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Abstract Background Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT-4 and Google Gemini show potential for patient health education, but concerns about their accuracy require careful evaluation. This study evaluates the readability and accuracy of ChatGPT-4 and Google Gemini in answering questions about retinal detachment. Methods Comparative study analyzing responses from ChatGPT-4 and Google Gemini to 13 retinal detachment questions, categorized by difficulty levels (D1, D2, D3). Masked responses were reviewed by ten vitreoretinal specialists and rated on correctness, errors, thematic accuracy, coherence, and overall quality grading. Analysis included Flesch Readability Ease Score, word and sentence counts. Results Both Artificial Intelligence tools required college-level understanding for all difficulty levels. Google Gemini was easier to understand (p = 0.03), while ChatGPT-4 provided more correct answers for the more difficult questions (p = 0.0005) with fewer serious errors. ChatGPT-4 scored highest on most challenging questions, showing superior thematic accuracy (p = 0.003). ChatGPT-4 outperformed Google Gemini in 8 of 13 questions, with higher overall quality grades in the easiest (p = 0.03) and hardest levels (p = 0.0002), showing a lower grade as question difficulty increased. Conclusions ChatGPT-4 and Google Gemini effectively address queries about retinal detachment, offering mostly accurate answers with few critical errors, though patients require higher education for comprehension. The implementation of AI tools may contribute to improving medical care by providing accurate and relevant healthcare information quickly.

PurposeTo assess long-time results of primary surgical treatment in children with glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery.MethodsA retrospective study of 37 eyes from 35 children with glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery, who underwent surgery between 2011 and 2021 at the Childhood Glaucoma Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany. Only children, who received a primary glaucoma surgery in our clinic within the given time (n = 25) and had at least one-year follow-up (n = 21), were included in the further analysis. The mean follow-up time was 40.4±35.1 months. The primary outcome was the mean reduction in IOP (in mmHg) from baseline to follow-up visits after the surgery, measured with Perkins tonometry.Results8 patients (38%) were treated with probe trabeculotomy (probe TO), 6 (29%) with 360° catheter-assisted trabeculotomy (360° TO) and 7 (33%) with cyclodestructive procedures. IOP was significantly reduced after probe TO and 360° TO after 2 years, from 26.9 mmHg to 17.4 mmHg (pConclusionsIn glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery, both trabeculotomy techniques, lead to good reduction of IOP after 2 years. There is a need for a prospective study with comparison to the use of glaucoma drainage implants.

Background: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe, potentially blinding disease and a therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an integrative surgical approach to neovascular glaucoma. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a one-year follow-up of a consecutive interventional case series of NVG. Eyes underwent transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, near-confluent panretinal photocoagulation, and intravitreal bevacizumab. Phakic eyes underwent concomitant cataract surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP, mmHg), number of glaucoma medication, visual analog pain scale (VAPS, 0-10) were recorded at baseline, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Blind eyes were excluded. Results: Seventy-seven eyes of 77 patients (45 male, 32 female, mean age 73.6±12.2 years) were included. NVG underlying conditions included retinal vein occlusion (41.6%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (35.1%), central retinal artery occlusion (19.5%), and ocular ischemic syndrome (3.9%). Mean IOP decreased postoperatively from 46.3±10.1 mmHg to 14.5±7.9 mmHg (p

Voids, which have not been liquidated and associated with shallow mining excavations, pose a serious threat of potential formation of sinkholes. This threat is connected with the loss of stability of voids that had been formed as a result of mining operations in the deeper strata. Taking into account the impact of lower coal seams mining on shallow excavations and based on the example of a region that had been intensely exploited, this paper proposes a methodology for analysing the stability of shallow mine voids in the rock mass. Deformations in the excavation region were calculated by using FLAC2D computer program and assigning the Coulomb–Mohr model to the rock mass. Based on the numerical analysis, this paper evaluated the stability of the void in the event of a roof support fall. The results indicate the likelihood of void formation. Based on the Budryk–Knothe theory, the deformations of rock mass and sandstone strata in the roof of the void, which had been caused by mining exploitation in consecutive years, were calculated. The results of numerical calculations and analyses were compared with the limit deformations values of sandstone in tension. It is concluded that the exploitations cause the void to break down. The proposed method can forecast the discontinuous deformations threats in the areas that have undergone shallow undermining exploitation and the areas of underground urban. Keywords: Mining exploitation, Discontinued deformations, Sinkholes, Stability, Risk of sinkhole formation, Tensile deformations of rocks

