichi KuratsuCarbon 11–labeled methionine positron emission tomography for detection of residual viable tumor cells after adjuvant therapy in nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors in 2 cases including an autopsy caseSurgical Neurology, Volume 71, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 83-88doi: 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.07.013, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Transcranial approaches for transsinusal endovascular therapy of DAVF have been sporadically reported by large craniectomies. Large craniectomies carry nevertheless a risk of postembolization extradural hematoma, reduced by delaying the endovascular procedure. We report a 1-session technique of SIGC for percutaneous transvenous DAVF embolization., Case Reports, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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OBJECTIVE: The present article illustrates whether positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging may improve the surgical management of pediatric brain tumors (PBT) at different steps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 400 consecutive PBT treated between 1995 and 2005 at Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium, we have studied with (18) F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET and/or L-(methyl-(11)C)methionine (MET)-PET and integrated PET images in the diagnostic workup of 126 selected cases. The selection criteria were mainly based on the lesion appearance on magnetic resonance (MR) sequences. Cases were selected when MR imaging showed limitations for (1) assessing the evolving nature of an incidental lesion (n = 54), (2) selecting targets for contributive and accurate biopsy (n = 32), and (3) delineating tumor tissue for maximal resection (n = 40). Whenever needed, PET images were integrated in the planning of image-guided surgical procedures (frame-based stereotactic biopsies (SB), frameless navigation-based resections, or leksell gamma knife radiosurgery). RESULTS: Like in adults, PET imaging really helped the surgical management of the 126 children explored, which represented about 30% of all PBT, especially when the newly diagnosed brain lesion was (1) an incidental finding so that the choice between surgery and conservative MR follow-up was debated, and (2) so infiltrative or ill-defined on MR that the choice between biopsy and resection was hardly discussed. Integrating PET into the diagnostic workup of these two selected groups helped to (1) take a more appropriate decision in incidental lesions by detecting tumor/evolving tissue; (2) better understand complex cases by differentiating indolent and active components of the lesion; (3) improve target selection and diagnostic yield of stereotactic biopsies in gliomas; (4) illustrate the intratumoral histological heterogeneity in gliomas; (5) provide additional prognostic information; (6) reduce the number of trajectories in, Comparative Study, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the rigid application of a sterile protocol for shunt placement was applicable on a routine basis and allowed the reduction of shunt infections (SI) in children., Evaluation Studies, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The endovascular treatment (EVT) of intracranial aneurysms is no more limited by the presence of a branch at the neck or by the neck width. Saccular aneurysms with a branch arising from the sac, however, are mostly candidates for surgery rather than embolization. We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and safety of the EVT in such cases. METHODS: Between May and November 2004, 9 consecutive patients with a saccular aneurysm that presents a branch arising from the sac were treated by embolization. There were 7 women and 2 men (mean age, 58 years). Six patients presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and 3 were asymptomatic. All patients were treated by selective coiling with (n = 6) or without (n = 3) the remodeling technique. Clinical outcome was assessed with a modified Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months. RESULTS: EVT was successfully performed in all patients and resulted in 7 excellent outcomes and 2 deaths related to SAH complications. The arterial branch could be preserved in 7 cases and intentionally occluded in 2. Neither embolic nor ischemic complication occurred in the vascular territory of the involved branch. Angiographic results showed 5 neck remnants, 2 incomplete occlusions, and 2 complete occlusions. No rebleeding occurred. CONCLUSION: Our study, though limited by its small patient population, suggests that saccular intracranial aneurysms with a branch arising from the sac may be treated by endovascular approach with excellent clinical results; however, larger series with long-term follow-up are mandatory to confirm these preliminary results mostly in terms of anatomic stability., Case Reports, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the integration of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning data into the image-guided resection of brain tumors. METHODS: Positron emission tomography scans obtained using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and L-[methyl-11C]methionine (MET) were combined with magnetic resonance (MR) images in the