Background: Porcine eyes have been widely used as ex vivo models in glaucoma research, as they share similar features with human eyes. Freeze-thawing is a non-invasive technique that has been used to obliterate living cells in anterior segment ex vivo cultures, to prepare them for further research such as cellular repopulation. This technique has previously been shown to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) in porcine eyes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether freeze-thaw cytoablation causes corresponding canalogram outflow changes in perfused anterior segment cultures (A FT) and whole porcine eyes (W FT). We hypothesized that the known IOP drop in A FT after trabecular meshwork ablation by freeze-thaw would be accompanied by a similarly large change in the distal outflow pattern. Methods: Two-dye (fluorescein and Texas red) reperfusion canalograms were used to compare the outflow time before and after two -80°C cycles of freeze-thaw. We assigned 28 freshly enucleated porcine eyes to four groups: perfused anterior segment dye controls (A CO, n = 6), perfused whole eye dye controls (W CO, n = 6), freeze-thaw treated anterior segment cultures (A FT, n = 10), and freeze-thaw treated whole eyes (W FT, n = 6). Results: In control groups A CO and W CO, the two different dyes had similar filling times. In A FT, the outflow pattern and filling times were unchanged. In W FT, the temporal superior quadrant filled more slowly (p = 0.042) while all others remained unchanged. The qualitative appearance of distal outflow spaces was altered only in some eyes. Conclusions: Freeze-thaw cytoablation caused neither loss nor leakage of distal outflow structures. Surprisingly, the loss of an intact trabecular meshwork over the entire circumference did not result in a general acceleration of quadrant outflow times. The results validate freeze-thawing as a method to generate an extracellular matrix without major structural changes.

Background: Porcine eyes have been widely used as ex vivo models in glaucoma research, as they share similar features with human eyes. Freeze-thawing is a non-invasive technique that has been used to obliterate living cells in anterior segment ex vivo cultures, to prepare them for further research such as cellular repopulation. This technique has previously been shown to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) in porcine eyes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether freeze-thaw cytoablation causes corresponding canalogram outflow changes in perfused anterior segment cultures (A FT) and whole porcine eyes (W FT). We hypothesized that the known IOP drop in A FT after trabecular meshwork ablation by freeze-thaw would be accompanied by a similarly large change in the distal outflow pattern. Methods: Two-dye (fluorescein and Texas red) reperfusion canalograms were used to compare the outflow time before and after two -80°C cycles of freeze-thaw. We assigned 28 freshly enucleated porcine eyes to four groups: perfused anterior segment dye controls (A CO, n = 6), perfused whole eye dye controls (W CO, n = 6), freeze-thaw treated anterior segment cultures (A FT, n = 10), and freeze-thaw treated whole eyes (W FT, n = 6). Results: In control groups A CO and W CO, the two different dyes had similar filling times. In A FT, the outflow pattern and filling times were unchanged. In W FT, the temporal superior quadrant filled more slowly (p = 0.042) while all others remained unchanged. The qualitative appearance of distal outflow spaces was altered only in some eyes. Conclusions: Freeze-thaw cytoablation caused neither loss nor leakage of distal outflow structures. Surprisingly, the loss of an intact trabecular meshwork over the entire circumference did not result in a general acceleration of quadrant outflow times. The results validate freeze-thawing as a method to generate an extracellular matrix without major structural changes.

Background: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe, potentially blinding disease and a therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an integrative surgical approach to neovascular glaucoma. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a one-year follow-up of a consecutive interventional case series of NVG. Eyes underwent transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, near-confluent panretinal photocoagulation, and intravitreal bevacizumab. Phakic eyes underwent concomitant cataract surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP, mmHg), number of glaucoma medication, visual analog pain scale (VAPS, 0-10) were recorded at baseline, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Blind eyes were excluded. Results: Seventy-seven eyes of 77 patients (45 male, 32 female, mean age 73.6±12.2 years) were included. NVG underlying conditions included retinal vein occlusion (41.6%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (35.1%), central retinal artery occlusion (19.5%), and ocular ischemic syndrome (3.9%). Mean IOP decreased postoperatively from 46.3±10.1 mmHg to 14.5±7.9 mmHg (p Conclusions: A single, comprehensive surgery session lowered IOP significantly, reduced GMS, and controlled pain.

The occurrence of surface discontinuous deformations in post-mining areas is currently a significant and important problem, due to both the frequency of their occurrence and the threat they pose to public safety. This paper presents the results of research concerning the possibility of sinkhole formation in the areas of abandoned mining excavations. For the purpose of assessing the condition of the rock mass disturbed by the existence of numerous mining excavations, electrical resistivity tomography investigations were carried out for the selected area where mining was undertaken in the past at shallow depths and many underground workings accessing the deposit exist. The sinkhole hazard was also analysed theoretically with a new original model based on the solution of A. Sałustowicz’s pressure arch theory.

Currently, linear discontinuous deformations in mining areas are an important issue, both due to the frequency of their occurrence and the threat they pose to general safety. This paper presents a case study of an occurrence of such a deformation. The analyses of the geological and mining conditions, as well as the conducted calculations presented herein, indicate that the cause of the deformation was the occurrence of high-value horizontal tensile strains. It was triggered by mining exploitation carried out with caving in three seams at depths between 200 and 545 m. An additional factor conductive to the creation of the deformation was the tectonic structure of the rock mass. The subject matter of the paper is significant given the growing number of discontinuous linear deformations occurring on the surface due to underground mining—even if the mining was conducted at great depths. They were formed as a result of intensive underground mining operations and the occurrence of high-value deformations. These deformations were particularly dangerous to building structures on the surface, which were often damaged. For this reason, it was worthwhile to make arrangements regarding the correlation between the occurrence of the deformations and the values and the distribution of continuous deformations caused by underground extraction, as well as the existence of tectonic faults.