navigational planning of 103 resections of brain tumors (63 low-grade gliomas [LGGs] and 40 high-grade gliomas [HGGs]). These procedures were performed in 91 patients (57 males and 34 females) in whom tumor boundaries could not be accurately identified on MR images for navigation-based resection. The level and distribution of PET tracer uptake in the tumor were analyzed to define the lesion contours, which in turn yielded a PET volume. The PET scanning-demonstrated lesion volume was subsequently projected onto MR images and compared with MR imaging data (MR volume) to define a final target volume for navigation-based resection-the tumor contours were displayed in the microscope's eyepiece. Maximal tumor resection was accomplished in each case, with the intention of removing the entire area of abnormal metabolic activity visualized during surgical planning. Early postoperative MR imaging and PET scanning studies were performed to assess the quality of tumor resection. Both pre- and postoperative analyses of MR and PET images revealed whether integrating PET data into the navigational planning contributed to improved tumor volume definition and tumor resection. Metabolic information on tumor heterogeneity or extent was useful in planning the surgery. In 83 (80%) of 103 procedures, PET studies contributed to defining a final target volume different from that obtained with MR imaging alone. Furthermore, FDG-PET scanning, which was performed in a majority of HGG cases, showed that PET volume was less extended than the MR volume in 16 of 21 cases and contributed to targeting the resection to the hypermetabolic (anaplastic) area, Clinical Trial, Journal Article, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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info:eu-repo/semantics/published, VIIIème congrès de la Société Européenne de Neurologie Pédiatrique (langue française), 30 mars-2 avril 2006, Bruxelles, Belgique

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OBJECT: The object was to study the value of postoperative positron emission tomography (PET) to assess the extension of brain tumor resection. METHODS: Twenty children operated on for total resection of a glial tumor (18 low-grade, 2 anaplastic) presented a signal on postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images raising the question of a possible tumor residue. PET was performed early ((18)F-Fluoro-deoxyglucose in 1, (11)C-methionine in 16, both in 3) to further characterize the nature of the abnormal MR signal in order to consider second-look surgery. An increased tracer uptake found in 14 children led to reoperation on 11 of them, confirming the tumor histologically. No (11)C-methionine uptake led to a conservative attitude in 6 children in whom MR imaging follow-up showed no tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS: The early postoperative PET, especially with (11)C-methionine, appears to be a valid basis for complementary therapeutic decisions, especially second-look surgery, in glial tumors for which a radical resection is a key factor for prognosis., Comparative Study, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interest of integrating positron emission tomography (PET) images with the radiolabeled tracer [(11)C]methionine (Met) into the image-guided navigation planning of infiltrative low-grade brain tumors (LGBTs) in children. METHODS: Twenty-two children underwent combined Met-PET with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the planning of a navigation procedure. These children presented an LGBT (astrocytomas, 10; oligodendrogliomas, 4; ependymomas, 4; gangliogliomas, 4) located close to functional areas. Tumor boundaries were ill-defined on MRI (including T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery scans) and could not be clearly identified for allowing a complete, or at least a large, image-guided resection. The PET tracer Met was chosen because of its higher sensitivity and specificity than MRI to detect tumor tissue. The level and extension of MET uptake were analyzed to define the PET contour, subsequently projected onto MRI scans to define a final target contour for volumetric resection. The quality of tumor resection was assessed by an early postoperative MRI and Met-PET workup. RESULTS: In 20 of the 22 children with ill-defined LGBTs, PET improved tumor delineation and contributed to define a final target contour different from that obtained with MRI alone. Met-PET guidance allowed a total resection of Met uptake in 17 cases that were considered total tumor resections because the operative margin left in place contained nontumor tissue. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that Met-PET guidance could help to improve the number of total resections and the amount of tumor removed in infiltrative LGBTs in children., Clinical Trial, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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The etiological factors involved in idiopathic intracranial hypertension are not easy to identify. This case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension was associated with a capillary hemangioma growing in the lumen of the superior sagittal sinus., Case Reports, Journal Article, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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